Model Test Papers

Mechatronics and Microprocessors Test Paper – 1 [Time: 3 Hrs]

[Maximum Marks: 100]

Note: Answer five full questions with at least two parts from each question.

Section A 1. (a) Explain the basic elements of a closed-loop system. With a neat sketch explain any one of the best examples of the closed-loop control system. (10 Marks) (b) Explain the sequential operation of automatic washing machine with a block diagram. (5 Marks) (c) Write a note on microprocessor-based controllers.

(5 Marks)

2. (a) State in general, the principle of operation of transducers and highlight their difference with sensors. (6 Marks) (b) Explain the “Hall effect” as stated by E.R. Hall and describe how this effect can be utilized to construct a sensor. (7 Marks) (c) Explain with a neat diagram, the working of a photoemissive transducer with photomultiplier. (7 Marks) 3. (a) Explain the working principle of (i) synchronous motor and (ii) AC servo motors. (b) List the applications for each of the following switches: (i) Pushbutton. (ii) Toggle switch. (iii) Wafer switch. (iv) Three-position switch. (c) What is the role of solenoids in mechatronics systems?

(8 Marks) (8 Marks)

(4 Marks)

4. (a) What do you mean by digital signal processing? How is this carried out? (5 Marks) (b) Explain operational amplifiers. Mention in detail how it is used as an inverting amplifier? (8 Marks) (c) What is a multiplexer? Explain a two-channel multiplexer with a neat diagram? (7 Marks)

Section B 5. (a) What is the concept of stored program computers? Explain. (5 Marks) (b) What is Moore’s Law? Explain in that context the classification of first to fourth generation computers. (5 Marks) (c) Describe the floating point representation of numbers and discuss accuracy and range in floating point numbers. (5 Marks) (d) What do you understand by “von Neumann bottleneck”? How “cache memory” addresses this issue? (5 Marks)

444 •

M O D E L T E S T PA P E R S

6. (a) Draw the structure of a microcontroller. (b) Illustrate the following terminology related to microprocessors: (i) Memory and address. (ii) Program counter. (iii) Bus. (iv) Interrupts. (c) List some of the applications of microprocessors and microcontrollers. (d) Explain the various general-purpose registers available in the microprocessor.

(5 Marks) (8 Marks)

(4 Marks) (3 Marks)

7. (a) Illustrate multiplexed mode of operation of AD0 – AD7 bus of 8085A. (6 Marks) (b) Write a program to subtract a Hex number in address 0055 from a Hex number in the location 0065 and store it to 0070. (6 Marks) (c) Classify the instruction set for 8085 and explain each part. (5 Marks) (d) What are the mnemonics for clearing a register? Explain with an example. (3 Marks) 8. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Group the signals in the 8085 microprocessor. What are interrupts? Explain how a microprocessor handles interrupts. Explain the TRAP interrupt in detail, and mention where its main application is. Explain what is meant by maskable and non-maskable interrupts.

(5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks) (5 Marks)

Mechatronics and Microprocessors Test Paper – 2 [Time: 3 Hrs]

[Maximum Marks: 100]

Note: Answer atleast two full questions from each section.

Section A 1. (a) Justify the interdisciplinary nature of mechatronics. (6 Marks) (b) Explain the basic elements of an open-loop system with an example (8 Marks) (c) Explain the sequential operation of electronic engine management system with a block diagram. (6 Marks) 2. (a) Distinguish between the following: (10 Marks) (i) Analog transducers and digital transducers. (ii) Active transducers and passive transducers. (iii) Primary transducers and secondary transducers. (iv) Input transducers and output transducers. (v) Mechanical transducers and electrical transducers. (b) Explain the operating principle of linear variable differential transformer. (5 Marks) (c) With a neat sketch, explain how resolution is determined in the case of an incremental encoder. (5 Marks) 3. (a) What is bouncing of mechanical switches? Show a transistor-based circuit to prevent bouncing. (6 Marks) (b) Discuss about the following drive systems: (i) DC drives. (ii) Stepper motor. (10 Marks) (c) Explain with a neat diagram the solenoid-operated selector switch? (4 Marks) 4. (a) Explain the following terms as applied to digital signal processing. (i) Sampling. (ii) Quantization. (iii) Sampling period. (b) Explain how a circuit can be protected against wrong polarity. (c) Write a note on data acquisition. (d) Write short notes on the following: (i) Operational amplifier. (ii) Wheatstone bridge. (iii) Signal conditioning. (iv) Filtering.

(6 Marks)

(2 Marks) (4 Marks) (8 Marks)

446 •

M O D E L T E S T PA P E R S

Section B 5. (a) Trace the history of Intel chips from 4004 to “quad-core Itanium Tukwila” in terms of the package density and bus width. (5 Marks) (b) What do you understand by “von Neumann bottleneck”? How “cache memory” addresses this issue? (5 Marks) (c) Convert the decimal number “1394” into BCD. And find the binary equivalent of the decimal number “111”. (5 Marks) (d) Explain the three types of logic gates using symbols and truth table. (5 Marks) 6. (a) Draw a structure of a microcontroller. (b) Explain the following terms: (i) I/O and peripheral devices. (ii) Fetch cycle and write cycle. (iii) Stack and stack pointer. (c) What are the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers? (d) Write a short note on the classification of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

(6 Marks) (6 Marks)

(4 Marks) (4 Marks)

7. (a) Write a program to move a block of 100 numbers starting at $3000 to a new start address of $4000. (7 Marks) (b) What do you understand by high-level and low-level languages? Explain. (7 Marks) (c) What do you understand by 8085 machine language and 8085 assembly language? (6 Marks) 8. (a) Explain the architecture of 4004 and also explain the register organization and multiplexed data and address buses. (5 Marks) (b) Explain the general- and special-purpose registers of 8085. (5 Marks) (c) Explain with an example how MAR, MBR, PC and IR are involved in a fetch operation. (5 Marks) (d) Explain SIM and RIM instructions. (5 Marks)

Bibliography 1. Hambley, A.R. (2000) Electronics, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall International, ISBN: 0-13-085765-3. 2. Pal, A. (2001) Microprocessors –Principles and Applications, 1st edn, Tata McGraw-Hill, 9th reprint, ISBN: 0-07-451826-7. 3. Parr, A. (1998) Industrial Control, 3rd edn, Newnes, ISBN: 0-7506-3934-2. 4. Grob, B. (1997) Basic Electronics, 8th edn, WCB McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-02-802253-X. 5. Beckwith, T.G., Marangoni, R.D. and Lienhard, J.H. (2001) Mechanical Measurements, 5th edn, Pearson Education, ISBN: 81-7808-055-0. 6. Bentley, J.P. (2000) Principles of Measurement Systems, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, ISBN: 81-3170182-9. 7. Bradley, D., Seward, D., Dawson, D. and Burge, S. (2000) Mechatronics and the Design of Intelligent Machines and Systems, 1st edn, Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd., ISBN: 0-7487-5443-1. 8. Bradley, D., Dawson, D., Burd, N.C. and Loader, A.J. (2004) Mechatronics – Electronics in Products and Processes, Chennai Micro Print Pvt. Ltd., 1st Indian reprint, ISBN: 0-7487-5742-2. 9. Morriss, B.S. (1994) Automated Manufacturing Systems, International edn, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-02-802331-5 (when ordering this title use ISBN: 0-07-113999-0). 10. Fraser, C. and Milne, J. (1994) Integrated Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Mechanical Engineers, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-07-707973-6. 11. Alexander, C.K. and Sadiku, M.N.O. (2004) Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, ISBN: 0-07-249350. 12. De Silva, C.W. (2005) Mechatronics – An Integrated Approach, 1st edn, CRC Press Ltd., ISBN: 0-8493-1274-4. 13. Johnson, C.D. (2003) Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 7th edn, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 81-203-2104-9. 14. Bedworth, D.D., Henderson, M.R. and Wolge, P.M. (1991) Computer Integrated Design and Manufacturing, 1st edn, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-07-004204-7. 15. Popovic, D. and Vlavic, L. (1999) Mechatronics in Engineering Design and Product Development, 1st edn, Marcel Dekker, ISBN: 0-8247-0226-3. 16. Doebelin, E.O. (2003) Measurement Systems Application and Design, 4th edn, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 9780071006972. 17. Shetty, D. and Kolk, R.A. (2007) Mechatronics System Design, Thomson Learning, 3rd Indian reprint, ISBN: 81-315-0119-1. 18. Petruzella, F.D. (1996) Programmable Logic Controllers, 2nd edn, Glence McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-02-802661-6. 19. Onwubolu, G.C. (2005) Mechatronics Principles and Application, 1st edn, Elsevier–Butterworth– Heinemann, ISBN: 0-7506-6379-0. 20. HMT (2000) Mechatronics, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-07-463643-X. 21. Lipovski, J.G. (2004) Introduction to Microcontrollers, 2nd edn, Elsevier Academic Press, ISBN: 0-12-451838-9. 22. Rehg, J.A. (1994) Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Prentice Hall Career & Technology, ISBN: 0-13-463886-7. 23. Humphries, J.T. (2003) Motors and Controls, Merrill Publishing Company, ISBN: 0-675-20235-3. 24. Bentley, J.P. (1995) Principles of Measurement Systems, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-582-23779-3. 25. Webb, J. and Greshock, K. (1993) Industrial Control Electronics, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-02-424864-9.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

26. Kamm, L.J. (1995) Understanding Electro-Mechanical Engineering, 1st edn, IEEE Press, ISBN: 0-7803-1031-4. 27. Histand, M.B. and Alciatore, D.G. (1998) Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems, WCB McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-07-029089-X. 28. Brumbach, M. and Nadon, J. (2005) Industrial Electricity, 7th edn, Thomson Delmar Learning, ISBN: 1-4018-4301-8. 29. Groover, M.P. (1999) Automation, Production Systems and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 11th edn, Prentice Hall of India, ISBN: 81-203-0618-X. 30. Morris, A.S. (2000) Principles of Measurement and Instrumentation, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall of India, ISBN: 81-2031-462-7. 31. Mahalik, N.P. (2005) Mechatronics, 1st edn, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-07-048374-4. 32. Anderson, N.A. (1997) Instrumentation for Process Measurement and Control – CRC Press, 3rd edn, ISBN: 0-8493-9871-1. 33. Rafiquzzaman, R. (2003) Microprocessors – Theory and Applications – INTEL and MOTOROLA, Revised edn, Prentice Hall of India, 11th reprint, ISBN: 81-203-0848-4. 34. Rajaraman, V. (1999) Fundamentals of Computers, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall of India, ISBN: 81-2031531-6. 35. Rajaraman, V. (1994) Computer Programming in C, Prentice Hall of India, ISBN: 87-203-0859. 36. Rajput, R.K. (2007) Mechatronics, 1st edn, S. Chand & Company Ltd., ISBN: 81-219-2859-1. 37. Bateson, R.N. (1997) Introduction to Control Systems Technology, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-13-8954483-6. 38. Paynter, R.T. (1997) Introductory Electronics Devices & Circuits, 4th edn, Prentice Hall International, ISBN: 0-13-262650-0. 39. Isermann, R. (2006) Mechatronic Systems Fundamentals, Springer (India), 1st Indian reprint, ISBN: 81-8128-272-8. 40. Biekert, R. (1998) CIM Technology – Fundamentals and Applications, The Goodheart Willcox Company, Inc., ISBN: 1-56637-426-X. 41. Salivahanam, S., Kumar, N.S., Vallavaraj, A. (2006) Electronic Devices & Circuits, 1st edn, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-07-060645-5. 42. Singh, M.D. and Joshi, L.G. (2006) Mechatronics, 1st edn, Prentice Hall of India, ISBN: 81-203-2986-4. 43. Theagarajan, R., Dhanasekaran, S. and Dhanapal, S. (1997) Microprocessors and its Applications, 1st edn, New Age Publications, reprint 1999, ISBN: 81-224-1040-5. 44. Bogart, T.F. (1997) Electronic Devices and Circuits, 4th edn, Prentice Hall International, ISBN: 0-137246-83-8. 45. Kissel, T.E. (2000) Industrial Electronics, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-13-012697-7. 46. Thakar, T. (2008) Mechatronics, 2nd edn, Tech Max Publications, ISBN: 81-8407-719-3. 47. Rembold, U., Nnaji, B.O. and Storr, A. (1993), Computer Integrated Manufacturing & Engineering, 1st edn, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-201-56541-2. 48. Venkataramana, C.R. (2003), Mechatronics, 1st edn, Sapna Book House, ISBN: 81-2800-205-2. 49. Bolton, W. (1999) Mechatronics, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, ISBN: 81-7808-339-6. 50. Bolton, W. (2000) Programmable Logic Controllers – An Introduction, 2nd edn, Newnes, ISBN: 0750-64746-9. 51. Bolton, W. (1998) Control Engineering, 2nd edn, Longman, ISBN: 0582-32773-3.

Index A

B

Absolute addressing, 356 Absolute encoder, 67 AC motors, 161 AC rectification, 118 AC servomotor, 168 Accumulator, 324 Accuracy, 13, 45 Active filter, 195 Actuator systems, 109 Actuators, 28,107 ADC sampling rate, 224 ADC, 398 ADCTL–ADC control and status register, 398 Adder type DAC, 220 Address bus, 254 Addressing modes, 356 Adjustable frequency drive, 174 Advanced vehicle control systems, 33 Advantages of AC motors, 168 Advantages of DSP, 239 AGVs, 8 ALE, 348 Aliasing, 217 ALU, 324 Amplification, 186 Analog MUXs, 227 Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), 223 AND gate, 275 AND operation, 313 Application of DSP, 232 Application of SCR, 131 Application of stepper motor, 172 Architecture of microprocessor, 323 Arithmetic group, 354 Arithmetic of binary numbers, 266 Armature control, 250 Armature, 138 Array, 390 ASCII, 300 Assembly language execution, 256 Assembly language programming, 256 ATM, 3 Automatic camera, 24

Back emf, 139,140 Band-pass filter, 197 Band-reject filter, 198 Bias, 49 Bimetallic strip, 86 Binary coded decimal (BCD), 261 Binary counter and frequency divider, 286 Binary fraction, 304C Binary system, 260 Binary-to-decimal conversion, 262 Bipolar drive, 172 Bipolar junction transistor, 120 Boolean algebra laws, 270 Boolean algebra, 270 Boolean function, 311 Bouncing of switches, 115 Braking DC motors, 161 Break before make, 112 Breakpoint frequency, 195 Bridge balance, 200 Bridge circuit, 200 Brushless DC motor, 148 Bus width, 339 Bus-address, data, control, 254,325

C C operators, 388 C program examples, 393 C programming, 382 Capacitance split phase motor, 163 Case statement, 386 Central processing unit (CPU), 254,407–435 Character representation, 299 Characteristic curves, 123 Characteristics of DC motor, 139 Closed-loop control system, 14 CNC machines, 25 Coffee or tea vending machine, 282 Combinational logic operations, 274 Comments, 364 Common configuration, 123 Common mode rejection ratio, 191 Commutator, 138 Comparator, 193

450 •

INDEX

Complex instruction set computer, 340 Compound motor, 146 Computer-aided design (CAD), 27 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 27 Computer-aided planning, 27 Computer-aided quality (CAQ), 27 Computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIM), 27 Conditional operators, 355 Conditional statement, 384 Control and status logic, 411 Control bus, 254,325 Control signal paths, 420 Control signals, 364,391 Control system, 12 Control unit, 320 Conversion of numbers, 262 Current amplifier, 194 Current-to-voltage convertor, 203

Digital MUXs, 228 Digital signal process, 233 Digital signal processing, 230 Digital signals, 216 Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), 219 Direct addressing, 357 Direct memory access (DMA), 411 Displacement sensors, 54 Do while statement, 386 DPDT switch, 111 DPST switch, 111 Drift, 50 DSP, 340 DTMF, 234 Dual-slope ADC, 224 Dynamic braking, 161 Dynamic characteristics, 53

D

EBCDIC, 300 Eddy current proximity sensor, 70 Electrical motor, 136 Electrical relays, 113 Electronic control of DC motors, 151 Electronics control unit, 30 Elements of mechatronics systems, 4 Engine management system, 29 ENIAC, 247 ENUM statement, 389 EPROM, 254 Error, 45 Escape sequence in C, 392 Evolution of computer technology, 247–248 Evolution of mechatronics, 4 Evolution of microprocessors, 249 Execute cycle, 415 Exteroceptive sensors, 28

D flip–flop, 285 DAC error, 222 Darlington pair, 125 Data acquisition system, 214 Data bus, 325 Data flow in DSPs, 235 Data register, 286 Data transfer group, 354 Data word representation, 304 Data processing element, 11 Data transmission element, 11 DC drive, 151 DC motor, 138 DC servo motor, 148 De Morgan’s theorem, 271,273 Dead time, 49 Dead zone, 49 Decimal numbering system, 259 Decimal-to-binary conversion, 262 DEF statement, 390 Definition of mechatronics, 1 Delay subroutine, 368 Demultiplexing, 347 Deployment, 7 DIAC, 133 Diaphragm pressure gauge, 80 Difference amplifier, 191 Differentiator, 192 Digital filters, 234

E

F Feedback control of DC motor, 158 Feedback principle, 15 Fetch cycle, 332 FFT, 234 Field control, 150 Field effect transistor (FET), 125 Fifth generation computers, 248 Flag register, 324 Flash ADC, 224 Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), 26

• 451

INDEX

Flight control, 19 Flip–flop applications, 286 Flip–flops, 283 Floating-point operation – accuracy problems, 296 Floating-point operation speed, 298 Floating-point representation, 288–291 Fluid pressure sensors, 80 Follow-up system, 16 For statement, 386 Force sensors, 77 Forward-biasing, 116 Forward path, 16 Four quadrants of motor operation, 157 Fourth generation computers, 248 Frequency-to-voltage convertor, 204 Full-wave convertor, 152 Full-wave rectifier, 119 Furnace pressure control, 17

G Gates, 276 General-purpose processors, 340 General-purpose registers, 325 Gray code, 269

H Half-wave rectification, 118 Hall effect sensor, 65 Hexadecimal, 260 High-pass filter, 197 Humanoid robot, 28 Hybrid stepper motor, 170 Hysteresis, 48

I IBM, 248 If-then-else, 384 Immediate addressing, 357 Impedance conversion, 186 Implied addressing, 356 Incremental encoder, 68 Indexed addressing, 356 Indirect cycle, 414 Induction motor speed control, 174 Instruction cycle, 332,416 Instruction register, 325 Instruction set 8085, 353 Instrumentation amplifier, 192 Integrator, 193

Intel 8085 register organization, 433 Instruction set, 255 data transfer group, 354 arithmetic group, 354 logical group, 354 Intel 8085 assembly language, 350 Intel 8085 machine language, 350 Intel 8085 support chips, see support chips Intel 8085 system interface, 331 Intel 8085, 322,334 Intel family, 250 Intel story, 250 Intel 4004, 433 register organization, 435 technical specifications, 435–436 support chips, 437 Intelligent transportation system, 33 Interpreted language, 258,352 Interrupt cycle, 415 Interrupts of 8085, 426 Inverting amplifier, 188 Inverting input, 187 Isolation, 186

J JK flip–flop, 285 Junction field effect transistor (JFET), 125

L Label, 363 Ladder-type DAC, 221 LAN, 248 Latch 74LS373, 347 Latch 8212, 348 Light sensors, 95 Linearization, 186 Load cells, 78 Logic gates applications, 281 Logic gates, 273 Logical group, 354 Logical shift left, 353 Logical shift right, 353 Loop statements, 386 Looping operation, 364 Low-level language, 351 Low-pass filter, 195 LVDT pressure sensor, 82 LVDT, 61

452 •

M MAC operation, 234 Machine control instruction, 331 Machine cycle, 332 Macros in C, 392 Magnetic switches, 73 Main function in C, 391 Make before break, 112 MAR, 413 MBR, 413 Measurement system, 10 Mechanical switches, 109 Mechatronics system process, 6 Memory representation, 290 Memory, 331 Micro switches, 73 Microcomputer applications, 255 Microcomputers, 253 Microcontrollers, 252 Microprocessor-based control, 23 Microprocessor control, 335 Microprocessor instruction set, 252 Microprocessor operation, 255 Microprocessor trainer kits, 336 Microprocessor, 252 Modeling and simulation, 6 MOSFET, 127 Motion sensors, 76 Motorola 68300, 334 Motorola M68HC11, 334 Motorola 68HC16, 334 Multiplexed data and address bus, 329 Multiplexes (MUXs), 227

N NAND gate, 276 Negative numbers, 265 Nibble, 304,317 NMOS, 128 Noise reduction, 186,195 Non-inverting input, 187 Non-vectored interrupts, 428 Non-inverting amplifier, 189 NOR gate, 276 Normally closed contact, 110 Normally open contact, 110 NOT gate, 276 NPN transistor, 121

INDEX

Number conversions, 262–265 Numbering system, 259 Nyquist frequency, 216 Nyquist sampling theorem, 216

O Octal system, 260 OFF SPDT switches, 111 One-byte instruction, 362 Op-amp, 187 Op-code, 364 Open-loop control system, 13 Operand, 364 Optical encoder, 67 OR gate, 276 OR operator, 270 Overflow, 296

P Passive filter, 195 PC-based real-time systems, 25 Permanent magnet stepper motor, 169 Photoelectric control, 20 Photoconductive transducer, 97 Photodiodes, 95 Photoelectric effect, 96 Photoelectric pressure transducer, 84 Photoelectric proximity sensor, 70 Photoelectric sensors, 65 Photoelectric transducer, 95 Photoemissive transducer, 96 Phototransistor, 98 Photovoltaic cells, 97 PID controller Planning and control, 29 PLC, 23 Plugging, 161 PMOS, 128 PN junction diode, 116 PNP transistor, 122 Pointer, 396 Pole-changing control, 176 Position plus velocity feedback control, 159 Position sensors, 65 Potentiometer, 54 Potentiometric pressure sensor, 82 Preprocessor in C, 392 Precision, 46

• 453

INDEX

Primary sensing element, 10 Priority encoder, 430 Procedure in C, 391 Procedure-oriented language, 257 Processor internal organization, 421 Product-of-sum method, 279–281 Programming, 255,350 Program structure, 383 Programming of microcontroller, 350 PROM, 254,329 Proprioceptive sensors, 28 Protection circuit, 205 Prototyping, 7 Proving rings, 77 Proximity sensors, 69 Pull-in range, 170 Pull-out range, 171 Push–pull displacement sensor, 63 PVDF, 85 PWM DC convertor, 156 Pyroelectric sensors, 77

Q Quantization error, 218

R RAM, 254 Ramp ADC, 224 Range, 45 Read cycle, 332 Readability, 49 Real-time processing, 235 Real-time systems, 24 Reduced instruction set computer (RISC), 340 Regenerative braking, 161 Register, 324 Regulatory system, 16 Repeatability, 49 Reproducibility, 49 Resistance strain gauge, 57 Resistance temperature detectors, 88 Resolution, 49 Response time, 53 Response, 13 Restart sequence, 428 Reverse-biasing, 117 RIM statement, 432 Rise time, 54

ROM, 254 Rotor resistance control, 176 Rounding modes, 292 RS serial port, 336

S Sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit, 225 Sampling rate, 216 SCR full-wave rectification, 132 SCR half-wave rectification, 132 Selection of sensors, 99 Sensitivity, 47 Sensors, 28,37 Sequential control, 21 Sequential logic, 283 Serial I/O logic, 410 Series motor, 143 Servo mechanism, 16 Servo motor, 2 Setting time, 54 Shaded pole motor, 163 Shaft speed control system, 20 Shunt-wound motor, 144 Signal conditioner, 185 Signal conversion system, 219 Signal conversion, 186,216 Signal sampling, 216 SIM statement, 431 Single-phase induction motor, 162 Single pole, double throw (SPDT), 111 Single pole, single throw (SPST) switch, 110 Slew rate, 171 Slip, 165 Solenoids, 135 Solid-state devices, 115 Span, 45 Special operators in C, 388 Special-purpose registers, 339 Speed control of DC motor, 149 Split-phase motor, 163 Squirrel-cage motor, 162 SR flip–flop, 263 Stability, 13 Stack pointer (SP), 324 Stand-alone systems, 4 Standard library functions, 391 Static characteristics, 45 Steady-state, 53

454 • Step angle 170 Stepper motor drive, 172 Stepper motor, 168 Stroboscope, 76 Subroutine, 366 Successive approximation ADC, 223 Sum-of-product method, 279 Summing amplifier, 190 Super scalar processors, 340 Switch statement, 385 Support chips for 8085, 323 8155, 323 8251, 323 8255, 323 8257, 323 8259, 323 Synchronous motor, 167 Synchronous speed, 165 Synchronous SR flip–flops, 283 System, 9

T T state, 332 Table (programming), 391 Tachogenerators, 75 Tactile sensor, 85 Temperature compensation, 202 Temperature control, 17 Temperature monitoring system, 337 Temperature sensors, 86 Thermistors, 92 Thermocouples, 89 Thermodiodes, 94 Thermopile, 93 Thermotransistor, 94 Third generation of computers, 248 Three-byte instruction, 362 Three-phase DC motor controller, 154 Three-phase motor, 163 Thyristors, 130 Time constant, 53 Timing and execution logic, 410 Timing diagrams, 347,423–425 Tolerance, 50 Torque–speed characteristics, 170 Transducer, 37 Transient, 53 TRAP, 328

INDEX

TRIAC, 134 Trigger levels of interrupts, 432 Truth table, 274 TTL output logic circuit, 276 Two-byte instruction, 362 Two-channel MUXs, 229 Types of AC motor, 162 Types of DC motor, 143

U Uncertainty, 50 Underflow, 295 Universal serial asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART), 295

V Variable capacitor pressure sensor, 84 Variable conversion elements, 10 Variable manipulation element, 11 Variable reluctance type stepper motor, 169 Variables and constants in C, 389 Vectored interrupts, 426 Velocity feedback control, 158 Velocity sensors, 74 Very long instruction word, 340 VLSI, 248 Voltage control, 175 Voltage follower, 194 Voltage-to-current convertor, 203 Voltage-to-frequency convertor, 204 Von Neumann architecture, 249 Von Neumann bottleneck, 250

W WAN, 248 Ward Leonard drive, 158 Washing machine system, 337 Water-level control system, 18 Weighted-type DAC, 220 Wheatstone bridge, 200 While statement, 386 Words, 318 Wound-type motor, 162 Write cycle, 332

X XOR gate, 276

Z Zener diode, 117

26 1

Introduction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: • Appreciate the importance of mechatronics • Appreciate core technologies necessary for systems. the design and development of the mechatronics product. • Present the scope of mechatronics. • Provide some examples of mechatronics • Understand the evolution and development systems. of mechatronics as a discipline. • Understand the key elements of mechatronics systems.

W

ith time and technological advancements, mechatronics is a rapidly developing inter-disciplinary field of engineering and has become a familiar term in the field of engineering. This chapter begins with definition of mechatronics, origin and scope of mechatronics. Furthermore, an overview of mechatronics, elements of mechatronics systems and design process is presented.

1.1

Definition of Mechatronics

The word “mechatronics” was first used in Japan in the late 1960s and most people had no idea what it was during that time. The term can be defined in many different ways, but essentially it is a fusion of mechanics and the synergistic use of precision engineering, control theory, computer science, and sensor and actuator technology. The objective of mechatronics is to attain improved products and processes. It also focuses on mechanics, electronics, control and molecular engineering as well as computing, all blended to produce simpler, economical, reliable and versatile systems. Another definition of mechatronics relates to the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics and intelligent computer control for design and manufacture of industrial products and processes. Mechatronics has been associated with many different topics including manufacturing, motion control, robotics, intelligent control, system integration, vibration and noise control, automotive systems, modeling and design, actuators and sensors as well as micro devices.

1.2

Multidisciplinary Scenario

The field of mechatronics deals with the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer technology and control engineering in the development of electromechanical products, through an integrated design approach. Therefore, a mechatronics system requires a multidisciplinary approach for the design, development and implementation of its product and the entire mechatronics system is treated concurrently in an integrated manner.

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