KIRAN’S UP-TO-DATE APPROACH TO

PHARMACISTS’ EXAM

PRACTICE WORK BOOK FOR RAILWAY, DELHI SUBORDINATE SERVICES SELECTION BOARD (DSSSB), EMPLOYEES’ STATE INSURANCE CORPORATION (ESIC) AND STATES’ PHARMACIST EXAMS

ADEQUATE STUDY MATERIAL & MODEL PRACTICE SETS CONTAINING 200 OBJECTIVE TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SUBJECTS ✦ PHARMACY ✦ ENGLISH LANGUAGE ✦ GENERAL KNOWLEDGE & GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

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© KIRAN PRAKASHAN PVT. LTD. NEW EDITION The copyright of this book is entirely with the Publisher. The reproduction of this book or a part of this will be punishable under the Copyright Act. All disputes subject to Patna jurisdiction. The Publisher will not be responsible for the facts and opinions of the compilers/authors. In the compilation of the book, all the possible precautions have been taken. If there is any error left, the publisher will not be responsible.

Price : 255.00 (Rupees Two Hundred Fifty Five Only) Compiled by : Think Tank of PRATIYOGITA KIRAN & KIRAN PRAKASHAN Assistance : ● Rakesh Kumar ● Govind Pd. Singh ● Sanket Sah ● Auranjeb Khan Design & Layout by : KIRAN COMPUTER SECTION, New Delhi. Printed at : Repro Knowledgecast Limited, Thane

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CONTENTS ■

Advice-cum-Text .................................................................................................. PH-5–PH-93

■

Pharmacy ............................................................................................................................ PH-5

■

Multiple Choice Questions ............................................................................................ PH–41

■

English Language ........................................................................................................... PH–57

■

General Knowledge ........................................................................................................ PH–69

■

General Intelligence ....................................................................................................... PH–82

MODEL PRACTICE SETS

■ SET-1 : ....................................................... PH-95– PH-103

Pharmacy .............................................................................................PH - 95 General Knowledge & General Intelligence ....................................PH - 101 English Language ................................................................................PH - 102

■ SET-2 : ..................................................... PH-104– PH-113

Pharmacy ...........................................................................................PH - 104 General Knowledge & General Intelligence ....................................PH - 110 English Language ................................................................................PH - 111

■ SET-3 : ..................................................... PH-114– PH-123

Pharmacy ...........................................................................................PH - 114 General Knowledge & General Intelligence ....................................PH - 120 English Language ................................................................................PH - 121

■ SET-4 : ..................................................... PH-124– PH-132

Pharmacy ...........................................................................................PH - 124 General Knowledge & General Intelligence ....................................PH - 130 English Language ................................................................................PH - 131

■ SET-5 : ..................................................... PH-133– PH-141

Pharmacy ...........................................................................................PH - 133 General Knowledge & General Intelligence ....................................PH - 139 English Language ................................................................................PH - 140

■ SET-6 : ..................................................... PH-142– PH-152

Pharmacy ...........................................................................................PH - 142 General Knowledge & General Intelligence ....................................PH - 150 English Language ................................................................................PH - 151

ABOUT THE BOOK The recruitment to the posts of Pharmacist is in the process. A huge number of vacancies have been advertised. A ray of hope glitters in the eyes of numerous aspirants as an advertisement for job gives its appearance in a newspaper or Employment News. Aspirants apply in great number. Then their search for a good book, that shows the light of success, starts. Keeping its glorious past in view KIRAN PRAKASHAN PVT. LTD. has come forward again to shoulder the pain of its esteemed readers. Consequently, Kiran’s up-todate Approach to Pharmacists’ Exam Practice Work Book is in your hand. It is meant for Railway, DSSSB, ESIC and States’ Pharmacists’ Exams. There is no denying the fact that whenever any advertisement regarding recruitment appears in Newspapers or Employment News the market is flooded with books. Several books make tall claims of sure success. It is quite natural that students get confused a great deal. Every aspirant seeking Government job is aware of the cut-throat competition prevailing in the society. The aspirants toil whole-heartedly to see their names in the list of the successful candidates. One strives hard to prove oneself better than the other. They leave no stone unturned. They gather at book stalls in search of a true guide that might be proved a true friend in the long run. Indeed the book in your hand is a true guide of yours. Kiran Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. does not make haste. As any advertisement appears in Newspapers or Employment News, its team of experts gets activated. The process of a thorough comprehension of examination scheme starts steadily. The team emphasises on every aspect of the book, best suited to the needs of our agile readers. The team minutely observes the nature, pattern and the standard of questions. That is why, the books published by Kiran Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. get wider acceptability. The book in your hand has been prepared exclusively for the aspirants of Pharmacists’ Exam taking into consideration the syllabus and scheme of examination. Treating this book as a base you may impart a solid foundation to your preparation, which will be useful for your success in every way. Ralph Waldo Emerson once quoted; “If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon or make a better mouse-trap than his neighbour, though he builds his house in the woods, the world will make a path to his door.” This quotation always remains in our mind while discharging our task. The book is unique in several senses. From the very inception of Kiran Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. it has been our duty not to make a compromise with quality. The quality makes a companionship with quantity too. We would like to acquaint our readers with the hard work and scientific inputs that have gone into the making of this book. The book starts with well compiled Advice-Cum-Study Material for all the parts mentioned above meticulously prepared by expert team of writers. This part certainly imparts basic knowledge about the fundamentals and sharpens the comprehension. Almost every topic has been dealt with vividly and deeply. The approach is target oriented. No deviation has been made. All useful information has been provided in detail. The language of the questions has an important bearing on the minds of candidates. A poor language is not followed easily. It creates confusion. Therefore, the book has been presented in lucid style. To fortify the confidence and sharpen the knowledge acquired after the sincere reading of Study Material, practice is needed. Hence we have provided 6 Model Practice Sets. Each set contains 200 Objective Type Multiple Choice questions. We have followed the principle of proportional representation while preparing the Model Practice Sets. Each topic mentioned in syllabus gets its share. In a nutshell every set is meticulously knitted. The continuous practice of these sets will certainly improve the sense of confidence and time management. As a matter of fact practice makes a man perfect and in the true sense of term he will kiss the success. It is our firm belief that this book will cater to the needs of our avid readers and direct them towards their goal. Go through the book. Believe in yourself. Your self-belief will help you enormously. Practice untirely. You will be the winner. Finally, we hope you will keep us informed about your opinion after you read this book. Your suggestions are invaluable for us. They improve the quality and utility of the book, as it has been our endeavour to include the valuable suggestions of our esteemed readers wherever possible. With the Best Wishes

Satya Narayan Prasad —Publisher

KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK

ADVICE CUM-TEXT : PHARMACY Q4. What are the factors which affect enzyme activity?

BIOCHEMISTRY

Ans. Following factors affect enzyme activity:

Q1.Define Biochemistry. Explain the meaning of metabolism. Ans. Biochemistry : The term biochemistry was introduced by German Chemist, Carl Neuberg in 1903.It is defined as the science which is concerned with the chemical reactions occurring in the body. Metabolism : A cell is a dynamic entity in which numerous substances are constantly being utilised or broken and new molecules are being synthesized. Metabolism is the combination of these activities. The degradative processes are called as catabolism and the synthetic as anabolism. Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones require energy whereas degradative reactions release energy. Both the degradative and synthesis take place by a series of steps or pathways. Q2. Define and classify proteins. Ans. Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are linked with each other by peptide bonds. Classification: The proteins can be classified as follow: (1) Simple proteins: These are composed of amino acids only. They are further sub classified according to their solubilities viz. albumins , globulins , protamines etc. (2) Conjugated proteins : These are complexes of simple proteins with non-protein molecules. These are further sub classified according to non-protein part. Eg. Proteins containing pigments like porphyrins ,flavin etc are called Chromoproteins and proteins containing metal ions are called metalloproteins. Etc. Q3. What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Ans. Essential amino acids : The amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and are to be supplied in the diet are called essential amino acids. Non-essential amino acids : The amino acids which can be synthesized from the carbon skeleton available in the body are called non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids Non-essential amino acids

(1) Temperature :With some exceptions the rate of chemical reactions are increased as temperature is increased. This happens only up to a certain temperature known as optimum temperature. If temperature is increased the optimum temperature the rate of reaction decreases. (2) pH : The rate of reaction is maximum at a certain pH range known as optimum pH. If pH is below or above the optimum pH the rate of reaction decreases. (3) Concentration of the product : Accumulation of the product of the reaction lowers the enzyme activity. (4) Concentration of enzymes : The velocity of enzymatic reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of enzyme. The other factors are (a) Effect of other ions (b) Effect of Substrate concentration etc. Q5. Give classification of enzymes . Ans. Enzymes can be classified as follow: (1) Oxidoreductases : These enzymes are involved in biological oxidations and reductions. (2) Transferases : These enzymes help in the transfer of group or groups from one substrate to another substrate. (3) Hydrolases : These enzymes catalyze hydrolysis. (4) Lyases : These enzymes catalyze the removal of a small molecule from a larger substrate molecule. (5) Isomerases : These enzymes catalyse isomerization ie interconversion of optical, geomatrical or position isomers. (6) Ligases : These enzymes catalyse synthesis reactions by joining two molecules. Q6. Explain various colour reaction of proteins. Ans. Proteins give characteristic colour on treatment with some specific reagents as follow:

Histidine Lysine

Glutamic acid Aspartic acid

(1) Biuret test : The proteins are warmed gentally with 10 % solution of sodium hydroxide and then a drop of very dilutes copper sulphate solution is added, the formation of reddish violet colour indicate the presence of protein.

Tryptophan Phenylalanine Methionine

Alanine Serine etc.

(2) Xanthoproteic test : On treatment with concentrated nitric acid certain proteins give yellow colour. (3) Millon’s test : Proteins with Millon’s reagent followed by heating the solution give a red precipitatae.

Leucine Isoleucine Valine etc. The amino acids which are not synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts are called semi essential eg. Glycine, Tyrosine etc.

(4) Ninhydrin test : When protein solution is heated with Ninhydrin blue to violet colour appears on cooling. (5) Nitropruside test : Proteins containing free –SH groups give a reddish colour with sodium nitroprusside in ammonical solution.

PH–5

KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Q7. Define and classify carbohydrates. Ans. Carbohydrates : The carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances which yield such products on hydrolysis. Classification : Carbohydrates can be classified as follow: (1) Monosaccharides : These are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones which cannot be further hydrolysed to simple sugars. Eg. Glucose, fructose etc. (2) Oligosaccharides : They yield 2 to 10 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis and are further sub classified as follow: (a) Disaccharides (b) Trisaccharides (c) Tetrasaccharides (3) Polysaccharides : These contain large number of monosaccharides .eg starch, cellulose etc. Q8. Define lipids .What are the functions of lipids? Ans. Lipids : Lipids can be defined as the esters of fatty acids or are capable of forming esters. Functions of lipids : The functions of lipids are as follow; (1) They provide energy to the body. They are superior to carbohydrates as they yield more energy per gm than carbohydrates. (2) Fat is a bad conductor of heat thus provide insulation. (3) Lipids provide padding to protect vital internal organs. (4) Lipids are constituents of cell walls. (5) They provide essential fatty acids. (6) Fat is necessary for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins from the gastro-intestinal tract. Q9. Give the classification of lipids. Ans. The lipids can be classified as follow: (1) Simple lipids : These are esters of fatty acids and alcohol thus on hydrolysis give fatty acids and alcohols. They may be of two types as follow: (a) Fats and oils (b) Waxes (2) Compound lipids : Compound lipids are the esters of fatty acids and alcohols in combination with other compounds. They give upon hydrolysis fatty acids, alcohol and other compounds. On the basis of other compound they may me of following types: (a) Phospholipids (b) Glycolipids (c) Sphingo lipids etc. (3) Derived lipids : These compounds are obtained by the hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids .They do not contain ester linkage. Q10. What are essential fatty acids? Ans. These are the fatty acids which cannot be synthesized in human body and are essential for the normal functioning of the body like growth and health .eg lineoleic and arachidonic acids can-

not be synthesized in the body and are known as essential fatty acids. Human body can convert steric acid into oelic acid thus it is non-essential fatty acid. The essential fatty acids are required in small quantity. Essential fatty acids are mainly found in vegetable oils eg. Sunflower oil, corn oil and peanut oil. Animal fats are poor sources of essential fatty acids. Q11. Write a note on: Iodine number, Acid number and Saponification number. Ans. (1) Iodine number : It is the number of grams of iodine that combine with 100 gm of oil or fat. It gives the degree of unsaturation of a fat or oil. (2) Acid number : It is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acid in 1gm of the oil or fat. This indicates the amount of free fatty acids present in an oil or fat. (3) Saponification number : It is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to completely saponify 1gm of the fat or oil. It measures fatty acids present as esters in a given oil or fat. It gives an idea regarding the molecular weight of the fat or oil. It is also helpful in detecting adulteration of a given fat with one of the lower or higher saponification value. Q12. Define and classify vitamins. Ans. Vitamins : Vitamins are essential dietary factors which are required in small amounts . Deficiency of vitamins result in diseases. Vitamins are to be supplied through diet as they cannot be synthesized in the body. Classification : Vitamins can be classified as follow: (1) Water soluble vitamins : These vitamins are not stored in the body .eg Vitamins of B complex group, ascorbic acid etc. (2) Fat soluble vitamins : These vitamins can be stored in the body .eg Vitamin A,D,E and K. Q13. Write the deficiencies diseases of various water soluble Vitamins. Ans. S.No. Vitamin

Deficiency diseases

1 2

Beriberi Skin becomes rough and scaly Pellagra Dermatitis, anaemia Fatigue CVS disorders and GI disturbances Megaloblastic anaemia Pernicious anaemia Scurvy

3 4 5 6 7 8

PH–6

Thiamine or Vitamin B1 Riboflavin or Vitamin B2 or Vitamin G Niacin or Vitamin B5 Pyridoxine or Vitamin B6 Pantothenic acid or Vitamin B3 Folic acid Vitamin B12 Vitamin C or Ascorbic acid

KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Q14. Explain the Biochemical functions of : Calcium , Phosphorus ,Magnesium, Iodine , Iron, Copper Ans. S.No. Mineral

Biochemical Function

1

Calcium

2

Phosphorus

3

Magnesium

4 5

Iodine Iron

6

Copper

(a) Bone formation and growth (b) Tooth formation (c) Blood clotting (d) Contraction of muscles (a) Bone formation (b) Tooth formation (c) Energy transfer (d) Acid base regulation (a) Catalyses ATP-ADP reactions (b) Conduct nerve impulses (c) Adjustment to cold environment a) Aids in regulating BMR a) Helps in transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide (a) Catalyst for haemoglobin formation (b) Formation of elastin (c) Formation of melanin (d) Formation of phospholipids

Q15. Explain normal and abnormal constituents of Urine. Ans. (1) Normal constituents of urine : Normally urine is a clear liquid with a pH range of 5 to 8.The normal constituents of urine are as follow (a) Inorganic constituents eg Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium etc. (b) Organic constituents eg. Urea, Creatine, Ammonia ,Uric acid etc. (2) Abnormal constituents of urine : These are the substances which are normally not found in urine. These are termed as Pathological Constituents of urine as they appear in urine in disease state. Drastic changes from normal range of normal constituents is also referred to as abnormality in urine. Example of abnormal constituents are , (a) Blood (b) Pus cells (c) Carbohydrates (d) Proteins (e) Ketone bodies (f) Bile salts.

DRUG STORE AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Q.1 What is management? What are its functions? Ans. There is no universally accepted definition of the term management. Although experts in the field agree that management functions have universal application but their opinion and approach on the exact meaning and definition of the management are varied. let us see what management means in the opinion of various authorities on the subject.

1. William R. Spriegel. “Management is the executive function that concerns itself with the carrying out of the administrative policies laid down by the administration. Management directs the active operations with in the enterprise and combines the work of the employees with the available capital equipment and materials to produce an acceptable product, management also markets the product or service according to the broad policies established by administration” 2. James L.lundy. “Management is principally a task of planning, co-ordinating, motivating and controlling the efforts of others towards a specific objective. It involves the combining of the traditional factor of production (land labour and capital) in an optimum manner paying due attention, of course, to the particular goals of the organization.” 3. Koontz and O’Donnel. “The theory of management must of necessity draw upon all the disciplines seeking to understand individual and group actions. A careful analysis of various definitions given above. Management may be also defined as the agency that provides leadership, guidance and control for the achievement of business objectives.” Q.2 Give five characteristics of partnership? Ans. The characteristics of partnership are as follows1. Plurality of persons. To form a partnership, there should be at least two persons i.e. more than one. The maximum number of such persons is limited to 20 in ordinary business and 10 in banking business. 2. Contractual Relationship. A person can become a partner only on the basis of a contract. This contract could be oral, written. or implied. According to Indian partnership Act, “the relation of partnership arises from contract and not from status”. 3. Sharing of profits. There must be an agreement among the partners to share the profits and losses of the business of the partnership firm. This is at the very root of bringing the persons together to carry on a business. 4. Existence of Business. Partnership implies business, and where there is no business there is no partnership. Thus, the person must form an association by contract to carry on some business. 5. Agency relationship. The business of the firm may be carried on by all or one or more partners. Every partner is entitled to take part in the operations of the firm and other partners in respect of the business of the firm. All partners are bound by his acts done in the ordinary course of business and in firm’s name. In this sense a partner is agent of the firm and the other partners. Q.3 Define cooperative form of organisation? Ans. It is defined as, “A form of organisation wherein persons voluntarily associate together as human beings on the basis of equality for the promotion of the economic interests in themselves” -Says Calvert The Indian cooperative society act, 1912, section 4, defines it as, “a society which has as its objective-the promotion of economic interests of its members in accordance with cooperative principles.” According to Talmaik, “it is an association of the weak who gather together for a common economic need and try to lift themselves from weakness into strength through business organisaton.”

PH–7

KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Q.4 Give various types of retailers? Retailers

Itinerant Retailers

Hawkers or Pedlars

Fixed shop Retailers

Pavement traders

Street stall Holders

Departmental stores

Market Traders

Small scale Retailers

General Merchandise shops

Super markets

Consumers co-operative store

Second-Hand Goods shops

Specialty Shops

Multiple Shops

Mail order house Hire Purchase Traders

Discount House

Q.5 what is codification? Ans. Drug product coding means allotment of a number to a particular item which is identified with the sum and its specifications known. Items of a similar nature be grouped together under the same group. Codification is of great importance as it provides interlinking co-ordination and better understanding between the constituent units and the using departments Q.6 what do you mean by inventory control. What are the various techniques for inventory control? Ans. Inventory can be referred to as sum of the value of the raw materials, fuels and lubricants, spare parts maintenance consumables, semi-processed materials and finished goods stock at any point of time. Inventories are primarily maintained for operational smoothness. The technique of stock control is also known as stock control according to value method or always better control method or proportional parts value analysis method. It is relatively a new technique for classifying and controlling production and supply items, both purchased and manufactured, in accordance with the value of the item involved. Q.7 Define market. Give its classification? Ans. The market is defined as : 1. “It means anybody of persons who are in intimate business relations and carry on extensive transactions in any commodity.” —Prof. Jevons

Large Scale Retailers

Super Bazar Automatic Vending

2. “In fact the market must be thought of not as a geographical meeting place but as any getting together of buyers and sellers in person by mail, telephone, telegraph, or any other any means of communication.” —H.E Mitchell Q.8 What is recruitment? Give its process in brief? Ans. Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization. It also involves developing suitable techniques for attracting more and more candidates. It is thus an linkaging activity bringing together those with jobs and those seeking jobs. Process of Recruitment 1. Recruitment process begins when personnel department receives requisition for recruitment from any department of the company. 2. Locating and developing the sources of required number and type of employees. 3. Identifying the prospective employees with required characteristics. 4. Develop the techniques to attract the desired candidates. 5. The next stage in the process is to stimulate as many candidates as possible and ask them to apply for jobs. 6. Evaluating the effectiveness of recruitment process.

PH–8

KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Q.9 Distinguish between fixed and working capital? Ans. Fixed capital : “The term ‘fixed capital’ stands for that amount of capital which is required for long-term to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as plant, machinery, land, building ,furniture etc. These assets represent that part of firms capital which is blocked on a permanent or fixed basis. The business does not intend to dispose of these assets and for this reason fixed capital is also known as Block capital.” Working capital : “Working capital refers to that part of the firm’s capital which is required for financing short-term or current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors, and inventories. Funds thus invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted into cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short-term capital.” Q.10 Define cheque, what are the requisites of a cheque? Ans. A cheque has been defined as “an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order. signed by the maker, directing a special banker to pay, on demand, a certain sum of money only to or the order of a certain persons or to the bearer of the instrument.” Requisites of a cheque: ● An instrument in writing ● Unconditional ● Order ● Signature of the drawer ● Particular bank ● Amount must be certain ● For paying money only ● Payee must be certain Q.11 Discuss the meaning of accounting cycle? Ans. Accounting cycles involves the following stages: 1.Recording : The transactions are primarily recorded in a book called Journal. 2. Classifying : All transactions recorded in the journal are classified account wise and posted in ledger. 3. Summarising : After the preparation of ledger , a summary of ledger accounts is prepared in the form of trial balance and then profit and loss account and balance sheet are prepared to assertain the net effect of business transactions on the probability and financial position of the business. 4. Interpreting : The financial statements so prepared are further analysed and interpreted to determine financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm. The devices used for the purpose include (a) Trend analysis (b) ratio analysis etc. Q.12 What is journal, opening entry, compound entry? Ans. Journal is a book of original or prime entry where transactions are recorded in the order in which they occur; i.e. in chronological order, The process of recording a transaction in the journal is called Journalising and the record of each transaction in the journal is called journal entry. An entry at the beginning of the accounting period is passed in new books of accounts in order to bring forward the balance of assets and liabilities of the previous year. such an accounting is called opening entry.

When two or more entries are combined to form one journal entry it is called composite or compound general entry. Q.13 What is trial balance? What are its functions? Ans. Trial balance is the list of debit and credit balances, taken out from ledger, it also includes the balances of cash and bank taken from cash book. Functions : 1 To provide a cheek on the arithinetical accuracy of books of accounts. 2. To provide a basis for the preparation of final accounts. 3. To provide summary of ledger accounts. Q.14 What is management accounting? Give its objectives? Ans. The cost accounting when arranged reanalyzed and processed further for playing more effective role in managerial process is management accounting. management accounting provides all possible information required for managerial purpose. Its objectives are as 1. Planning an d policy formation 2. Helpful in organizing 3. Helpful in controlling 4. Helpful in decision making 5. Helpful in motivating employees Q.15 Mention the legal requirements for running a retail drug store? Ans. To run a drug store a pharmacist must fulfill the following requirements. 1. He must be a registered pharmacist. If he is not a registered pharmacist, he can appoint a registered pharmacist. 2. The shop must have minimum 120sq.ft. area 3. The following license is to be altered (i) of shop act under shops and establishments Act of the state. (ii) Of license to sell the drugs-under drugs * cosmetic Act 1940. 4. There should be a refrigerator in the shop. 5. Adequate Racks and shelves should be provided for proper storage of drugs.

FORENSIC PHARMACY Q1. Explain the role of pharmacist in relation to his profession. Ans. The role of pharmacist in relation to his profession is as follow: (1) A pharmacist must be a good citizen.He must obey the laws of state and nation. (2) A pharmacist must have a fair knowledge of the laws relating to his profession. (3) Apart from earning livelihood there must be an attitude of service and sacrifice in the interest of the suffering humanity. (4) A pharmacist should not disclose any information which he has acquired during his professional activities to any third person unless required to do so by the law.

PH–9

KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK (5) A pharmacist shall exchange information with his fellow pharmacists. (6) A pharmacist should not get involved in any activity which is not appropriate to pharmaceutical profession. (7) A pharmacist should take part in the activities of the professional organisations. (8) A pharmacist shall be a guide and friend of the people. Q2. Write a note on drug Enquiry Committee. Ans. The Drug Enquiry Committee was appointed by Govt. of India on 11th August 1930 under the chairmanship of Col. R N Chopra to make recommendations regarding the measures to be taken with reference to the following issues : (1) To enquire into the extent to which drugs and chemicals of impure quality are imported , manufactured or sold in British India. (2) To enquire into the necessity of legistation to restrict the profession of pharmacy.etc Recommendations of the Drug Enquiry Committee : The committee after extensive survey in the country gave 90 recommendations ,the main being as follow: (i) The committee recommended the formation of Central Pharmacy Council and the State Pharmacy Councils. (ii) The committee recommended the establishment of a well equipped Central Drug laboratory and small laboratories should be created under the guidence of Central Drug Laboratory. Q3. Define the terms : Advertisements ,Chemist and Druggist, Cosmetics ,Magic remedies, Pharmacy. Ans. (I) Advertisement : Notices , circulars , labels , wrapers and other documents and announcements made orally or by producing light, sound or smoke. (II) Chemsit and Druggist : Premises licenced for the sale of drugs which have a quilified person but wherein drugs are not compounded. (III) Cosmetics : Articles meant to be rubbed , poured, sprinkled or sprayed on any part of the human body for cleaning, beautifying ,promoting attarctiveness or altering appearance. (IV) Magic Remedies : Mantra ,talismans, kavachas and like substances or charms purporting to posses mirclaus power of prevention or cure of diseases or affecting or altering any function of the human or animal bodies. (V) Pharmacy : Premises licensed for the retail sale of drugs which have a qualified person and indulge in compounding of drugs. Q4. Explain the constitution of Pharmacy Council of India. Ans. The first Pharmacy Council of India was constituted in 1949.It is required to be constituted every five years.The constitution of Pharmacy Council Of India is as follow: (i) Six persons elected by UGC from amongst the teaching staff of a University or college granting degree or diploma in pharmacy. (ii) Six persons nominated by the Central Government of whom at least four should possess a degree or diploma in pharmacy and should be engaged in the practice of pharmacy. (iii) One person elected by Medical Council of India from amongst it’s members. (iv) One person who shall be a registered pharmacist nominated by the Government of the States.

(v) One person elected by each State Pharmacy Council from amongst it’s members who should be a registered pharmacist. (vi) A representative of UGC and AICTE. (vii) following ex-officio members: (a) Director General of Health Services (b) Director Central Drugs Laboratory (c) The Drugs Controller of India Q5. Explain the functions of Pharmacy Council of India. Ans. The main functions of PCI are as follow: (1) To prescribe the minimum standard of education required for qualification as a pharmacist. (2) To regulate the minimum educational standards. (3) To recognize qualifications granted outside the territories to which Pharmacy Act 1948 extends for the purpose of qualifying for registration under the said Act. (4) To compile and maintain a central register for pharmacist containing names of all persons for the time being entered in state register .The state councils are required to supply to the Pharmacy Council of India five copies of their register after 1st April each year and inform it about any amendments made in the Registers from time to time. (5) Any other function that me be assigned to the Central Council in the furtherance of the objectives of the Pharmacy Act 1948. Q6. Explain the constitution of State Pharmacy Council. Ans. Pharmacy Act provides for the constitution of State Pharmacy Council. The State and Joint State Pharmacy Council consists of the following members. State Pharmacy Council (1) Six members elected amongst themselves by Registered Pharmacists of state. (2) Five members nominated by State Govt. of whom at least three shall be persons possessing a prescribed degree or diploma in pharmacy or registered pharmacists . (3) One member elected by the members of Medical Council of State among themselves. Ex-officio Members : (4) Chief administrative medical officer of the State. (5) The officer incharge of drugs control of the state appointed undert Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940. (6) The Government Analyst appointed under Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940. Q7. Explain the Constitution of Joint State Pharmacy Council. Ans. Under Section 20 of The Pharmacy Act two or more states may however agree to have a joint Council for definite or indefinite periods of time. Joint State Pharmacy Council (1) Six members elected amongst themselves by Registered Pharmacists of state. (2) Five members nominated by State Govt. of whom at least three shall be persons possessing a prescribed degree or diploma in pharmacy or registered pharmacists . (3) One member elected by the members of Medical Council of State among themselves.

PH–10

KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Ex-officio Members : (4) Chief administrative medical officer of each participating State. (5) The officer incharge of drugs control of each participating state appointed undert Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940. (6) The Government Analyst appointed under Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940 of each participating state. Q8. Write the contents of the following Schedules : Schedule A, C, FF, G,H , J, M,O,X and Y. Ans. Schedule Contents A C FF G H J M

O X Y

List of forms for making applications for issuing licences,sending memorandum. Biological and special products eg.Injection of antibiotics. Standards for opthalmic preparations. List of substances required to be taken only under supervision of a RMP. Prescription drugs. List of diseases or ailments which a drug may not claim to prevent or cure. Good Manufacturing practices and requirements of factory premises,plant,equipment etc. for manufacture of drugs. Standards for disinfectant fluids. List of habit forming psychotropic and other such drugs. Requirements and guidelines for clinical trials,import and manufacture of new drugs.

Q9. What do you mean by Misbranded Drugs, Adulterated Drugs and Spurious Drugs. Ans. Misbranded Drugs : A Drug shall be deemed to be misbranded (a) If it is so coloured, coated ,powdered or polished that damage is concealed or if it is made appear of better or greater therapeutic value than it really is, or (b) If it is not labelled in the prescribed manner .etc Adulterated Drugs : A Drug shall be deemed to be misbranded (a) If it consists in whole or in part of any filthy or decomposed substance, (b) If it has been prepared ,packed or stored under insanitary conditions whereby it may have been contaminated with filth, (c) if its container is composed of in whole or in parts of any poisonous substance which may render the contents injurious to health. (d) If it contains a colour other than prescribed (e) If it contains any harmful or toxic substancewhich may render it injurious to health.etc Spurious Drugs : A Drug shall be deemed to be misbranded (a) If it is manufactured under a name which belong to another drug. (b) If the label or container bears the name of an individual or company purporting to be the manufacturer of drug,which individual or company is fictious or does not exist.etc

Q10. Which class of drugs are prohibited for sale,distribution and stock? Ans.The following classes of the drugs are prohibited sold, distribution, stocked : (1) Any drug which is not of standard quality. (2) Any patent or properiteary medicine whose labal does not display true formula. (3) Any drug which falsely claims to prevent any disease specified in Schedule J. (4) Drugs whose life is expired. (5) Any drug intended for free distribution to the members of the profession. (6) Any drug intended for consumption by ESIC, Government Medical Stores,Armed forces medical stores etc. Q11. What are the powers of a Drug Inspector? Ans. Within the local limits for which the inspector is appointed he may (a) Inspect any premises wherein any drug or cosmetic is being manufactured or sold or stocked. (b) Take sample of any drug or cosmetic which is being manufactured or sold or stocked. (c) Search any person in connection with the offence at all reasonable times. (d) Stop and search any vehicle or other conveyance which he has reason to believe used for carrying any drug or cosmetic in respect of which offence has been or is being committed. (e) Examine any record ,register ,document or any other material object found while exercising above powers and sieze the same if he has reason to believe that it is an evidence of the commission of an offence under the act. (f) Exercise any other powers as may be necessary for carrying out the purpose of Drug and Cosmetic Act and the rules made thereunder . Q12. Write the formula for yhe calculation of retail price of formulation. Ans. The retail price of the formulation shall be calculated by the following formula: RP = (M.C. + C.C. + P.M. + P.C.) ×

(1 MAPE) + ED 100

Where R.P. means retail price M.C. means material cost C.C. means conversion cost P.M. means cost of packing material used P.C. means packing charges MAPE means Maximun Allowable Post-Manufacturing expenses. E.D. means excise duty. Q13. Write a short note on Poison Act . Ans. The Poison Act 1919 was passed with a view to control the import, possession and sale of poisons.Under this act Central Governments are authorised to regulate the import of poisons.State Governments are authorised to make rules regarding the possision and sale of poisons within their territory.All the substances notified under this Act are deemed to be poisons.

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KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Offences and Penalties : Any person contravening the provisions of Poison Act 1919 i.e., importing or possessing any poison without licence is punishable with imprisonment upto 3 months or fine upto Rs.500/ or both on first conviction .On any subsequent conviction imprisonment upto 6 months or fine upto Rs.1000/- or both. Q14. Write a note on Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act. Ans. This Act was passed in 1971 to provide for the termination of certain pregnancies by RMP’s .Both the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Rules and Medical Termination of Pregnancy were made in 1975. Persons who can perform abortion : A RMP with the following qualifications can perform abortion. (a) Six months trained in gynaecology ward of an hospital. (b) M.D. in gynaecology . Places where abortion can be performed : (a) A Government hospital (b) A place approved by Government for this purpose. (c) Non-governmental institutions which have obtained a licence from Chief Medical Officer of the district. Offences and penalties : The termination of pregnancy by a person who is not a RMP and not qualified as per this Act shall be an offence, punishable under Indian Penal Code and fined upto Rs. 1500/-. Q15. Write a note on Exempted Advertisements. Ans. The restriction imposed by Drugs and Magic Remedies Act 1954does not apply to the following classes of advertisements (I) Sign boards or notices displayed by a registered medical practitioner on his premises for the treatment of any disease. (II) Books or treaties which deals with the matter of any disease or ailments which are otherwise prohibeted provided they are published for the bonafide social or scientific point of view. (III) Advertising relating to drugs printed or published by the Government. (IV) Advertisements of drugs in medical, pharmaceutical, scientific and technical journals or leaflets accompanying the package of drugs are permitted with prior permission if they contain permitted information. (V) Advertisements which are sent confidentially to the registered medical practitioners.

HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACY Q1. Describe manifestations of Tuberculosis? Ans. 1. Low grade fever 2. Night sweats 3. Easy fatigability 4. Anorexia 5. Unexplained weight loss 6. Cough that is initially dry but later becomes productive, purulent and often blood tinged.

Q2. What is satellite pharmacy ? Ans. Satellite pharmacy is the pharmacy area located in the patient care area where drug distribution and clinical services are provided.A satellite pharmacy places the pharmacist in the patient care area where drug distribution and clinical services are provided. Advantages : 1. satellite pharmacy satisfactorily provides the requirements of the current clinical needs of the patients. 2. Pharmacists are available to the patients. 3. Pharmacist is present at the nursing station; x To maintain patients drug polic

x To moniter patients for drug reactions and toxicity. Disadvantages : 1. Effects the budget of the hospital 2. Additional manpower is required. Q3. Describe the terminologies (i) Lozenges (ii) Tincture (iii)Poultice Ans. (i) Lozenges :A disc shaped solid preparation intended to be slowly dissolved in the oral cavity for local action. (ii) Tincture : They are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic preparations of vegetable drugs. (iii) Poultice : These are the pastes with a basis of kaolin and glycerine for applications in warm conditions. Q4. Define and classify ADRs? Ans. An adverse drug reaction is an expression that describes the unwanted, negative consequences associated with the use of given medication. An ADR is a particular type of adverse effect. The meaning of this expression differs from the meaning of “side effect”, as this last expression might also imply that the effects can be beneficial. ADRs may be classified on the basis of cause and severity: On the basis of cause following ADRs are there: Type A: Augmented pharmacologic effects Type B: Bizarre effects Type C: Chronic effects Type D: Delayed effects Type E: End-of-treatment effects Type F: Failure of therapy On the basis of severity Death Life-Threatening Hospitalization Disability Congenital Anomaly Q5. Write a short note on bandages. Ans. A pad or strip of material that may be wrapped around an injured or diseased body part to stop bleeding or to hold a dressing or splint in place. An elastic bandage (called a compression bandage) is used to exert pressure, for example, on a swollen joint. The bandage is wrapped distally to proximally, with approximately one half of the width of the bandage being overlapped on each turn. Enough pressure is applied to reduce swelling, but it is vital that the bandage is not wrapped so tightly that it restricts blood flow.

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KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Types of bandage : 1. Gauze bandage 2. Compression bandage 3. Triangular bandage 4. Tube bandage Q6. Give the objectives of Hospital formulary system. Ans. Objectives of Hospital formulary system include: 1. To provide the hospital staff the information on which drugs have been selected for use in the hospital by the committee. 2. It provides the staff basic therapeutic information about each selected drug. 3. It also provides the information on hospital policies and procdure governing the use of drugs. 4. It provides information about drugs such as drug dosing rules, sodium content of various drugsand hospital approval abrevations. Q7. What is bioavailability? Ans.:-Bioavailability is a measurement of the extent of a therapeutically active drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. Absolute bioavailability : Absolute bioavailability compares the bioavailability (estimated as area under the curve, or AUC) of the active drug in systemic circulation following non- intravenous administration (i.e., after oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous administration), with the bioavailability of the same drug following intravenous administration. It is the fraction of the drug absorbed through non-intravenous administration compared with the corresponding intravenous administration of the same drug. The comparison must be dose normalized if different doses are used; consequently, each AUC is corrected by dividing the corresponding dose administered.

The pyrogen test is a method to test the existence of pyrogens by using rabbits. The USP pyrogen test requires healthy mature rabbits as test animals to determine the absence or presence of pyrogens in the product.The test solution of the drug is injected into the ear vein of three rabbits to observe te pyrogen response characterized by a rise in temperature. The sample passess the test when there is no rise in temperature of any rabbits exceeding 0.6oC.or sum of the rise in temperature for three rabbits not exceeding 1.4oC. Q10. What are the various types of eplipsy? Ans. Seizures are classified into 3 major groups: (1) Partial seizures (seizures begin locally), (A) without impairment of consciousness, (B) with complex symptoms (with impairment of consciousness). (2) Generalized seizures (bilaterally symmetrical and without local onset). (3) Unclassified epileptic seizures. Q11. What are the duties of hospital pharmacist? Ans. 1. He provides the professional service to the medical and nursing staff. 2. He is responsible for purchase and supply of drugs. 3. He is the member of the therapeutic committee which adopts a suitable hospital formulary. 4. The chief pharmacist increases the practical training of pharmacy students. 5. He develops the proper pricing policy for prescription. Q12. What are the components of comprehensive drug abuse treatment? Ans.

Relative bioavailability : This measures the bioavailability (estimated as area under the curve, or AUC) of a certain drug when compared with another formulation of the same drug, usually an established standard, or through administration via a different route. When the standard consists of intravenously administered drug, this is known as absolute bioavailability. Q8. Who is the administrator of the hospital? What are his responsibilities? Ans. The dean/ dirctor/ executive director/ chairperson is an administrator of the hospital. His responsibilities are as: 1. To implement the policies of the governing councils policies. 2. To coordinate the woks of various section heads of the hospital. 3. To form various committees for performing various functions. 4. To live upto the patients utmost faith by doing everything for their safety and care. 5. To plan for growth and development of hospital. Q9. Write a note on Pyrogen test? Ans. Pyrogens are the metabolic products of living or dead microorganisms which cause increase in body temperature after injection.

Child Care Services

Family Services Housing/ Transportation Services

Financial Services

Intake Processing/ Assessment

Vocational Services

Behavioral Therapy and Counseling

Treatment Plan

Self-Help/Peer Support Groups

Cunical and Case Management

Pharmacotherapy

Substance Use Monitoring

Mental Health Services

Medical Services

Continuing Care Legal Services

AIDS/HIV Services

Educational Services

Components of Comprehensive Drug Abuse Treatment Q13. What are OTC drugs? Ans. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription in contrast to prescription drugs. The name “over-the-counter” is somewhat confusing to some, since these items can be found on the shelves of stores and bought like any other packaged product in some countries or in others may be bought “over the counter” from the pharmacy, while prescription drugs are sold at a pharmacy counter. Ex. Aspirin

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KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Q14. How will you advise the patient who is under the treatment of : (i) Diazepam (ii) Sulfa drugs (iii) Aluminium Hydroxide (iv) Caffeine Ans. S.No Drugs

Advise

1

Diazepam

2 3

Sulfa drugs Aluminium Hydroxide Caffeine

This drug may cause drowsiness so 1. Do not wok with dangerous machinery and do not drive 2. Do not drink alcoholic beverages Take more water with these drugs These drugs may cause constipation

4

It is mildly habit forming

Q15. Describe health accessories used in modern hospital? Ans. Various health accessories used in modern hospital are as; 1. Scissors 2. Tissue foreceps 3. Towel clips 4. Dissection forceps 5. Scalpels and their blades 6. Needles 7. Needle holders 8. Rubber catheters 9. Intestinal clamps 10. ECG machine 11. X-Ray machine 12. CT scanner 13. Ultrasound sonography 14. Tourniquet.

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Q.1 What is cell? Ans. The cell is now considered as the smallest unit of structure comprising of a mass of cytoplasm and a nucleus and is bounded by a semi permeable membrane. It is capable of biosynthesis, energy transformation and self-reproduction. “A cell is the smallest but complete expression of fundamental structure and function of all living organisms” Cell consists of the following (1) A cell membrane. (2) A metabolic machinery i.e. Mitochondria. (3) A biosynthetic machinery i.e. RNA and ribosome’s. (4) A specific programme that permits reproduction of new cells of same type. (5) Mitochondria for ATP Production and is known as Power house of the cell. (6) Nucleus etc. Q.2 What is Skeleton? Ans. Skeleton can be defined as, “the bony frame work of the body which serves to support and protect the soft parts inside”. There are two types of skeletal structures 1. Internal skeletal structures or Endoskeleton. 2. External skeletal structures or Exoskeleton. Endoskeleton includes structures like nails and hairs while external are the skull, rib case, limbs and girdles etc.

Q.3 Explain functions of blood? Ans. The various functions of blood are: 1. Transport of NUTRIENTS The important nutrients are absorbed by the walls of the small intestine from the digested food and passed into the blood circulation which distributes them to all parts of the body. 2. Transport of EXCREATORY PRODUCTS. Blood helps to collect and transport highly toxic materials like urea and CO2 to the places of their excretion. 3. Transport of RESPIRATORY GASES. Blood helps in the transport of O2 to parts of body and also transports CO2 for expulsion during the breathing process. 4.Transport of hormones 5. Transport of inorganic and organic substances 6. Protection against infection 7. Maintenance of temperature. Q.4 What are the functions of SPLEEN? Ans. The functions of spleen are: (i) Spleen is a reservoir of erythrocytes which are released into the blood circulation at the time of need. (ii) It produces lymphocytes. Some amount of these lymphocytes form the spleenic pulp while some are passed into the blood. (iii) It is also a seat for the production of some specific types of antitoxins and antibodies which are helpful in protection against antibodies. (iv) During the embryonic life of a person spleen also produces erythrocytes till the bone marrow takes over this function after the formation of long bones in human body. (v) It is interesting to note that in various diseased conditions or malfunctioning of spleen, it can be removed from the body without any adverse effect on the normal metabolic functions of the body. Q.5 Explain disorders of blood. Ans. There are various human diseases which arise due to the disorders in the blood due to external infection, internal disturbance in homeostatic balance between the functioning of various organs and inheritance etc. The disorders may be due to distortion of ratio between cells and plasma or between the various cells or any other physiological imbalance. Some of the more commonly appearing disorders are(1) Different types of Anemias like sickle cell anaemia , macrocytic anaemia etc. (2) Polycythemia (3) Leukemia (4) Leucopenia (5) Agranulocytosis (6) Haemophilia (7) Eosinophilia (8) Neutrophilia (9) Thrombocytopenia (10) Thrombocytopenia Purpura (11) Hypoprothrombinaemia.

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KIRAN'S PHARMACIST PRACTICE WORK BOOK Q.6 What do you mean by CORONARY Circulation? Ans. The process by which heart provides nourishment to its own muscular walls through coronary arteries and veins is called coronary circulation. The two coronary arteries are given off from the aortic arch. Soon after their origin both break into large number of finer capillaries which form a network for the efficient supply of oxygenated blood. The deoxygenated blood is likewise collected by the coronary veins which terminate in a coronary sinus which in its turn pours its contents into right auricle. The coronary arteries are perhaps the most important of all the blood vessels, as the heart can not work for long without a regular supply of pure blood to cardiac muscles through them. Q.7 What is Electrocardiogram (ECG)? Ans. Electrocardiograph can be defined as the graphic representation of the electrical events or impulses generated by the heart, which are associated with its contractions. These events can be recorded with the help of an electrical instrument called cardiograph loaded with a graph paper on which waves of contraction of cardiac muscles is drawn. Waller(1887) was the first to recorded the electrocardiogram. The waves of deflection are designated P,Q,R,S and T. The spaces between them are called intervals. The P- wave is due to the activation of SA node. It represents auricular contraction. The Q,R and S Waves represent the spreading of the impulse over the auricles and to AV node through bundles of His And Purkinje fibers till it bring about the ventricular contraction. T wave represents relaxation of the ventricular muscles. Any change in any wave give an indication regarding the heart problem. It is having a valuable diagnostic value. Q.8 Explain blood clotting. Ans. The clotting of blood is an in built defence mechanism in the body for preventing the loss of blood from an injured part of the body. A combination of the factors and a unique sequence quickly brings about the pluging of a leaking blood vessel. This can be understood by following the three main steps from the time of bleeding to its blockade. Step one : When there is any injury the ruptured blood platelets release a substance called thromboplastin. Step two : Prothrombin is converted into thrombin with the help of thromboplastin and calcium ions. Step three : Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin with the help of thrombin . It is insoluble and form mesh like structure which capture blood cells. This is the final stage of blood clotting. Q9. Explain the various disorders of respiratory system. Ans. The disorders of respiratory system are as follow: (1) Hypoxia : The word hypo means less oxia means oxygen. Thus it is a disorder in which less than the required amount of oxygen is available than the required amount of oxygen. The reasons may be high altitude, polio, lower amount of haemoglobin etc (2) Pneumonia : In pneumonia the is infection of alveoli due to bacteria, virus etc. It is a serious disorder of the respiratory system. (3) Asthma : Asthma is an acute stage of respiratory failure in which the passage for air decreases due to swelling and muscular spasm.

(4) Other disorders : The other disorders of respiratory system are : (a) Pharyngitis (b) Laryngitis (c) Anoxia (d) Narcosis etc. Q10. What are the functions of the Liver? Ans. The functions of the liver are as follow: (1) Storage : Liver store many products having nutritional value. It stores Glycogen which is released when required. (2) Production of bile : The bile is produced from worn-out RBC’s which is produced by the liver cells and stored in the gall bladder for onward flow into the digestive tract. (3) Blood clotting : The blood proteins such as fibrinogen and prothrombin which are required for blood clotting are produced by the liver. (4) Regulation of body temperature : Several reactions take place in the liver which produce enough heat which helps to maintain proper body temperature. (5) Detoxification : Liver helps in excretion of harmful products which enter the body with food and drugs. Liver decomposes them and removes them from the body by a process called detoxification. (6) Other functions : The other functions of liver are : (a) Glycogenolysis (b) Glycogenesis (c) Lipogenesis etc. Q11. Explain the disorders of urinary system. Ans. The disorders of urinary system are as follow: (1) Nephritis : In this disorder there is excess of albumin in the urine which gives a smoky appearance to it. This disease is also called albuminaria. (2) Renal stone : It is the commonest problem of the kidney.Variety of salts accumulate to form a stone in the kidney. (3) Uremia : Uremia is a condition of the accumulation of toxic substances like urea, uric acid and creatine in blood when kidney cannot function normally. (4) Incontinence : This is a common disorder in young children who cannot control the release of urine. This is commonly during sleep. (5) Polynephritis : This disorder is related to the inflammation of the tissue of the kidney especially the medulla and the renal pelvis. (6) Cystitis : Cystitis and acute cystitis are the two stages of the disease in which there is inflammation of the urinary bladder. In addition to pain there is burning sensation during urination. Etc. Q12. Explain the functions of the various parts of brain. Ans. The functions of various parts of brain are as follow: (1) Olfactory Lobes : The main function is sense of smell. (2) Cerebrum : Visual ,Auditory and Somatic sensory areas are located in this region in the form of speech and somatic motor areas.

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