Hindi Core (vkjksg] forku)

(1)

1st EDITION

ISBN SYLLABUS COVERED

YEAR 2021-22 "978-93-5463-715-5"

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION DELHI

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fo"k;&lwph  uohure ifji= o ikB~;Øe lfgr cksMZ }kjk ewY;kadu dh fo'ks"k ;kstuk ifji= o ikB~;Øe lfgr (Circular No: Acad-53/2021, July 22, 2021)

6 - 8

dk;kZy;h fgUnh vkSj jpukRed ys[ku 1234-

jpukRed &ys[ku i=&ys[ku (vkSipkfjd) dgkuh@ukVd dh jpuk&izfØ;k lekpkj ys[ku@Qhpj ys[ku@vkys[k ys[ku l Lor% ewY;kadu isij & 1

1 8 19 24 45

-

7 18 23 44 46

ikB~;Øe % dkO; [kaM 1- 'ke'ksj cgknqj fLkag 2- rqylhnkl 3- fIk+Gjkd xksj[kiqjh µ jft+;k lTt+kn tghj

47 - 52 53 - 62 63 - 69

ikB~;Øe % x| [kaM 1- igyoku dh s ped Hkh cgqr T;knk gksrh gSA 'kgjksa esa bekjrksa osG taxy bldh fln~èkkar ugha pkfg,A eq>s rks [kqn bUgsa eglwl djuk gS] mM+uk gS lqanj NVk dks nck nsrs gSaA fiNys o"kZ eSa ekSlh osG xk¡o x;k FkkA ogk¡ cgqr nwj rdA dk'k! dksbZ eq>s ia[k ns ns rkfd eSa bu lc vglklksa eq>s iw.kZeklh osG lkSan;Z dks ns[kus dk ekSdk feykA [kqys vkSj 'kkar dks eglwl dj low¡GA eglwl dj low¡G ftanxh dk lcls [kwclwjr okrkoj.k esa pk¡nuh jkr dk n`'; cM+k euksgkjh FkkA ,slk yx jgk Fkk iyA vxj eSa mM+ ikrh rks eSa iqGj&iqGj mM+dj dHkh ,d isM+ dh ekuks gj pht+ lksus esa ?kqyh gksA Mkyh ij cSBrh vkSj dHkh nwljh ij fpfM+;ksa dh rjg vkSj tc dHkh pk¡nuh jkr dk vkSj vf/kd vkuan ysus osG fy, eSa dqN nksLrksa esjk eu mnkl gksrk rks ,d yach mM+ku ij fudy tkrhA gok osG osG lkFk ?kweus fudy iM+kA okrkoj.k cgqr 'kkar FkkA isM+] edku lkFk cgrh vkSj vkdk'k esa nwj fn[krs pk¡n osG ikl rd tkrhA dksbZ vkSj >ksifM+;k¡ ,d lQsn pk¡nh dh pknj osG lkFk doj fd, izrhr Hkh eq>s jksd ugha ikrkA iaNh gh esjs lcls vPNs fe= gksrs ftuosG gks jgs FksA unh nwj ugha FkhA pk¡nuh jkr esa unh ns[kus dh ykylk fy, lkFk eSa fnuHkj jgrh] vius lq[k&nq[k dgrh vkSj muosG lqurhA ge ogk¡ igq¡psA 'kkar okrkoj.k esa ikuh pqipki cg jgk FkkA lHkh dk'k! fd eSa mM+ ikrhA n`'; cgqr lqanj vkSj eksgd yx jgs FksA ge ikuh esa iSj Mkydj unh gksrh lhekghu f{kfrt ls] bu ia[kksa dh gksM+k&gksM+h osG fdukjs cSB x,A vpkud ,d cM+s dkys ckny us pk¡n dks Nqik ;k rks f{kfrt feyu cu tkrk] ;k rurh lk¡lksa dh MksjhA fy;k ysfdu dqN gh iyksa esa pk¡n cknyksa osG e/; ls jkLrk cukdj ckgj vk x;k vkSj mTToy pk¡nuh ls vkdk'k vkSj unh osG ty esa 2. tgk¡ u igq¡ps jfo ogk¡ igq¡ps dfo (lh-ch-,l-bZ- SQP] 2020) viuk izfrfcac ns[kuk cgqr vPNk yx jgk FkkA dqN nsj cknyksa dh yqdk&fNih ns[k ge ykSV vk,A pk¡nuh jkr esa fcrk, mu iyksa dh dgrs gSa fd lw;Z dh fdj.ksa tgk¡ ugha igq¡p ikrha ogk¡ dfo dh ;kn vkt Hkh esjs eu esa rktk gSA dYiuk igq¡p tkrh gSA og viuh dYiuk&'kfDr dk iz;ksx djosG ,sls LFkkuksa ij igq¡p tkrk gS tgk¡ euq"; dk igq¡puk vlaHko gSA 4. ,d ân;Li'khZ ?kVuk dYiuk O;fDr ds lkspus dh 'kfDr dk fodkl djrh gS blfy, nloha d{kk dh is vkxs dh ik nsrk gSA ,d fnu eSa vius dejs dh f[kM+dh can djuk Hkwy x;k vkSj LowGy pyk x;kA eSaus LowGy ls ykSVdj ns[kk fd vusd fpfM+;k¡ esjs dejs esa ?kql vkbZ FkhaA dqN Vscy ij] dqN ia[ks ij vkSj dqN Q'kZ ij cSBdj ckrsa dj jgh FkhaA eq>s ns[krs gh lc QqjZ ls mM+ xb± vkSj uhcw osG isM+ ij tk cSBhaA ysfdu ml fnu osG ckn ls fpfM+;k¡ esjs gksrs gq, Hkh esjs d{k esa vkus yxhaA eSaus mUgsa vkus ls ugha jksdk] D;ksafd mudks ikl ls ns[kuk] mudk esjs ikl vkuk] eq>ls u Mjuk] eq>s vPNk yxrk gS fdarq LowGy tkrs le; pkjksa rjQ vPNh izdkj ns[kdj] dejs dh f[kM+dh can djuk vc eSa dHkh ugha Hkwyrk] D;ksafd eSa ugha pkgrk fd dksbZ fpfM+;k xyrh ls dejs esa can jg tk,] fQj Mjdj esjs ikl vkuk NksM+ nsA esjh f[kM+dh osG ckgj dk n`'; cgqr euksje gSA

6. o`{k tc Hkh eSa gjs&Hkjs Nk;knkj o`{kksa dks ns[krk gw¡] Le`fr;ksa esa [kks tkrk gw¡A cpiu esa eSaus dbZ o`{k yxk,] vkt os cgqr cM+s&cM+s gks x, gSa] 'khry Nk;k nsrs gSaA xk¡o esa esjs pkpk mUgha o`{kksa osG uhps vius ikyrw tkuoj ck¡/krs gSa] okgu [kM+k djrs gSa rFkk nksigj esa vius fe=ksa osG lkFk vkuaniwoZd cSBrs gSaA ogk¡ gj le; dwyj] ,-lh-] ia[kksa dks pykus dh vko';drk ugha tku iM+rhA vc eSa viuh thfodk osG dkj.k 'kgj esa fuokl dj jgk gw¡A ;gk¡ xehZ osG ekSle esa vius okgu [kM+s djus osG fy, yksx o`{k dh Nk;k [kkstrs gSa] D;ksafd /kwi esa [kM+h dkj ;k vU; fdlh Hkh okgu esa cSBuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA 'kgjksa esa o`{kksa dh cgqr vko';drk gS fQj Hkh ;gk¡ ij o`{k yxkuk] mls ikuh nsuk] cM+k djuk ljdkj dk dk;Z le>rs gSa] viuk ughaA vusd yksx ,sls Hkh gSa tks o`{k yxkuk rks pkgrs gSa ij muosG ikl txg dh deh gksus osG dkj.k os ugha yxk ikrsA dqN yksx txg gksrs gq, Hkh viuh lqfo/kk (lfnZ;ksa esa /kwi lsadus) dks ns[krs gq, gjs&Hkjs o`{k rqjar dkV nsrs gSaA yksxksa dh vk¡[ksa vHkh Hkh ugha [kqy jgh gSaA os ugha le>rs fd o`{k gSa rks ge gSaA o`{k gSa rks thou gS] ty gSA bl ckj tc eSa xk¡o x;k rks ns[kk fd og jkLrk tks o`{kksa dh ?kuh Nk;k ls dbZ fdyksehVj rd vkPNkfnr jgrk Fkk] BaMh gok vkSj ?kuh Nk;k osG dkj.k vusd xjhc ifjokjksa dh >ksifM+;ksa dk laj{kd Fkk]

5

jpukRed &ys[ku vc og iwjh rjg o`{kghu gks pqdk FkkA nq%[k osG lkFk gh esjh ftKklk Hkh pje ij igq¡p xbZA eSaus vklikl osG yksxksa ls irk fd;k rks irk pyk fd lM+d dks pkj ykbu cukus (lM+d pkSM+h djus osG fodkl dk;Z) osG ljdkjh izkstsDV osG dkj.k bl jkLrs osG yxHkx 600 ls vfèkd o`{kksa dks dkV fn;k x;k gSA esjk fny jks mBk! D;k bu o`{kksa dks vc iqu% yxk ikuk vkSj bruk cM+k dj ikuk laHko gks losGxk\ D;k o`{kksa dks dkVuk vR;ar vko';d Fkk\ D;k vkSj vU; dksbZ mik; u Fkk ftlls o`{k Hkh cp tkrs vkSj lM+d Hkh pkSM+h gks tkrh\ og nq%[kn n`'; (o`{kfoghu lM+d osG nksuksa fdukjs) eq>s Hkqyk, ugha HkwyrkA vc eSaus O;fDrxr :i ls bl laca/k esa yksxksa ls feyuk] le>kuk vkSj o`{kksa dh mi;ksfxrk osG fo"k; esa crkuk izkjaHk dj fn;k gSA eq>s iwjh vk'kk gS fd ifj.kke lq[kn gh gksxkA

7. fiz;

v/;kid

cpiu ls ysdj f'k{kk iwjh djrs&djrs vusd v/;kid gekjs thou esa vkrs gSa tks fHkUu&fHkUu O;fDrRo osG gksrs gSaA muesa ls dqN fo'ks"k dkj.k ls ;kn jg tkrs gSa vkSj rkmez gekjh Le`fr;ksa ij Nk, jgrs gSaA 10oha d{kk esa ge igq¡ps gh Fks fd gekjs Ldwy esa ,d ubZ f'kf{kdk ufyuh t;oar dh fu;qfDr gqbZA mudk O;fDrRo cgqr vkd"kZd FkkA mBus] cSBus] pyus] [kM+s gksus] ckr djus] diM+s iguus dk rjhdk cgqr gh fof'k"V FkkA os lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh enn dks lnSo rS;kj jgrh FkhaA dbZ ckj vR;f/kd vko';d dk;Z gksus ij vius ?kj vkus dh vuqefr Hkh ns nsrh FkhaA vr% cksMZ ijh{kk dh rS;kfj;ksa osG fy, ge muosG ?kj izk;% tk;k djrs FksA ,d ckj muosG ?kj ij inkj vkSj ft+Eesnkj firk gSaA* firkth muls cgqr izHkkfor gq,A bl izdkj os vius O;ogkj ls

esjh gh ugha lkjs Ldwy dh vkSj esjs ifjokj dh Hkh fiz; f'kf{kdk cu xb±A eSa mUgsa dHkh ugha Hkwy ikÅ¡xhA

8. ldZl

igyh ckj eSaus vkxjk 'kgj esa tSfeuh ldZl ns[kkA izos'k n~okj ij yxs gq, cM+s&cM+s iksLVj eq>s vkdf"kZr dj jgs FksA vkneh dks tkuoj osG brus djhc eSa igyh ckj ns[k jgh Fkh (D;ksafd mu fnuksa Vh-oh-] baVjusV vkfn ugha Fkk)A mRlqdrk osG lkFk Mj Hkh yx jgk FkkA ckj&ckj yxrk] dgha b/kj&m/kj ls dksbZ taxyh tkuoj vkdj vkØe.k u dj nsA eSaus vius firkth dh m¡xyh T+kksj ls idM+ yh FkhA ldZl osG vanj uhps ls Åij rd xksykbZ ls cuh lhfs cgqr vk'p;Z gks jgk Fkk vkSj 'keZ Hkh vk jgh Fkh] ij os csf>>d Å¡ps&Å¡ps >wyksa ij djrc fn[kk jgh FkhaA gkFkh] phrk] 'ksj lHkh mudh vkKk dk ikyu ikyrw tkuojksa dh rjg dj jgs FksA ,d xksy ?ksjs esa ftls ^ekSr dk dq¡vk* uke fn;k x;k Fkk] nks ;qok uhps ls Åij vkSj Åij ls uhps dh vksj cgqr rst xfr ls ckbd nkSMk+ jgs FksA rHkh vpkud cgqr Å¡ps >wys ls tksdj uhps dh vksj fxjk] mls fxjrk gqvk ns[k eSa Mjdj cgqr t+kjs ls fpYykbZ fdarq mls rks tky us l¡Hkky fy;k vkSj og g¡lrk gqvk mB [kM+k gqvkA vkl&ikl osG yksx esjh ?kcjkgV ns[kdj tksj&tksj ls g¡lus yxs vkSj eSaus 'kekZdj vius firkth dh xksn esa eq¡g fNik fy;kA

9. rjcwtokyk

eSa tc Hkh xehZ dh rirh nksigjh esa] xeZ yw osG FkisM+s >syrs rjcwt okyksa dks cSBk ns[krh gw¡ rks esjk eu d#.kk ls Hkj mBrk gSA iwjh nksigj ,d&,d xzkgd dk bart+kj djuk] QVh frjiky osG uhps gh fnu&jkr fcrkuk cgqr gh /kS;Z vkSj dfBu esgur dk dk;Z gSA ,d ckj eSaus ns[kk fd ebZ dh rst /kwi vkSj xeZ gokvksa osG chp] lM+d fdukjs ,d cw>d nwj gks xbZA

11. unh

esjk tUe ftl LFkku ij gqvk ogk¡ ls FkksM+h nwj ij ;equk unh cgrh gSA vr% cpiu ls gh eq>s unh ls csgn yxko jgk gSA viuh fe=&eaMyh osG lkFk eSa ?kaVksa ikuh esa rjg&rjg osG [ksy [ksyrh jgrh FkhA FkksM+k cM+s gksus ij mlh unh esa rSjuk lh[kk vkSj le;≤ ij cksfVax dhA vusd R;ksgkj] 'kknh&C;kg] lHkh 'kqHk dk;ks± esa ;equk unh fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa t:j lfEefyr jgrhA dHkh ;equk ty dh vko';drk] dHkh ?kkV iwtus] dHkh ckgj ls vk, vfrfFk;ksa dks ?kqekus ;k fQj dkfrZd&ek?k Luku djosG Hkh eSaus ;equk unh dk Hkjiwj vkuan fy;kA cks dqN le> esa ugha vk jgk FkkA eSaus

7

jpukRed &ys[ku cgqr le; ls fdrkcksa dks [kksyk rd ugha FkkA fdlh Hkh uksV&cqd esa esjk dke iwjk ugha FkkA tks Hkh ikB [kksyrk u;k&lk yxrkA eSa ?kcjkdj vius fe=ksa osG ikl x;k fdarq lcus ijh{kk fudV gksus osG dkj.k lkFk vkSj le; u ns ikus osG fy, {kek ekWax yhA igkM+ tSlk ikB~;ozGe ijh{kk le; esa rS;kj dj ikuk eqf'dy FkkA eSa ugha le> ik jgk Fkk fd D;k d:Wa\ ?kcjkdj eSa dHkh dksbZ fo"k; mBkrk] dHkh dksbZA /khjs&/khjs ijh{kk dk fnu vk x;kA eSa jkr Hkj ugha lks ldk Fkk] eu nq%[kh vkSj ijs'kku FkkA eSa /kM+drs fny ls ijh{kk nsus x;kA ijh{kk Hkou esa iz'u&i= ns[krs gh esjk flj pdjk x;kA eq>s fdlh iz'u dk mÙkj ;kn u Fkk] tks FkksM+k&cgqr ils ijh{kk osG ckjs esa dksbZ ckr ugha dh] dksbZ lykg ugha nh vkSj ;g Hkh ugha iwNk fd isij oSGlk gqvkA dkj.k eSa tkurk FkkA eq>s Lo;a ij 'keZ vk jgh FkhA jg&jgdj ozGks/k vk jgk FkkA ij vc iNrk, gksr dk] tc fpfM+;k¡ pqx xb± [ksrA ijh{kk ifj.kke vk x;k] eSa lHkh fo"k;ksa esa Qsy FkkA esjs v/;kid vkSj esjk ifjokj lHkh eq>ls ukjkt+ FksA eSa cgqr jks;k! cgqr iNrk;kA cgqr fgEer tqVkdj eSaus vius ekrk&firk vkSj v/;kidksa ls {kek ekWaxh vkSj vkxs ls ,slh ykijokgh u djus dk oknk fd;kA ;g esjh ft+anxh dk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ lcd Fkk] tks eSaus mez&Hkj osG fy, lh[k fy;k FkkA

13.

vuks[kk ikyrw tkuoj µ dqRrk

eq>s vius vuqHko ls ,slk eglwl gksrk gS fd dqRrk lcls vuks[kk vkSj I;kjk ikyrw i'kq gSA ?kj esa jgdj mldh Hkwfedk ,d lnL; dh rjg gks tkrh gSA izR;sd i'kq dh vknrsa] LoHkko] fozG;k&dyki lc ,d&nwljs ls vyx gksrs gSaA esjs ikl ,d teZu fLiV tkfr dk NksVk&lk dqRrk FkkA geus mldk uke ^CySflax* j[kk FkkA dkys jax vkSj ?kus ckyksa okyk og dqRrk cgqr T+;knk lfozG; (,fDVo) FkkA ?kj osG lnL; tks [kkrs] ogh og Hkh [kkrkA dgha ckgj tkuk gksrk rks vkxs&vkxs pyrk] dkj dk njokT+kk [kqyrs gh mNydj cSB tkrk] bldk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk Fkk fd eSa Hkh lkFk pywWaxkA fdruh Hkh lnhZ ;k xehZ gksrh] dksbZ Hkh xsV osG ckgj tkrk rks og ogkWa rd NksM+us t+:j tkrkA cPPkksa osG lkFk [ksyrk vkSj iwjs ?kj dh j[kokyh osG izfr iwjh rjg tkx:d jgrkA mlosG dkj.k gekjk xkMZu iwjh rjg

lqjf{kr Fkk] dksbZ Hkh nwljk tkuoj ogkWa QVdus rd u ikrkA ;gkWa rd fd fxjfxV] fxygjh] frryh] fcYyh] pwgksa dks ns[krs gh nkSM+ yxkrkA canjksa dh rks ,slh 'kker vkbZ fd canjksa us gekjs ?kj dh rjQ ns[kuk rd can dj fn;k FkkA uhps ls Åij (Nr) rd canjksa dks [knsM+us osG nkSjku mlus canjksa dh iwWaN idM+dj [khap fy;k Fkk fQj dkV fy;k fdarq dHkh Mjk ugha vkSj u gh dHkh ihNs gVkA nhikoyh esa izk;% lHkh dqRrs iVk[kksa osG 'kksj ls Mjdj nwj&nwj Hkkxrs gSa ij og rks ce dks vkx yxkrs gh mldks eqWag esa ysdj Hkkxus osG fy, >iVrkA blh dkj.k ,d ckj ,d ce mlosG eqWag esa gh QV x;kA bykt osG ckn og Bhd gqvk fdarq iVk[ks ls fQj Hkh og Mjrk ugha FkkA nhikoyh esa mldh bl vknr osG dkj.k ge mls ckWa/kdj j[krs FksA ?kj esa vk, gq, esgekuksa] fe=ksa dks mlus dHkh ugha dkVk vkSj u gh ijs'kku fd;kA vxj lkFk esa dksbZ iM+kslh viuk dqRrk ysdj vkrk rks og mlls izseiwoZd feyrk vkSj I;kj ls iwWaN fgykrkA fdarq lM+d osG dqRrksa ls og ges'kk yM+us dks rS;kj jgrk] tcfd lM+d osG ns'kh dqRrs mlls cM+s Fks vkSj Mjkous HkhA ,d ckj ,d lM+d dk dqRrk xsV ls vanj vk x;k vkSj njokT+ks osG ckgj j[kh gqbZ pIiy ysdj Hkkx x;kA mldk ihNk djrs gq, CySflax nkSMk+ vkSj xsV osG ckgj rd nkSMr+ k pyk x;kA ogkWa lM+d osG cM+&s cM+s dqRrksa us mls ?ksj fy;k vkSj lcus feydj vkozGe.k dj fn;kA tc rd ge yksx igqWap]s dqRrs mls ygwyqgku dj pqoGs FksA ge yksx rqjar MkWDVj osG ikl ys x,A dkQh fnu rd og d"V esa jgk fdarq iqu% Bhd u gks ldk vkSj mldh e`R;q gks xbZA ge lc cgqr nq%[kh gq,A

ijh{kd dh fVIi.kh • • • •

ys[ku esa iqujko`fRr nks"k ik;k tkrk gS vkSj vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk ckgqY; Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA fo|kFkhZ viuh ckr yacs&yacs okD;ksa esa fy[krs gSa ftlls dF; nq:g gks tkrk gSA dqN Nk= fo"k; ls HkVd tkrs gSa vkSj O;FkZ dh ckrksa dks fy[kus yxrs gSa tks mfpr ugha gSA dqN Nk=ksa us ekSfyd ys[ku osG LFkku ij fdlh iko • • • •

jpukRed ys[ku osG le; Nk=ksa dks viuh dYiuk&'kfDr dk iz;ksx dj ekSfyd ys[ku dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A okD; lqxfBr o lqO;ofLFkr gksus pkfg,A ys[ku esa rkjrE;rk gksuh pkfg,A ys[ku Li"V o jkspd Hkk"kk esa gksuk pkfg,A ll