Paramedics 6-in-1 Handbook

Paramedics 6-in-1 Handbook Second Edition

GD Mogli

PhD MBA FHRIM (UK) FAHIMA (USA)

Visiting Professor, Medical Informatics Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Sevagram, Maharashtra, India Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director Dr Mogli Healthcare Management Consultancy Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India www.drmogliit.com [email protected] Senior Consultant, eHealth Management HEARTCOM INC. (USA) Formerly served as WHO Consultant and Senior Consultant/Adviser to the Ministries of Health of India, Afghanistan, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab Emirates (UAE)

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JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD New Delhi • Panama City • London • Dhaka • Kathmandu

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Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Headquarters Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Fax: +91-11-43574314 Email: [email protected] Overseas Offices J.P. Medical Ltd. 83, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0HW (UK) Phone: +44-2031708910 Fax: +02-03-0086180 Email: [email protected] Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 17/1-B, Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207 Bangladesh Mobile: +08801912003485 Email: [email protected]

Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc. City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton Panama City, Panama Phone: + 507-301-0496 Fax: + 507-301-0499 Email: [email protected] Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Shorakhute, Kathmandu Nepal Phone: +00977-9841528578 Email: [email protected]

Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Website: www.jaypeedigital.com © 2013, GD Mogli All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: [email protected] This book has been published in good faith that the contents provided by the author contained herein are original, and is intended for educational purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy of information, the publisher and the author specifically disclaim any damage, liability, or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figures and tables are courtesy of the author. Where appropriate, the readers should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug or device. Paramedics 6-in-1 Handbook First Edition: 2003 Reprint: 2005 Second Edition: 2013 ISBN: 978-93-5090-210-3 Printed at

Preface to the Second Edition There are quite a good number of books written by different authors available in the market related to medical field; but, to serve the professionals to grasp the exact content in a widespread approach, I have gone into efforts to prepare this book which could help to enlighten the desirable knowledge with less time and efforts. Since I have been exposed to many international organizations and countries, I have visualized the need for a concise but practical book that will be handy to very busy professionals with too many things to do in a short span of time at their disposal. Precisely, this is a cookbook for medical and allied health professionals besides other professionals who deal with medical and healthcare issues. The important features of the book are mainly classified into three parts: Part I: It deals with Anatomy, Physiology, Medical Terminology, Medical (History and Physical) Examination and Diagnostic Techniques and all the human body systems in combination of anatomy, physiology and medical terminology. Part II: It includes Nursing, Allied Health Sciences (Pathology, Laboratory, Radiology, Radiation Therapy, Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Medical Psychology, Medical Social Work, Optometry), Nutrition (Dietary), Medical Records, and Rights and Responsibilities of a Patient. Part III: It contains Hospital Public Relations, Communication Skills, Medical Secretarial Profession, and Dictation and Transcription. The book would be of immense use to all medical, nursing and paramedical staff dealing directly or indirectly with patient healthcare in general and to medical students, nursing and other allied healthcare professionals such as Laboratory Technicians, Radiography and Radiation Therapy Technicians, Pharmacists, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapists, Medical Records and Healthcare Administrators, Nutritionists or Dietitians, Medical Psychologists and Medical Social Workers, apart from Public Relations, Medical Secretarial Profession, and Transcription Professionals in particular. Also, it is of significant value to health insurance companies, medical jurisprudence, consumer courts, Workmen’s Compensation Settlements Organizations, healthcare research organizations, and software companies dealing with health information technology and so on. In conclusion, this is a cookbook readymade ingredient for solving professional problems related to patient care and efficiently, swiftly, safely, improved quality with cost-contained outcome. GD Mogli

Preface to the First Edition The book has been written keeping the present-day requirement, serve the professionals to grasp the medical field in a comprehensive manner, absorb the concept of the human body, structure, functions, medical language other than English terms representing terms of Greek and Latin, Anglo-Saxon, German, Arabic, Indian and so on. Precisely, the book has a special feature in terms of combination of anatomy, physiology, medical terminology, medical abbreviations, medical records, medical transcribing techniques, allied health sciences and diagnostics, to serve the user with much ease. The selection of appropriate equivalent terms makes the language easy and helps the readers without background of science and biology to grab with least efforts. I, having realized the need for the basic knowledge of medicine to other than medical professionals, had synthesized the related subjects, developed the book, to meet the facets of the requirement of the professionals such as medical records, students of paramedical including nurses, medical laboratory technologists, radiologic technologists, medical assistants, cardiovascular technicians, respiratory therapists, dental assistants, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, medical secretaries, insurance companies, law professionals, medical representatives, to serve as textbook in their academic programs, professional career building, besides reference guide throughout. There are innumerable books available in the market with different authors related to anatomy, physiology and medical terminology. Presentday constraint of time, efforts, money at their disposal coupled with too many specialized professional books written on anatomy, physiology, medical terminology add to the confusion and makes the reader extremely difficult in selecting the appropriate material. Having realized the existing problems of learners, a special strategy has gone into my efforts to prepare a combined book, which should serve the actual need of the professionals that will enlighten the needed knowledge with least efforts and time. The major feature of the book is descriptive illustrations, selective structural parts’ names that will be grasped by the learner’s mind much faster to enable him to coordinate with the structure and functions of human body, that will lead to the diagnosis or to the treatment and its related issues. Classification of systems of human body with related medical terminologies and abbreviations will add to the memory power of the learners. In simple terms this book is Six-In-One. It was quite sometime, I was experiencing in the course of my four decade career as medical record administrator, teacher, consultant and adviser, dealing with different health professionals in different

viii ■ PARAMEDICS 6-IN-1 HANDBOOK organizations, in different countries, felt that need for such a concise book, without loosing the main information part to develop a simple, practicable, handbook for the present-day users, who, with too many subjects to learn, hardly find time to scan a variety of books on single subject available in the market. With this objective, a considerable time and efforts have gone in preparing the book. It is hoped that this will serve the purpose for which it was prepared, however, there are ample scope for improvement as no book with whatever efforts one may make will ever be a complete one. I will be happy to receive any suggestions to improve the overall quality of the book. GD Mogli

Acknowledgments At the outset, my grateful thanks to M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, especially to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director) and Mr Suresh (Author Coordinator of Hyderabad Branch), for bringing out this invaluable book. My sincere gratitude to the State Health Ministers and Deputy Ministers of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries and other administrators, and professional colleagues of India, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Sultanate of Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates (UAE), for their support, encouragement and cooperation. My special thanks to Mr Ramalingam Selva Kumar, formerly worked as Medical Record Officer in Saudi Arabia and Oman, currently Clinical Coder, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Hospital, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom. Mr Narendar Kumar Sampath, Medical Record Manager, Welcare Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Mrs Marie Stella Alexander, Medical Record Manager, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar. Ms Swadhura V, working as Research Assistant in Dr Mogli Healthcare Management Consultancy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, for her dedicated work in bringing out the book. Last but not least, I owe my sincere gratitude to my family.

Contents PART–I ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL TERMS, AND MEDICAL EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES 1. Human Body • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Cell 3 Structure of Cell 3 Functions of the Cell 4 Cell Division 5 Tissue Fluid 5 Tissues 6 Organs 8 Systems 8 Body Cavities 11 Anatomical Divisions of the Body 12 Clinical Divisions of the Abdomen 12 Anatomical Divisions of the Back (Spinal Column) Planes of the Body 14 Positional and Directional Terms of the Body 15 Medical Terminology 16 Objectives in Studying the Medical Language 16 Chief Sources of Medical Words 16 Anglo-Saxon (Old English) 16 Greeco-Roman (Greek and Latin) 17 Arabic 17 Modern German 17 Colors 17 Numerals 18 Elements of Medical Terms 18 Suffixes and Compounding Elements 18 Roots 21 Prefixes 24 Common Abbreviations 27

2. Musculoskeletal System • • • • • • • •

Muscular System 29 Properties of Muscle 29 Characteristics of Muscular Tissue 30 Muscular Tissue 30 Functions of Muscle 31 Different Functions of Muscles 31 Skeletal System 35 Formation of Bone 35

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xii ■ PARAMEDICS 6-IN-1 HANDBOOK • • • • • • • • • • •

Functions of Bone 35 Types of Bone 35 Structure and Terms used to Describe the Bones Bones of Different Locations 39 Joints 43 Bursae 44 Movements of Joints 44 Musculoskeletal System 45 Symptomatic and Diagnostic Terms 47 Operative Terms 50 Common Abbreviations 51

3. Cardiovascular System • • • • • • • • • • • •

Arteries 52 Veins 53 Capillaries 56 The Heart 56 Valves of the Heart 57 Heart Cycle or Cardiac Cycle 58 Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation 58 Blood Pressure 61 The Pulse 61 Electrical Conduction of the Heart Pulses Cardiovascular Disorders 62 Common Abbreviations 66

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4. Blood and Lymphatic System • • • • • • • • • • • •

Blood 69 Plasma 70 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) 71 Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) 72 Blood Clotting Mechanism 73 Blood Group 74 Lymphatic System 74 Lymph Nodes 76 Related Lymphatic Organs 76 Immunity 77 Disorders of the Blood and Lymphatic System Common Abbreviations 81

5. Nervous System • • • •

38

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Structure of Nervous System 84 Central Nervous System 84 Peripheral Nervous System 88 Common Abbreviations 96

6. Digestive System • Organs of the Digestive System 98 • Accessory Organs of Digestion 105

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CONTENTS ■ xiii • Metabolism 107 • Common Abbreviations 114

7. Endocrine System • • • • • • • • • • •

115

Hormones 115 Different Endocrine Glands Present in the Human Body Thyroid Gland 116 Parathyroid Glands 117 Adrenal Glands 118 Pancreas 119 Pituitary Gland 120 Ovaries 122 Testes 122 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 123 Common Abbreviations 126

8. Respiratory System • • • • • •

Parts of the Respiratory system 127 Mechanism of External Respiration 130 Vital Capacity 132 Factors Influencing the Respiratory System Respiratory System 133 Common Abbreviations 137

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9. Sense Organs • • • • • • •

139

Eye 139 Ear 143 Skin 145 Tongue 148 Nose 148 Disorders of the Skin 156 Common Abbreviations 158

10. Excretory System • • • •

160

Parts of Urinary System 160 Excretion Process of Urine 164 Excretory System 165 Common Abbreviations 168

11. Reproductive System • • • • • • • • • •

115

Male Reproductive System 170 Semen 173 Female Reproductive System 173 Pregnancy 177 Male 178 Female 180 Maternal, Antenatal and Neonatal Conditions Antenatal 186 Neonatal Period 187 Common Abbreviations 188

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xiv ■ PARAMEDICS 6-IN-1 HANDBOOK 12. Oncology • • • • • • • • • •

191

Differences between the Malignant and Benign Neoplasm Carcinomas 191 Sarcomas 192 Mixed Tissue Tumors 192 Staging 192 Grading 193 Cancer Treatment 193 Surgery 193 Radiation Therapy 194 Chemotherapy 194

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13. Psychiatry

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• Psychiatry Disorders 197

14. Medical (History and Physical) Examination and Diagnostic Technique • • • • • •

204

General Remarks on the History 206 Past Medical History: General 210 General Remarks on the Physical Examination 216 Pediatric History and Physical Examination 233 Diagnostic Formulation 235 Glossary 236

PART–II NURSING, ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES AND DIAGNOSTICS 15. Nursing Services

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• • • • • • • •

Definitions 241 Objectives 242 Policies 242 Procedures 242 Functions 244 Professional Nursing Practice 245 Organization 246 Job Responsibilities, Qualification and Training and Experience of Nursing Staff 247 • Documentation of Records 248 • Performance Appraisals 256 • Problems 256

16. Pathology • Pathology as a Medical Specialty

259 260

17. Laboratory Investigation Cookbook • Description of the Laboratory and Radiological Investigations (Systemwise) 267 • Selected Diagnosis with Required Investigations 272

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CONTENTS ■ xv • • • •

Normal Values for Laboratory Investigations Urine Investigations 284 Semen Analysis 285 Cerebrospinal Fluid 285

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18. Radiology • X-rays 296 • X-radiation 298 • Photostimulable Phosphors

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19. Radiation Therapy • • • •

313

Mechanism of Action 314 Effect on Different Types of Cancer 316 Types of Radiation Therapy 317 Allied Health Services 326

20. Pharmacology

329

• Drugs 329 • Administration of Drugs 330 • Classifications of Drugs 330

21. Pharmacy • • • •

Pharmacists 333 Pharmacy Informatics 338 Issues in Pharmacy 338 Future of Pharmacy 339

22. Physical Therapy • • • • • • •

340

Specialty Areas 341 Cardiopulmonary 341 Geriatric 342 Neurological 342 Orthopedic Physical Therapy 342 Pediatric Physical Therapy 343 Integumentary Physical Therapist 343

23. Occupational Therapy • • • • • • • • • •

332

Occupation 349 Occupational Form 350 Occupational Performance 350 New Emerging Practice Areas for Therapy 357 Occupational Therapy Approaches 357 Activity Analysis 357 Theoretical Frameworks 359 United States 359 Challenges for Occupational Therapy 361 Occupational Therapy and ICF 361

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Shelving Recommendation PARAMEDICS