Text Book Of

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES A ND MANAGEMENT [17611] For Semester - VI Third Year Diploma Courses in Mechanical Engineering (Elective)

As Per MSBTE's 'G' Scheme Syllabus Ganesh B. Mali M.E. (Machine Design), B.E. (Mech.) Lecturer JSPM's Bhivarabai Sawant Polytechnic, Wagholi, Pune

Prakash B. Patil M.E. Heat Power, B.E. (Mech.), D.M.E. Lecturer JSPM's Bhivarabai Sawant Polytechnic, Wagholi, Pune

N3264

Renewable Energy Sources and Management Second Edition ©

: :

ISBN 978-93-5164-307-4

January 2016 Authors

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Dedication …

Dedicated To

My Loving Father Mr. B. R. Mali, Mother and Relatives … Ganesh B. Mali [email protected] Mob. 9423962736

Dedicated To

My Loving Father Mr. B. K. Patil, Mother, Brother and Friend Circle … Prakash B. Patil [email protected] Mob. 9665570668

Preface … Renewable Energy Sources and Management is Social Awareness Oriented subject regarding various environmental energy sources and its impacts on day to day life. The subject ensures us getting essential knowledge of energy saving and proper utilisation of it. It contains lot of crucial information regarding renewable energy sources and how to plan for energy management. It is purely theoretical subject which gives beneficial result in our technical education. We hope, students will accept this book remarkably. Our special appreciation goes to Shri. Dineshbhai Furia, Shri. Jigneshbhai Furia, Mr. Akbar Shaikh, Mrs. Manasi Pingle, Miss Chaitali Takle and Mr. Nitin Thorat of Nirali Prakashan, Pune for publishing this book in a good and presentable manner within very short time. We are also thankful to our HOD, Principal, Vice-Principal, all our colleagues from Mechanical department and friends who have extended their co-operation and suggestions at every juncture. And lastly, We would appreciate suggestions and criticism of views expressed in this book with a view of its improvement.

Authors

Syllabus ... 1. Introduction - Renewable Energy

[Hours 07, Marks 16]

1.1 Need of Renewable Energy [04 Marks] Non renewable Energy sources - Fossil Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Tar sands and Oil shale • Climate Change - Green House Gases, Global Warming • Sustainable growth • Present Energy Scenario: Global and Indian • Pattern of Energy Consumption. • Different types of Energy and its utilization. 1.2 Renewable Energy Sources: Classification and Introduction [08 Marks] • Solar Energy - Direct Uses • Solar Thermal • Solar Photovoltaic • Solar Energy - Indirect Uses • Hydro-Power • Wind Power • Bio-Energy • Wave Power • Non-Solar Renewable Energy • Tidal Energy • Geothermal Energy. 1.3 Energy Storage Management [04 Marks] • Thermal Storage-sensible and latent its comparison • Electrical Storage: Introduction to battery, super capacitor and fuel cell. 2. Solar Energy - Direct Uses [Hours 15, Marks 28] 2.1 Solar Radiation [08 Marks] • Sun and Earth • Solar Spectrum • Sun and Earth Movement • Solar Geometry: Concept 2.2 Solar Thermal Applications and Its working Principles [04 Marks] • Water Heating • Space Heating • Space Cooling and Refrigeration • Power Generator • Distillation 2.3 Construction Details containing capacity, size and materials of: [06 Marks] • Solar Flat Plate Collector • Solar Evacuated Tube Collector • Solar Concentrating Collector • Solar Cooker - Box and Concentrating • Solar Drying

2.4 Solar Photovoltaic Conversions: Principle of working of Solar cell [10 Marks] • Construction Details containing capacity, size and materials of Solar Photovoltaic System Applications - Solar Lantern, Solar Home System, SPV Street Light, SPV Traffic Signal, Info-display, SPV Power Pack, Stand alone SPV Power Plant, Solar Generators, Building Integrated PV Systems, SPV Pumping Systems (No derivations and numericals) 3. Solar Energy - Indirect Uses - I [Hours 08, Marks 20] 3.1 Hydro-Power [12 Marks] • Site Selection • Different Components of Small Hydroelectric Projects • Types of Turbine – Francis, Propeller • Classification of Small Hydro-electric Plants: Ultra low head, Low head, Medium/high head, Micro hydro, Mini hydro, Small hydro 3.2 Wind Power [08 Marks] • Concepts- Wind Energy Conversion, Lift and Drag • Classification and Description • Components of Power Generating Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine • Site Selection Criteria. 4. Solar Energy - Indirect Uses - II [Hours 10, Marks 16] 4.1 Bio-Energy -Photosynthesis and Carbon Cycle Concept. [08 Marks] • Bio energy Sources – Types Such as • Energy Plantation • Agricultural Crops • Wood Residues • Animal Waste • Municipal Solid Waste • Landfill Gas • Commercial and Industrial Waste 4.2 Biomass Conversion Routes- Thermo chemical Route and Biochemical Route [04 Marks] • Combustion •

Gasification

•

Pyrolysis

•

Anaerobic digestion

•

Fermentation

4.3 Bio fuels from Bio-Mass •

Bioethnol

•

BioDiesel

•

Biogas

•

Algae - A new biomass

[04 Marks]

5. Energy Management [Hours 08, Marks 20] 5.1 Definition, Objectives and Need of Energy Audit [06 Marks] • Energy Audit: Types And Methodology • Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology 5.2 Energy Measurement and Instruments [08 Marks] • Lux meters • Pyranometer • Sunshine Recorder • Pyrheliometer • Combustion analyzer • Fuel Efficiency Monitor • Fyrite • Contact thermometer • Infrared Thermometer • Pitot Tube and manometer • Water flow meter • Speed Measurements • Leak Detectors • Hand held meters and Power Analyzer to measure electrical parameters such as kVA, kW, PF, Hertz, kVAr, Amps and Volts. 5.3 Energy Conservation [06 Marks] • Energy Efficiency - Boiler and Furnace Efficiency • Waste Heat Recovery Systems • Energy Loss Prevention - Thermal Insulation

Contents ... Chapter 1: Introduction – Renewable Energy

1.1 − 1.40

Chapter 2: Solar Energy – Direct Uses

2.1 − 2.50

Chapter 3: Solar Energy – Indirect Uses-I

3.1 − 3.34

Chapter 4: Solar Energy – Indirect Uses-II

4.1 − 4.20

Chapter 5: Energy Management

5.1 − 5.42

Chapter

1… Introduction Renewable Energy Contents

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4 1.5

1.6

1.7

Introduction 1.1.1 Overview 1.1.2 Energy Resources 1.1.3 Need of Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy Resources (Conventional Energy Sources) 1.2.1 Fossil Fuels 1.2.1.1 Coal 1.2.1.2 Oil 1.2.1.3 Natural Gas 1.2.1.4 Tar Sand and Oil Shale 1.2.1.5 OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) Environmental or Climate Change 1.3.1 Climate 1.3.2 Green House Effect 1.3.3 Solar Green House 1.3.3.1 Types of Solar Green House 1.3.4 Global Warming 1.3.4.1 Effect of Global Warming on the Earth’s Climate 1.3.4.2 Impacts of Global Warming on the Climate of India 1.3.5 Acid Rain Sustainable Growth Present Energy Scenario: Global and Indian 1.5.1 Indian Energy Scenario 1.5.1.1 Energy Supply Pattern of Energy Consumption and Utilization 1.6.1 Sectorwise Energy Consumption in India 1.6.2 Energy Utilisation Renewable Energy Sources (Non-Conventional Energy Sources) 1.7.1 Necessity of Renewable Energy 1.7.2 Advantages of Renewable Energy Sources [1.1]

Renewable Energy Sources & Management

1.2

Introduction - Renewable Energy

1.7.3 Disadvantages of Renewable Energy Sources 1.7.4 Classification of Renewable Energy Sources 1.7.5 Solar Energy 1.7.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy 1.7.5.2 Methods of Solar Energy Applications 1.7.6 Direct Solar Energy 1.7.6.1 Solar Thermal Applications 1.7.6.2 Photovoltaic Applications 1.7.7 Indirect Solar Energy 1.7.7.1 Hydro-Power 1.7.7.2 Wind Power 1.7.7.3 Bio-energy 1.7.7.4 Wave Power 1.7.8 Non-Solar Renewable Energy 1.7.8.1 Tidal Energy 1.7.8.2 Geothermal Energy 1.8 Energy Storage Management 1.8.1 Solar Energy Storage 1.8.2 Forms of Energy Storage 1.8.2.1 Thermal Storage 1.8.2.2 Electrical Storage • Important Points • Practice Questions • MSBTE Questions & Answers

About the Chapter At the end of chapter, students will be able to:
Understand the need of renewable energy.
Know the effect of use of fossil fuel on climate change and global warming.
Identify various renewable energy sources.

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Overview •

Energy is crucial part in our life. Energy is capacity to do work.

•

Energy is basic need of human beings in modern society.

•

The primary energy resources available have been used since past to convert them into useful forms of energy.

•

The proper use of energy resources requires considerations for technology's social impact with its economical growth as well as quality improvements.

Renewable Energy Sources & Management

1.3

Introduction - Renewable Energy

1.1.2 Energy Resources •

Energy resources are forms of several energy. Energy resources can be classified as per below: 1. Based on Use of Energy: (a) Primary resources: These resources are first raw form of energy which cannot be used directly. These form of energy are extracted, processed and converted into useful form as required by user. Example: Coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running rivers etc. (b) Intermediate resources: These are obtained from primary energy by one or more steps of conversion and are used as vehicle of energy. Example: Electricity and hydrogen. 2. Based on Traditional Use: (a) Conventional: The energy resources which are being traditionally used for many decade are called conventional energy resources. Example: Fossil fuel, nuclear and hydro resources. (c) Non-conventional: Energy resources which are available in large scale as compared to conventional i.e. non-conventional energy sources. Example: Solar, wind, biomass etc. 3. Based on Availability: (a) Non-renewable resources: Resources having limited availability and can not be used again after their consumption are called non-renewable resources. These are also called as finite resources. Example: Fossil fuels, uranium. (b) Renewable resources: Resources which are renewed by nature again and again and the stock of energy is not affected by the rate of their consumption are called renewable. Example: Solar, wind, biomass, ocean, geothermal, hydro etc. 4. Based on Commercial Application: (a) Commercial energy resource: The secondary usable energy forms such as electricity, petrol, design, gas etc. essential for commercial activities are called as commercial energy resources. (b) Non-commercial energy resources: The energy which comes from nature and used directly without any conversion process is called a non-commercial resource. Example: Wood, animal dung, crop residue etc.

Renewable Energy Sources & Management

1.4

Introduction - Renewable Energy

(c) Secondary resources: The form of energy which is finally supplied to a consumer for utilization is known as secondary energy. Example: Electrical energy, thermal energy, chemical energy etc. 5. Based on Origin: Energy resources are mainly identified and well known to every one. (a) Fossil fuel energy (b) Nuclear energy (c) Hydro energy (d) Solar energy (e) Wind energy (f)

Biomass energy

(g) Geothermal energy (h) Tidal energy (i)

Ocean thermal energy

1.1.3 Need of Renewable Energy •

[W-15]

Worldwide fossil fuel reserves are not going to disappear tomorrow, next week, or next year, as periodically forecast by green activists. In India, proven reserves of coal should last more than five hundred years.

•

As the consumption of conventional energy is going to increase, reserves of fossil fuel going to decease.

•

For renewable energy, solar, wind, biomass, tidle, geothermal etc. are infinite amount of resources.

•

They are easily available in environment freely.

•

There is no fear about their complete vanish as compared to fossil fuels.

1.2 NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES) •

The energy resources which were used during 1950 -1975 are called conventional energy resources and are classified as coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear fuel.

•

These resources are accumulated in nature and cannot be easily replenished once exhausted. The coal deposits continuously exist in different parts of the world.

•

The effect of fossil fuel on the environment is unaccountable in the form of various pollutions. The Fig. 1.1 shows the global contribution to various energy sources.

Renewable Energy Sources & Management

1.5

Introduction - Renewable Energy

Natural gas 21.1%

Oil 32.6%

Nuclear 5.7%

Large hydro 5.5% Coal 22.2%

Other renewables 2.3%

Traditional biomass 10.6%

Fig. 1.1: Global contribution of various energy sources

1.2.1 Fossil Fuels The fossil fuels are mostly used conventional energy resources which provides large amount of energy such as coal, oil, natural gas etc. 1.2.1.1

Coal

•

Coal is traditionally looked upon as the most typical fossil fuel.

•

Today coal is primarily used for energy and coke production for producing iron

•

Coal of a lower quality is used in cement and food production as well as in

and steel. several less important industries. •

At present, the most thorough assessment was carried out in 2006, stating that coal resources are suitable for energy production amount to 1.081 trillion tons - thus, their energy value is equivalent to 4.789 billion barrels of oil.

•

Although coal is considered a widely distributed deposit and found in all continents, extraction is economically grounded and concentrated only in four major countries: USA (27%), Russia (17%), China (13%) and India (10%). These countries provide 65% of coal extraction in the world.

•

The coal is classified as peat, lignite, anthracite, rock coal etc.

•

India is large coal reserve country, here it requires maximum coal consumptions due to large population.

•

Reserve to production ratio for coal indicates how much coal energy is required by considering production rate or gross domestic product.

•

The reserve to production rate is defined as, 'it is the predict determination of how much energy is remained in a year after one year consumption per production'.

Renewable Energy Sources & Management

1.2.1.2

1.6

Introduction - Renewable Energy

Oil

•

In nature oil is a liquid that fills in empty spaces, crevices and caverns in rocks, forming deposits in anticlines, folds at plate boundaries and foothills.

•

Oil can also be found in pores or on grains of rocks. Such oil can form oilsaturated sandstone and limestone rocks, or plastic and hard layers of crust, most often called natural asphalt or oil shale.

•

In the earth, liquid oil is usually buried to the depth of 0.3 - 5 km. When deeper, it can be found only as admixture in deposits of natural gas.

•

Oil reserves are proven deposits, suitable for economically profitable extraction.

•

Oil measures 37% of India’s total energy consumption.

•

India’s oil consumption is 140 million tonnes at the end of year 2007.

•

The global proven oil reserve was estimated to be 1147 billion barrels by the end of 2003 (One barrel of oil is approximately 160 litres). Saudi Arabia had the largest share of the reserve with almost 23%.

•

Fig. 1.2 shows total oil reserves in world oil reserves. Oil sands (Bitumen) 30%

Conventional oil 30% Heavy oil 15%

Extra heavy oil 25%

Fig. 1.2: Total world oil reserves

1%

Heating

Other sectors

5% Energy production

15%

17%

Chemical industry

62% Production of benzine (gas, petrol, gasoline) and lubricants

Fig. 1.3: Use of oil in various sectors

Renewable Energy Sources & Management

1.2.1.3

1.7

Introduction - Renewable Energy

Natural Gas

•

Natural gas measures about 8.8% of total energy consumption in the country.

•

At present deposits at the depth of 100 metres to 9.15 kilometres have been explored and are used or are being prepared for use.

•

Their area varies from several tons of hectares to hundreds of square kilometres.

•

The estimate of exploitable gas deposits is 6112.144 trillion cubic feet.

•

The global proven gas reserve was estimated to be 176 trillion cubic metres by the end of year 2003. The Russian Federation had the largest share of the reserve with almost 27%.

5% 3%

Chemical processing Service sector

14%

Loses at transportation and storage

32%

Industry

24% 22% Production of electricity

Households

Fig. 1.4: Natural gas energy consumptions in India

1.2.1.4 •

Tar Sand and Oil Shale

Tar sands are grains of sand or, in some cases, porous carbonate rocks that are intimately mixed with a very heavy, asphalt-like crude oil called bitumen.

•

The bitumen is too viscous to be recovered by traditional petroleum recovery techniques. Tar sands contain about 10-15% bitumen, the remainder being sand or other inorganic materials.

•

The estimated world-wide resources of tar sands are about three times the known petroleum reserves. The world's largest deposit of tar sands is near Athabasca, in Alberta, Canada.

•

Tar sand is heated to about 80°C, by injecting steam into the deposit in a manner analogous to that of enhanced oil recovery.

•

Heating the bitumen above 500°C converts about 70% of it to a synthetic crude oil.

•

Oil shale is an inorganic, non-porous rock that contains some organic material in the form of kerosene. In some respects, oil shale is similar to the source rock that produced petroleum.

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