SUBJECT CODE

: 22403

As per Revised Syllabus of

MSBTE - I Scheme S.Y. Diploma Semester - IV (Civil Engineering Group) (CE / CR / CS)

Railway & Bridge Engineering Ratankumar A. Patil M.E. Civil Environmental Engineering Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department MAEER’s MIT Polytechnic, Pune

Praful Pankajakshan M.E. Construction Engineering and Management I/C HOD Civil Engineering Department Thakur Polytechnic, Mumbai

Mukund S. Satarkar M.E. (Civil) Construction and Management Head of Civil Engineering Department and I/C Principal Government Polytechnic, Ahmednagar

Jayie B. Shah M.Tech in Civil Engineering Assistant Professor, Rizvi College of Engineering, Mumbai

®

TECHNICAL

PUBLICATIONS SINCE 1993

An Up-Thrust for Knowledge

(i)

Railway & Bridge Engineering Subject Code : 22403 Second Year Diploma Semester - IV (Civil Engineering Group) (CE / CR / CS)

First Edition : January 2019 Second Revised Edition : January 2020

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Published by : ®

TECHNICAL

PUBLICATIONS SINCE 1993

An Up-Thrust for Knowledge

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ISBN 978-93-332-0050-9

9 789333 200509 9789333200509 [2]

MSBTE I (ii)

Syllabus Railway and Bridge Engineering (22403) Teaching Scheme L

T

Credit

Examination Scheme

(L+T+P)

P

Theory Paper Hrs.

4

-

-

4

3

Unit

Unit - I Basics of Railway Engineering

ESE

Practical

PA

Total

ESE

PA

Total

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

70

28

30*

00

100

40

-

-

-

-

-

-

Unit Outcomes (UOs) (in cognitive domain)

Topics and Sub - topics

Marks

1.1

Suggest the type of rail track joint for the given situation with justification.

Role of transportation in the development of nation ; Modes of transportation system - land way, waterway, airway. Merits and demerits of roadway and railway ; Classification of Indian railways, zones of Indian railway.

l.2

Suggest the type of fixtures and fastening for the given rail section with justification.

Permanent way : Ideal requirement, Components; Rail Gauge, types, factors affecting selection of a gauge.

1.3

Rail material, Rail requirements, types.

1.4

Creep of rail : Causes and prevention of creep.

1.5

Sleepers Functions and Requirement, types - concrete sleepers and their density.

1.6

Ballast - function and types, suitability.

1.7

Rail fixtures and fastenings fish plate, spikes, bolts, keys, bearing plates, chairs - types of anchors and anti creepers.

1a.

Describe with sketches the given components of railway track in the diagram.

1b.

Suggest the remedy for the specified fault railway track with justification.

1c.

1d.

(iv)

Joints

-

12

2a.

Explain the factors affecting the alignment of railway for the given terrain.

2b.

Explain with sketches the turn outs, points and crossings with for the given situation.

2c.

Describe with sketches the track geometrics elements for the given terrain.

2d.

Describe the process of rail track maintenance for the given season.

2e.

Describe the functions of the given tools and equipment required for maintaining the track in the specified terrain.

2.1

Alignment : Factors governing rail alignment.

2.2

Track Cross sections - standard cross section of single and double line in cutting and embankment, Important terms permanent land, formation width, side drains,

2.3

Railway Track Geometrics : Gradient, curves - types and factors affecting, grade compensation, super elevation, limits of Super elevation on curves, cant deficiency negative cant, grade compensation on curves, Coning of wheel, tilting of rail.

2.4

Branching of Tracks - Points and crossings - Turn out - left and right hand turnout, components and their functions, important technical terms, components, types and inspection, track junctions : crossovers, scissor cross over, diamond crossing, track triangle.

Unit - II Track geometrics, Construction and Maintenance

(v)

2.5

Station and Yards - Purpose, requirement of railway station, important technical terms, types of railway station, factors affecting site selection for railway station.

2.6

Station yard - Classification Passenger, goods, locomotive and marshalling yards function and drawbacks of marshalling yards.

2.7

Steps involved in construction of rail track.

2.8

Track Maintenance : Necessity, Classification, Tools required for track maintenance with their function, Organization of track maintenance, duties of permanent way inspector, gang mate and key man.

16

Unit - III Overview of Bridge Engineering

3a.

Propose the relevant type of bridge for the given situation on the basis of relevant criteria with justification.

3b.

Identify the components of a given type of bridge with their functions.

3c.

Explain with sketches the bridge section for the given site conditions.

3d.

Propose the relevant type of foundation for the given type of bridge for the given situation with justification.

4a.

4b. Unit - IV Construction and Maintenance of bridge

Compare the structure of the permanent and temporary bridge with reference to the given criteria. Suggest the type of bridge for the given site condition with justification.

4c.

Describe the construction procedure for given type of bridge.

4d.

Describe the maintenance and repair procedure for the given type of bridge.

(vi)

3.1

Classification of bridges according to span, purpose, material, life, alignment, H.F.L., Loading, level of bridge floor.

3.2

Site selection and investigation, Factors affecting selection of site for bridge, Bridge alignment Factors controlling.

3.3

Important technical terms waterway, economic span, afflux, scouring, freeboard, cut water, ease water.

3.4

Component parts of bridge : pier, abutment, wing wall, foundation, bearing.

3.5

Piers - function, requirements, types.

3.6

Abutment - function, types.

3.7

Wing walls types.

3.8

Foundation - function, types of bridge foundations

3.9

Bearing - functions, types of bearing

4.1

Temporary Bridge - Necessity, Causeway - Flush, low level and high level causeway.

4.2

Permanent Bridge - Types of RCC Bridges - Slab, Girder, RCC girder,

4.3

Pre stressed bridge Advantage and disadvantages

4.4

Culvert - Types - Arch, Open or slab, Pipe and box

4.5

Choice of type of bridge, Types of bridge foundations.

4.6

Steps involved Construction

4.7

Inspection of bridges - General points to be observed, Pre and post monsoon inspection.

4.8

Maintenance of bridges - types routine and special Maintenance.

-

functions

in

16

and

bridges

10

5a.

Describe the criteria for selection of the tunnel for the given situation with justification.

5b.

Choose the relevant method of constructing the tunnel in the given situation with justification.

5c. Unit - V Construction and Maintenance of tunnels

Explain the process of lining of the tunnel in the given situation justification.

5d.

Describe the type of ventilation provided for the given type of tunnel.

5e.

Describe the procedure of maintenance and repair for the given type of tunnel.

(vii)

5.1

Tunnel Classification of tunnels according to purpose, conveyance, material, position or alignment, shape and size of tunnels.

5.2

Tunnels : Cross sections for highways and railways, Tunnel investigations and surveying, Tunnel Shaft - its purpose and construction.

5.3

Methods of tunneling in Soft rock - needle beam method, fore - poling method, Line plate method, shield method.

5.4

Methods of tunneling in Hard rock - Full face heading method, Heading and bench method, drift method.

5.5

Drilling equipment - drills and drills carrying equipments, Types of explosives used in tunneling.

5.6

Tunnel lining - Purpose, factors affecting type of lining, and methods.

5.7

Tunnel ventilation and drainage - Purpose and methods.

5.8

Tunnel Maintenance - Purpose and measures to be taken for proper maintenance.

16

Table of Contents 1.5.2 Causes of Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 14

Unit - I

1.5.3 Prevention of Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 15

Chapter - 1

1.6

Basics of Railway Engineering (1 - 1) to (1 - 40)

Sleeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 16 1.6.1 Function of Sleepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 17 1.6.2 Requirement of Sleeper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 17

1.1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1

1.2

Role of Transportation in the Development of Nation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1 1.2.1 Modes of Transportation System - Roadway, Railway, Waterway, Airway. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2

1.6.4 Sleeper Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 24

1.2.1.1 Rail Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2

1.6.4.2 Example on Sleeper Density. . . . . . 1 - 25

1.6.3 Types of Sleepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 17

1.6.4.1 The Factors Governing the Sleeper Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 24

1.7

1.2.1.2 Road Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2

Ballast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 25 1.7.1 Functions of Ballast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 25

1.2.1.3 Air Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2

1.7.2 Requirement of the Ballast . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 25 1.2.1.4 Water Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2

1.7.3 Types of Ballast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 25

1.2.2 Merits and Demerits of Roadway and Railway ...................................1-3

1.7.4 Formation or Subgrade of Permanent Way1 - 28

1.8

1.2.2.1Comparison of Roadways and Railways .............................1-4

1.2.3 Classification of Indian Railway. . . . . . . . . 1 - 5

1.8.2 Types of Fixtures and Fasteners . . . . . . . . 1 - 28

1.2.3.1 Based on Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 5

1.8.2.1 Fish Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 29

1.2.3.2 Based on Speed Criteria . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 6

1.8.2.2 Spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 30

1.2.3.3 Based on the Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 7

1.8.2.3 Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 33

1.2.4 Zones of Indian Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 7

1.3

1.8.2.4 Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 34

Permanent Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 7 1.3.1 Requirement of an Ideal Permanent Way . . 1 - 7

1.8.2.5 Bearing Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 35

1.3.2 Component Part of Permanent Way . . . . . . 1 - 8

1.8.2.6 Chairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 36

1.3.3 Rail Gauge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 8

1.8.2.7 Anchors and Anti Creepers. . . . . . . . 1 - 37

1.3.4 Factors Affecting Selection of Gauge. . . . . 1 - 9

1.4

Rail Fixtures and Fastening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 28 1.8.1 Functions of Fixtures and Fastenings . . . . 1 - 28

Question Bank

Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 9 1.4.1 Function of Rails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 9

Unit - II

1.4.2 Types of Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 9 1.4.3 Rail Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11

Chapter - 2

1.4.4 Rail Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11 1.4.4.1 Requirement of Standard Rail Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 12

2.1.2 Factors Governing Rail Alignment . . . . . . . 2 - 1

Creep of Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 14 1.5.1 Effects of Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 14 ®

Track Geometrics, Construction and Maintenance(2 - 1) to (2 - 44)

2.1 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1 2.1.1 Basic Requirements of an Ideal Alignment 2 - 1

1.4.4.2T ypes of Rail Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 12

1.5

1 - 37

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(ix)

2.2

Track Cross Sections of Single and Double Line in Cutting and in Embankment . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 2.2.1 Important Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 3

2.3

Railway Track Geometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 2.3.1 Gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4

2.6.1.3 Locomotive Yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 30

2.3.2 Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 5

2.6.1.4 Marshlling Yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 31

2.3.2.1 Necessity of Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 6

2.6.1.5 Functions of Marshalling Yard. . . . 2 - 32

2.3.2.2 Types of Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 6

2.6.1.6 Drawbacks of Marshaling Yard . . . 2 - 32

2.6.1.1 Passenger Bogie Yard / Coaching Yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 29 2.6.1.2 Goods Yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 30

2.7

2.3.3 Grade Compensation on Curve . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 9 2.3.4 Super Elevation Or Cant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 9 2.3.5 Cant Deficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 11

2.7.2 Plate Laying of Railway Track . . . . . . . . . 2 - 33

2.3.6 Cant Excess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 11

2.7.3 Laying of Ballast on the Track . . . . . . . . . 2 - 34

2.3.7 Negative Superelevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 11

2.7.4 Laying of Switches and Crossing . . . . . . . 2 - 34

2.3.8 Coning of Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 11

2.8

2.3.9 Tilting of Rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 12

2.4

Branching of Tracks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 13 2.4.1 Points and Crossing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 13

Railway Track Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 34 2.8.1 Necessity / Need for Track Maintenance . 2 - 34 2.8.2 Advantages of Track Maintenance . . . . . . 2 - 35 2.8.3 Classification of Track Maintenance . . . . 2 - 35

2.4.2 Turnout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 15

2.8.4 Tools Required for Track Maintenance with Their Function :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 36

2.4.3 Components of turnout and Their Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 16

2.8.5 Organization of Track Maintenance . . . . . 2 - 38

2.4.4 Important Technical Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 16

2.8.6 Activities of Track Maintenance. . . . . . . . 2 - 39

2.4.5 Inspections of Points and Crossing . . . . . . 2 - 18

2.8.7 Duties of a Permanent Way Inspector. . . . 2 - 39

2.4.6 Track Junction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 19

2.5

Steps Involved in Construction of Railway Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 32 2.7.1 Preparation of Sub Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 32

2.4.6.1 Crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 19

2.8.8 Duties of an Assistant Permanent Way Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 39

2.4.6.2 Scissor Crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 20

2.8.9 Duties of a Gangmate or Ganger. . . . . . . . 2 - 40

2.4.6.3 Diamond Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 20

2.8.10 Duties of a Keyman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 40

2.4.6.4 Triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 21

2.8.11 Regular or Periodic Maintenance of Railway Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 40

Stations and Yard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 21 2.5.1 Railway Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 22

Question Bank

2 - 41

2.5.2 Purposes of Providing Railway Stations. . 2 - 22

Unit - III

2.5.3 Requirements of a Railway Station. . . . . . 2 - 22 2.5.4 Important Technical Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23

Chapter - 3

2.5.5 Types of Railway Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 24 2.5.5.1 According to Their Functional Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 24 2.5.5.2 According to their Operational Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27

2.5.6 Site Selection for Railway Stations. . . . . . 2 - 29

2.6

Station Yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 29 2.6.1 Classification of Station Yards . . . . . . . . . 2 - 29 ®

Overview of Bridge Engineering (3 - 1) to (3 - 20)

3.1

Bridge Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1 3.1.1 Terminologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1

3.2

Classification of Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2 3.2.1 According to Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2 3.2.2 According to Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

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3.3

Component Parts of Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 3

3.4

Site Selection and Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 4 3.4.1 Data Required for Bridge Construction . . . 3 - 5

3.5

Bridge Alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 6

3.6

Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 6 3.6.1 Functions of Bridge Foundations . . . . . . . . 3 - 6

4.6.1 Construction of R.C.C and Prestressed Concrete Bridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 10 4.6.2 Construction of Timber Bridges . . . . . . . . 4 - 10

4.7

4.7.2 Post Monsoon Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 12

4.8

3.6.2 Types of Bridge Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 6

3.7

Inspection of Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11 4.7.1 Pre Monsoon Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11

Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 8 3.7.1 Functions of Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 8

Maintenance of Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 12 4.8.1 Necessity of Bridge Maintenance . . . . . . . 4 - 12 4.8.2 Classification of Bridge Maintenance. . . . 4 - 12

3.7.2 Requirements of Good Pier. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 8

Question Bank

4 - 13

3.7.3 Types of Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 8

3.8

Unit - V

Abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 10 3.8.1 Function of Abutments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 10

Chapter - 5

3.8.2 Requirements of Good Abutment . . . . . . . 3 - 10 3.8.3 Types of Abutment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 11

Construction and Maintenance of Tunnels (5 - 1) to (5 - 28)

Wing walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 11 3.9.1 Functions of Wing Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 12

5.1

Tunnel Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 1 5.1.1 Classification of Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 1

3.10 Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 12 3.10.1 Types of Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 12

5.2

Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4 5.2.1 Tunnel Cross Sections for Highway and Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4

3.9

3.11 Bridge Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 12

5.2.2 Tunnel Investigations and Surveying . . . . . 5 - 6

3.12 Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 14 3.12.1 Functions of Bridge Bearings . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 14

5.2.3 Tunnel Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 9 5.2.3.1 Purpose of Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 9

3.12.2 Requirement of an Ideal Bearing . . . . . . . 3 - 14

5.2.3.2 Construction of Shafts in Rock. . . . . 5 - 9

3.12.3 Types of Bearing for Steel Bridges. . . . . . 3 - 14

Question Bank

Unit - IV Chapter - 4 4.1

5.3

Tunneling in Soft Strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 10 5.3.1 Methods of Tunneling in Soft Rock . . . . . 5 - 10

5.4

Methods of Tunnelling in Hard Rock . . . . . . . 5 - 14

5.5

Drilling Equipment and Explosives . . . . . . . . . 5 - 16 5.5.1 Drilling Equipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 16

3 - 17

Construction and Maintenancce of Bridges (4 - 1) to (4 - 14)

5.5.2 Types of Explosives Used in Tunnelling . 5 - 18

Temporary Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1 4.1.1 Necessity of Temporary Bridges. . . . . . . . . 4 - 1

5.5.3 Precautions Required to be Taken While Explosion in Tunneling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 19

4.1.2 Causeways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 2

5.5.4 Equipments and Machinery Required in Tunnelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 19

4.2

Permanent Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 3

4.3

Prestressed Concrete Bridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 5

4.4

Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6 4.4.1 Classification of Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6

4.5

Choice of Types of Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 7 4.5.1 Choice of Type of Foundation . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 9

4.6

Steps Involved in Bridges Construction . . . . . 4 - 10 ®

5.6

Tunnel Lining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 20 5.6.1 Objects of Tunnel Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 20 5.6.2 Types of Lining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 20

5.7

Tunnel Ventilation and Drainage. . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 21 5.7.1 Tunnel Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 21 5.7.2 Objects of Tunnel Ventilation. . . . . . . . . . 5 - 21

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5.7.3 Types of Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 21 5.7.4 Drainage of Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 22 5.7.5 Necessity of Drainage of Tunnels. . . . . . . 5 - 22 5.7.6 Classification of Drainage System . . . . . . 5 - 22

5.8

Tunnel Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 24 5.8.1 Purpose of Tunnel Maintenance . . . . . . . . 5 - 24 5.8.2 Measures to be Taken During Tunnel Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 24

Question Bank Annexure

5 - 24 (A - 1) to (A - 10)

Solved Sample Question Papers (S - 1) to (S - 4)

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Railway and Bridge Engineering

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Basics of Railway Engineering

UNIT - I

1

Basics of Railway Engineering Economic development :

1.1 Introduction 

The word transport is derived from Latin words Transport = Trans + Portare (Across) + (To carry)

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Transportation refers to activity that facilitates physical movement of good as well as individuals from one place to another. “Transportation engineering is the branch of civil engineering which deals with application of technology, principle of planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation (roadway, railway airport, waterway) in order to provide safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient economical and environmentally sustainable movement of people and goods”

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Role of Transportation in the Development of Nation

Transportation plays an important role in development of nation; it contributes the progress of nation by economic, industrial, social and cultural development. It provides rapid, reliable and cost-effective movement of goods and passengers

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Transport sector contribute 6 % of GDP of India.

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The transportation cost is always impact on cost of commodities.

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It open ups new avenue in agriculture industry, health, commerce, tourism by means of communication.

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It helps integrate fragmented markets and thereby stimulate the emergence of a modern market economy.

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It links agricultural production centers with markets as well as promoting rapid agricultural growth.

Industrial development : 

Turning local market in national market.

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Increase the export and import from available raw materials.

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Increase the productivity of different industries, connecting rural market to the cities.

Social and cultural development : 

Transportation network create the job opportunity for people.

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Encourage the globalization, Improve the living condition of people.

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Exchange and adoption of different culture.

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Remote and rural areas we can accessible and communicable if connected by proper transport system.

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It helps the people in difficulties like floods, famine, wars or any medical emergency like heart transplant by making Green Corridor.

Fig. 1.2.1 TM

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Basics of Railway Engineering

1.2.1 Modes of Transportation System - Roadway, Railway, Waterway, Airway 

Our environment consists of land, air, and water. These media have provided scope for three modes of transport - land transport, air transport and water transport.

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Rail transport and road transport are the two components of land transport. Each mode of transport, depending upon its various characteristics, strengths and weaknesses can be best used for a particular type of traffic as given below.

1.2.1.1 Rail Transport 

The railway has their greatest contribution. In the transport of large volume of heavy and bulk commodities over a long distance and in very long distance journey of passengers with safety, comfort and convenience

1.2.1.2 Road Transport 

To provide door-to-door service, road transport is ideally suited for carrying light commodities and a small number of passengers over short distances.

1.2.1.3 Air Transport 

Air transport attains maximum utility where saving of time in a transport is of almost important rather than the money. Air transport is better suited for carrying passengers or goods that have to reach their destinations in a very short period of time.

1.2.1.4 Water Transport 

Low cost of infrastructure and relatively slow speeds, water transport is best suited for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances, provided there is no consideration of the time factor.

Mode of transport Road transport

Advantages Most common type of transport easily available to wide range of users ranging from pedestrians to all types of wheeled vehicles.  Cost of infrastructure is lowest in comparison to other modes.  Flexible in operation.  Easy to maintain and replace. 

Carries bulk passengers and goods.  As limited for scheduled vehicular traffic, congestion and confusions are minimum.  Speeds are more than road 

Used as the most common mode of private and public transport.  Acts as a connector to other modes of transport.  Used for small scale transport of passenger and goods over short to medium distances.

Creates congestion and confusion due to easy access. Speed is limited in comparison to railway and airways. Obstructions are more and unexpected. Passenger and load carrying capacity is limited. Accidents are frequent.

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Needs expensive infrastructure.  Not flexible.  Difficult to maintain and replace.  Severity of accidents is

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Railways

Applications

Limitations

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Used for bulk transport of passenger and goods over medium to long distances.  Used as a connector to airways and waterways.

Railway and Bridge Engineering

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transport.  Accidents are less in comparison to road transport.

Basics of Railway Engineering

more in comparison to road transport.

Waterways

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Carries very heavy loads mainly of goods.  As limited for scheduled vehicular traffic, congestion and confusions are minimum.  Accidents are less than land mode of transport.

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Needs expensive infrastructure for receiving and controlling movements of vehicles on waterway.  Accidents are fatal in comparison to land mode of transport.  Waterways involve more risk in comparison to land mode of transport.  Speed of travel is less in comparison to roads and railways.

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Used for transporting very heavy goods over very long distances.

Airways

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Fastest mode of transport. Transportation is along the shortest route.  Most convenient mode of transport.  Accidents are less than other modes of transport owing to strict controls.

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Most expensive infrastructure for receiving and controlling movement.  Travel mode involving highest risk.  Accidents are extremely fatal.

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Used as fastest mode of transport for small to medium scale passenger and Goods load over very long distances.

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1.2.2 Merits and Demerits of Roadway and Railway Roadway Merits of roadway : 

The transport people and goods from one place to another speedly and easily

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They provide door to door service

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In hilly and mountains region roads are the only conveyance

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They act as feeders for airway, waterway, railway

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It suitable for shorter distance

Demerits of roadway : 

Limitation on bulk transport

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Tractive resistance of wheels of vehicles on the road is more hence there is early wear of pavement and more power is required

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Overall maintenance cost is more

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Rate of accidents are very high as compare to other modes of transportation

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It is suitable for shorter distance only TM

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