'G'

Scheme Semester

VI

THIRD YEAR DIPLOMA COURSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING GROUP

MSBTE

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Dr. D. K. GUPTA V. K. SONARKAR S. B. NIMBALKAR

TM

Text Book Of

SOLID WASTE M A N A G EM EN T For Semester - VI Third Year Diploma Courses in Civil Engineering (Elective)

As Per MSBTE's 'G' Scheme Syllabus Dr. D. K. Gupta Ph.D., PE, MASCE Government Polytechnic MUMBAI

V. K. Sonarkar B.E. (Civil), M.E. (Envi. Engg.) V.B.V. Polytechnic, Vasai Road (W), Dist. Palghar.

S. B. Nimbalkar B.E. (Civil), M.E. (Envi. Engg.) Ex. Lecturer, Government Polytecyhnic, MUMBAI.

N3256

Solid Waste Management Third Edition ©

: :

ISBN 978-93-5164-303-6

January 2017 Authors

The text of this publication, or any part thereof, should not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or stored in any computer storage system or device for distribution including photocopy, recording, taping or information retrieval system or reproduced on any disc, tape, perforated media or other information storage device etc., without the written permission of Authors with whom the rights are reserved. Breach of this condition is liable for legal action. Every effort has been made to avoid errors or omissions in this publication. In spite of this, errors may have crept in. Any mistake, error or discrepancy so noted and shall be brought to our notice shall be taken care of in the next edition. It is notified that neither the publisher nor the authors or seller shall be responsible for any damage or loss of action to any one, of any kind, in any manner, therefrom.

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Note: Every possible effort has been made to avoid errors or omissions in this book. In spite this, errors may have crept in. Any type of error or mistake so noted, and shall be brought to our notice, shall be taken care of in the next edition. It is notified that neither the publisher, nor the author or book seller shall be responsible for any damage or loss of action to any one of any kind, in any manner, therefrom. The reader must cross check all the facts and contents with original Government notification or publications. [email protected] | www.pragationline.com Also find us on www.facebook.com/niralibooks

Acknowledgement … I am grateful to Nirali Prakashan for providing me the opportunity to write a book on Solid Waste Management for diploma students. I must place on record my sincere appreciation and thanks to the scientific and technical institutions and various Ministries of the Government of India for using their web pages for the book. I am also grateful to my PhD Thesis Supervisor Louis F Cohn, PhD, PE, FASCE; Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA for providing me the inspiration to write books on Environmental Engineering stream to help society. My acknowledgements wouldn’t be complete without appreciating the immense encouragement that was provided to me during this project by respected Shri Dayanand Meshram, Joint Director, DTE, Mumbai and Dr. Hemant Taskar, Principal, Government Polytechnic, Mumbai. I thank them from the bottom of my heart for this encouragement. I am deeply indebted to my wife Mrs. Sanjeeta Koul Gupta for her patience and support while I was busy with my work. Also thankful to my Son, Master Prinesh Bansal for his affection when I was writing the book. Last but not the least, I am thankful to Mr. Dineshbhai Furia, Mr. Jignesh Furia, Mr. Shashikant Patel, Mr. Paras, Mrs. Manasi Pingle, Mr. Malik Shaikh, Mrs. Anjali Muley and the staff of Nirali Prakashan for helping me to come out successful with this project in limited time.

Place: Mumbai th

15 November, 2014

Dr. Dinesh Kumar Gupta, BE (NIT), MTech (IIT), PhD (USA), PE (Kentucky), MASCE, Program Evaluator (PEV), ABET, Environmental Consultant, Lecturer, Government Polytechnic, Mumbai Email: [email protected]

Preface … It gives us immense pleasure to present this book of Solid Waste Management for Third Year, Semester VI, Diploma students in Civil Engineering (Elective), strictly written as per the new MSBTE's 'G' scheme syllabus. This book was motivated by the desire we and others including MSBTE had to further the evolution of the specialized courses in Civil Engineering. This book deals with solid waste which is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined residential, industrial and commercial activities in a given area. It may be categorized according to its origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional); according to its contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc); or according to hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc). Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment and human health and supports economic development and improved quality of life. A number of processes are involved in effectively managing waste for a municipality. These include monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and disposal. The material is presented such that most chapters need not be read in any particular sequence. However, if a formal class is based on the subject, the chapters should be covered in sequential order. We have made every effort to make the subject easy, interesting and meaningful and have avoided unnecessary and excessive material. Constructive criticism and suggestions are more than welcome and shall highly be appreciated. We solicit your views for improvement on the following e-mail address: Dr. Dinesh Gupta - [email protected] V. K. Sonarkar - [email protected]

Authors

Syllabus ... 1. Introduction

(08 Hours, 16 Marks)

•

Definition of Solid Waste

•

•

Meaning of Different Solid Waste - Domestic Waste, Commercial Waste, Industrial Waste, Market Waste, Agricultural Waste, Biomedical Waste, E-waste, Hazardous Waste, Institutional Waste, etc. Sources of Solid Waste

• •

Classification of Solid Waste - Hazardous and Non-hazardous Waste. Physical and Chemical Characteristics.

•

Impact of Solid Waste on Environment.

•

Solid Waste Management Techniques - Solid Waste Management Hierarchy, Waste Prevention and Waste Reduction. Factors affecting on Solid Waste Generation.

•

2. Storage, Collection and Transportation of Municipal Solid Waste (08 Hours, 16 Marks) • • •

Storage of Municipal Waste. Collection methods of Municipal Waste. Tools and Equipments - Litter Bin, Broom, Shovels, Handcarts, Mechanical Road Sweepers, Community Bin like Movable and Stationary Bin.

• •

Transportation of Municipal Waste. Transportation Vehicles with their Capacity and Working - Animal Carts, Auto Vehicles, Tractors or Trailers, Trucks, Dumper, Compactor Vehicles. Transfer Station Meaning, Necessity, Location.

• Organization Pattern of Solid Waste Management. 3. Disposal of Solid Waste (12 Hours, 24 Marks) 3.1 Composting of Waste (08) • Principles of Composting Process • Factors affecting on Composting Process • Methods of Composting (A) Manual Composting - Bangalore Method, Indore Method (B) Mechanical Composting - Dano Process (C) Vermicomposting - Concept 3.2 Land Filling Technique (08) • Factors for Site Selection • Land Filling Methods - Area Method, Trench Method and Ramp Method • Leachate and its Control • Biogas from Landfill • Advantages and Disadvantages of Landfill Method

(08)

3.3 Incineration of Waste •

Introduction of Incineration Process.

•

Types of Incinerators - Multiple Chamber Incinerators and Municipal Incinerators Products of Incineration Process with their Use

• •

Pyrolysis of Waste - Definition, Methods, Advantages and Disadvantages of Incineration Process

4. Special Types of Solid Wastes

(12 Hours, 24 Marks) (06)

4.1 Biomedical Waste • • •

Definition of Biomedical Waste Sources and Generation of Biomedical Waste Classification of Biomedical Waste Management Technologies. (06)

4.2 E-waste • Definition of E-waste •

Varieties of E-waste

• • •

Dangers of E-waste Disposal of E-waste Recycling of E-waste (06)

4.3 Industrial Waste • Variety of Industrial Waste • • •

Collection of Disposal of Industrial Waste Control Measures of Industrial Waste. Recycling of Industrial Waste. (06)

4.4 Biomedical Waste Biomedical Waste Management and Handling as Per Rule 1998. 5. Health Aspect and Public Involvement in Solid Waste Management

(04 Hours, 10 Marks) •

Health Aspect During Handling and Processing

•

Health Problem during Time of Segregation, Reuse, Recovery, Recycling of Solid Waste

•

Public Involvement and participation in Solid Waste Management.

6. Recycling of Solid Waste •

Introduction, Purpose of Recycling

• • •

Benefits of Recycling. Methods of Collecting Recyclables. Solid Waste Recycling in India.

(04 Hours, 10 Marks)

Contents ... 1. Introduction 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

1.5

1.6 1.7 1.8 • • •

1.1 − 1.14

Overview Definition of Solid Waste Meaning of Different Solid Waste Sources of Solid Waste Classification of Solid Waste 1.4.1 Hazardous Waste 1.4.1 (a) Characteristics of Hazardous Waste 1.4.2 Non-hazardous Waste Physical and Chemical Characteristics 1.5.1 Physical Characteristics 1.5.2 Chemical Characteristics 1.5.3 Proximate Analysis of Solid Waste Impact of Solid Waste on Environment Solid Waste Management Techniques 1.7.1 Solid Waste Management Hierarchy Factors Affecting Solid Waste Generation Important Points Practice Questions MSBTE Questions and Answers

1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.14

2. Storage, Collection and Transportation of Municipal Solid Waste 2.1 - 2.40 2.0 2.1

Overview Storage of Municipal Waste 2.1.1 Present Scenario 2.1.2 Storage of Household Waste 2.1.3 Storage of Waste from Shops/Offices/Institutions / Workshops etc. 2.1.4 Storage of Waste from Hotels and Restaurants 2.1.5 Storage of Vegetable/Fruit Markets Waste 2.1.6 Storage of Meat and Fish Markets Waste 2.1.7 Storage of Street Food Vendors Waste 2.1.8 Storage of Marriage Halls/Kalyan Mandaps/Community Halls etc. Waste 2.1.9 Storage of Hospitals / Nursing Homes / Pathological Laboratories / Health Care Centres / Establishments etc. Waste 2.1.10 Storage of Construction and Demolition Wastes 2.1.11 Storage of Garden Waste 2.1.12 Storage of Recyclable Waste 2.1.13 Factors Affecting Generation of Municipal Solid Waste 2.1.14 Measures to be Taken by the Local Bodies Towards Segregation of Recyclable Waste 2.1.15 Provisions of Litterbins on Streets, Public Places etc. 2.1.16 Provisions of Special Containers for Storage of Domestic Hazardous and Toxic Waste 2.1.17 Effective Storage of Solid Waste

2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.10

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

• • •

Collection of Municipal Waste 2.2.1 Present Scenario 2.2.2 Measures to Improve the Collection Services 2.2.3 Arrangements to be Made for the Efficient Collection 2.2.4 Methods of Collection of Waste Tools and Equipment 2.3.1 Litter Bin 2.3.2 Broom 2.3.3 Shovels 2.3.4 Handcarts 2.3.5 Mechanical Road Sweeper 2.3.6 Community Bins (Movable and Stationary) 2.3.7 Centralized Sorting of Solid Waste Transportation of Municipal Waste 2.4.1 The Present Scenario/Problems in Transportation of Waste 2.4.2 Measures to be Taken to Improve the System Transportation Vehicles with their Capacities and Working 2.5.1 Animal Carts 2.5.2 Auto Vehicles 2.5.3 Tractors and Trailers 2.5.4 Trucks 2.5.5 Dumper (Also known as Fore and Aft Tipper) 2.5.6 Compactor Vehicles 2.5.7 Goals/Requirements Applicable to Transportation Vehicles for Solid Waste 2.5.8 Transfer Station Organization Pattern of Solid Waste Management 2.6.1 Decentralization of Administration 2.6.2 Delegation of Powers 2.6.3 Organizational Set-up Important Points Practice Questions MSBTE Questions and Answers

3. Disposal of Solid Waste 3.0 3.1

3.2

Overview Composting of Waste 3.1.1 Principles of Composting 3.1.2 Factors Affecting the Composting Process 3.1.3 Methods of Composting Landfilling Technique 3.2.1 Definition 3.2.2 Suitability of Waste for Landfilling 3.2.3 Essential Components of Landfill 3.2.4 Factors for Site Selection 3.2.5 Land Filling Methods (or Land Filling Sections) 3.2.6 Leachate and Its Control

2.11 2.11 2.11 2.12 2.12 2.18 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.22 2.23 2.23 2.24 2.27 2.27 2.29 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.37 2.38 2.39

3.1 - 3.42 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.15 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.23 3.25

3.3

• • •

3.2.7 Biogas from Landfill 3.2.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Landfill Incineration of Waste 3.3.1 Definition

3.31 3.32 3.32 3.32

3.3.2 Introduction 3.3.3 Types of Incinerators 3.3.4 Use and Byproduct of Incineration Method of Solid Waste 3.3.5 Products of Incineration Process with Their Use 3.3.6 Pyrolysis of Waste 3.3.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Incineration Process Important Points Practice Questions MSBTE Questions and Answers

3.32 3.33 3.36 3.36 3.37 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42

4. Special Types of Solid Wastes 4.1

4.2

4.3

• • •

4.1 - 4.32

Biomedical Waste 4.1.1 Introduction

4.1 4.1

4.1.2 Definition of Biomedical Waste

4.2

4.1.3 Components of Biomedical Waste

4.2

4.1.4 Sources and Generation of Biomedical Waste

4.3

4.1.5 Classification of Biomedical Waste

4.3

4.1.6 Provisions in the Law

4.5

4.1.7 Objectives of Biomedical Waste Management

4.6

4.1.8 Biomedical Waste Management Technologies/Processes

4.6

E-Waste

4.11

4.2.1 Definition

4.11

4.2.2 Composition of E-waste

4.11

4.2.3 E-waste Generation in India

4.12

4.2.4 Varieties of E-waste / Examples of E-waste

4.13

4.2.5 Dangers of E-waste

4.14

4.2.6 Disposal of E-waste

4.16

4.2.7 Recycling of E-waste

4.18

4.2.8 Management of E-waste

4.20

Industrial Solid Waste

4.23

4.3.1 Introduction

4.23

4.3.2 Variety of Industrial Solid Waste

4.24

4.3.3 Collection, Storage, Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Solid Waste

4.26

4.3.4 Control Measures of Industrial Waste

4.27

4.3.5 Recycling of Industrial Waste Important Points Practice Questions MSBTE Questions and Answers

4.30 4.31 4.31 4.32

5. Health Aspect and Public Involvement in Solid Waste Management 5.1 - 5.16 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

5.5

5.6 • • •

Health Aspect during Handling and Processing 5.1.1 Impact of Solid Waste on Human Health and Environment Health Problem during Time of Segregation, Reuse, Recovery, Recycling of Solid Waste 5.2.1 Various Health and Environmental Problems due to Solid Waste Public Involvement and Participation in Solid Waste Management Strategy of Public Participation 5.4.1 Identification of People’s Groups 5.4.2 Identification of the Areas in Solid Waste Management where Public Participation is Essential 5.4.3 Reach the Community 5.4.4 Public Information, Education, Communication Programs (IEC) Measures to be Taken to bring About a Change in Public 5.5.1 Promote "Reduce, Re-use and Re-cycle (R-R-R)" of Waste 5.5.2 Promote Public Participation in SWM Systems Adopted 5.5.3 Provide Information Hot-line 5.5.4 Public Education 5.5.5 Role of Civil Engineer to Promote Four R (4R) Principle of SWM Enforcement Important Points Practice Questions MSBTE Questions and Answers

6. Recycling of Solid Waste 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

6.5 6.6

6.7

• • •

•

5.1 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.10 5.10 5.11 5.14 5.15 5.15 5.16 5.16

6.1 - 6.10

Introduction and Purpose of Recycling 6.1.1 Definitions of Recycling 6.1.2 Purpose of Recycling Benefits of Recycling Steps to Recycling Materials Methods of Collection of Recyclables 6.4.1 Curbside Collection 6.4.2 Drop-off Centers 6.4.3 Buy-back Centers 6.4.4 Deposit Programs Present Status of Recycling Solid Waste in India Solid Waste Recycling in India 6.5.1 Sorting at Source 6.5.2 Centralised Sorting 6.5.3 Sorting Prior to Waste Processing or Landfilling Resource Recovery through Waste Processing 6.7.1 Biological Processes 6.7.2 Thermal Processes 6.7.3 Other Processes Important Points Practice Questions MSBTE Questions and Answers

MSBTE Solved Question Papers ,,,

6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.10

P.1 - P.14

1… Introduction About This Chapter … After reading this chapter students can understand − •

Meaning of Solid Waste

•

Types of Solid Waste

•

Impacts of Solid Waste

•

Characteristics of Solid Waste

•

Waste Management Technique

1.0 OVERVIEW For many years in the recent past, people have been shifting from rural and semi-urban areas to towns and cities. The proportion of population residing in urban India has increased from 10.84% in 1901 to 25.70% in 1991. The number of class I cities has increased from 212 to 300 during 1981 to 1991, while class II cities have increased from 270 to 345 during the same period. The increase in the population in class I cities is quite high as compared to that in class II cities. The uncontrolled growth in cities has created the problems in areas such as water supply, sewerage and municipal solid waste management. •

It is estimated that the total solid waste generated by 300 million people living in urban India is 38 million tonnes per year.

•

About 1,00,000 MT of Municipal Solid Waste is generated daily in the country.

•

Per capita waste generation in major cities ranges from 0.2 kg to 0.6 kg.

•

Generally, the collection efficiency ranges between 70 to 90% in major metro cities whereas in several smaller cities the collection efficiency is below 50%.

•

It is also estimated that the Urban Local Bodies spend about ` 500 to ` 1500 per tonne on solid waste for collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. (1.1)

Solid Waste Management

•

1.2

Introduction

Mumbai generates waste to the tune of approximately 7,025 tonnes per day. The waste consists of:

•

−

5,025 tonnes of mixed waste (bio-degradable and recyclable).

−

2,000 tonnes of debris and silt.

The biodegradable waste (wet waste) is made up of vegetable and fruit remainders, leaves, spoiled food, eggshells, cotton etc. Recyclable waste (dry waste) consists of newspapers, thermocol, plastic, battery cells, wires, iron sheets, glass etc. Debris includes construction waste, renovation waste, demolition waste etc. Silt comprises earth and clay from drains and road corners.

1.1 DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE •

(W-16)

Solid waste is generally defined as 'non-soluble material that is thrown away in a solid or semi-solid form'. This includes garbage, refuse, sludge and other waste domestic materials, as well as waste from industrial, commercial, agricultural and mining operations.

1.2 MEANING OF DIFFERENT SOLID WASTE (a) Domestic waste •

(W-16)

Domestic waste also known as "municipal solid waste", is the waste that is generated as a result of the ordinary day-to-day activities at homes and is: (i)

either taken from the homes by or on behalf of the person who generated the waste; or

(ii) collected by or on behalf of a local government/bodies as part of a waste collection and disposal system. (b) Commercial waste •

Commercial waste can be defined as 'any waste generated as a result of carrying out a business or commercial activity, including associated lawn and garden trimmings (cut grass, leaves etc.) from normal maintenance of the business premises'. Commercial waste also includes rubbish produced by the customers i.e. food wrappers and containers.

(c) Industrial waste •

(W-16)

(S-16)

Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that becomes useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, mills and mines. Also industrial solid waste means solid waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processes and it normally does not include the hazardous waste as it is a separate category of solid waste.

(d) Market waste •

Market waste is that waste which is generated out of marketing activities. It is primarily organic waste, such as leaves, skins and unsold food, discarded at or near food markets.

Solid Waste Management

1.3

(e) Agricultural waste •

Introduction

(W-16)

Agricultural waste, which includes both natural (organic) and non-natural wastes, is a general term used to describe waste produced on a farm by various farming activities. These activities may include dairy farming, horticulture, seed growing, livestock breeding, grazing land, market gardens, nursery plots and woodlands.

(f) Biomedical waste

(S-16)

•

Biomedical waste is that waste which is of medical or medical laboratory origin (e.g., packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits etc.), as well research laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are restricted to be released to environment.

•

Discarded needles are also considered biomedical waste whether they are contaminated or not, due to the possibility of being contaminated with blood and their ability to cause injury when not properly enclosed and disposed off.

(g) E-waste •

E-waste is that waste which consists of discarded electrical or electronic devices. All electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants.

•

Even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.

(h) Hazardous waste •

(W-16)

Hazardous waste is the waste that can have substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. These wastes are either flammable (or ignitable), reactive, corrosive or toxic or a combination of these. For example, dry cleaners, automobile repair shops, hospitals, slaughterers, and photo processing centers may all generate hazardous waste.

•

Some hazardous waste generators are larger companies such as chemical manufacturers, electroplating companies and oil refineries.

(i) Institutional waste •

Waste generated at institutions such as schools, libraries, hospitals, prisons etc. is known as institutional waste. It may include metal and glass pieces, plastic, yard waste, food waste, corrugated containers, paper and card board waste.

(j) Construction and demolition wastes •

Construction and demolition wastes are the waste materials generated by the construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and other structures. It mainly consists of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber, roofing materials, plumbing materials, heating systems and

AS PER REVISED MSBTE’S SYLLABUS 'G' SCHEME Our Complete Series of Text Books For Third Year Diploma Courses in Civil Engineering Group Semester VI • MANAGEMENT (Common For All Branches) P. V. Bhattad • MANAGEMENT (Common For All Branches) Vijay Navale • CONTRACTS AND ACCOUNTS M. N. Gangrade, N. S. Kapse • HIGHWAY ENGINEERING V. K. Sonarkar, S. A. Rasal, M. N. Gangrade, U. S. Patil • DESIGN OF R.C.C. STRUCTURES R. R. Gadpal, D. J. Khamkar, R. B. Narahari • SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Dr. D. K. Gupta, V. K. Sonarkar, S. B. Nimbalkar

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