(Including Usage, Comprehension, Precis and Letter-Writing)

(English – Hindi) (An Indispensable Book for Undergraduate Students) By Dr. B.B. Jain M.A., Ph.D.

(Retd.) Professor and Head Department of English Studies and Research, Agra College, Agra.

Revised & Enlarged Edition

UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA–2

© Author Publishers UPKAR PRAKASHAN (An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company)

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ISBN 81-7482-072-8 ISBN 13 : 978-81-7482-072-3

Code No. 1502 Printed at : Repro Knowledgecast Limited, Thane

Preface Adding a new book on English Grammar and Usage to the existing flood of books on the subject sounds rather audacious. But strangely enough, it is this flood of books, some of which are spurious and others too technical and abstruse to be followed by the learner, that has prompted the present author to write a new book on Applied Grammar, Usage, Comprehension, and Letter-Writing which could well be used as a practical handbook and guide to the learning of English Language both by the primary as well as advanced learners. English is indeed a difficult language to learn, and the rules of Formal and Applied Grammar and Usage which govern it are equally difficult for the learner to understand through the medium of English. Therefore, all these rules and their application have been explained in the present book through the medium of Hindi. This would enable even the primary learner to understand all these rules in their real spirit and to apply them with judicious understanding and discrimination. A purist may scoff at the idea of explaining the rules of English Grammar through the medium of Hindi, but the practical needs of the hour and the prospects of future demands would not only justify this attempt but also applaud it as a far-sighted approach. The book is designed to be all-comprehensive in its range and scope. It has 45 Chapters which, as the contents would show, cover practically all aspects of Applied Grammar, Usage, Word-Formation, Comprehension, Composition, and Letter-Writing. It represents a synthesis of the traditional and the structural methods to teach the learner how to read, write and speak English correctly, idiomatically and fluently. While dealing with Grammatical and Structural problems under various chapters, special attention has been paid to the intricate and ticklish problems which even the advanced students have to face. These problems relate particularly to the correct use of Syntax, Articles, Prepositions, Auxiliaries, Non-Finite Verbs, Position of Adverbs, Tense and Time Sense, and Phrasal expressions. Due attention has also been paid to the special requirements of the candidates appearing at various competitive examinations at the State and Central levels. It is confidently hoped that the book would serve as a complete practical text book and manual of English Grammar, Usage, Comprehension, and Letter-Writing to the candidates preparing for the various University and competitive examinations throughout the country. —Dr. B. B. Jain

CONTENTS Chapters

Pages

1. Some Basic Concepts

3–5

Letters, Syllables, Phrases and Sentences………………………………………………… Kinds of Sentences……………………………………………………………………….. Parts of Speech……………………………………………………………………………

2. Syntax

6–20

Agreement of the Verb with the Subject…………………………………………….…… Some Exceptions…………………………………………………………………….…… Collective Noun and the Verb……………………………………………………………. Some Typical Nouns and the Verb………………………………………………………. Relative Pronoun and the Verb…………………………………………………………… Numeral Expressions and the Verb………………………………………………………. Quantitative Expressions and the Verb…………………………………………………… Verb 'to be' and the Complement………………………………………………………… Concord of Nouns, Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives…………………………………

3.

Articles

32 33 35 36

44–56

Forms of Pronouns……………………………………………………………………...… Correct Use of Pronouns : Personal Pronouns………………………………………….… Pronoun 'It'/'This'………………………………………………………………….……… Relative Pronouns………………………………………………………………………… Compound Relative Pronouns……………………………………………………….…… Omission of Relative Pronouns…………………………………………………………... Reflexive Pronouns……………………………………………………………………..… Interrogative Pronouns……………………………………………………………….……

6. Adjectives

21 21 22 25 27 30

32–43

Formation of Genders………………………………………………………………..…… Conversion of Numbers………………………………………………………………….. Formation of Possessive (Or Genitive) Case…………………………………………….. Correct Use of Nouns : Rules…………………………………………………………….

5. Pronouns

6 8 11 11 12 14 14 17 18

21–31

Kinds of Articles…………………………………………………………………………. Forms of Indefinite Article : 'A' or 'An'………………………………………………….. Uses of Indefinite Article : 'A' / 'An'……………………………………………………… Uses of Definite Article : 'The'……………………………………………………….….. Omission of Articles……………………………………………………………………… Position of Articles……………………………………………………………………..…

4. Nouns

3 4 4

44 44 48 49 52 52 54 54

57–75

Kinds of Adjectives………………………………………………………………………. Position of Adjectives………………………………………………………………..……

57 59

( v ) Degrees of Adjectives……………………………………………………………..……… Correct Use of Adjectives : Positive Degree Adjectives…………………………………. Comparative Degree Adjectives…………………………………………………………. Superlative Degree Adjectives…………………………………………………………… Some Other Typical Adjectives…………………………………………………………..

7. Adverbs

76–88

Kinds of Adverbs………………………………………………………………………… Degrees of Adverbs………………………………………………………………………. Position of Adverbs………………………………………………………………………. Some Typical Adverbs…………………………………………………………………… Some Common Rules……………………………………………………………………..

8. Prepositions

76 76 77 80 86

89–116

Forms of Preposition……………………………………………………………………... Functional Types of Preposition…………………………………………………………. Use of Prepositions : Their Position…………………………………………………….. Omission of Preposition………………………………………………………………….. Wrong Use of Prepositions………………………………………………………………. Some Typical Prepositions……………………………………………………………….. Preposition + Gerund…………………………………………………………………….. The Same Word followed by Different Prepositions…………………………………….. Different Forms of Words followed by Different Prepositions………………………….. List of Appropriate Prepositions…………………………………………………………. (a) Nouns followed by Prepositions…………………………………………………... (b) Adjectives and Participles followed by Prepositions……………………………… (c) Verbs followed by Prepositions……………………………………………………

9. Conjunctions

60 62 63 67 69

89 89 90 91 92 92 95 96 97 100 100 104 109

117–727

Correlative Conjunctions……………………………………………………………….… 117 Uses of Conjunctions…………………………………………………………………….. 117 Functional Conjunctions…………………………………………………………………. 123

10. Verbs

128–151

Kinds of Verbs………………………………………………………………………….… Auxiliary/Modal Verbs : Their Functions………………………………………………... Verbs 'To be' : Am, Is, Are, Was, Were.……………………………………………….… Have/Has/Had/Will have……………………………………………………….………… May/Might……………………………………………………………………………….. Can/Could………………………………………………………………………………… Shall/Should, Will/Would………………………………………………………………… Must/Ought……………………………………………………………………………..… Need/Needn't……………………………………………………………………………… Dare/Daren't………………………………………………………………………….…… Used to………………………………………………………………………….………… Two Auxiliaries and Principal Verb……………………………………………………… Position of Subject, Verb, Object, and Complement…………………………………….. Question–Tags/Tail Questions……………………………………………………………

128 130 130 132 137 139 141 144 145 146 147 147 148 149

( vi )

11. Non-Finite Verbs

152–160

Kinds of Non-Finite Verbs……………………………………………………………….. The Infinitive……………………………………………………………………………... (a) Infinitive with or without ‘to’…………………………………………….…….… (b) Noun Infinitives………………………………………………………………….. (c) Gerundial Infinitives……………………………………………………………... (d) Other Uses of Infinitives……………………………………………………….… The Gerund……………………………………………………………………………….. (a) Functions of the Gerund……………………………………………………….…. (b) Uses of the Gerund …………………………………………………………….… The Participle……………………………………………………………………………... (a) Kinds of Participles…………………………………………………………….… (b) Uses of Participles……………………………………………………………….. (c) Rules of Use of Participles……………………………………………………….

12. Time and Tense

161–189

Distinction between Time and Tense…………………………………………………….. Three Forms of Verbs : A List………………………………………………………….… Structures of Sentences : Structures in the Present Tense……………………………………………………… Structures in the Past Tense……………………………………………………….… Structures in the Future Tense………………………………………………….…… Uses of Tenses……………………………………………………………………….…… Tenses and Time…………………………………………………………………….……. Structures of ‘It is time…’, ‘If…were’ and ‘Wish’ Sentences……………………….……

13. Active and Passive Voice

163 170 176 182 187 188 190 191 193 194 194 194

197–214

Some General Terms……………………………………………………………………... Rules for Connectives………………………………………………………………….…. Rules for Change of Tenses…………………………………………………………..…… Rules for Change in Persons……………………………………………………………… Miscellaneous Changes…………………………………………………………………… Conversion of Interrogative Sentences……………………………………………….…... Conversion of Imperative Sentences……………………………………………………... Conversion of Exclamatory Sentences……………………………………………….…… Question-Tags……………………………………………………………………….……. Sentences Beginning with 'Let'……………………………………………………….…… Some General Observations………………………………………………………….……

15. Analysis

161 161

190–196

Interchange between Subject and Object……………………………………………….… Changes in the Verb…………………………………………………………………….… Imperative Sentences………………………………………………………………….….. Negative Sentences…………………………………………………………………….…. Interrogative Sentences…………………………………………………………………… Some Other Sentence Structures…………………………………………………………..

14. Direct and Indirect Narration

152 152 152 153 154 154 156 156 156 157 157 158 158

197 197 198 201 202 203 205 206 207 207 208

215–226

Some General Observations………………………………………………………….…… 215 Analysis of Complex Sentences………………………………………………………….. 216

( vii ) Subordinate Noun Clause………………………………………………………….… Subordinate Adjective Clause…………………………………………………..…… Subordinate Adverb Clause…………………………………………………………. Analysis of Compound Sentences………………………………………………………...

16. Synthesis

227–236

Combining into a Simple Sentence………………………………………………………. Combining into a Complex Sentence………………………………………………….…. Combining into a Compound Sentence…………………………………………………..

17. Transformation

Antonyms Synonyms Homonyms Paronyms Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech One-Word Substitution Idioms Idiomatic Phrases

252 253 255 255

257–260 261–265 266–272 273–278 279–283 284–289 290–304 305–313

Noun Phrases……………………………………………………………………………... Adjective Phrases…………………………………………………………………….…… Adverb Phrases…………………………………………………………………………… Prepositional Phrases…………………………………………………………………….. Verbal Phrases……………………………………………………………………………. Phrases in Pairs…………………………………………………………………………… Idiomatic Comparisons……………………………………………………………………

27. Distinction between Similar Expressions 28. Proverbs 29. Expansion : Paragraph-Writing

237 238 238 239 240 241 241 242 243 244 247 249

252–256

Suffixes…………………………………………………………………………………… Words Converted into Different Parts of Speech………………………………………… Prefixes…………………………………………………………………………………… Antonyms Formed by Negative Prefixes…………………………………………………

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

227 231 233

237–251

Interchange between 'too' and 'so'………………………………………………………… Conditional Sentences……………………………………………………………………. Concession or Contrast…………………………………………………………………… Degrees of Adjectives……………………………………………………………………. Active and Passive Voice………………………………………………………………… Affirmative and Negative Sentences…………………………………………………....... Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences………………………………………………….… Changes in Parts of Speech………………………………………………………………. Interchange between Simple and Compound Sentences…………………………………. Interchange between Simple and Complex Sentences…………………………………… Interchange between Compound and Complex Sentences………………………………. Interchange between Principal and Subordinate Clauses…………………………………

18. Formation of Words

216 218 219 222

305 305 306 307 308 311 312

314–315 316–318 319–324

( viii )

30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

Spellings Punctuation and Capitals Figures of Speech Foreign Words and Phrases The Courtesy Words Greetings and Salutations Dates and Time Comprehension Precis-Writing Paraphrasing Report-Writing Messages Notices Diary-Writing Telegram Letter-Writing

325–326 327–332 333–336 337–339 340–341 342–343 344–345 346–358 359–370 371–377 378–379 380–384 385–388 389–390 391–392 393–408

Format of Personal Letters…………………………………………………………………… Format of Official Letters………………………………………………………………….… Format of Business Letters…………………………………………………………………… Models of Personal Letters…………………………………………………………………… Models of Matrimonial Letters………………………………………………………….…… Models of Business Letters and Applications…………………………………………...……

393 395 396 398 401 404

Some Basic Concepts

1

·dq`N vk|kjHwr vo|kj.k,∑ ·dq vo|kj.k,∑‚ Letters and Syllables

(iii) nks ls vf|d` Syllables ok¥s æCn ful, de-mo-cra-cy; po-ssi-bi-li-ty, etc.

# Beau-ti-

Letters ·v”j‚— fgUnh Hk"k eÍ ftUgÍ ge ‘v”j’ d`grs gß os vaxzsth Hk"k eÍ ‘Letters’ d`g¥krs gß ‰ vaxzsth Sentence ·okD;‚—“A combination of words Hk"k eÍ 26 Letters gß ‰ ;s Letters nks lewgkÍ eÍ foHkftr that makes complete sense is called a sentence.” fd`;s tk ld`rs gß # —(J. C. Nesfield) (i) Vowels ·Loj‚ (ii) Consonants ·O;atu‚

“A group of words which makes complete sense is called a sentence.”

—(Wren and Martin) Vowels ·Loj‚— ftu Letters d`k mPpkj. fd`lh vU; v”j d`h lgk;rk ds` fcuk fd`;k tk ld`rk gS os æCnkÍ d`k og lewg ftld`k d`ksbZ iw.Z vƒZ gks SenVowels d`g¥krs gß ‰ ;s ik∑p gksrs gß —a, e, i, o, u. tence ;k okD; d`g¥krk gS ‰ Consonants ·O;atu‚— mi;qZDr ik∑p Vowels d`ks Phrase ·okD;-[≥M‚—“A combination of words NksMÈd`j cps gq, bDd`hl Letters Consonants d`g¥krs gß ‰ that makes sense, but not complete sense, is bud`k mPpkj. Vowels d`h lgk;rk ds` fcuk ugÓ fd`;k tk called a phrase”. ld`rk ‰ —(Nesfield) Note—W vkSj Y nks ,sls Letters gß tks fLƒfr vuqlkj Vowel vkSj Consonant nksukÍ gh Ôi eÍ ^;ksx

fd`;s tkrs gß ‰

“A group of words which makes sense but not complete sense, is called a phrase.” —(Wren and Martin)

Words ·æCn‚—eq∑g ls fud`¥h gqbZ og ÷ofu (sound) ftld`k dq`N vƒZ gksrk gS word ·æCn‚ d`g¥krh gS ‰ Word d`k fuekZ. (Formation) ,d` ;k vf|d` letters ls fe¥d`j

gksrk gS‰

æCnkÍ d`k og lewg ftld`k dq`N vƒZ gks] ¥sfd`u iw.Z vƒZ u gks] phrase d`g¥krk gS ‰ tSls—of great courage, at the door, sands of time, etc. Clause ·miokD;‚—“A group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contains a subject and a predicate, is called a clause.” —(Nesfield)

Syllables ·æCn-[≥M‚— fd`lh word d`k mPpkj. d`jus eÍ ml word d`k ftruk Hkx ,d` ckj eÍ cks¥k tkrk gS mls Syllable d`grs gß ‰ ,d` word eÍ ,d` ;k vf|d` Syllables gks ld`rs gß ‰ æCnkÍ d`k og lewg tks fd`lh okD; d`k Hkx gks vkSj tSls— ftlds` vius subject vkSj predicate rƒk Verb gkÍ] (i) ,d` syllable ok¥s æCn # you, me, go, run, clause ·miokD;‚ d`g¥krk gS ‰ tSl— s sit, etc. (ii) nks syllables ok¥s mon-key, beau-ty, etc.

æCn # Fa-ther, Wa-ter,

He said that he was not well. Do you know the man who came here yesterday ?

4 | U. C. E.

Kinds of Sentences Sentences pkj

^d`kj ds` gksrs gß—

2. Pronoun ·loZuke‚—“A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.” —(Wren and Martin) loZuke og æCn gS tks fd`lh Noun ds` Lƒku ij

1. Assertive or Declarative sentence ·lk|kj. okD;‚— og sentence gksrk gS ftleÍ fd`lh O;fDr] oLrq vƒok ?Vuk ds` lEcU| eÍ lk|kj. d`ƒu gksrk gS ‰ tSls— ^;ksx fd`;k tkrk gS ‰ tSls—he, she, you, I, we, it, they, etc. India is a great country. 3. Adjective ·foæs " .‚—“An Adjective is a He is a noble man.

2. Interrogative sentence ·^'uokpd` okD;‚— og sentence gksrk gS ftleÍ d`ksbZ ^'u iwNk tkrk gS ‰ tSls — What is your name ? Is he a dependable man ? 3. Imperative sentence ·vkKk vƒok ^kƒZuk-lwpd` okD;‚—og sentence gksrk gS ftleÍ d`ksbZ vkKk nh tkrh gS ;k ^kƒZuk d`h tkrh gS ‰ tSls — Be quiet. Go away from here. Forgive us. 4. Exclamatory sentence ·foLe;lwpd` okD;‚— og sentence gksrk gS ftleÍ lq[-nq#[] vk'p;Z] n;k] ∂`ks| vkfn fd`lh Hko d`k cks| gksrk gS ‰ tSls— Alas ! I am ruined. What a terrible shock it was ! How shameful !

Parts of Speech ·æCn-Hsn‚ okD;kÍ eÍ ^;qDr fHUu-fHUu æCnkÍ ds` fHUu-fHUu d`k;Z gksrs gß\ˇ bu d`k;ksÛ ds` vuqlkj æCnkÍ d`ks vkB Jsf.;kÍ eÍ foHDr fd`;k tkrk gS ‰ fd`lh æCn d`h vius vki eÍ d`ksbZ Js.h ugÓ gksrh gS ‰ mld`h Js.h fd`lh okD; eÍ mlds` d`k;Z ds` vk|kj ij fu|kZfjr d`h tkrh gS ‰ æCnkÍ d`h bu vkB Jsf.;kÍ d`ks Parts of speech ·æCn-Hsn‚ d`grs gß ‰ ;s Jsf.;k∑ fuEuf¥f[r gß— 1. Noun ·laKk‚—“A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing.” —(Wren and Martin)

word used to add something to the meaning of a noun (or a pronoun).” —(Wren and Martin) An adjective qualifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective og æCn gS tks fd`lh Noun ;k Pronoun

d`h fd`lh foæs"rk d`ks crkus ds` f¥, ^;ksx fd`;k tkrk gS ‰ tSls — a good boy, a fast train, much labour, five coins. 4. Verb ·f∂`;k‚—“A verb is a word used to say something about some person, place, or thing.” —(Wren and Martin) Verb ·f∂`;k‚ og æCn gS ftlls fd`lh O;fDr] Lƒku

vƒok oLrq ds` lEcU| eÍ dq`N d`jus] crkus vƒok gksus d`k cks| gksrk gS ‰ tSls— She went to school. Kanpur is an industrial town. He is dumb. 5. Adverb ·f∂`;k-foæs".‚—“An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.” —(Wren and Martin) Adverb ·f∂`;k-foæs".‚ og æCn gS tks fd`lh verb, adjective vƒok fd`lh nwljs adverb d`h fd`lh foæs"rk d`ks crkrk gS ‰ tSls — He worked hard. He came suddenly. She is very slow. She finished her work very quickly. 6. Preposition ·lEcU|lwpd` vO;;‚—“A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pro-noun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.” —(Wren and Martin)

fd`lh O;fDr] Lƒku vƒok oLrq ds` uke d`k cks| d`jkus ok¥s æCn d`ks Noun ·laKk‚ d`grs gß ‰ Preposition ·lEcU| lwpd` vO;;‚ og æCn gS tks tSls—Ram, table, sweetness, iron, sheep, etc. fd`lh noun vƒok pronoun ds` lkƒ ^;qDr gksd`j mld`k

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS | 5

lEcU| fd`lh vU; O;fDr vƒok oLrq ds` lkƒ d`jkrk gS ‰ tSls — on the road, in the house, by courtesy, with him, etc. 7. Conjunction ·leqPp;cks|d` vO;;‚—“A conjunction is a word which is used to join words, phrases, clauses, and sentences to one another.” —(Wren and Martin) Conjunction ·leqPp;cks|d` vO;;‚ og æCn gS tks

through thick and thin, He ran fast but missed the train. 8. Interjection ·foLe;kfncks | d` vO;;‚—“An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling.” —(Wren and Martin) Interjection

·foLe;kfncks|d` vO;;‚ og æCn gS æCnkÍ] eqgkojkÍ] okD;kaækÍ vƒok okD;kÍ d`ks ,d` nwljs ds` tks fd`lh vkd`fLed` Hko d`ks ^d`V d`jrk gS ‰ tSls— Alas ! Hurrah, Oh ! lkƒ tksMÈus ds` f¥, ^;ksx fd`;k tkrk gS ‰ tSls— Ram and Shyam,

Bravo, etc.

Syntax

2 Syntax d`k vƒZ gS okD;-foU;kl ‰ vaxzsth eÍ okD;foU;kl (Sentence Structure) ds` dq`N fu;e gß ftud`k tkuuk vkSj lgh ^;ksx d`juk vfr vko';d` gS\ bu fu;ekÍ ds` d`Hh-d`Hh dq`N viokn Hh gksrs gß] fd`Urq mu vioknkÍ ds` Hh vius v¥x fu;e gksrs gß\ bu fu;ekÍ d`ks ckÌÔi rƒk HkoÔi nksukÍ d`ks ÷;ku eÍ j[rs gq, ^;ksx d`juk pkfg, ‰

tSls— Subject I we you He/She they Ram A bird Birds

Concord or Agreement

·lkeatL;‚ Syntax ds` fu;ekÍ eÍ loZ^ƒe Concord or Agreement ·lkeatL;‚ ds` fu;e vkrs gß ‰ ^R;sd` okD; ds` vUnj Subject, Verb rFkk Predicate gksrs gß ‰ bu rhukÍ eÍ ,d` nwljs ds` lkƒ fu;ekuqlkj lkeatL; (agreement) gksuk pkfg, ‰ ;g agreement okD; ds` fHUu-fHUu HkxkÍ eÍ Person, Number, Gender rƒk Tense ds` vk|kj

ij fd`;k tkrk gS ‰ “By concord is meant formal agreement in person, number, gender or tense between two or more parts of a sentence.”

Agreement of the Verb with the Subject

Subject—Verb Agreement Rule 1—The Verb must agree with its Subject in Number and Person. vƒkZrΩ Verb d`k Number vkSj Person Subject ds` Number vkS j Person ds` vuqlkj gksuk pkfg, ‰ bl ^d`kj Singular Person ds` lkƒ Singular Verb rƒk Plural Subject ds` lkƒ Plural Verb

^;ksx d`juk pkfg, ‰ lw( — Subject

Verb

Singular

Singular

Plural

Plural

Verb go go go goes go goes flies fly

Note— (i) ;gk∑ ;g ;kn j[uk pkfg, fd` verb d`k Singular ;k Plural Number ds`o¥ Present tense eÍ gh gksrk gS ‰ Past tense eÍ verb ds` Singular vkSj Plural form ,d` ls gh gksrs gß ‰ Verb vius original Ôi eÍ Plural Number vkSj Present tense eÍ ekuh tkrh gS ‰ tc ml Verb eÍ ‘s’ ;k ‘es’ ¥xk nsrs gß rks og Present tense d`h Singular Number d`h Verb cu tkrh gS ‰ tSls— Plural Verb in the Present Singular Verb Tense in the Present Tense Sit Sits Run Runs Eat Eats go goes fly flies play plays smile smiles

mi;qZDr ls ;g LiÆV gksxk fd` Verb eÍ ‘s’ ;k ‘es’ ¥xkrs gß rks og Singular gks tkrh gS vkSj blds` Bhd` foijhr ;fn Noun eÍ ‘s’ ;k ‘es’ ¥xkrs gß rks og Plural gks tkrh gS ‰

SYNTAX | 7 Singular Noun Book Dog House Bench Branch

Plural Noun Books Dogs Houses Benches Branches

vr# mi;qZDr fu;e (Rule) 1 ds` vuqlkj— (a) ;fn Subject First Person, Singular Number ;k Plural Number eÍ gS rks Verb Hh First Person, Singular ;k Plural Number eÍ gksxh ‰ tSls—

Singular Plural

(b) ;fn Subject Second Person, Singular Number vƒok Plural Number eÍ gS rks Verb Hh Second Person Singular vƒok Plural Number eÍ gksxh ‰ tSls — 1. You are a scholar. ·;gk∑ ‘you’ Singular Number eÍ gS‚ 2. You are all afraid. ·;gk∑ ‘you’ Plural Number eÍ gS‚ 3. You go there. (Singular Number) 4. You go there. (Plural Number) Note— ;gk∑ ;g ;kn j[uk pkfg;s fd` vaxzsth Hk"k eÍ I vkSj you d`k ^;ksx bl ^d`kj fd`;k tkrk gS tSls fd` os Plural Number eÍ gkÍ ‰ blf¥, I vkSj you ds` lkƒ Verb gesæk Plural Number eÍ ^;ksx gksrh gS ‰ viokn ds`o¥ ;g gS fd` I ds` lkƒ Present tense eÍ am rƒk Past tense eÍ was ^;ksx fd`;k tkrk gS ‰

1. 2. 3. 4.

lw(— Verb + s/es Noun + s/es

= =

(ii) Verb ‘to be’ ij foæs" ÷;ku nsuk vko';d` gS‰ am, is, are, was, were verb ‘to be’ d`g¥krs gß ‰ buds` Ôi Person ds` vuqlkj Singular Number eÍ rks cn¥rs jgrs gß] fd`Urq Plural Number eÍ gj Person ds` lkƒ ,d` ls gh jgrs gß ‰ tSls— Singular First Person I am/was Second Person You are/were Third Person He is/was It is/was

Plural We are/were You are/were They are/were

(iii) Verbs ‘to be’ rƒk has vkSj have Singular rƒk Plural Ôi fuEuf¥f[r gksrs gß— Singular

Plural

is

are

am

are

was

were

are

are

has

have

have (‘I’ ds

lkƒ)

ds`

have

(iv) ‘will’, ‘shall’, ‘would’, ‘should’ ‘may’, ‘might’ ds` lkƒ gesæk ‘have’ ¥xrk gS ‘has’ d`Hh ugÓ] Subject pkgs Singular gks vƒok Plural. tSl— s 1. I shall have a new ball. 2 We shall have new balls. 3. He will have a new ball. 4. They will have new balls. 5. He may have a new ball.

I am late. We are late I love children We love children.

(c) ;fn Subject Third Person, Singular vƒok Plural Number eÍ gS rks Verb Hh Third Person, Singular vƒok Plural Number eÍ ^;ksx gksxh ‰ tSls— 1. He is poor. 2. They are poor. 3. He reads a book. 4. They read a book. 5. He has a new house. 6. They have a new house.

Exercise (A) Correct the following sentences : 1. Birds flies. 2. Dogs is barking. 3. The child weep. 4. Darkness prevail. 5. Flowers is blooming.

8 | U. C. E. 6. The sun rise in the east. 7. The father and son works in the field. 8. All the students is present today. 9. He love his friend. 10. You and I goes to school. 11. I reads a novel. 12. You has a new pen. Hints—1. fly; 2. are; 3. weeps; 4. prevails; 5. are; 6. rises; 7. work; 8. are; 9. loves; 10. go; 11. read; 12. have. (B) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the correct verb from those given in brackets : 1. His teeth ............. dirty. (are, is) 2. Where .............. all these men going ? (are, is) 3. Whose books .......... these ? (is, are) 4. All his sheep ........... grazing in the field. (are, is) 5. Do you know who this gentleman .......... ? (is, are) 6. My parents .......... here yesterday. (was, were) 7. My work .......... been finished. (has, have) 8. All my friends ........... gone. (has, have) Hints—1. are; 2. are; 3. are; 4. are; 5. is; 6. were; 7. has; 8. have.

Exceptions : viokn To Rule 1. Above

tSls — 1. 2. 3. 4.

He dare not oppose me. They dare not oppose me. He need not go. They need not go.

Note— ;fn Dare ;k Need affirmative okD; eÍ ^;ksx gksrs gß vƒkZrΩ buds` ckn ‘not’ ugÓ vkrk gS rks ;s mi;qZDr fu;e ds` vUrxZr Singular Subject ds` lkƒ Singular vkSj Plural ds` lkƒ Plural Number eÍ gh ^;ksx gksrs gß ‰ tSls — 1. 2. 3. 4.

He dares. They dare. He needs. They need.

(2) Verbs of Supposition/ Subjunctive Mood

mi;qZDr fu;e 1 d`k nwljk viokn (exception) ;g gS fd` ftu okD;kÍ eÍ d`ksjh d`Yiuk ;k vlEHo vkæk] vfH¥k"k ;k ærZ (hope, wish, condition) d`k Hko gks rks mueÍ Hh Singular Subject ds` lkƒ Plural Verb d`k ^;ksx gksrk gS ‰ tSls— 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

If I were a bird. Were I a king. How I wish she were here. If I were you, I would do it. He behaved as if he were our master.

(3) Verbs of Wish/Blessing

rhoz vkæk/vfH¥k"k ;k vkæhokZn ds` Hko eÍ Hh Singular Subject ds` lkƒ Plural Verb ^;ksx d`h tkrh gS ‰ Grammar eÍ bls Verb in the Subjunctive Mood

mi;qZDr Rule 1. eÍ d`gk x;k gS fd` Singular d`gk tkrk gS ‰ bld`k ^p¥u vc ds`o¥ dq`N gh okD;kÍ Subject ds` lkƒ Singular Verb rƒk Plural Subject ds` rd` lhfer jg x;k gS ‰ tSls— 1. Long live the King ! lkƒ Plural Verb ^;ksx d`h tkrh gS ‰ bl fu;e ds` 2. God save the king ! fuEuf¥f[r rhu viokn (Exceptions) gß— (1) Dare not and Need not

3. Lord bless you ! 4. Long live our friendship !

;s ,slh nks Verbs gß tks Negative okD;kÍ eÍ ·ftueÍ Exercise Dare vkSj Need ds` ckn not d`k ^;ksx gqvk gks‚ SinguFill in the blanks with the correct verb lar Subject ds` lkƒ Hh Plural Number eÍ ^;ksx gksrh from those given in brackets : g߉ “The third person singular is need,’ and not ‘needs’ just as ‘dare’ is used for ‘dares’ provided it is followed by a negative.” —(Nesfield)

1. She .......... not come before me. (dare, dares) 2. He ......... not to do it. (need, needs)