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{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ (UGC) Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma _hmamï´>mVrc gd© {dÚmnrR>m§Vrc nXdr Am{U nXì`wÎma dJmªÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r g§X^©J«§W.
Am{W©H$ {dMma d
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S>m°. ~r. S>r. Hw$bH$Uu godm{Zd¥Îm àmÜ`mnH$ Zohê$ gm_m{OH$ {dÚmñWmZ, {Q>iH$ _hmamï´> {dÚmnrR>, nwUo
S>m°. Eg. ìhr. T>_T>oao AW©emó {d^mJà_wI Eg.nr.Oo. H$bm d dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmb`, nm~i, {O. nwUo
S>m`_§S> npãcHo$eÝg
Am{W©H$ {dMma d {dMmad§V S>m°. ~r. S>r. Hw$bH$Uu, S>m°. Eg. ìhr. T>_T>oao àW_ Amd¥Îmr : Am°JñQ> 2008 ISBN : 978-81-8483-031-6 ©
S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg
_wIn¥ð> em_ ^mboH$a _wÐH$ aoàmo Zm°coO H$mñQ> {c{_Q>oS>, R>mUo àH$meH$ S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg 264/3 e{Zdma noR>, 302 AZwJ«h AnmQ>©_|Q> Am|H$maoœa _§{XamOdi, nwUo-411 030 ( 020-24452387, 24466642
[email protected]
Am°ZcmB©Z nwñVH$ IaoXrgmR>r ^oQ> Úm www.diamondbookspune.com
à_wI {dVaH$ S>m`_§S> ~wH$ S>onmo 661 Zmam`U noR>, Aßnm ~id§V Mm¡H$ nwUo-411 030 ( 020-24480677 `m nwñVH$mVrb H$moUË`mhr ^mJmMo nwZ{Z©_m©U AWdm dmna BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ AWdm `m§{ÌH$s gmYZm§Zr-\$moQ>moH$m°qnJ, aoH$m°{S>ªJ qH$dm H$moUË`mhr àH$mao _m{hVr gmR>dUwH$sÀ`m V§ÌkmZmVyZ àH$meH$mÀ`m Am[U boIH$mÀ`m boIr nadmZJr{edm` H$aVm `oUma Zmhr. gd© h¸$ amIyZ R>odbo AmhoV.
_ZmoJV {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMm (U.G.C.) {ZX}emZwgma _hmamï´>mVrc gd© {dÚmnrR>m§Vrc nXdr d nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma ""Am{W©H$ {dMma d {dMmad§V'' hm J«§W {c{hcm Amho. "Am{W©H$ {dMma d {dMmad§V' hm J«§W Aä`mgH$m§À`m hmVr XoVmZm _Zñdr AmZ§X dmQ>Vmo. `m J«§WmV AW©emór` {dMmad§V, AW©emók `m§À`m Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm _mJmodm KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. `m_Ü`o nmíMmË` AW©emók AmhoV, VgoM ^maVr` {dMmad§VXoIrc AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m AW©emór` {dMmam§Mm D$hmnmoh Ho$cm Amho. {ddoMZ gmÜ`m Am{U gmoß`m ^mfoV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. àË`oH$ àH$aUmÀ`m eodQ>r gamdmgmR>r àíZ {Xco AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gXa J«§W `m {df`mMo Aä`mgH$, àmÜ`mnH$, {dÚmWu `m§Zm Cn`wŠV R>aoc, `mMr ImÌr Amho. n{hë`m {d^mJmV AW©emór` {dMmam§À`m B{VhmgmMo ñdê$n d _hÎd, ì`mnmadmX, {ZgJ©dmX `m§Mo Vnercdma {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho. A°S>_ pñ_W, _mëWg, [aH$mS>m}, Oo. ~r. go, {gg_m°S>r, {cñQ>, Ho$Ýg, _h§_X `wZwg, H$mc© _mŠg©, _me©c B. `m§À`m {d{dY g§H$ënZm, {dMma; {gÕmÝV `m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$co Amho. Xwgè`m ^mJmV ^maVr` Am{W©H$ {dMmad§Vm§À`m {dMmam§Mm D$hmnmoh Ho$cm Amho. ^maVr` àmMrZ H$mimVrc Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mr _m{hVr doXm§VyZ d Cn{ZfXm§_YyZ {_iVo. H$m¡{Q>ë`mÀ`m "AW©emó' J«§Wmdê$Z ^maVmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AW©emó d AW©emór` {dMmam§Mo ApñVËd hmoVo, Ago ñnï> hmoVo. àmMrZ H$mimV _mUgmMo Am{W©H$ dV©Z Y_m©er {ZJ{S>V hmoV.o Ë`m doir gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mUmEodOr gm_y{hH$ H$ë`mU g§H$ënZm _hÎdmMr hmoVr. _Ü``wJrZ H$mimV `m {dMmam§Zm \$maer JVr {_imcr Zmhr. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _mÌ H$mhr AW©emókm§Zr Amnë`m Am{W©H$ {gÕmÝVm§Zm Ym{_©H$ {eH$dUrMr Pmca cmdcr,
ho A_Ë`© goZ `m§À`m Am{W©H$ {dícofUmdê$Z {XgyZ `oV.o Iè`m AWm©Zo ^maVmVrc Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mr gwédmV 19 ì`m eVH$mV Pmcr. Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg `m {df`mMo Aä`mgH«$_mV ^maVr` Am{W©H$ {dMmad§Vmn¡H$s H$m¡{Q>ë`, XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr, _hmË_m Jm§Yr, _hmË_m \w$co, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, YZ§O`amd JmS>Jri, emhÿ_hmamO, `ed§Vamd MìhmU, A_Ë`© goZ B. Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg Xwgè`m ^mJmV Ho$cm Amho. àñVwV nwñVH$ ZrQ>ZoQ>Ho$, gw~H$ àH$mao Ho$ë`m~Ôc àH$meH$ lr. XÎmmÌo` nmïo> `m§Mo F$Ur AmhmoV. VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` »`mVrMo AW©VÁk S>m°. Za|Ð OmYd Hw$cJwê$, nwUo {dÚmnrR> nwU,o àm. VZnwao E_. S>r. "AÜ`j' AW©emó Aä`mg_§S>i nwU,o {dÚmnrR>, àm. S>r. Eg. H$X_ "gXñ`' AW©emó Aä`mg_§S>i nwUo {dÚmnrR>, àmMm`© Z§XHw$_ma {ZH$_ "A{Yð>mVm' _mZgZrVr d g_mO{dkmZ {dÚmemIm, nwUo {dÚmnrR>, S>m°. Q>r. Or. {JVo "MoAa_Z' ì`mnmar AW©emó Aä`mg_§S>i, nwUo {dÚmnrR>, VgoM {ejU àgmaH$ _§S>i, nm~i g§ñWoMo AÜ`j lr. AéU Mm¡Yar, CnmÜ`j lr. amOrd OmYd, g{Md gVre dm~io, VgoM gd© nXm{YH$mar, _hm{dÚmc`mMo à^mar àmMm`© Eg. S>r. KmoS>oH$a, àmÜ`mnH$ ñZohr `m gd© _mÝ`dam§Mm CëcoI H$aUo hohr Am_Mo H$V©ì` Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo Am_À`m Hw$Qw§>~mVrc gdmªZr ghH$m`© Ho$co, `m~Ôc Ë`m§Mo _Z:nyd©H$ YÝ`dmX. {deofV: gm¡. gwf_m Hw$cH$Uu, àm. ew^m§Jr T>_To>ao `m§Mmhr CëcoI H$aUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo. S>m`_§S> npãcHo$eÝg_Yrc gd© ghH$mè`m§Zr Ho$coë`m _Z:nyd©H$ ghH$m`m©~Ôc `m gdmªMo Am^ma _mZUo Amåhr Am_Mo H$V©ì` g_OVmo. Amnmnë`m gyMZm Am{U narjU d A{^àm` `m§Mo Amåhr ñdmJV H$arV AmhmoV. coIH$
boIH$ n[aM`
S>m°. ~miH¥$îU Hw$bH$Uu E_. E., nrEM. S>r. (AW©emó) 1965 Vo 1999 Aer 34 df} AW©emñÌmMo àmÜ`mnH$. {Q>iH$ _hmamï´> {dÚmnrR>mV g§MmbH$; gm_m{OH$emó {dÚmemIm A{Yð>mVm E_. {\$b; nrEM.S>r.Mo _mJ©Xe©H$,22 {dÚmÏ`mªZm nrEM.S>r. àmá, 16 {dÚmÏ`mªZm E_². {\$b. àmá, AW©emó {df`mda ZD$ nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV, 10 g§emoYZ emoY{Z~§Y àH$m{eV, {d{dY g§_b o Zm§_Ü`o 17 emoY{Z~§Y gmXa Ho$bo, amï´>r` nmVirdarb VrZ g§_b o Zo d MMm©gÌm§Mo Am`moOZ, {d{dY Mma g§emoYZ àH$ën nyU© Ho$bo, ì`dñWmnZ Aä`mgH«$_mMo ì`m»`mVm, nmM nm[aVmo{fHo$ àmá, 14 _mÝ`da g§ñWm§Mo gXñ`.
àm. S>m°. Eg. ìhr. T>_T>oao E_.E., Eb.Eb.~r., E_². [\$b., nrEM.S>r. (AW©emñÌ) AW©emñÌ {d^mJà_wI. Eg. nr. Oo. H$bm d dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmb`, nm~i, {O. nwUo `oWo H$m`©aV, {d{dY _hm{dÚmb`m§V 18 df©o AÜ`mnZmMm AZw^d, H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU{df`H$ _hmamîQ²´> amÁ`mÀ`m gmYZ H|$ÐmMo gh-g§MmbH$, "AW©' Ì¡_m{gH$ ghg§nmXH$, àmoJ{o« gìh argM© g§ñWm, nwUo `oWo gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g§emoYZ àH$ënmV g§emoYZ A{YH$mar åhUyZ H$m_, {d{dY MMm©gÌo, H$m`©emim gh^mJ, emoY{Z~§Y dmMZ, nwUo {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m H$_dm d {eH$m `moOZoMo H|$ÐH$m`©dmh d AW©emómdarb AZoH$ nwñVH$m§Mo boIZ, _hm{dÚmb` n[aga {dH$mg {d^mJmMo à_wI, 500 d¥jm§Mr bmJdS>.
AZwH$« _{UH$m {d^mJ -1 1.
AW©emór` {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmMo
1-5
ñdê$n Am{U _hÎd 2.
ì`mnmadmX
6-19
3..
{ZgJ©dmX
20-32
4.
A°S>_ pñ_W
33-54
5.
S>po ìhS> [aH$m°S>m}
55-73
6.
ga Wm°_g am°~Q>© _mëWg
74-81
7.
H$mb© _mŠg©
82-104
8.
Oo. ~r. go
105-111
9..
{gg_m±S>r
112-119
10.
\«$o S>[aH$ {bñQ
120-131
11.
Om°Z ñQ>çA w Q>>© {_b>
132-140
12.
Amë\«$o S> _me©b
141-157
13.
Om°Z _oZmS>© Ho$Ýg
158-181
14.
S>m.° _h§_X `wZgw
182-186
{d^mJ - 2 15.
^maVmVrb Am{W©H$ {dMmad§V
187-189
16.
H$m¡{Q>ë`
190-196
17.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mi
197-198
18.
XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr
199-206
19.
_hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o
207-213
20.
a_oeM§Ð XÎm
214-219
21.
_mZd|ÐZmW am°`
220-226
22.
_hmË_m Jm§Yr
227-239
23.
_hmË_m Omo{Vamd \w$bo
240-246
24.
S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$a
247-261
25.
N>ÌnVr amOfu emhÿ _hmamO
262-271
26.
àm. YZ§O`amd JmS>Jri
272-281
27.
àm. ìhr. Or. H$mio
282-284
28.
`ed§Vamd MìhmU
285-292
29.
A_Ë`© goZ
293-301
{d^mJ -1
1
AW©emór` {dMmam§À`m B{VhmgmMo ñdê$n Am{U _hÎd 1.1 AW©emór` {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmMo ñdê$n, 1.2 Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm {dH$mg, 1.3 Am{W©H$ {dMmam§À`m B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd
1.1 AW©emór` {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmMo ñdê$n àmñVm{dH$ AW©emó ho AbrH$S>rb H$mimV {dH${gV Pmbobo gm_m{OH$emó Agbo Var AW©emór` {dMma hm \$ma nydunmgyZ MmbV Ambobm Amho. n[apñWVrZwgma Vmo ~XbV Jobm. _mZdmÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ Am{U _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Ama§^mnmgyZ Am{W©H$ {dMmamMm CJ_ gwê$ hmoVmo. _mZdmÀ`m CËnÎmrnmgyZ _mZdr JaO gwê$ Pmbr. Am{W©H$ {dMma gwÕm VoìhmnmgyZ ApñVËdmV Ambo. _mZdr JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmbm gVV à`ËZ H$amdm bmJbm. AZoH$ Am{W©H$ àý gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmbm n«`ËZ H$amdo bmJbo. {Za{Zamù`m H$mir Am{U {Za{Zamù`m n[apñWVrV {Z_m©U Pmbobo àý gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm H$amdr bmJbr. Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z {dMmad§V _VàXe©Z Am{U _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV. Am{W©H$ H$ënZm Am{U Am{W©H$ àý gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r {Za{Zamù`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr doimodi o r {dMma àJQ> Ho$bo. Ë`m {dMmamV n[apñWVrZwgma Oo ~Xb Pmbo Ë`mMm Aä`mg AW©emór` {dMmam§À`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o AmnU H$aVmo. AW©emñÌr` {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmMo ñdê$n Am{U _hÎd / 1
B.g. 1776 _Ü`o A°S°>_ pñ_WMm "amï´>mMr g§nÎmr' (Wealth of Nations) hm J«§W à{gÕ Pmbm. VoìhmnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ AW©emómMm Ama§^ Pmbm. na§Vw Ë`mnydu àmMrZ H$mimVhr Am{W©H$ {dMma ì`º$ Ho$ë`mMo nwamdo nwamUJ«§WmVyZ, Y_©JW§« mVyZ, Zr{VemómVyZ AmT>iVmV. H$m¡{Q>ë`mZo Ë`m§À`m "AW©emó' `m J«W§ m_Ü`o AZoH$ Am{W©H$ {dMma _m§S>bobo {XgyZ `oVmV. _mZdmZo ñdV:Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r VgoM _mZdr JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r d¡`{º$H$ d gm_m{OH$ nmVirda Am{W©H$ àým§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _m§S>bobm àË`oH$ {dMma hm Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm EH$ ^mJ AgVmo. Am{W©H$ {dMmamMo VrZ {Za{Zamio ^mJ {XgyZ `oVmV. (1) Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg (Economic History) (2) AW©emómMm {dMmamMm B{Vhmg (History of Economic Thought). `mn¡H$s (1) Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgm_Ü`o _mZdmZo Amnë`m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m g§km {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m Am{U Á`m V§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z Amnë`mbm Amdí`H$ dmQ>Umè`m ^m¡{VH$ dñVy§Mr àmár H$ê$Z KoVbr Ë`m g§~Y§ rMr _m{hVr {Xbobr AgVo. (2) AW©emómMm B{Vhmg d AW©emór` {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg `m Xmohm|V \$aH$ Amho. AW©emór` {dMmam§Zm AW©emó hm XOm© {d{eï> n[apñWVrV àmá hmoVmo. AW©{df`H$ {dMmam§Zm emó Ago ñdê$n àmá Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m {df`mMm Omo {dH$mg hmoVmo Ë`mMm Aä`mg AW©emómÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o g_m{dï> Ho$bm OmVmo. (3) AW©emór` {dMmamMm B{Vhmg hm OmñV ì`mnH$ d {dñV¥V Amho. Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m Am{U Am{W©H$ g§ñWm `m~m~VÀ`m g§H$ënZm \$ma nydunmgyZÀ`m AgyZ Ë`mV doimodi o r n[apñWVrZwgma Am{U AZw^dmZwgma ~Xb d gwYmaUm KS>dZy AmUë`m AmhoV. Am{W©H$ {dMmam§À`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o Aem àH$mao doimodoir _m§S>Ê`mV Amboë`m H$ënZm, {dMma BË`mXtMm Aä`mg `oV AgVmo. ì`m»`m - àmo. h°Zo `m§À`m _Vo, "Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mo CJ_ñWmZ, Ë`m§Mo nañnam§er Agbobo g§~§Y Am{U Am{dîH$ma `m§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ AmT>mdm åhUOo Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg hmo`.' ("The Subject, the History of Economic Thought, may be defined as a critical account of the development of economic ideas searching into their origins interrelations and manifestations." - Prof. Haney)
àm. Oo. Eg. ~ob `m§À`m _Vo, "Am{W©H$ {df`mda boIZ H$aUmè`m AW©emókm§À`m Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm dmagm Aä`mgUo åhUOo Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg hmo`.' ("The History of Economic Thought is the study of the heritage left by writers on economic subject)"
2 / Am{W©H$ {dMma d {dMmad§V
\$º$ A°S>° _ pñ_WnmgyZ Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm CX` Pmbobm Zmhr Va Ë`mnyduhr Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mr XrK©H$mbrZ na§nam B{VhmgmV AmT>iZy `oV.o Y_©JW§« , Zr{Vemó, nwamUo `m_Ü`o Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mo C„oI AmT>iVmV. åhUOo 1776 ho AmYw{ZH$ AW©emómMo df© _mZbo Agbo Var AW©emór` {dMma hOmamo dfmªnmgyZ g_mOm_Ü`o ApñVËdmV hmoVo ho {XgyZ `oVo. AmYw{ZH$ AW©emóm§à_mUo Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ {dMmam_Ü`o d _m§S>Ur_Ü`o g_~ÕVm {XgyZ `oV Zmhr. _mÌ Varhr Am{W©H$ {dMma hmoVo ho _mÝ` H$amdo bmJVo. H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr _m§>S>boë`m g§H$ënZoV AmYw{ZH$ {gÕmÝVmMr ~rOo gmnS>VmV. Aem AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§À`m Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU åhUOo Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg hmo`. 1.2 Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm {dH$mg Am{W©H$ {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmMo VrZ H$mbI§S>mV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. B{VhmgmVrb {Za{Zamio H$mbI§S> KoD$Z Ë`m àË`oH$ H$mbI§S>mV _hÎd nmdboë`m {dMmaàUmbr Am{U {gÕmÝV `m§Mm n[aM` _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmOn`ªV H$gm {dH$mg hmoV Jobm Am{U Ë`mMr AmOMr pñWVr H$m` Amho ho bjmV ¿`mdo bmJVo. {Za{Zamù`m H$mir {Za{Zamù`m {dMmaàUmbr Am{U AW©emór` n§W (Schools) {Z_m©U Pmbo Am{U Ë`m§Zr AW©emór` {dMma Am{U AW©emó `m§À`m {dH$mgmbm hmV^ma bmdbm. Am{W©H$ {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmMo H$mbI§S> nwT>rbà_mUo 1. àmMrZ H$mi - Y_©emó Am{U X¡Z{§ XZ dmJUwH$s~m~V {Z`_, `m_Ü`o eoVr, ì`mO, H$m_Jma, _Owar, _mb_ÎmoMm h¸$, dOZo, _mno, {H$_Vr B.Mm C„oI Amho. Ë`mdê$Z Am{W©H$ {dMma g_OyZ `oVmV. àmMrZ H$mimV AW©emómMo ñdê$n d emó åhUyZ AmOÀ`mgmaIo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd ZìhVo. EH$mM J«W§ mV gd© emóm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo OmV Ago. àmMrZ H$mimV ^maVr`, J«rH$, amo_Z {dMmad§Vm§Zr Y_©emó, dZñn{Vemó `m_Ü`o Am{W©H$ {dMma _m§S>bo. ^maVmV Jm¡V_, ewH«$, H$m¡{Q>ë` `mgmaIo Y_©n{§ S>V d amOZr{Vk, J«rH$m§_Ü`o A°[añQ>mQ° >b, ßboQ>mo `mgma»`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr Am{W©H$ {dMma _m§S>bo. 2. _Ü``wJrZ H$mi - B.g. 500 Vo 1500 hm hOma dfmªMm H$mi _Ü``wJrZ H$mi _mZbm OmVmo. `m hOma dfmªMo XmoZ {d^mJ nmS>bo OmVmV. B.g. 1200 n`ªVMm n{hbm H$mbI§S> Am{U B.g. 1200 Vo 1500 n`ªVMm Xwgam H$mbI§S> hmo`. _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV g|Q> Wm°_g, A°{¹$Zmg, {ZH$mobg Amoaño _o `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr Am{W©H$ {dMma _m§S>b.o _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV qH$_V, ì`mO, amÁ`mMr AW©emñÌr` {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmMo ñdê$n Am{U _hÎd / 3
Am{U gaH$maMr H$m`}, ì`mnma d CËnmXZ B. {df`r {dMma _m§S>bo Job.o 3. AmYw{ZH$ H$mi - AmYw{ZH$ AW©emómMm H$mbI§S> 16ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©nmgyZ _mZbm OmVmo. 16ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V ì`mnmadmXmMm CX` Pmbm Am{U Iè`m AWm©Zo AmYw{ZH$ AW©emómÀ`m nmD$bIwUm Ë`m_Ü`o {XgyZ `oVmV. Varhr 1776 _Ü`o A°S>°_ pñ_W `m§Mm "amï´>mMr g§nÎmr' hm J«§W àH$m{eV Pmbm VoìhmnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ AW©emómMm àma§^ Pmbm Ago _mZbo OmVo. 16ì`m eVH$mMm CÎmamY© Vo AmOn`ªV AZoH$ AW©emókm§Zr AW©emómV _m¡{bH$ {gÕmÝVm§Mr ^a KmVbr. Ë`m_Ü`o ì`mnmadmXr, {ZgJ©dmXr, gZmVZdmÚm§_Ü`o A°S>_° pñ_W d Ë`m§Mo AZw`m`r, amï´>dmXr {dMmagaUr, ñdßZmiy g_mOdmX, emór` g_mOdmXmMo OZH$ H$mb© _mŠg©, Am°pñQ´>`Z g§àXm`, J{UVr` g§àXm`, AmYw{ZH$ AW©emók `m gdmªMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. 1.3 Am{W©H$ {dMmam§À`m B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd AW©emó ho Z¡g{J©H$emó ZgyZ gm_m{OH$emó Amho. _mUgmÀ`m Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm Aä`mg ho emó H$aVo. {d{dY H$mbI§S>mV Am{W©H$ pñWVrMo KS>Umao ~Xb à{Vq~{~V hmoVmV. n[apñWVrZwgma OgOgo n[adV©Z hmoVo VgVgo ZdrZ {gÕmÝV _m§S>bo OmVmV. `mMm {dMma Am{W©H$ {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmV Ho$bm OmVmo. H$moUVohr emñÌr` {gÕmÝV ho H$m`_ ñdê$nmMo ZgVmV. Vo n[apñWVrgmnoj Agë`mZo n[apñWVrZwgma hmoUmè`m ~XbmZwgma Ë`mÀ`m_Ü`o ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUmdo bmJVmV. Vo Oa MwH$sMo Am{U A`mo½` AgVrb Va Vo aÔ H$amdo bmJVmV. Ë`mMr OmUrd `m Aä`mgm_wiM o hmoV.o AW©emór` {dMmamÀ`m B{Vhmgmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, AmO Oo {dMma AmnU AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb AmhoV Ago _mZVmo, Ë`mn¡H$s AZoH$ {dMma \$ma nydunmgyZ MmbV Ambobo AgyZ n[apñWVrZwgma Ë`m§À`m ñdê$nmV \$aH$ nS>V Jobb o m Amho. CXm. n¡gm, _mb_Îmm, ì`mO, qH$_V B. ho {dMma AmO Oo MwH$sMo d {Zê$n`moJr dmQ>VmV Vo nydu EHo$ H$mir `mo½` d Cn`wŠV Ago R>abo hmoVo. {d{eï> H$mir d {d{eï> n[apñWrV Vo gd©_mÝ` Pmbobo hmoVo. na§Vw ~XbË`m n[apñWVrer Vo {dg§JV Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo _hÎd Zmhrgo hmoV Jobo Ë`mMà_mUo AmOMo {gÕmÝV, {dMma `mo½` d _mJ©Xe©H$ dmQ>VmV Vo Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVrb Am{U Cn`wº$ R>aVrb Ago Zmhr. n[apñWVrV ~Xb hmoV OmVrb Ë`mZwgma Ë`mV ~Xb Ho$bo OmVrb. {H$Ë`oH$ ZdrZ {dMma _mÝ`Vm nmdVrb d OwZo Zï> hmoVrb. åhUOoM H$moUVohr {dMma d {gÕmÝV ho H$m`_Mo Agy eH$V ZmhrV. Vo 4 / Am{W©H$ {dMma d {dMmad§V
n[apñWVrgmnoj AgVmV ho AW©emór` {dMmamÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio ghO nQy> eH$Vo. AW©emór` {dMmam§À`m B{Vhmgmdê$Z Agohr {XgyZ `oVo H$s, {Za{Zamù`m {dMmad§Vm§_Ü`o AZoH$ ~m~VrV _V^oX {XgyZ `oVmV. Ë`m _V^oXm§Zm AdmñVd _hÎd Z XoVm emómÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`mVrb Cn`wº$ ^mJmH$S>o bj {Xbo nm{hOo `mMr OmUrd `m Aä`mgm_wio hmoVo. AW©emókmZo \$º$ AW©emómÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aÊ`mEodOr ì`mnH$ Ñï>rZo _mZdmÀ`m dmJUwH$sg§~§Yr {dMma Am{U Aä`mg Ho$bm nm{hOo. _mZdmÀ`m dmJUwH$sg§~§Yr Aä`mg H$aUmar BVa gm_m{OH$ emóo hr AW©emómer g§~§{YV Aer emóo AgyZ Ë`m emómVrb {gÕmÝV AW©emómbm Cn`wº$ R>aÊ`mgmaIo AgVmV, ho bjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm `mo½` Vo _hÎd {Xbo nm{hOo. `m~m~VMo _mJ©Xe©Z Aem Aä`mgm_wio hmoD$ eH$Vo.
r
AW©emñÌr` {dMmamÀ`m B{VhmgmMo ñdê$n Am{U _hÎd / 5
2
ì`mnmadmX
2.1 àmñVm{dH$, 2.2 ì`mnmadmX AW© d ì`m»`m, 2.3 ì`mnmadmXmÀ`m CX`mMr H$maUo , 2.4 ì`mnmadmXmMr à_w I d¡ { eîQ> ç o , 2.5 ì`mnmadmÚm§Mo Am{W©H$ {dMma/{gÕmÝV , 2.6 H$mhr ì`mnmadmXr {dMmad§V, 2.7 ì`mnmadmXr {dMmagaUrMo _yë`_mnZ
2.1 àmñVm{dH$ _Ü``wJmÀ`m A§VmZ§Va åhUOo 14ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg `wamon_Yrb {d{dY Xoem§V ì`mnmadmT> hmoD$ bmJbr Am{U ga§Om_emhrMm èhmg hmoD$ bmJbm. ga§Om_emhrMm èhmg, amOoemhrMm CX` Am{U "amï´>amÁ`' `m H$ënZoMm {dH$mg, `m~amo~aM ì`mnmadmXr {dMmagaUrMm à^md OmUdy bmJbm. ga§Om_emhrÀ`m èhmgm~amo~aM _Ü``wJrZ AW©ì`dñWm Am{U g_mOaMZm `mV PnmQ>çmZo ~Xb hmoV Job.o ì`mnmadmT>r~amo~a ì`mnmar bmoH$m§Odirb g§nÎmr d gÎmm `mV dmT> hmoD$ bmJbr. _Ü``wJrZ ñd`§nU y © J«m_ì`dñWm hiyhiy H$mob_Sy> bmJbr d ga§Om_Xma, O_rZXma `m§Mo _hÎd H$_r hmoD$Z ì`mnmardJm©Mo _hÎd dmTy> bmJbo. VgoM amOmMo _hÎd d gÎmm `m_Ü`o dmT> hmoD$ bmJbr. ì`mnmar d H$maImZXma `m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ga§Om_emhrÀ`m gÎmoImbr AgUmè`m ^yXmgm§Mr _wº$Vm H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU AmIbo. ì`{º$ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m H$ënZoÀ`m àgmam~amo~a _Ü``wJrZ g_mOaMZoMm eodQ> Pmbm. 6 / Am{W©H$ {dMma d {dMmad§V
~m¡{ÕH$ OmJ¥Vr, kmZmMo nwZé‚mrdZ, emór` àJVr `m gdmªMm n[aUm_ hmoD$Z A§YlÕm, ê$T>r-na§nam, `m§À`mnojm ~w{Õ{Zð> Am{U VH$m©{Y{ð>V ñdV§Ì {dMma d ì`mnH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m§Zm _hÎd àmá Pmbo. `m ~XbË`m n[apñWVrg AZwê$n Ago Zdo {dMma, {deofV: Am{W©H$joÌmVrb Zdo {dMma \«$mÝg, BQ>br, B§½b§S> `m Xoem§_Yrb ì`mnmar, CËnmXH$, _wËgÔr d amOH$maUr bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z _m§S>Ê`mV `oD$ bmJbo. `m {dMmagaUrbm ñWyb_mZmZo ì`mnmadmX Ago Zmd {Xbo Jobo. 15ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarnmgyZ 18ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mn`ªV `wamon I§S>mVrb {Za{Zamù`m XoemV Or Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr {XgyZ `oV hmoVr, Ë`m~m~VÀ`m {d{dY {dMmam§Mm g_mdoe ì`mnmadmXr {dMmamV Ho$bm OmVmo. 2.2 ì`mnmadmX AW© d ì`m»`m ì`mnmadmXmMm AW© - ì`mnmadmXr {dMmagaUr hr EImÚm XoemV EImÚm ì`º$sZo AWdm JQ>mZo OmUrdnydH© $ _m§S>bb o r {dMmagaUr Zmhr, Va AZoH$ `wamonr` Xoem§Vrb {dMmad§Vm§Zr da C„oI Ho$boë`m H$mimV VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrbm d {d{eï> Am{W©H$ àým§Zm AZwgê$Z H$mhr g_mZ _Vo _m§S>bobr hmoVr. hr _Vo {Za{Zamù`m doir J«W§ , nwpñVH$m, _hÎdmMo XñVEodO `m_Ü`o g_m{dï> Ho$br Jobr. Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb gd©gmYmaU {dMma, H$ënZm EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm "ì`mnmadmX' Ago Zmd {Xbo Jobo. XoenaËdo `m _VàUmbrMo ñdê$nhr {^Þ hmoVo d {Vbm Zmdohr {^Þ {Xbr hmoVr. CXm. O_©ZrV O_©Z ì`mnmadmX qH$dm H°$_oa°{bP_ (German Mercantilism or Kameralism) \«$mÝg_Ü`o H$mob~Q>© dmX (Colbertism) B. Zmdm§Zr hr {dMmagaUr AmoiIbr OmVo. _mÌ, `m {dMmagaUr_mJrb à_wI gyÌ "ì`mnmad¥Õr' ho Agë`mZo A°S>_ pñ_W `m§Zr {Vbm {Xbobo "ì`mnmadmX' ho Zmd g_n©H$ R>aVo. ì`mnmadmXmÀ`m ì`m»`m - ì`mnmadmXmÀ`m AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr ì`m»`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$mhr à_wI ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo 1. àm. EM. Eb. h°Zo `m§À`m _Vo, ""gmoimì`m eVH$mnmgyZ AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©n`ªV Oo Am{W©H$ {dMma `wamonmVrb amOH$maUr ì`º$s, _wËgXr `m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo Ë`m gdmªMm g_mdoe ì`mnmadmXmV Ho$bm OmVmo.'' 2. àm. ñn°Z (Prof. Othmar Spann) `m§À`m _Vo, ""Ë`m H$miÀ`m Am{W©H$ OrdZmV amÁ`H$V} Am{U ì`mnmar `m§Zr Á`m VÎdm§Mm qH$dm {gÕmÝVmMm àË`j ì`dhmamV Cn`moJ Ho$bm, Ë`m§Mm EH${ÌVarË`m {ZX}e H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWyb_mZmZo "ì`mnmadmX' hr g§km dmnabr OmVo.'' ì`mnmadmX / 7
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