BIOLOGY in FORTNIGHT – ALL you need to ACCELERATE…

by DUSHYANT AGRAWAL

BIOLOGY in

FORTNIGHT (ALL you need to ACCELERATE…)

Dushyant Agrawal (MSc. Biotechnology)

BIOLOGY in FORTNIGHT – ALL you need to ACCELERATE…

by DUSHYANT AGRAWAL

Second Edition - 2022 Price – ₹ 550 Publisher – Notion Press Available at – https://notionpress.com/ https://www.amazon.in/ https://www.flipkart.com/

Copyright © 2022 by Dushyant Agrawal

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by an electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems without written permission of the copyright owner except for the use of quotations in a book review.

BIOLOGY in FORTNIGHT – ALL you need to ACCELERATE…

by DUSHYANT AGRAWAL

A Word from the Author ……. It is unquestionably, a matter of great satisfaction in launching this book

This book wouldn’t have been possible without my parents’ guidance and immense support. I would like to thank my Parents, Mrs. Suman Agrawal and Mr. Rajiv Kumar Agarwal for providing me the powerful tool of ‘Education’ and making me enable to write a book for the NEET aspirants. I’d like to express gratitude to my brothers, Er. Gulshan Agrawal and Er. Harshul Agrawal for always believing in me and encouraging me to write a book.

I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my School Principal, Dr. Priyanka Sharma for always standing by my side in my odd times and helping me to grow as a better person. I would like to extend my cordial thanks to my school teachers and college professors, Dr. Parul Chowdhury (Assistant Professor), Mrs. Ankita Maheshwari (Former Assistant Professor) and Dr. Juhi Saxena (Assistant Professor, Punjab University) without whose blessings and teachings, I wouldn’t have been able to construct such a work.

I would also like to acknowledge ‘Career Point (Mysuru Centre)’, their management team and other faculty members for providing self - less support and encouragement.

I’ve done my utmost to ensure that this book would be error - free. However, if any error, whatsoever is left, I request that the readers bring it to my attention. Queries, Suggestions and Healthy Criticism from learned Faculties and curious Students are always welcome for further enrichment of the book. Please send your Feedback via WhatsApp or E - mail at – WhatsApp Mobile Number – 7877609505 Email – [email protected]

Dushyant Agrawal

BIOLOGY in FORTNIGHT – ALL you need to ACCELERATE…

by DUSHYANT AGRAWAL

Index BIOLOGY in FORTNIGHT (ALL you need to ACCELERATE…) Serial Number 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Days Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6

13.

Chapter

Page Number

The Living World

1–6

Biological Classification

7 – 16

Plant Kingdom

17 – 20

Animal Kingdom

21 – 30

Morphology of Flowering Plants

31 – 42

Anatomy of Flowering Plants

43 – 50

Structural Organization in Animals

51 – 56

Cell: The Basic Unit of Life

57 – 66

Biomolecules

67 – 74

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

75 – 80

Transport in Plants

81 – 88

Mineral Nutrition

89 – 92

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

93 – 98

Respiration in Cell (Cellular Respiration)

99 – 102

15.

Plant Growth and Development

103 – 106

16.

Human Digestive System

107 – 114

Human Respiratory System

115 – 120

14.

17. 18.

Day 7

Day 8

Human Circulatory System

121 – 128

19.

Human Excretory System

129 – 136

20.

Human Locomotory System

137 – 144

Neural Control and Co – ordination

145 – 160

Chemical Co - ordination and Regulation

161 – 168

23.

Reproduction in Organisms

169 – 174

24.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

175 – 184

Human Reproduction

185 – 194

Reproductive Health

195 – 198

Genetics

199 – 210

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

211 – 226

Evolution

227 – 240

Human Health and Disease

241 – 254

Strategies for Improvement in Food Production

255 – 264

21.

Day 9

22.

25.

Day 10

26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Day 11 Day 12

31. 32. 33.

Day 13

34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

Day 14 Day 15

Microbes in Human Welfare

265 – 268

Biotechnology: Principles and Process

269 – 274

Biotechnology and its Applications

275 – 280

Organisms and Populations

281 – 290

Ecosystem

291 – 296

Biodiversity and its Conservation

297 – 302

Environmental Issues

303 – 310

The Living World

The Living



Sand dunes), Growth



World

In Non - Living (Mountains, Boulders and is only External

In Living, Growth is both Internal and External



Development

=

Growth

+

Differentiation  Healing / Repair  Reproduction

 Introduction 

Life

is

a

distinctive,

complex



Reproduction are Mutually Inclusive

organization of ions and molecules that conduct certain chemical reactions to carry out certain activities  Characteristics of Living Organisms 

Living organisms are self - replicating,

(L. includere – include) events.



stimuli

(Gk. to shut out) events.

 Metabolism – All the chemical reactions going on in living cells are collectively termed as Metabolism 

It is of two types –



Anabolism / Constructive Metabolism – Synthesis of Complex substances from

 Definite Shape and Size 

Due to this property, the living organism are called Morphous

Simpler one. 

Due to this nature, a living being is called an Organism.

 Growth and Development – Growth is permanent irreversible increase in size, dry weight, mass and number of a cell, an organ or whole organism. 

Development is sum of changes that occurs in an organism during its life time

Catabolism / Destructive Metabolism – Breakdown of Complex substances into

 Organization 

In Multicellular organisms, Growth and Reproduction are Mutually Exclusive

self - evolving interactive regulatory systems that are capable of responding to

In Unicellular organisms, Growth and

Simpler one. 

Metabolic reactions invitro are not living things but surely living reactions.

 Homeostasis (Gk. homois – alike, stasis – standing) – All living organisms stay stable

in order to continue their metabolic processes by sustaining their internal conditions under adverse temperature, moisture

level,

acidity

and

other

physiological factors within certain limits 1

The Living World

 Consciousness – All living organisms



order, sequence)

have an innate capacity to sense their surroundings and respond to these 

Concept of Systematics (Gk. systema –



Systematics is a scientific analysis that

environment stimuli.

aims to identify, define, name and

The ability of an organism to produce the

organize the various organisms based on

response against the applied stimulus is

specific characteristics of the species or

called Irritability / Sensitivity.

groups according to a structured plan 

Taxon – It refers to a group of identical



Humans have Self - consciousness.



Dolphins, Parrot, Chimpanzee, Gorilla,

individuals

Orangutan etc. also exhibit self -

different from those of other classes that

consciousness

are genetically related



Persons

in

coma

has

no

self

-



with

some

characters

It is a Unit of Classification

consciousness and only Brain dead  Types of Taxonomy

therefore considered as living.



 Excretion

morphology of plants

 Adaptation (L. ad – toward, apt – adjust) – These

are

beneficial

inheritable



characters

organism adapt well to suit its way of life 



aberration, chromosomal morphology

functional life. It is a permanent feature

Death

prevents

overcrowding,

restores

minerals

to

maintains balance

soil

and

Cytotaxonomy – It is an application of cytological characters like chromosomal

 Death – It is an actual cessation of



Omega taxonomy – It is based on all the plants.

accumulation of differences through the

of Unicellular organisms

embryological,

information or data available about

races or new organisms due to the

of all living organisms with an exception

like

cytological, anatomical characters etc.

 Evolution – Living things progressively

natural selection

Beta taxonomy – Besides external morphology, it also includes internal

variations or modifications that make an

evolve over time into new forms, new

Alpha taxonomy – Based on External

and polyploidy of plants in classification 

Karyotaxonomy – It is based on characters of Nucleus and Chromosomes



Chemotaxonomy - It is based on chemical constituents and the use of chemical properties of plants

2

The Living World



Numerical taxonomy / Phenetics (Gk. phainein



–

to

appear)

Latinized

/ Quantitative

or

derived

from

Latin

irrespective of their origin.

taxonomy – Based on all observable

 The first letter in a biological name

characteristics (all characters are given equal

represents the Genus while the second

weightage) in detail and assigning numbers

component denotes the Specific epithet.

and codes to them for computer analysis.

 Both the words in a biological name,

Cladistics

taxonomy

evolutionary

–

Based

relationships

when

on

handwritten,

are

separately

underlined, or printed in Italics to

called

indicate their Latin origin

Phylogeny

 The first word denoting the genus starts 

with a capital letter while the specific

It includes following four points –

o Characterization / Description

 Name of the author appears after the

Identification of characters o Identification

epithet starts with a small letter

→

specific epithet, i.e., at the end of the

→

biological name and is written in an

Identification of living organisms o Nomenclature

abbreviated form in Roman script and is

→

never underlined

Naming of living organisms o Classification

→

 All the three terms (generic name, specific

Classification of living organisms

epithet, author citation etc.)

collectively form

binomial epithet. i.e., Mangifera indica Linn

 Binomial (L. bi – twice, nomen – a name) Nomenclature 

This naming scheme was given by



Swedish Botanist Carolus Linnaeus in

 International Code of Nomenclature for

his book ‘Philosophia Botanica’, 1751 

According to it, each name has two components – the Generic name (Genus) and Specific Epithet (Species)



Other universal rules of nomenclature are as follows:

 Biological names are generally in Latin and printed in Italics. They are

There are five codes of Nomenclature – Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), 1953

 International

Code

for

Botanical

Nomenclature (ICBN), 1961  International

Code

of

Zoological

Nomenclature (ICZN), 1964  International

Committee

for

the

Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 1966  International Code for Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB), 1978 3

The Living World

Tautonym (L. tauto – same, nym - name) – In it, generic and specific epithet name are same. 

It is only valid for ICZN.



Example - Naja naja (Indian Cobra), Rattus rattus (Rat), Gorilla gorilla (Gorilla)

 Classification of Organisms 

There are seven obligate categories which are as follows:

 Species (L. spicere – to look) – It is a group of individual organisms with basic similarities  Genus (L. birth) – Group of related Species which has more characters in common to species of other genera.  Family – Group of related Genera with still a smaller number of similarities as



 Class – It is a group of related Orders.



reasonably Stable and yet are sufficient Flexible and Plastic that they tend to

different Phylum or Division with least

change in the course of many generations.

common characteristics

of

continues to decrease

common

features

Species are made up of population of

themselves (and rarely with other species) are

a group of organisms belonging to

number

the

species, which breed Mostly among

 Kingdom (Eng. cyningdom – kingship) – It is

the

are

Similar individuals differing from other

Classes with a few similar characters

As we ascend from Species to Kingdom,

more

 Species Concept

 Phylum / Division – It is a group of



taxa,

the taxon share.

 Order (L. ordo – row) – It is an association characters

the

characteristics that the members within

compared to genus and species. of Families which exhibit a few related

Lower

 Herbarium (L. herba – plant / vegetable, arium – place)



Herbarium is a collection of dried, pressed and preserved plant specimens (in 4

The Living World suitable liquid like 2 - 5 % formaldehyde, acetic acid and alcohol etc.)



mounted on paper

sheets, properly labelled, systematically

Exotic living species. 

arranged and available for reference or study. 

They have a collection of Endemic and Some famous botanical gardens are as follows:

o Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, England

These sheets (41 x 29 cm ) carry a label on 2

o National Botanical Research Institute,

Right hand side at lower corner which provides information about –

Lucknow, UP o Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah, WB

 Local name of the specimen  English name of the specimen



 Botanical name of the specimen

Museum (Gk. mouseion – temple of Muses – the Goddesses of Arts and Sciences)



 Family of specimen

For research and reference, Museums have a collection of preserved plant and

 Date on which the specimen was

animal specimens

collected  Place from where the specimen was



Specimens are kept in containers in Preservative solution like Formalin,

collected

Alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol etc.

 Name of the collector of that specific 

specimen

Beasts, Birds and Reptiles are displayed as Stuffed specimen.



Stuffed specimen is the skin of a dead animal filled out with material to give an original life like shape.



Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning.



Museums have collection of skeletons of animals also.

 Botanical Gardens  

These

specialized

 gardens

have

Following

are

examples

of

some

Museums –

collection of living plants for reference.

o Natural History Museum, London

Plant species are grown for identification

o Forest

purposes in these gardens and each plant is marked with its botanical / scientific name and family

Museum,

Andaman

and

Nicobar Islands o National Museum of Natural History, Delhi 5

The Living World

 Zoological Parks / Zoo 



One has to select the correct choice

These are the locations where wild

between two characters statements of

animals are held under human care in safe

particular species in order to correctly

areas which allow us to learn about their

classify the animal or plant

food preferences and behavior 





Keys are generally analytical in nature.

They have a collection of Endemic and Exotic living species.

 Flora (L. goddess of plants)

The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) operates



all Zoos in India –

It is a book containing information on plants that are present in specific areas.

o Mysore Zoo, Karnataka

It offers an actual account of the habitat

o Marble Palace Zoo, Kolkata

and distribution of a given area’s various

o Guwahati Zoo, Assam

plants

o Jaipur Zoo, Rajasthan o National Zoological Park, New Delhi

 Manuals (L. manualis – hand) 

It is a book with a complete listing and

 Keys

analysis of species growing in a specific



region

It refers to a group of alternative characters in such a way that the



It provides useful data for identifying the

collection and exclusion of the characters

names of different species found in a

according to their existence or absence in

region

the organism under study helps to classify plants and animals based on similarities



write)

and dissimilarities. 

Keys are based on set of contrasting

Monograph (Gk. mono - single, grapho - to



It includes details of only one Taxon.

characters generally in a pair called ‘Couplet’. Each character of couplet or statement in the key is called ‘Lead’

 Catalogue (Gk. katalegein – pick out) 

It

involves

the

alphabetical

arrangement of organisms identifying their characteristics in a specific location. It is an online database that offers the most detailed and authoritative index of recognized animal species, plants, fungi and micro - organisms in the world 6

Biological Classification

Biological Classification

 Four Kingdom Concept – Proposed by Copeland (1966) o Monera – Bacteria, Mycoplasma, BGA. o Protista – Algae, Fungi, Protozoa etc. o Plantae – Eukaryotic Plants o Animalia – Eukaryotic Animals

 Two Kingdom Concept – Proposed by Linnaeus (1758) o Plant + Animal

 Five Kingdom Concept – Proposed by Robert Harding Whittaker (1969) o Monera – Prokaryotes (Gk. pro – primitive or before, karyon – nucleus)

 Three Kingdom Concept – Proposed by Haeckel (1866)

o Protista – Unicellular Eukaryotes (Gk. eu – well, karyon – nucleus) (Mesokaryotic)

o Protista – Don’t have tissues

o Fungi – Decomposers (Fr. to decay)

o Plant – First tissue (Bryophytes)

o Plantae – Autotrophs

o Animal – First tissue (Coelenterate)

o Animalia – Heterotrophs Basis

o

of

Classification – 

Mode

Nutrition

of and

Mode

of

Reproduction 

Thallus

(Gk. thallos – green shoot)

organization  structure

Cell and

Phylogenetic Relationship

7

Biological Classification

 Six Kingdom Concept / Three Domain

 Structure of Prokaryotic Cell

Concept – Proposed by Carl Richard Woese (1990) on the basis of ‘Sequence of rRNA genes’

– Outermost Mucilage layer. o If Hard, it is called Capsule

Domain

Kingdom

Bacteria

Eubacteria (NAG and NAM)

Archaea

 Glycocalyx (Gk. glycys – sweet, kalyx – coat)

o It gives bacteria a sticky character and is

Archaebacteria

not necessary for its survival.

(Pseudomurein)

o It protects bacteria from drugs, virus,

Protista

desiccation etc.

Fungi

Eukarya

o If loose, it is called Slime Layer

Plantae Animalia



Kingdom Monera (Gk. monos – single)



Prokaryotic,

Unicellular,

Mostly

Heterotrophic and have Most Extensive Metabolic diversity 

Though the bacterial structure is simple but they are complex in behavior.



Microbes are strong enough to pass the

 Cell wall – Provide shape and support

unfavorable conditions, this phenomenon

o Made up of Murein / Peptidoglycan

is called Perennation (L. perrenare – to last

[NAG (N - Acetyl Glucosamine) + NAM (N -

many years). During it, microbes form hard

Acetyl Muramic acid)]

coat called Cyst around itself 

o A space between Cell wall & Cell

According to Cohn, there are four

Membrane is Periplasmic space helpful

bacterial shapes:

in digestion

 Coccus (Gk. kokkos - berry) (Spherical shaped)

o Cell Membrane – It is the innermost

 Bacillus (L. bacillus - small rod) (Most

layer which is Lipoprotein in nature

Common Bacteria) (Rod shaped) 

Spirilla (L. spira - coil) (Largest Bacteria) (Spiral shaped)

 Vibrio (L. Comma shaped)

o It provides attachment to ribosome  Cytoplasm  Chromatophores– It stores Pigments present in photosynthetic prokaryotes 8

Biological Classification

o DNA - Nucleoid + Plasmid = Episome  Nucleoid / Naked DNA / Genophore

Gram’s Staining 

Dr. Christian Gram in 1884 devised a

o It is double stranded, right - handed and

technique which help him to differentiate

circular chromosomal genetic material

bacteria into two types: Gram - positive

that assists in reproduction

bacteria and Gram - negative bacteria

o If it is taken out, cell dies.  Plasmid (Gk. plasma – form) (Magic circle) – o It is an extrachromosomal, double stranded, circular DNA that does not lead to reproduction  Ribosomes – 70 S  Gas vacuole – It protects bacteria from harmful gases and provide buoyancy to bacteria.  Extensions of Plasma Membrane o Mesosomes / Chondroid

– It

is

 Reproduction

analogous to Mitochondria 

It

helps

in:

Respiration,

DNA



Binary Fission

Replication, Cell wall formation and secretion and also Increase surface area for transport Pili

Fimbrae

Few (1 - 4),

Many (30 - 400),

long and broad

short and narrow

Assist in

Assist in

Conjugation

Adhesion

Cilia

Flagella

Small size and

Large size and

Many in Number

Few in Number

Beat in co - ordination

Vegetative reproduction – Budding and



Asexual Reproduction – Endospore Formation

o Also called ‘Reproduction without Multiplication’ o Endospore is made up of Calcium Dipicolinate

(C12H8CaN2O4)

resistant

increased

to

and

is

temperature,

radiations, antibiotics, chemicals etc. 

Sexual Reproduction / Parasexuality

o Conjugation Beat independently

Help in Locomotion,

Only help in

Feeding and Circulation

Locomotion

o Transformation (Griffith) o Transduction (Zinder and Lederberg) 9

Biological Classification

o Conjugation between F+ and F-:

 Convert cow dung cellulose into CH4 Example – Methanobacterium

First of all, donor cell (F+) is attached to recipient cell (F-) with the help of sex pili



↓

Halophiles – Don’t prepare food but directly forms ATP

o Non - photosynthetic (Absorbs Bright light)

Sex pili serve as conjugation tube

o Example – Halobacterium

↓ ‘F’ factor (F plasmid) now replicates and replica



moves to F- through conjugation tube

Thermoacidophiles

-

They

are

chemoautotrophs o Present at 80 ℃ and at pH - 2

↓

o Example – Thermus aquaticus Both of the cells are then separated  Mycoplasma / PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia

↓

Like

Due to transfer of ‘F’ factor, F- bacteria becomes F+ bacteria

Organism)

/ Jokers of Plant

Kingdom 

They are smallest micro - organisms



Unicellular and Cell wall less organism

 Archaebacteria (Gk. archae – ancient)



Pathogenic and cause infertility

 Cell wall is made up of Pseudomurein



Survive without Oxygen

(lipid)

 They

are

present

in

and

springs

Salty

areas

Marshy

areas

(Thermoacidophiles), (Halophiles)

Hot

 Cyanobacteria / BGA (Blue Green Algae) / Cyanophyta / Myxophyceae (old name) 

(Methanogens)

 They are Living fossils.  They are generally anaerobic 

bacteria 

It involves PS - II and evolve Oxygen



Provide fertility to soil (Nostoc, Anabaena), Proteinaceous food for animals (Spirulina)

Methanogens

 Convert marshy areas CO2 into CH4 Example – Methanococcus  Convert Rumen of cattle cellulose into CH4 Example – Rumenococcus

It is Gram negative photosynthetic

and Green Manure (Oscillatoria) 

It is covered by Gelatinous sheath



It has Heterocyst which help in Nitrogen Fixation 10

Biological Classification





Kingdom Protista



They are Unicellular Eukaryotes

Chemical energy to Light energy and produce



It is a link between Plant, Animal and

light and little heat)

Fungi  Chrysophytes (Gk. chrykos – gold, phyte – plant)



and Desmids (Golden

algae like Cymbella)

 

They release toxins called Saxitoxin.



Reproduction is by Binary Fission



Store food in the form of Starch



They are called ‘Red Dinoflagellates’ (Red Tides) (Example – Gonyaulax)



Also called ‘Fire Algae / Night Light’



Examples – Ceratium, Peridinium etc.

They lack flagella and float in water currents i.e., Planktonic

 Euglenoids (Gk. eu – true, glene - eyeball)

They are Photosynthetic, Unicellular and



mostly Marine. 

It is a connecting link between Plants and Animals

Cell wall is made up of Cellulose and



Silica and becomes fit together called 

observed in Noctiluca



It includes Diatoms (Pearls of Ocean) (have Diplontic life cycle)

First time, Bioluminescence (converts

In presence of light, they are autotrophs but in absence, they are heterotrophs

‘Soap Box’ (Frustule)



They have Wriggling movement

Cell wall deposits have left behind them,



Cell wall absent but protein rich layer is

this

accumulation

is

called

present

‘Diatomaceous Earth’

called

Pellicle

consist

of

Lipoprotein



Reproduce by Binary Fission





Store food in the form of Oil



Dead remains of Diatoms is called



Mixotrophic nutrition

‘Kieselgurh’



Found in Stagnant (Fresh) water



Reproduction is by Longitudinal Binary

is functional

 Dinoflagellates (Gk. dinos – whirling; L. flagellum – whip)

  

They have two flagella out of which one

Fission 

Example –

They are Marine, Photosynthetic and

Euglena

have many pigments

(Gk.

Cell wall is made up of Stiff cellulose

good, glene –

plates

eyeball),

They have two Flagella (Longitudinal + Transverse)

eu

-

Paranema etc. 11