19 Years in Service

IGNOU & All Indian Univ.

FST-01

ijh{kk ds cnys u, iSVuZ

cgqfodYih; iz'u lfgr

foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh esa vk/kj ikB~;Øe Foundation course in science and technology ,iQ-,l-Vh-&01

For B.A., B.Com., B.Sc., B.C.A., & Other Degree Courses

fo'ks"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ vè;;u lkexzh bafnjk xk¡èkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; (bXuw)] oèkZeku egkohj eqDr fo'ofo|ky; (dksVk)] mÙkjk[kaM eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] ukyank fo'ofo|ky;] oqQ#{ks=k fo'ofo|ky;] lsok lnu dkWyst vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku (egkjk"Vª)] fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;] vkaèkzk fo'ofo|ky;] vUukeykbZ fo'ofo|ky;] cSaxyksj fo'ofo|ky;] Hkkjrh;j fo'ofo|ky;] Hkkjrhn'ku fo'ofo|ky;] fgekpy çns'k fo'ofo|ky;] lsVa j iQkWj fMLVsl a ,aM vksiu yfu±x tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k] dkdkfV;k fo'ofo|ky; (vkaèkz çns'k)] osQ-,l-vks-;w- (dukZVdk)] osQvks-;w- (jktLFkku)] ,e-ih-ch-vks-;w- (,e-ih-)] ,e-Mh-;w- (gfj;k.kk)] iatkc fo'ofo|ky;] rfeyukMq eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] Jh in~ekorh efgyk fo'ofo|ky;e~ (vkaèkz çns'k)] tEew fo'ofo|ky;] okbZ-lh-,e-vks-;w-] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;] mÙkj izn's k jktf"kZ V.Mu eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] dY;k.kh fo'ofo|ky;] cukjl fganw fo'ofo|ky; (ch-,p-;w-)] vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;A

bl iqLrd dk vaxzsth laLdj.k Hkh miyCèk gSA English Edition of this Book is also available. Closer to Nature

We use Recycled Paper

xqYyhckck ifCyf'kax gkml izk- fyvkbZ-,l-vks-

9001

,oa vkbZ-,l-vks- 14001 izekf.kr oaQ-

Published by:

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Copyright© with Publisher All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright holder. Disclaimer: This book is based on IGNOU syllabus. This is only a sample. The book/author/publisher does not impose any guarantee or claim for full marks or to be passed in exam. You are advised only to understand the contents with the help of this book and answer in your words. Gullybaba Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. is not connected to any university/ board/institution in any way. All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India only.

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izkDdFku fiz; Nk=ksa gesa vkids e/; iqLrd ÞfoKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh esa vk/kkj ikB~;Øeß (F.S.T. Hindi) izLrqr dj vikj g"kZ gks jgk gSA iqLrd esa cgqr lh fo'ks"krk;sa gSa tSls bXuw }kjk izLrkfor lEiw.kZ dkslZ] xr o"kks± ds nl iz'u i= gy lfgr] rFkk vR;Ur ljy Hkk"kk 'kSyhA ;g iqLrd vkidh ijh{kk dks vR;Ur ljy djus esa l{e gSA fo}ku ys[kdksa us bls vius Kku o vuqHkoksa ls ltk;k gSA lEiw.kZ iqLrd iz'u i=kuqlkj la;ksftr gSA vk'kk gS] vki iqLrd dk v/;;u dj viuk Hkfo"; laokjsaxsA blls ge xkSjokfUor gksaxsA vki gekjh iqLrdksa dks Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh jkT;@'kgj esa gels lEc¼ nqdkuksa ls ;k lh/ks dEiuh ds irs ls ;k os c lkbV www.gullybaba.com, www.ignouonline.com ls e-mail djds Hkh vkMZj dj ldrs gSaA dEiuh (GPH) vius dk;Zjr cU/kqvksa o ys[kdx.k dk ân; ls vkHkkj izdV djrh gS] ftuds vFkd iz;kl o yxu ls iqLrd dk izdk'ku lEHko gks ldkA ubZ fnYyh (izdk'kd)

fo"k;&lwph [ka M &1 foKku dk bfrgkl (History of Science) v/;k; & 1 iz;Ru'khy ekuo ,oa fo'o esa foKku 2-7 v/;k; & 2 ykSg;qxhu foKku ,oa Hkkjrh; foKku dk Lo.kZ ;qx 8-12 [ka M &2 vk/kqfud foKku dk mn~xe (Emergence of Modern Science) v/;k; & 3 e/;;qxhu ,oa iqutZkxj.k dkyhu foKku v/;k; & 4 Lora=rk ds igys ,oa ckn esa foKku] oSKkfud Kku dk vkèkkj

14-19 20-22

[ka M &3 czãkaM vkSj l`f"V dk izkjaHk

(Universe and Life : The Beginning)

v/;k; & 5 czãkaM dh [kkst ,oa fofHkUu Lo:i v/;k; & 6 lw;ZeaMy vkSj ml ij thou dh fuHkZjrk ,oa ekuork dk fodkl

24-28 29-36

[ka M &4 i;kZoj.k vkSj lalk/ku (Environment and Resources) v/;k; & 7 ikfjfLFkfrdh; ra=] i;kZoj.k ds ?kVd o cnyrk ifjos'k v/;k; & 8 izkd`frd lalk/ku] mi;ksfxrk ,oa O;ogkj

38-44 45-47

[ka M &5 d`f"k] iks"k.k vkSj LokLF; (Agriculture, Nutrition and Health) v/;k; & 9 thou dh d`f"k ij fuHkZjrk ,oa foKku dh lekt esa mi;ksfxrk v/;k; & 10 iks"k.k] LokLF; vkSj chekfj;k¡

49-53 54-60

[ka M &6 lwpuk] Kku] lw{en`f"V (Information, Knowledge, Insight) v/;k; & 11 efLr"d ,oa euksfoKku v/;k; & 12 tulapkj ek/;e] jgu&lgu esa lqfo/kk,¡ ,oa lapkj i¼fr;k¡

62-67 68-71

[ka M &7 foKku] izk| S ksfxdh vkSj fodkl (Science, Technology & Development) v/;k; & 13 foKku ij vk/kkfjr m|ksx /ka/ks ,oa izkS|ksfxdh v/;k; & 14 foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh % ubZ ubZ [kkstsa

73-77 78-88

[ka M &8 u, ifjizs{; (New Perspectives) v/;k; & 15 foKku dh xfr'khyrk vkSj vkdka{kk,¡ ijh{kk ds u, iSVuZ ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ cgqfodYih; iz'uksÙkj

90-91 3 72-399 372

iz ' u i= (1) fnlEcj 2005 (gy lfgr) (2) twu 2005 (gy lfgr) (3) fnlEcj 2004 (gy lfgr) (4) twu 2004 (gy lfgr) (5) fnlEcj 2003 (gy lfgr) (6) twu 2003 (gy lfgr) (7) fnlEcj 2002 (gy lfgr) (8) twu 2002 (gy lfgr) (9) twu 2001 (gy lfgr) (10) twu 2006 (gy lfgr) (11) fnlEcj 2006 (gy lfgr) (12) twu 2007 (gy lfgr) (13) fnlEcj 2007 (14) twu 2008 (gy lfgr) (15) fnlEcj 2008 (16) twu 2009 (gy lfgr) (17) fnlEcj 2009 (gy lfgr) (18) twu 2010 (gy lfgr) (19) fnlEcj 2010 (gy lfgr) (20) twu 2011 (gy lfgr) (21) fnlEcj 2011 (gy lfgr) (22) twu 2012 (gy lfgr) (23) fnlEcj 2012 (24) twu 2013 (gy lfgr) (25) fnlEcj 2013 (26) twu 2014 (gy lfgr) (27) fnlEcj 2014 (28) twu 2015 (29) fnlEcj 2015 (30) twu 2016 (31) fnlEcj 2016 (32) twu 2017 (gy lfgr) (33) fnlEcj 2017 (34) twu 2018 (gy lfgr) (35) fnlEcj 2018 (36) twu 2019 (gy lfgr) (37) fnlEcj 2019 (gy lfgr)

93-105 106-118 119-130 131-138 139-152 153-168 169-178 179-188 189-198 199-216 217-225 226-234 235-236 237-242 243-244 245-250 251-244 255-258 259-263 264-269 271-281 282-286 287-289 290-302 303-305 306-314 315-317 318-320 321-323 324-326 327-329 330-338 339-341 342-357 358-360 361-371 400-418

[k.M & 1 foKku dk bfrgkl

v/;k; 1

iz;Ru'khy ekuo ,oa fo'o esa foKku Hkkx & d iz - d(1) fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa dkSu&lk lR; (l) gS vkSj dkSu&lk vlR; (v)\ uhps fn;s x;s [kkuksa esa (l) vFok (v) fy[kdj crkb,A (i) vkt ds gekjs egRoiw.kZ iz'uksa ds lek/kku ds fy, lgh n`f"V ;gh gksxh fd v) foxr esa tks dqN Hkh fd;k x;k gS] mldh mis{kk dj nh tk,A (v (ii) vkt tks ekeys foKku vkSj gekjs thou ls iwjh rjg tqM+s gq, gSa] mUgsa ;fn ge l) le>uk pkgrs gSa rks gesa foKku ds bfrgkl dks ns[kuk gksxkA (l (iii) foKku vkSj lekt lsa laca/k fdlh Hkh eqn~ns dh gesa fpark djus dh vko';drk v) ugha gSA (v (iv) ;g le>us ds fy, fd gekjh lH;rk cnyus esa foKku fdl izdkj lgk;d gqvk gS] gesa foxr esa foKku ,oa lekt esa gqbZ ikjLifjd fØ;kvksa dk Kku gksuk l) pkfg,A (l iz - d(2) uhps fn;s gq;s 'kCnksa esas ls bu dFkuksa ds fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft,A (i) ^^vko';drk vkfo"dkj dh tuuh gS** dk vFkZ gS fd fdlh lekt esa lkekftd vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa ds dkj.k gh vkfo"dkj gksrs gSaA (ii) u; u;s fopkj dHkh&dHkh lkekftd vko';drk ls cgqr vkxs gksrs gSa vkSj blfy, ;k rks mudk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk ;k fQj mi;ksx fd;s tkus lsigys mUgsa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA (iii) vkfnekuo ;qx esa euq"; izkd`frd izdksaiksa tSls ck ikrs Fks fd euq"; ejrs D;ksa gSA bldk dkj.k os vkRek dks ekurs FksA (iv) ,slh rduhdksa dk leqfpr fodkl ugha gqvk Fkk ftuls lHkh dks i;kZIr Hkkstu fey ldsA ml le; ;g /kkj.kk Fkh fd i'kqvksa vkSj ikS/kksa ds bnZ&fxnZ ukpus&xkus vkSj cfy pkSrk djus dh dksf'k'k dh rks mlus /keZ dks viuk lgkjk cuk;kA iz-d(3) fuEufyf[kr rkfydk esa geus mu fofHkUu lsokvksa dh lwph nh gS tks ,d 'kgj ds tuthou dks pykus ds fy, vko';d gksrh gSA lkFk gh ml oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh izxfr dh Hkh tkudkjh nh x;h gS ftlls bu lsokvksa dks tkjh j[kus esa enn feyrh gSA vki rkfydk esa fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A m'kgjh lH;rk dh vko';drk,¡ lacaf/kr oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh izxfr vFkok lsok,¡ la[;kvksa] ekirksy vkSj Hkkj dk (i) Hkkjh ek=k esa fofHkUu izdkj dh ekudhdj.k] fyfi] rqyk vkSj oLrqvksa dk vknku&iznku xf.kr dk mi;ksxA ledks.k] lh/kh js[kk] prqHkqtZ dh (ii) 'kgjksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus] dYiuk edku cukus ds fy, bZaVksa dk bLrsekyA vkd`fr;ksa dk {ks=Qy] Bksl oLrqvksa ds vk;ru us js[kkxf.kr ds tUe dk vk/kkj rS;kj fd;k (iii) leq n z es a ekxZ funs Z ' ku dh [kxksy foKku vko';drk] iapkax cukuk] cM+s iSekus ij [ksrh&ckM+h djus dh ;kstuk cukuk] ckyd feyrh gS\ m- vkSt+kj cukus okys igys euq"; us ;g lkspk gksxk fd og dkSu&lk vkStkj cuk,xk (fMt+kbu) vkSj fdl rjg cuk,xk (;kstuk)A fQj mlus cM+k&lk iRFkj fy;k vkSj viuh ;kstuk ds vuqlkj mls rjg&rjg ds :i nsrk jgkA iz-[k (2)tkuojksa dks ikyus vkSj oL=ksa dss mi;ksx ds fdl izdkj vkfne lekt dks izHkkfor fd;k\ m- oL=ksa ds bLrseky us vkfn ekuo dks B.Ms ekSle esa viuk cpko djuk fl[kk;kA i'kqvksa dks ikyrw cukus ls mlds vkus&tkus esa vkSj Hkkstu izkIr djus esa o`f¼ gqbZA bl izdkj vkfne lekt dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vius vkidks ftank j[kus dh vk'kk j[krk FkkA iz-[k (3) foKku ds iz;kstu vkSj {ks= ds fo"k; esa lekt esa fdls fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg,\ m- gekjs tSls lk/kkj.k yksxksa dks ;g r; djuk pkfg, fd lekt esa foKku dks fdu iz;kstuksa ds fy, vkSj dSls bLrseky djuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] gekjs lekt esa foKku dk mi;ksx dsoy lsVy s kbV (mixzg) NksM+u]s ukfHkdh; (U;wfDy;j) fj,sDVj cukus ;k nf{k.kh /kqzo izns'k esa vfHk;ku ny Hkstus ds fy, gh ugha] vfirq LoPN is; ty] Hkkstu] edku vkfn miyC/k djkus ds fy, rFkk leqfpr LokLF; lsok] csgrj ;krk;kr] fctyh vkfn miyC/k djkdj thou&Lrj dks csgrj cukus ds fy, Hkh djuk pkfg,A iz- [k (4) fdlh lekt esa fdu {ks=ksa ds fØ;kdyki foKku ds fy, fof'k"V y{;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA m- O;kikj] LokLF; lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx vkSj izcU/k] d`f"k] m|ksx] ;krk;kr] lapkj] lSfud xfrfof/k vkfn fof'k"V {ks= gh foKku ds fy, fof'k"V y{; izLrqr djus gSaA iz - [k(5) vkfne thou ds HkkSfrd vk/kkj dk o.kZu djks%& [k(5)vkfne m- vkfne lekt us tkuoj idM+us vkSj Hkkstu bdV~Bk djus] mls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkus vkSj idkus ds fy, lkèkuksa dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA izd`fr

F.S.T.-1 GPH Book

5

ls viuh j{kk djus ds fy, og oL= iguus yxk vkSj mlus xqQkvksa esa vkJ;