9

R

POPULAR MASTER GUIDE

INDIAN ARMY

SOLDIER

Nursing Assistant Recruitment Exam

Based on

Revised and Updated Syllabus of Examination l

Specialised Study and Practice Material with Numerous Solved MCQs l Previous Years’ Question Paper

(NA)

R. Gupta’s® POPULAR MASTER GUIDE

by RPH Editorial Board

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CONTENTS PREVIOUS YEARS’ PAPER, 2021 ................................................................. 1-4 PREVIOUS YEARS’ PAPER, 2020 ................................................................. 5-8 BIOLOGY ...................................................................................................1-52 Basic Biology, Life Process, Study of Birds, Human Beings, Uniqueness of Human Body, Food and Health, Necessity of Balanced Diet, Wasteful Food Practices, Food Yield, Essentials for Good Health, Cycles of Materials, Ecological Balance, Living Resources, Habitat and Organisms, Adaptation; Multiple Choice Questions.

PHYSICS ...................................................................................................1-40 Physical Properties and States of Matter, Mass, Weight, Volume, Density and Specific Gravity, Principle of Archimedes, Pressure, Barometer; Motion of Objects, Velocity and Acceleration, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Force and Momentum, Parallelogram of Forces, Stability and Equilibrium of Bodies; Gravitation; Elementary Ideas of Work, Energy and Power; Heat and Its Effects; Sound Waves and their Properties; Reflection and Refraction, Spherical Mirrors and Lenses; Types and Properties of Magnet; Static and Current Electricity, Conductors and Non-conductors, Ohms Law, Simple Electrical Circuits, Heating; Multiple Choice Questions.

CHEMISTRY ..............................................................................................1-48 Physical and Chemical Changes, Elements, Mixtures and Compounds, Symbols, Formulae and Simple Chemical Equations, Law of Chemical Combination, Oxidation and Reduction; Acids, Bases and Salts, Elementary Ideas about the Structure of Atom, Atomic, Equivalent, and Molecular Weight, Valency; Properties of Air and Water, Preparation and Properties of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon dioxide, Carbon and its forms, Natural and Artificial Fertilizers; Multiple Choice Questions.

MATHS ......................................................................................................1-80 Algebra; Matrices & Determinants; Analytical Geometry; Trigonometry; Integral Calculus; Defferential Calculus; Probability; Statistics; Number Systems; Fundamental Arithmetical Operations; Mensuration; Area, Volume and Surface Area.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ........................................................................ 1-60 India and its Neighbouring Countries; Indian History; Culture & Religion; Geography; Abbreviations; Sports; Awards and Prizes; Terminology; Indian Armed Forces; Continents and Sub-continents; Inventions and Discoveries; The Constitution of India; International Organisation; Books and Authors; Prominent Personalities; Multiple Choice Questions.

(iii)

SCHEME OF WRITTEN EXAMINATION PATTERN Sr. No

Subject

Questions

Marks

(a)

General Knowledge

10

40

(b)

Maths

05

20

(c)

Physics

05

20

(d)

Biology

15

60

(e)

Chemistry

15

60

Pass Marks

80

SYLLABUS (a) General Knowledge: The test will include questions relating to India and its neighboring countries especially pertaining to History, Culture, Geography and who’s who. In addition Abbreviations, Sports, Awards and Prizes, Terminology, Indian Armed Forces, Continents and Sub-continents, Inventions and Discoveries, The Constitution of India, International Organizations, Books and Authors, Knowledge of Important events that have happened in India and at world level in the recent years, Current important world events, Prominent personalities etc. (b) Physics: Physical Properties and States of Matter, Mass, Weight, Volume, Density and Specific Gravity, Principle of Archimedes, Pressure Barometer, Motion of objects, Velocity and Acceleration, Newtons Laws of Motion, Force and Momentum, Parallelogram of Forces, Stability and Equilibrium of Bodies, Gravitation, Elementary Ideas of Work, Power and Energy, Heat and its Effects, Sound Waves and their Properties, Reflection and Refraction. Spherical Mirrors and Lenses, Type and Properties of Magnet, Static and Current Electricity, Conductors and Non-conductors, Ohms Law, Simple Electrical Circuits, Heating. (c) Mathematics: Algebra, Matrices & Determinants, Analytical Geometry, Trigonometry, Integral Calculus, Differential Calculus, Probability and Statistics, Number Systems, Fundamental Arithmetical Operations, Mensuration, Area, Volume and Surface Area. (d) Chemistry: Physical and Chemical Changes, Elements, Mixtures and Compounds, Symbols, Formulae and Simple Chemical Equations, Law of Chemical Combination, Properties of Air and Water, Preparation and Properties of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon dioxide, Oxidation and Reduction, Acids, Bases and Salts, Carbon and its forms, Natural and Artificial Fertilizers, Elementary ideas about the Structure of Atom, Atomic, Equivalent and Molecular Weights, Valency. (e) Biology: Basic Biology, Life Process, Study of Birds, Human Beings, Uniqueness of Human Body, Food and Health, Necessity of Balanced Diet, Wasteful Food Practices, Food Yield, Essentials for Good Health, Cycles of Materials, Ecological Balance, Living Resources, Habitat and Organisms, Adaptation.

(iv)

1 Previous Paper (Solved)

INDIAN ARMY Soldier Nursing Assistant, Exam 2021 SECTION–A : GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 1. The largest planet of the solar system is ______. B. Uranus A. Earth D. Pluto C. Jupiter

6. The Indian Institute of Science is located at _____ . B. Bengaluru A. New Delhi D. Chennai C. Hyderabad

2. Goldman Awards are given for outstanding contribution in which of the following fields? A. Population control B. Protection of environment C. Conservation of energy D. Popularisation of science

7. Which of the following countries is not a member of U.N.O.? A. Vatican City B. Switzerland C. Bahamas D. Mauritius 8. Which of the following latitude passes through India? A. None of these B. Equator C. Tropic of Cancer D. Tropic of Capricorn

3. On which day United Nations Day falls? A. 24 October B. 14 October C. 2 October D. 30 October 4. Who ordered firing on the public meeting in Jallianwala bagh in 1919? A. Hardinge B. Montague C. General Dyer D. Lord Chelmsford

9. Which of the following countries does not have written constitution? A. France B. England C. Belgium D. Russia

5. Electricity was invented by: A. Benjamin Franklin B. Graham Bell C. Isaac Newton D. Marconi

10. The headquarters of Asian Development Bank is located at _____ . A. Manila B. Bangkok C. Singapore D. Jakarta

SECTION–B : MATH 11. A number ‘x’ when multiplied by 5 and added to three times its own gives 64, the number is: A. 8 B. 12 C. 14 D. 18

A. 12, 24, 36 C. 5, 10, 5

B. 10, 20, 30 D. 4, 8, 12

13. 5 boys take 7 hours to pack 35 toys. How many boys can pack 66 toys in 3 hours? A. 26 boys B. 39 boys C. 45 boys D. 22 boys

12. HCF of three numbers is 12. If they be in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, the numbers are: 1

(2539) Paper-2021 & 2020—1

(2539) Paper-2021 & 2020—1-II

2 14. Find 20% of ` 60? A. ` 10 B. ` 80 C. ` 20 D. ` 12

15. A TV set when sold for ` 16,756, the profit earned is 18%. What is the cost price of the TV set? A. ` 14,400 B. ` 14,200 C. ` 15,200 D. ` 14,800

SECTION–C : PHYSICS 16. Heat is transmitted from higher to lower temperature through actual mass motion of the molecules in: A. Conduction B. All of these D. Radiation C. Convection 17. The law of Inertia is also called as _______ . A. Newton’s fourth law B. Newton’s first law C. Newton’s third law D. Newton’s second law 18. A device used to measure height above sea level is known as ______.

A. Potentiometer C. Altimeter

B. Dilatometer D. Anemometer

19. SI unit of frequency is ______ . A. m/s B. m C. Hz D. m/h 20. Red colour of sun at the time of sunrise and sunset is because ______ . A. Blue colour is least scattered B. Red colour is least scattered C. Red colour is scattered the most D. All colours are equally scattered

SECTION–D : BIOLOGY 21. The enzyme that increases the reaction rate between CO 2 and H 2O in red blood cells is _____ . A. Adonylate cyclase B. Carbonic synthetase C. Alkaline phosphatase D. Carbonic anhydrase 22. Five kingdom classification of living organisms was proposed by whom? A. Whittaker B. Bentham and Hooker C. Engler and Prant D. Hutchinson 23. Which among the following are the factors involved in the formation of new species? A. Competition and mutation B. Gene flow and competition C. Isolation and gene flow D. Isolation and variation

24. The production and management of fish is called _______ . B. Apiculture A. Aquaculture D. Pisciculture C. Sericulture 25. Maintenance of internal favourable conditions despite changes in external environment is _______ . A. Homoeostasis B. Entropy D. Steady State C. Enthalpy 26. The study of inheritance and variations is called _______ . A. Phylogeny B. Evolutiori C. Genetics D. Ecology 27. Which of the following organelles in the cell is referred to as ‘power house’? A. Golgi apparatus B. Lysosomes C. Ribosomes D. Mitochondria 28. Study of nuclear cytology is _______ . A. Rhinology B. Neurology C. Karyology D. Mycology

3 29. Iodised salt is useful for man because it: A. Slow down ageing process B. Controls the Thyroid gland C. Improves digestion D. Stops hair fall 30. What is the major source of formation of soil? A. River beds B. Rocks C. Snow covered mountains D. Volcanoes 31. What is the basic feature of Skeleton muscles? A. Striated and involuntary B. Unstriated and involuntary C. Striated and voluntary D. Unstriated and voluntary

32. Xerophthalmia is caused in man due to deficiency of _______ . B. Vitamin-D A. Calcium C. Vitamin-A D. Vitamin-B12 33. Rh A. B. C. D.

factor was discovered by whom? Landsteiner and Weiner William Harvey Malpighi None of these

34. Ichthyology is the branch of zoology deals with the study of _______ . A. Dinosaurs B. Dogs C. Elephants D. Fishes 35. Who is known as Darwin of 20th century? B. T.O. Diemer A. Ernst Mayr C. R.H. Whittaker D. D.J. Ivanowsky

SECTION–E : CHEMISTRY 36. Solids can be classified as: A. Both A and B B. Crystalline C. Amorphous D. Neither A nor B

42. Oxidation is defined as ________ . A. Loss of Electrons B. Loss of Oxygen C. Gain of Hydrogen D. Gain of Electrons

37. Which of the following is used in Dry Cleaning? B. Coal Tar A. Petrol C. Kerosine Oil D. Water

43. Reducing agent is also known as ______ . A. Reductant agent B. Oxidation C. Oxidising agent D. Reduction

38. The ore of iron is ______ . B. Bauxite A. Magnetite C. Dolomite D. Anglesite

44. Name the gas which is present in the domestic cooking gas cylinders. A. Carbon dioxide B. Butane C. Nitrogen D. Methane

39. Which of the following is used as lubricant? A. Graphite B. Silica C. Diamond D. Iron Oxide 40. Crystalline solids can be classified on the basis of: A. Heat of fusion B. Shape C. Intermolecular forces D. Long range order 41. ______ alloy is used for making magnets. A. Magnalium B. Stainless steel C. Duralumin D. Alnico

45. Ships and Submarines have been designed on the basis of ______ . A. Pascal’s law B. Archimedes’ Principle C. Bernoulli’s Principle D. Newton’s Second Law of Motion 46. Which one of the following substances is used in the laboratory for a fast drying of neutral gases? A. Anhydrous Calcium Chloride

4 A. Isothermal C. Isolated

B. Active Charcoal C. Na3PO 4 D. Phosphorus Pentoxide 47. Which are the two forms of oxygen found in the atmosphere? A. Water and oxygen B. Ozone and oxygen C. Water and carbon dioxide D. Water and ozone 48. System in which there is no exchange of matter, work or energy from surroundings is known as _______ .

B. Adiabatic D. Closed

49. Which of the following Nobel Gases does not exist in Air? A. Helium B. Argon C. Radon D. Neon 50. Which one of the following is known as “King of Chemicals”? A. Nitric Acid B. Sulphuric Acid C. Acetic Acid D. Phosphoric Acid

ANSWERS 1 C

2 B

3 A

4 C

5 A

6 B

7 A

8 C

9 B

10 A

11 A

12 A

13 D

14 D

15 B

16 C

17 B

18 C

19 C

20 B

21 D

22 A

23 D

24 D

25 A

26 C

27 D

28 C

29 B

30 B

31 D

32 C

33 A

34 D

35 A

36 A

37 A

38 A

39 A

40 C

41 D

42 A

43 A

44 B

45 B

46 A

47 B

48 C

49 C

50 B

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS 11.  

5 × x + 3x = 64 8x = 64 x=

64  8. 8

12. Let the numbers be x, 2x and 3x Then, there HCF = x According to the question, x = 12  The numbers are 12, 24, 36. 13. Given, M 1 = 5, M 2 = ?, T 1 = 7, T 2 = 3, W 1 = 35 and W 2 = 66 According to the formula, M 1T 1W 2 = M 2T 2W 1



5 × 7 × 66 = M 2 × 3 × 35



5  7  66 66  3  35 3 = 22 Boys.

M2 =

14. 20% of 60 = 60 

20  12. 100

15. Cost price of the TV set = 16756 

100 100  18

= 16756 

100 = ` 14200. 118

5 Previous Paper (Solved)

INDIAN ARMY Soldier Nursing Assistant, Exam 2020 SECTION–A : GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 6. Ujjain is situated on the bank of which river? A. Narmada B. Kshipra C. Sone D. Mahanadi

1. Who was the Governor General of India during ‘Sepoy Mutiny’? A. Lord Bentinck B. Lord Dalhousie C. Lord Cornwallish D. Lord Canning 2. Which ancient King is known as ‘Indian Napoleon’? B. Samudragupta A. Harsha D. Ashoka C. Kanishka

7. Who is the Head of the Indian Armed Forces? A. Chief of Army Staff B. President C. Prime Minister D. Chief of Defence Staff

3. How many countries are the members of ASEAN? A. 20 B. 10 C. 15 D. 19

8. The Muslim’s Pilgrimage place ‘Mecca’ is in _____. A. Jordan B. Iraq C. Saudi Arabia D. Kuwait

4. ‘Kanha National Park’ is situated in which state? A. Uttar Pradesh B. Assam C. Madhya Pradesh D. Himachal Pradesh

9. Which of the following can be recycled? A. Natural Gas B. Coal C. Metals D. Natural Oil 10. Tax which kings used to collect from the people in vedic period was called: B. Varman A. Kara C. Bali D. Vidatha

5. Who was the successor of Shivaji? B. Sambhaji A. Tanha Ji C. Baji Rao D. Sahu Ji

SECTION–B : MATH 11. The ratio between Ram’s and Shyam’s age two years ago was 3 : 2 and at present it is 7 : 5. The present age of Shyam is: A. 8 years B. 16 years C. 12 years D. 10 years

A. 181 C. 179

B. 359 D. 361

13. Pipes ‘A’ and ‘B’ can fill a tank in 10 hours and 15 hours respectively. How much time will they take together to fill the tank? A. 8 hours B. 5 hours C. 7 hours D. 6 hours

12. What is the least number, which when divided by 8, 9, 12, 15 leaves remainder as 1 in each case? 5

6 14. The average height of 30 boys, out of a class of 50, is 160 cm. If the average height of the remaining boys is 165 cm, the average height of the whole class (in cm) is: A. 161 B. 162 C. 163 D. 164

15. In a college election, a candidate secured 62% of the votes and is elected by a majority of 144 votes. The total number of votes polled is: A. 600 B. 800 C. 925 D. 1200

SECTION–C : PHYSICS 16. Charge is the flow of ______ . A. Protons B. Particles C. Electrons D. Neutrons 17. The electric current density is ______ . A. Zero B. Infinite C. A vector quantity D. A scalar quantity 18. Altimeter is used to measure ______ . A. Temperature B. Height

C. Depth

D. Pressure

19. If the earth had no atmoshpere, the sky would have looked _______ . A. White B. Blue C. Brown D. Black 20. Sound waves are ______ . A. Transverse in nature B. Magnetic in nature C. Longitudinal in nature D. Electromagnetic in nature

SECTION–D : BIOLOGY 21. Protein and DNA attain their 3-dimensional reactive configuration in contact with ______. A. Water B. Lipids C. Zymogens D. Sugars 22. Famous Angora wool is obtained from ______. A. Camel B. Sheep D. Rabbit C. Yak 23. Pollen tube was discovered by _______ . A. Hofmeister B. Amici C. Nemec D. Camerarius

27. The cell membrane is made of ______ . A. Proteins B. Phospho Lipid Proteins C. Phospho Proteins D. Fat 28. Plants which possess seeds but not fruits are called ________. A. Angiosperms B. Gymnosperms C. Pteridophytes D. Bryophytes

24. How many Spinal nerves are there in human body? A. 10 pairs B. 31 pairs C. 21 pairs D. 12 pairs

29. Common Cold is a ______ . A. Congenital Disease B. Acute Disease C. Chronic Disease D. Genetic Disorder

25. The outer covering of human brain is ______. A. Coracoid B. Piamater C. Duramater D. Arachnoid

30. Jaundice is a disease of ______ . A. Liver B. Heart C. Kidney D. Brain

26. ______ is the method of birth control. A. HTF B. IUD C. GIFT D. IVF-ET

31. ‘Gout’ happens due to accumulation of _______ in joints? A. Urea Crystals

7 C. Budding

B. Ammonia Crystals C. Glucose Crystals D. Uric Acid Crystals

D. Conjugation

32. Universal donor belongs to which blood group? A. O B. B C. AB D. A

34. Which of the following is a transparent tissue? A. Fibrous Cartilage B. Hyaline Cartilage C. Tendon D. Ligament

33. The common method of reproduction in bacteria is _______ . B. Multiple Fission A. Binary Fission

35. Who is known as Father of Biology? A. Newton B. Berzelius D. Plato C. Aristotle

SECTION–E : CHEMISTRY 36. Deacon’s process is used for the manufacturing of _______ . A. Hydrochloric acid B. Bleaching powder C. Chlorine D. Sulphuric acid

43. Contact lenses are made of ______ . B. Silicon Hydrogel A. Lucite C. Teflon D. Polystyrene

37. Which one of the following properties of an element is not variable? B. Atomic Weight A. Valency C. Atomic Mass D. Equivalent Mass

45. Which of the following materials is suitable for Water Purification? B. Asbestos A. Zeolites C. Silicone D. Quartz

38. The atomic theory was first put forward by ______ . A. Democritus B. Newton D. Lavoisier C. John Dalton

46. Hydrogen directly combines with ______ . A. Ni B. Au C. Ca D. Cu

39. Which experiment is responsible for finding out the charge on an electron? A. Photoelectric experiment B. Rutherford’s -ray scattering experiment C. Cathode ray discharge tube experiment D. Millikan’s oil drop experiment 40. Chloroform on reaction with acetone gives _______. A. Analgesic B. Hypnotic C. Insecticide D. Isocyanide 41. Which of the following cannot be prepared by Kolbe’s electrolytic process? A. C2H 2 B. C2H 5 C. CH 4 D. C2H 4 42. In Kjeldahl’s method, CuSO4, acts as ______. A. Reducing agent B. Catalytic agent C. Oxidising agent D. Hydrolysing agent

44. The number of mole in 48 g He are ______. A. 10 B. 12 C. 6 D. 9

47. Which of the following substance is a bad conductor of electricity but a good conductor of heat? A. Mica B. Asbestos D. Sand C. Celluloid 48. A proton is about 1840 times heavier than an electron. When it is accelerated by a potential difference of 1 KV, its kinetic energy will be: A. 920 KeV B. 1/1840 KeV C. 1 KeV D. 1840 KeV 49. To which of the followings the Dalton’s law of partial pressures is not applicable? A. NH2 and HCl B. N2 and O2 C. N2 and H2 D. H2 and He 50. The combination of an element or compound with oxygen is called ______ . A. Oxidation B. Combination reaction C. Addition reaction D. Combustion

8

ANSWERS 1 D

2 B

3 B

4 C

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 C

9 C

10 C

11 D

12 D

13 D

14 B

15 A

16 C

17 D

18 B

19 D

20 C

21 B

22 D

23 B

24 B

25 C

26 B

27 B

28 B

29 B

30 A

31 D

32 A

33 A

34 B

35 C

36 C

37 B

38 C

39 D

40 B

41 A

42 B

43 B

44 B

45 A

46 C

47 A

48 C

49 A

50 A

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS 11. The ratio of Ram’s and Shyam’s present age is 7 : 5 Let us assume the present age of Ram and Shyam are 7x and 5x years respectively 2 years ago the age of Ram and Shyam will be 7x – 2 and 5x – 3 years According to question,

7x – 2 3 = 5x – 2 2 14x – 4 = 15x – 6   15x – 14x = 6 – 4 x =2  Hence, present age of Shyam = 5x = 5 × 2 = 10 years. 12. The least number which is completely divisible by 8, 9, 12 and 15 will be the LCM of these numbers LCM of 8, 9, 12 and 15 = 360 Hence, the least number which when divided by 8, 9, 12 and 14, leaves the remainder 1 will be 360 + 1 = 361.

13. A’s one hour’s work =

1 10

B’s one hour’s work =

1 15

 A and B’s one hour’s work =

1 1 3 2 5 1     10 15 30 30 6

 Pipes A and B can fill the empty tank in 6 hours. 14. Total height of 30 boys = 30 × 160 = 4800 Total height of 20 boys = 20 × 165 = 3300 Total height of 50 boys = 8100 Average height of 50 boys = 15. (62% of x – 38% of x) = 144  24% of x = 144 

144  100 24 = 600.

x =

8100 = 162. 50

BIOLOGY Basic Biology

All organisms are composed of cells. The cell is the structural basis of life. Organisms may be made up of one or more cells. If the organisms are made up of a single cell, they are called unicellular organisms, e.g., amoeba, chlamydomonas, bacteria, and many fungi; while the organisms made up of a few cells (e.g. some algae and fungi) to several million cells are called multicellular organisms. Robert Hooke in 1665, was the first to identify cells. In the early 19th century, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwan, and others recognized the universal occurence and importance of cells and formulated a comprehensive cell theory in 183839 which states that: (i) The cell is the smallest unit of living matter capable of assimilation, respiration, growth and reproduction; and (ii) The cell can live independently and reproduce its own kind (in other words, all cells come from pre-existing cells). Max Schutze (1861) proposed that living matter of an organism is protoplasm and the cell is simply an accumulation of protoplasm limited by an outer membrane and containing a nucleus.

Eukaryotic Cells : These have a definitely organised nucleus with a definite nuclear membrane which surrounds the genetic material and it has membrane bound cell organelle such as mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts etc., e.g., animal cells, plant cells, fungi, algae, etc.

STRUCTURE OF THE CELL Plasma or Cell Membrane It is the outer covering of each cell, which separates its contents from the surrounding medium. It is a living, ultra thin, porous, sem i-permeable membrane. It provides the mechanical support and external protection to the protoplasm. It acts as an efficient barrier to exterior environment and allows selective permeability to necessary materials to and from the cell.

TYPES OF CELLS

Mitochondria These are double membrane, rod-like or spherical, extremely small organelles. The outer membrane of a mitochondria is smooth whereas the inner membranes show many infoldings called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of energy release (in the form of ATP) for all the cellular purposes and hence are also known as the ‘power houses’ of the cell.

The living organisms have two types of cells. Prokaryotic Cells: These are the cells without definite nucleus, i.e. nucleus is not bound by a nuclear membrane. It is called nucleoid e.g., bacteria, Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) PPLO, etc.

Ribosomes The ribosomes are granular masses which are either associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, or dispersed freely in the cytoplasm. They contain RNA and are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell. (2539) Biology—1

(2539) Biology—1-II

Ribosomes are sub-microscopic, polypeptide manufacturing naked nucleoproteins. Robinson and Brown (1953) discovered ribosome in plant cells and Palade (1955) discovered it in animal cells. Golgi Bodies The Golgi apparatus consists of an irregular network or rod-like globular or granular bodies in animal cells. It is often concentrated around the nucleus and associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Large number of golgi bodies occur in gland and nerve cells, but less number of golgi bodies occur in muscle cells. For the given type of cell, golgi bodies are uniform in shape. The chief function of golgi bodies in gland cells is to collect protein secretions from the endoplasmic reticulum and pass them outside the cell. Golgi bodies add carbohydrates to these secretions to stiffen them into material called zymogen granules. The golgi apparatus in plants is known as dictysome. Golgi apparatus is present in all eukaryotic cells except RBC and sieve tube elements. It is also absent in prokaryotes and sperm cells of seedless embryophytes. Centrosomes The Centrosome, found in most of the animals cells is a rather dense area of protoplasm, lies close to the nucleus. The Centrosome containing two cylindrical structure are called centrioles. Each Centriole is surrounded by pericentriolar material. They play an important part in cell division, species lacking them include amoebae, unicellular red algae, pines and the flowering plants. Lysosomes Lysosomes are vacuole-like bodies that secrete enzymes to digest food substances. Lysosomes are also involved in various other functions like, in defence against bacteria and viruses, in destroying old and worn out organelles and often resulting in the death of the cells. Because of this last role, they are referred to as suicide bags of the cells. The Lysosomal membrane is impermeable to the digestive enzymes stored within it capable of withstanding their digestive action against macromolecules within the cells.

Nucleus It is the central component of cell which control and regulate all activities of cell. There are generally one nucleus per cell, though some cells possess two or more nucleus. The nucleus is usually round and confining a watery fluid, the nucleoplasm, bounded by two porous membranes (nuclear membrane) that are often continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. The nucleoplasm contains the substance called chromatin, which carries the genes, or determiners of heredity. Besides this, one or several spherical bodies called nucleoli are enmeshed in the chromatin network. The chromatid is composed of nucleoproteins —a combinations of proteins and nucleic acids—DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Thus, chromatin bears the genetic information units — the genes. The various cellular activities are controlled by the nucleus through its chromosomes. Chromosomes It is a rod-shaped structure visible under the light microscope during the cell division. Each chromosome is made up of chromatin material. Some portions of chromatin take a darker stain during interphase. This region is called heterochromatin. Chromosomes are 0.5 to 30m in length and 0.2 to 3m in diameter. Major exceptions include several insects whose giant chromosomes may reach a length of nearly 300µm and a width of 10m. Cell Wall The cell wall is the second layer of the cell envelope below the glycocalyx. This layer determines the shape of the cell and provides a kind of strong structural support to prevent the bacterium from bursting or collapsing in a hypotonic solution.

CELL DIVISION To divide and duplicate is one of the fundamental properties of cells. In fact, the growth and development of all organisms are dependent upon the enlargement and division of their cells.

Plants and animals are usually composed of millions of cells when they are fully grown, yet they all begin life from only one cell: a fertilized egg cell or zygote. The zygote divides to produce ‘daughter’ cells w hich eventually become specialized into all the body tissues. There are two major types of cell division— mitosis and meiosis. Each of these is divided into two events—nuclear division (Karyokinesis) which is followed by the division of the cytoplasm (Cytokinesis).

various stages, and the events of each stage vary somewhat in different organism. The four stages are preceded by a resting stage, called interphase. Interphase (Protein synthesis, RNA synthesis) Prophase (Chromatin condensed) MITOSIS

Anaphase (Chromosomes starts moving towards the poles). Telophase (Chromosomes are at the opposite pole).

Mitosis In cells with nuclei, an important step in cell division is the division of the nucleus. The nucleus (except in sex cell) divides by the process called mitosis. Mitosis occurs in four successive stages; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. There are no sharp dividing lines separating the

Metaphase (Chromosomes arranged at equatorial plate)

Cytokinesis (Division of cell)

Meiosis It occurs in cells that produce gametes in sexually reproducing organisms. In these organisms, the fusion of an egg and a sperm cell produces a zygote, which develops into a new organism.

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis Meiosis

Mitosis 1. It occurs in all somatic cells. 2. Number of chromosomes remains the same. 3. No exchange of chromosome material takes place. 4. Daughter cell and parent cell have identical chromosomes. 5. No genetic variation occurs between generations. Most of the cells of an organism are diploid (2n). They contain pairs of similar chromosomes, known as homologous pairs. One member of each pair was inherited from the mother by the egg cell and one from the father by the sperm cell. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. Human cells, for example, have a diploid number of 46 or 23 pairs of chromosomes. The essence of meiosis is that it produces gametes that are haploid (n) that is, they have only

1. It occurs only in sex cells. 2. Number of chromosomes is halved. 3. Chromosomal material (chromatin) having genes has crossed over. 4. Daughter or son cell has chromosomal material derived in part from the mother cell and in part from the father cell. 5. Variation in gene combination is seen.

half the number of chromosomes found in the other cells of the parent organism.

PROTOPLASM Protoplasm is a living organized substance which is the seat for all physical and chemical transformations characteristic of life. J.E. Purkinje named the protoplasm. Protoplasm is a greyish, translucent, jelly like, odourless and viscous substance. It is heavier than water.

About the Book The present book has been specially developed for the candidates of ‘Indian Army – Soldier (Nursing Assistant) Recruitment Exam’. Based on the revised and updated syllabus, the book is highly recommended to be familiar with the exam pattern. All the practice questions have been solved by respective subjectexperts with due diligence. Purple Patches of the Book: Specialised Study Material with Solved Previous Papers

l l l l

Each Topic Discussed Chapterwise in a Lucid Manner

Each Chapter Contains Numerous Solved Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Selected Multiple Choice Questions Provided with Detailed Explanatory Answers

It is believed, the book will prove very useful for study, practice and during precious moments before the exam for reference and revision. It is highly recommended to Sharpen your Problem Solving Skills with thorough practice of numerous questions provided in the book, and prepare yourself to face the exam with Confidence, Successfully.

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