CHEMISTRY

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st

1 EDITION

IS B N SYLLABUS COVERED

YEAR 2021-22 ͞ϵϳϴͳϵϯͳϱϰϲϯͳϲϳϯͳϴ͟

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION DELHI

PUBLISHED BY

C O P YR IG H T

RESERVED BY THE PUBLISHERS All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without written permission from the publishers. The author and publisher will gladly receive information enabling them to rectify any error or omission in subsequent editions.

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D I S C L A IM ER Oswaal Books has exercised due care and caution in collecting all the data before publishing this book. In spite of this, if any omission, inaccuracy or printing error occurs with regard to the data contained in this book, Oswaal Books will not be held responsible or liable. Oswaal Books will be grateful if you could point out any such error or offer your suggestions which will be of great help for other readers. Printed at Maqsood ( 2 ) Printers, Agra

TABLE OF CONTENTS J

Latest CBSE Circular & Syllabus released on 22, July 2021 for Academic Year 2021-22 (CBSE Cir. No. Acad 53/2021)

1.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

2.

6 - 12 1

– 11

Structure of Atom

12

– 24

3.

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

25

– 36

4.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

37

– 55

5.

Redox Reactions

56

– 65

6.

Hydrogen

66

– 74

7.

Organic Chemistry—Some Basic Principles and Techniques

75

– 87 ‰‰

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PREPARING FOR THE CHANGE

"Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything." – George Bernard Shaw. A lot has changed in the last couple of years. We have had to accept new ways of not just learning but also of living. To ensure that progress doesn't stop, online classes and remote learning gained prominence. These were unprecedented changes for most schools, yet we adapted to them pretty quickly. The main reason for it was that we want to move ahead; we don't want to be tied down by limitations and problems. Finding newer and better ways is vital for human progress.

The Special Scheme of Assessment recently introduced by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is a fresh approach to ensure that the growth of students doesn't stop, even in the testing FLUFXPVWDQFHV ,W KDV DPSOH ÁH[LELOLW\ DQG YDULRXV DVVHVVPHQW criteria to make up for a just evaluation system. Unlike previous \HDUVWKHDFDGHPLF\HDUZLOOEHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRWHUPV7KHÀUVW term will have only Multiple-Choice Questions of three types; Casebased, Assertion-Reason Types & Stand-alone MCQs. Unlike the traditional 3-hour paper, this will be a 90-minute test based on the 50% of the rationalized syllabus. The Second Term will be of 2-hour duration & have questions of different formats like Case-based/ Situation based, Open-ended, Short answer/Long answer type. 7KLV LV DQ H[FHOOHQW H[DPSOH RI SRVLWLYLW\ HQVXULQJ WKDW VWXGHQWV GRQ WJHWVWUHVVHGDQGIRFXVRQOHDUQLQJVSHFLÀFDUHDVLQVWHDGRI cramming loads of information. This scheme will also boost the attempts of our education system to move from 'quantity' to 'quality.' Also, with this scheme, students will be well prepared for Multiple Choice Questions, which are the most widely applicable & helpful type of test items like in NEET, JEE, CAT, CLAT, etc. These MCQ-type questions in the test will help the educators, parents & the students measure the most critical learning outcomes like knowledge, judgment, understanding of concepts & problem-solving.

How to prepare for the MCQs introduced in the Special Assessment Scheme? Oswaal CBSE MCQs Chapter-wise Question Banks (For Term I & II) are based on the "Special th Assessment Scheme" introduced by the board on 5 July 2021 and also on the rationalised Termwise syllabus released on 22nd July 2021. These Question Banks include: Multiple Choice Questions based on the latest Typologies introduced by the board like: 1. Stand- Alone MCQs, 2. MCQs based on Assertion-Reason 3. Case-based MCQs z Competency based Questions-Understanding, Knowledge, Application, Evaluation and Creation. z $QVZHUVZLWK([SODQDWLRQV Oswaal CBSE MCQs Chapter-wise Question Banks (For Term I & II) are specially curated by the Oswaal Editorial Board to help the student master the Multiple-Choice Questions. z

Wish you all Happy Learning and a Successful 2021-22!!

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CBSE CIRCULAR 2021-22 dsUÊh; ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

NO.: F.1001/CBSE-Acad/Curriculum/2021

Date: July 22, 2021 Circular No: Acad- 53/2021

All the Heads of Schools affiliated to CBSE Subject: Term wise syllabus for Board Examinations to be held in the academic session 2021-22 for Secondary and Senior Secondary classes and guide-lines for the conduct of the Internal Assessment/Practicum/Project.

This is in continuation to Board’s circular number Acad 51/2021 dated July 05, 2021 regarding Special Scheme of Assessment for Board Examination for Classes X and XII for the Session 2021- 22. The syllabus for the two terms mentioned in the scheme in all subjects for classes IX to XII are hereby notified vides this circular. In addition to syllabus for term end board examinations, guidelines for the conduct of Internal Assessment/Practicum/Project are also enclosed. Schools are requested to share the term wise syllabus and guidelines for the conduct of board examinations and Internal Assessment / Practicum / Project available on CBSE Academic Website http://www.cbseacademic.nic.in at the link http://cbseacademic.nic.in/Term-wise-curriculum_2022.html with all their teachers and students.

(Dr. Joseph Emmanuel) Director (Academics)

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CBSE CIRCULAR 2021-22 dsUÊh; ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

NO.: F.1001/CBSE-Acad/Curriculum/2021

Date: July 22, 2021 Circular No: Acad- 53/2021

All the Heads of Schools affiliated to CBSE Subject:

Term wise syllabus for Board Examinations to be held in the academic session 2021-22 for Secondary and Senior Secondary classes and guidelines for the conduct of the Internal Assessment/Practicum/Project.

This is in continuation to Board’s circular number Acad 51/2021 dated July 05, 2021 regarding Special Scheme of Assessment for Board Examination for Classes X and XII for the Session 2021- 22. The syllabus for the two terms mentioned in the scheme in all subjects for classes IX to XII are hereby notified vides this circular. In addition to syllabus for term end board examinations, guidelines for the conduct of Internal Assessment/Practicum/Project are also enclosed. Schools are requested to share the term wise syllabus and guidelines for the conduct of board examinations and Internal Assessment / Practicum / Project available on CBSE Academic Website http://www.cbseacademic.nic.in at the link http://cbseacademic.nic.in/Term-wise-curriculum_2022.html with all their teachers and students.

(Dr. Joseph Emmanuel) Director (Academics)

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SYLLABUS Latest Syllabus for Academic Year (2021-22) CHEMISTRY (Code No. 043) SYLLABUS FOR SESSION CLASS–XI Term-I S. No.

Unit

Periods

Marks

1.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

10

2.

Structure of Atom

12

3.

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

6

4

4.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

14

6

5.

Redox Reactions

4

6.

Hydrogen

4

7.

Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and Techniques

10

9

Total

60

35

11

5

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry: General Introduction: Importance and scope of Chemistry. Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry. Structure of Atom: Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties: Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100. Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure: Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization, involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules(qualitative idea only), Hydrogen bond. Redox Reactions: Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number. Hydrogen: Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, hydrides-ionic covalent and

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SYLLABUS interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen as a fuel. Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and Techniques: General introduction, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

PRACTICALS Term I: A 15-mark Practical would be conducted under the supervision of subject teacher. This would contribute to the overall practical marks for the subject. OR In case the situation of lockdown continues until Nov-Dec 2021, a Practical Based Assessment (pen paper) of 15 marks would be conducted at the end of Term I.

Term-I Evaluation Scheme S. No.

Practical

Marks

1.

Volumetric Analysis

8

2.

Content Based experiment

2

3.

Class record and viva(Internal Examiner)

5 Total

15

Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments, wherever possible such techniques should be used. A. Basic Laboratory Techniques 1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod 2. Bending a glass tube 3. Drawing out a glass jet 4. Boring a cork B. Characterization of Chemical Substances (2 Marks) 1. Determination of melting point of an organic compound. 2. Determination of boiling point of an organic compound. C. Quantitative Estimation (8 marks) (i) Using a mechanical balance/electronic balance. (ii) Preparation of standard solution of Oxalic acid. (iii) Determination of strength of a given solution of Sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard solution of Oxalic acid. (iv) Preparation of standard solution of Sodium carbonate.

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...contd. syllabus SYLLABUS (v) Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against standard Sodium Carbonate solution.

Term-II S. No.

Unit

Periods

Marks

1.

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

9

2.

Chemical Thermodynamics

14

3.

Equilibrium

12

4.

s-Block Elements

5

5.

Some p-Block Elements

9

6.

Hydrocarbons

10

9

Total

59

35

15

11

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids: Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas equation and deviation from ideal behaviour. Chemical Thermodynamics: Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics -internal energy and enthalpy, measurement of ? U and ? H, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of Thermodynamics (brief introduction) Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb's energy change for spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes. Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction). Equilibrium: Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chatelier's principle, ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of poly basic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, buffer solution, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples). s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals): Group 1 and Group 2 Elements - General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens, uses. Some p-Block Elements: General Introduction to p -Block Elements Group 13 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron - physical and chemical properties.

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SYLLABUS Group 14 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first elements. Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbons: Classification of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions. Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water. Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene: resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene. Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

PRACTICALS Term II: At the end of Term II, a 15-mark Practical would be conducted under the supervision of subject teacher. This would contribute to the overall practical marks for the subject. OR In case the situation of lockdown continues beyond December 2021, a Practical Based Assessment (penpaper) of 10 marks and Viva 5 marks would be conducted at the end of Term II by the subject teacher. This would contribute to the overall practical marks for the subject.

Term-II Evaluation Scheme S. No.

Practical

Marks

1.

Salt Analysis

8

2.

Content Based Experiment

2

3.

Project Work and Viva(Internal)

5 Total

15

A. Qualitative Analysis(Marks 8) a. Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + Cations– Pb +, Cu +, As +, Al +, Fe +, Mn +, Ni +, Zn +, Co +, Ca +, Sr +, Ba +, Mg +, NH4 –

–

–

–

–

–

Anions– (CO3)2 , S2 , NO2– , SO32 , SO42 , NO3–, Cl– , Br–, I– , PO43 , C2O42 , CH3COO– (Note: Insoluble salts excluded)

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SYLLABUS b. Detection of -Nitrogen, Sulphur, Chlorine in organic compounds. B. Crystallization of impure sample of any one of the following: Alum, Copper Sulphate, Benzoic Acid. (Marks 2) PROJECTS scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources. Guidelines on Syllabus for Visually Handicapped students. Schools are expected to rationalise and divide the syllabus of practicums for visually handicapped students into two halves on the basis of collective guidelines given for the same in the complete syllabus and as per the convenience of their students. This flexibility is given in view of the special condition of visually handicapped students .They will, however, be assessed on 15 marks in practical examination in both the terms as rest of their peers. ‰‰

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MNEMONICS 4.

Chapter - 1 Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry 1.

VIBGYOR

Metric System

Visible (a) Violet (b) Indigo (c) Blue (d) Green (e) Yellow (f) Orange (g) Red

The Great Morning King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink chocolate Milk Mixed with Natural Powder The o Tera (×1012) Great o Giga (×109) Morning o Mega (×106) King o Kilo (×103) Henry o Hecto (×102) Doesn't o Deca (×10) Usually o Unit (×1) Drink o Deci (×10–1) Chocolate o Centi (×10–2) Milk o Milli (×10–3) Mixed with o Micro (×10–6) Natural o Nano (×10–9) Powder o Pico (×10–12)

5.

Energy = Planck's constant × Frequency [E = hr] 6.

Lyman (n1=1) Balmer (n1=2) Paschen (n1=3) Brackett (n1=4) Pfund (n1=5)

Atomic No & Mass No 7.

Bohr Model of an atom

Electronic video Recording (EVR)

Atomic No. = No. of Protons = No. of Electrons Mass No. = Atomic No. + No. of neutrons

Energy (E) v

Z2 n2

Velocity

v

z n

Radius

v

n2 z2

Isotopes, Isobars & Isotones

Bring Top Talented MAN (BTT MAN) Atoms having same Isobars oMass Number Isotopes oAtomic Number Isotones oNeutrons 3.

H-atom spectral lines

Myan Mer Pasta Bread Fund

APEMAN

2.

Planck's Quantum theory

Employee's Provident Fund (EPF)

Chapter - 2 Structure of Atom 1.

Visible Region of EMR

8.

Quantum Numbers

SPAM

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Roman Men Invented Very Unusual X-ray Gun

S oSpin Quantum no. (mS)

Roman oRadiowaves Men oMicrowaves Invented oIR waves Very oVisible rays Unusual oUV waves X-ray oX-rays

A oAzimuthal Quantum no. (l)

P oPrincipal Quantum no. (n) M oMagnetic Quantum no. (m2) 9.

Sequence of orbitals

Sober Physicists Don't Find Giraffes Hiding In Kitchen s,p,d,f,g,h,i,k

Gun oJ -rays (Gamma rays)

( 13 )

9.

Chapter - 3 &ODVVLÀFDWLRQRI(OHPHQWVDQG 3HULRGLFLW\LQ3URSHUWLHV 1.

He Qever $rrived; Karan exited with Rohan Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Ex), Radon (Rn)

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Happy Harry Listen BBC 1etwork Over French 1etwork. 1ative Magpies $lways Sit Peacefully Searching Clear $reas

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Scary 7iny 9icious Creatures are Mean Iemales Fome to 1ight Club Zen

H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar 2.

Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn,

*URXS,(OHPHQWV

Little 1asty Kids Rub Cats Fur

11. G6HULHV

Yes S(z)sir 1ob. Most 7echnicians Rub Rod's Pale Silver Cadillac

Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb) Caesium (Cs), Francium (Fr) 3.

*URXS,,(OHPHQWV

Y, Zr, Nb>Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd 12. G6HULHV

Beer Mugs Can Snap Bar's Reputation

Late Harry 7ook Walk, Reached OIÀFH,n Pajamas $fter an Hour

Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra) 4.

*URXS,,,(OHPHQWV

La......., Hf, Ta, W, Re, OS, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg 13. /DQWKDQLGHV

Ladies Can't Put 1eedles Properly in Slot-Pachnies. (very Girl 7ries Daily However, (very 7ime You'd be lose

%$*,7 Boron (B), Aluminium (Al), Gallium (Ga), Indium (In), Thallium (Tl) 5.

La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu

*URXS,9%(OHPHQWV

Can Simple Germans Surprise Public

Chapter - 4 &KHPLFDO%RQGLQJ 0ROHFXODU 6WUXFWXUH

Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb) 6.

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1.

[Formal Charge (F.C) = Valence e– in free state (V.E) – Lone pair (l.p) –1/2 × Shared e– (S.E)]

Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Bismuth (Bi)



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7.

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2.

+²ERQGLQJ

Old Sahranpur Seems 7erribly Polluted

H-bonding is )21)XQ !

Oxygen (O), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), Polonium (Po)

Fluorine, Oxygen, Nitrogen 3.

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Have 1o Fear of ,ce Cold Beer

First Class Biryani ,n $ustralia

H2, N2, F2, O2, I2, Cl2, Br2

Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (Al)

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4.

5.

6.

2.

Chemical Bond Strength

H–Bonding

I can't Handle Dirty Vans

iso FON ! (Say Fun)

Ionic > Covalent > H–bonds > Dipole > Vanderwaal

Fluorine, Oxygen, Nitrogen 3.

Bond Polarity

Hardness of Water

SNAP

CM is temporarily hard with Head Clerks (HC) but permanently

Symmetrical oNon Polar Asymmetrical oPolar

Temporary hardness due to Mg(HCO3)2, Ca(HCO3)2 Permanent hardness due to MgCl2, CaCl2, MgSO4, – 2– CaSO4 Hard with civil servants (CS) Cl , SO

Hybridisation

hydrogen Carbonate (HCO3–)

(VMCA)

14. Group 18 Elements Steric No. = 1/2 [V+M–C+A] V oValence e– of central atom M oMonovalent atoms (H/X) C oCationic Charge A oAnionic Charge

He Never Arrived; Karan exited with Rohan Helium (He) Neon (Ne) Argon (Ar) Krypton (Kr) Xenon (Xe)

Chapter - 5 Redox Reactions 1.

Chapter - 7 Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Redox Reaction

Leo Say Ger ! Loss of e– is oxidation Gain of e– is reduction 2.

1.

ASEHA NAKAA Delhi Training Camp

Redox Reaction

Carboxylic Acid > Sulphonic Acid > Ester > Acid Halides > Acid Amides >Nitrile > Aldehyde > Ketone > Alcohol > Amnes = > =

Red Cat Reduction at Cathode 3.

2.

No Preference Functional Group

Redox Reaction

NAHE

An Ox

Nitro, Alkyl / Aryl, Halo, Ethers 3.

Anode for Oxidation

Carbon Chain

Monkey Eat Peeled Bananas

Chapter - 6 Hydrogen

Meth, Eth, Prop, But

Hydrogen 1.

Functional group preference order

4.

Isotopes of Hydrogen

3-D Representation

So towards Do away

Pro-Diabetic Treatment PDT) Solid oTowards observer ( ⎛1 ⎞ ⎜ H⎟ ⎝1 ⎠ ⎛2 ⎞ Deuterium ⎜ H ⎟ ⎝1 ⎠ ⎛3 ⎞ ⎜ H⎟ Tritium ⎝1 ⎠

)

Dashed oAway from observer (IIIII)

Protium

5.

Types of Organic Reaction

EARS (a) Elimination (b) Addition (c) Rearrangement (d) Substitution

( 15 )