ICSE

LAB MANUAL

BIOLOGY

Comprehensive

LAB MANUAL BIOLOGY FOR CLASS IX

(For ICSE Board)

By Bindu Sharma

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CONTENTS •• Experiment 1:

Demonstration of live cells in the Epidermal Region of Onion peel.��������������������������������1–3

•• Experiment 2:

Study of a cross pollinated flower........................................................................................4–6

•• Experiment 3:

Germinating Seeds Study..................................................................................................7–10

•• Experiment 4:

To examine human cheek cells under the microscope...................................................11–12

•• Experiment 5:

To identify the presence of sugar, starch, protein and fat in the given food samples.....................................................................................................................13–15

•• Experiment 6:

Identification of Animal Specimens................................................................................16–23

•• Experiment 7:

To study the types of movable joints...............................................................................24–27

•• Experiment 8:

Study of structure through specimens models...............................................................28–30

•• Experiment 9:

To study the mechanism of breathing.............................................................................31–33

•• Experiment 10: To make an investigatory report after visiting establishments motor repairing workshops, kilns, pottery making units, fish and vegetable markets, restaurants, dyeing units......................................................................................................................34–35 •• Experiment 11: To study about the waste managing and their treatment techniques by visiting water treatment plants....................................................................................................36–37

(iii)

Preface Dear students, In this age of nail-biting competition, it really helps to be well equipped in subject knowledge in order to break the ice in the competitive area. So, while the market is flooded with numerable repetitions of book which mars your intellectuality and competency. We have endeavoured to reach out to your widen examination needs in this edition. Keeping in mind the broader comprehensive needs of subject knowledge we have put in our best efforts in this book. Science is learnt best by doing. We can understand the principles of science by doing experiments. Therefore, the practical work in laboratory is an essential part of the student’s life. Special features of this practical book are :  It is strictly in accordance with the latest syllabus by ICSE.  Subject matter is presented in simple and lucid manner.  Properly labelled diagrams are provided in experiment.  Sufficient theory is provided at the beginning of each experiment.  Tables are given for direct recording the observations.  Precautions are given for each and every experiment.  The procedure required for each experiment is written in an orderly.  Viva-Voce questions with answers are given for each experiment. We sincerely hope that the present book will prove to be more useful for the students in their practical class. Although we have taken care and laid down all efforts to remove any discrepancy which might have crept in, yet criticism or suggestions are always solicited from your end. Thanking you in anticipation for your co-operation. —Author

(v)

SYLLABUS INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF PRACTICAL WORK The practical work will be designed to test the ability of the candidates to make accurate observations from specimens of plants and animals. For this, candidates should be familiar with the use of a hand lens of not less than × 6 magnification. They should be trained to make both simple and accurate drawings and brief notes as a means of recording their observations. The practical examiners will assume that candidates would have carried out the practical work outlined below. NOTE: Candidates are expected to have a basic idea of plant morphology.

PLANT LIFE (i) The examination of an onion peel under the microscope to study various parts of the cell. Students should be given an idea of removal of onion peel, staining, mounting the specimen and handling the microscope. They should observe the structures and draw labelled diagrams. (ii) A cross-pollinated flower to be examined and identified and the parts to be studied and labelled e.g. Hibiscus. Specimens should be provided to the students from which they should be asked to draw diagrams showing the various parts. The flower to be discussed in order of the four whorls with diagrams of the complete flower, reproductive parts and T.S of ovary to show the arrangement of ovules. Students should draw directly from the specimen provided so that they have a clear idea of the whorls and their location. (iii) Specimens of germinating seeds with plumule and radicle (the bean seed and maize grain) for examination, identification, drawing and labelling the parts. Seeds soaked in water should be provided. The students themselves should see the external and internal structure so that they can identify the various parts and draw and label them. ANIMAL LIFE (i) The examination of a human cheek cell under the microscope to study various parts of the cell. Students should be given an idea of staining, mounting the specimen and handling the microscope. They should observe the structures and draw labelled diagrams. (ii) Identification of sugar, starch, protein and fat. Students should perform different tests for identification and write down their observations and inference in tabular form. (iii) Examination and identification of specimens belonging to the following groups of animals: Porifera, Coelenterata, Annelida, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, , Mollusca Echinodermata. The specimens or models of the given groups of animals should be shown to the students and reasons for their identification in that particular group should be given. Diagrams should be drawn as observed in the specimens and not from the books. Only those structures that are observed should be drawn and labelled. (vii)

( viii

)

(iv) Study of different types of movable joints in human beings. (v) Identification of the structure of the following organs through specimens/models and charts:, Lung.and skin. (vi) Experiments to show the mechanism of breathing. Bell jar experiment should be discussed. Comparison should be made with the human lungs and respiratory tract to show the mechanism of breathing. (vii) Visit a few establishments in the locality such as motor repair workshops, kilns, pottery making units, fish and vegetable markets, restaurants, dyeing units. Find out the types of wastes and methods prevalent for their disposal. On the basis of the information collected prepare a report, suggest measures to improve the environmental conditions. (viii) Visit a water treatment plant, sewage treatment plant or garbage dumping or vermi composting sites in the locality and study their working.

INDEX S. No.

EXPERIMENT

DATE OF WORK

SIGN.

Practical/Experiment No. ................................. Experiment :

Date ..............................

EXPERIMENT 1 AIM Demonstration of live cells in the Epidermal Region of Onion peel.



MATERIALS REQUIRED

Compound microscope, onion bulb, slide and cover slip, needles, foreceps, sharp razor blade, pipette or dropper, iodine solution or methylene blue solution (for staining).

THEORY Cell is the structural and functional unit of all living objects. All living cells essentially consist of two major parts : 1. Cytoplasm and 2. Nucleus found embedded in the cytoplasm. 1. Cytoplasm It is a viscous, homogeneous liquid substance of a cell. It is present between the nucleus and cell membrane. 1. Cell membrane (in animal cell). It permits selective permeability to substances in the cells. Exchange of gases, exit of wastes, entry of water and dissolved substances into the cell takes place through cell membrane. 2. Cell wall (in plant cells). The outer membrane of plant cells located outside the plasma membrane is called cell wall. 3. Endoplasmic reticulum. It is a membranous network, enclosing a fluid filled lumen. 4. Vacuoles. These are bubble-like spaces enclosed by a delicate vacuolar membrane found in the cytoplasm. They contain cell sap. 5. Golgi body. It is a cytoplasmic cell organelle in the form of vacuoles and membranes. It is present in eukaryotic cells. 6. Ribosomes. Ribosomes are usually attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. In some cells ribosomes may also be present freely within the ground substance. 7. Mitochondria. It is an important organelle present in the cell. A cell contains many mitochondria. These organelles are associated with cellular respiration and are the sources of energy, so called powerhouse of the cell. 8. Centrosome. A small differentiated part of cytoplasm near the nucleus containing a pair of centrioles, it starts cell division. 2. Nucleus The nucleus is the central structure of the cell and is the controller of all the metabolic activities of the cell. The nucleus has the following structures: 1. Nuclear membrane. It is the outer covering of the nucleus. It separates the nucleoplasm of nucleus with cytoplasm. 2. Nucleoplasm. The matrix of the nucleus is called nucleoplasm. It is transparent and semi-solid. 3. Chromatin. This is a thread-like coiled structure. 1

2

LAB MANUAL BIOLOGY IX

PROCEDURE

1. 2. 3. 4.

Take a piece of onion and remove one fresh scale from it. Hold the freed epidermis with a foreceps and peel it from the other bit. Keep this peel in watch glass having some water to avoid dehydration. Put 1 – 2 drops of iodine solution or methylene blue stain in petri dish having peel and allow it for 2 – 3 minutes. 5. After washing this peel with water transfer this membranes by using brush in the centre of a clean slide containing a drop of glycerine in the middle. 6. Cover it with a coverslip. Soak the overflowing fluid from the corners of the coverslip with the help of the blotting paper and clean the slide. 7. Observe the slide under the microscope.

DIAGRAM

(i) Piece of onion bulb

(i) Drop of Glycerine

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cell wall Cytoplasm

(ii) Snap the scale backwards

(ii) Cover it with a coverslip

(iii) Pull the transparent peel

(iii) Soak the overflowing fluid and observe

Fig. 1.1. Taking out of peel from onion bulb and mounting procedure.

Fig. 1.2. Structure of an onion peel.

OBSERVATIONS You can observe under microscope that; there are large number of cells lying inside with distinct cell walls. Vacuoles are present in the cell cytoplasm and a distinct nucleus is seen in each cell.

PRECAUTIONS 1. A properly stained peel should be selected for mounting. 2. Do not select the folded peel piece. 3. Always keep the coverslip gently to avoid air bubble. 4. Remove extra water or glycerine coming out of the coverslip with the help of blotting paper. 5. Mounting of specimen (onion peel) should be done in the middle of the slide.

3

EXPERIMENTS

VIVA-VOCE 1. Name the functional and structural unit of life. Ans. Cell 2. Name the central structure of the cell and the controller of all the metabolic activities. Ans. Nucleus 3. Do animal cells contain cell wall? Ans. No 4. Do plant cells contain cell membrane? Ans. Yes 5. Which stain is used to stain nucleus? Ans. Methylene Blue. 6. Why only onion peel is taken? Ans. Because there is a rapid division occurring in the onion peel. 7. What is Nucleoplasm? Ans. The matrix of a nucleus is called Nucleoplasm.

EXPERIMENT 2 AIM Study of a cross pollinated flower.



MATERIALS REQUIRED

A fresh, fully mature and bright coloured flower of China rose (Hibiscus).

THEORY Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of the flower of one plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same kind. Characteristics: 1. Large flowers. 2. Emit scent for interacting/attracting insect. 3. Pollen grains are sticky or spiny to enable them to transfer. 4. Stigma is sticky and does not generally hang out from flower. 5. Bright coloured to attract insects. 6. Produce nectar to provide food for insects. Example of cross pollinated flower is Sunflower

PROCEDURE 1. Place the flower in such a way that all four whorls are visible. 2. Now start removing the first or outermost whorl or sepals and count them. 3. The second whorl is petal, remove these also and count them separately. 4. Now, gently remove the ovary (Carpels), which is third whorl with the help of a fine needle or a foreceps, and place it on a clean glass slide. If the ovary is large enough, slice it at the middle with the help of a sharp blade. Observe under the dissecting microscope. 5. Now, remove one anther/ stamen, which is the fourth whorl. Put it on a glass slide. Open it with the help of two sharp needles. Do you find minute rounded particles contained in the anther? These are the pollen grains. 6. Examine the pollen grains under the dissecting microscope or the lower power of the compound microscope. Observe the shape and pattern of surface of them.

4

5

EXPERIMENTS

DIAGRAM

Stigma

Anther Filament

Style C

Petal Ovules Sepal

Ovary

Thalamus A

B

Fig. 2.1. China rose (Hibiscus). A—A complete flower

Fig. 2.2. B—A sectional view of a flower

B—Staminal tube and carpels. C—T.S. Ovary

OBSERVATIONS Are the flowers arising at the tip of branches/stem (Terminal), or from the angle between the leaf and the stem (axillary)? Is the flower borne on a stalk (pedicellate) or without it (Sessile) ? 1. Sepals (first or outermost whorl) – Colour – Total number – Free or united 2. Petals (second whorl) – Colour – Any particular pattern or design on them – Total number – Free or united 3. Stamens (third whorl) – Total number – Free or united in any manner – Special arrangement, if any – Shapes of anthers, bilobed or any other shape – Colour of anthers 4. Carpels (fourth or innermost whorl) – Total number (most often a single unit) – Shape of stigma, simple undivided or branched (if branched give the number of branches) – Base of the style enlarged to form ovary.

RESULT China Rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) also called the shoe flower. – Flowers occur as single. Each flower (A) is large, showy, red in colour, complete and bisexual. The stalk (peduncle) is long.

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