6

CBSE

fganh

(NCERT ikB~;iqLrd ij vk/kfjr)

uksV % ;fn Hkfo"; esa ,uúlhúbZúvkjúVhú dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa dksbZ cnyko gksrk gS] rks mlls lacaf/r lkexzh gekjh osclkbV ij fu%'kqYd miyC/ gksxhA

Full Marks Pvt Ltd (Progressive Educational Publishers)

New Delhi-110002

Published by:

9, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone: 011- 40556600 (100 Lines) Website: www.fullmarks.org E-mail: [email protected]

© Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Branches: • Chennai • Guwahati Marketing Offices: • Ahmedabad • Bengaluru • Bhopal • Dehradun • Hyderabad • Jaipur • Jalandhar • Kochi • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai • Patna • Ranchi

NEW EDITION

“This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action.”

Printed at:

izkDdFku iqQy ekDlZ fganh&6 dk iw.kZ la'kksf/r ,oa laof/Zr laLdj.k NCERT n~okjk fu/kZfjr ikB~;iqLrd ij vk/kfjr ,d laiw.kZ lgk;d iqLrd gSA blesa vn~;ru ijh{kk in~/fr osQ vk/kj ij ikB~; lkexzh] iz'u&izk:i] cgqfodYih; iz'u vkfn fo'ks"k rF;ksa dk iwjk&iwjk lek;kstu fd;k x;k gSA ikB~;iqLrd ,oa iwjd ikB~;iqLrd osQ lHkh ikBksa dk lkjka'k] 'kCnkFkZ] vH;kl iz'uksa osQ gy ljy ,oa cks/xE; Hkk"kk esa fn, x, gaSA ^vU; gy iz'u* 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr ikB ij vk/kfjr vfrfjDr iz'u fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, ykHkizn gaSA blosQ vykok vH;kl gsrq oqQN iz'u Hkh fn, x, gaSA bl izdkj ;g iqLrd fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, ,d laiw.kZ vè;;u lkexzh izLrqr djrh gS vkSj fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ vanj ,d xgu vkRefo'okl iSnk djrh gSA

iqQy ekDlZ Ük`a[kyk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡

●

lHkh Lrj osQ cqn~f/&dkS'ky okys fon~;kfFkZ;ksa n~okjk vè;;u izfØ;k ,oa ijh{kk esa csgrj fLFkfr izkIr djus osQ fy, lrr la?k"kZ osQ nkSjku vyx&vyx eglwl dh xbZ dfBukb;ksa dh igpku rFkk leqfpr] larqfyr ,oa laiw.kZ funkuA



●

lgt lqxzkg~;rkA



●

CBSE



●

laiw.kZ ikB dh lgt] laf{kIr izLrqfr rFkk egRoiw.kZ fln~/karksa] 'kCnksa ,oa vo/kj.kkvksa dh laf{kIr O;k[;kA



●

NCERT



●

gj izdkj osQ ijh{kksi;ksxh ,oa vU; iz'uksa dk ;FkklaHko foLr`r HkaMkjA



●

lgt miyC/ osCklkbV www.fullmarks.org vk/kfjr lgk;rk] ftlosQ rgr vf/d ls vf/d iqLrosQrj iz'u] ftKklk ,oa muosQ ;Fkksfpr lek/ku dh lqfo/k_ vuqHkoh ,oa oqQ'ky f'k{kdksa ls laioZQ rFkk la'k; lekèkku dh online lqfo/k Hkh gSA

n~okjk izdkf'kr ikB~;Øe@ijh{kk in~/fr osQ vuq:iA ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ lHkh iz'uksa dk larqfyr gyA

µizdk'kd

(iii)

vuqØef.kdk olarµ1 (ikB~;iqLrd)

1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17-

[kaMµ1

og fpfM+;k tks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 cpiu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 uknku nksLr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 pk¡n ls FkksM+h&lh xIisa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 v{kjksa dk egRo ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 ikj u”kj osQ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 lkFkh gkFk ck¡lh dh jkuh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 tks ns[kdj Hkh ugha ns[krs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105 lalkj iqLrd gS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113 eSa lcls NksVh gksm¡Q ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122 yksdxhr ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 ukSdj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139 ou osQ ekxZ esa------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150 lk¡l&lk¡l esa ck¡l-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 155

cky jkedFkk (iwjd ikB~;iqLrd)

1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12-

vo/iqjh esa jke ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164 taxy vkSj tudiqj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169 nks ojnku--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174 jke dk ou&xeu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 179 fp=kowQV esa Hkjr ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 184 naMd ou esa nl o"kZ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 lksus dk fgj.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 195 lhrk dh [kkst ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199 jke vkSj lqxzho ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 204 yadk esa guqeku ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 209 yadk&fot; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 214 jke dk jkT;kfHk"ksd ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 219

2022

(v)

O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627-

[kaM µ2

Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------o.kZ&fopkj -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'kCn&fopkj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------laKk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------laKk esa fodkj ;k ifjorZu------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------loZuke -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fo'ks"k.k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fØ;k --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------dky --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------okP; --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vO;; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------laf/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------lekl -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------milxZ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------izR;; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'kCn&HkaMkj -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------okD;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------okD; % v'kqn~f/;k¡ ,oa la'kks/u-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fojke&fpg~u ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------orZuh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------eqgkojs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------yksdksfDr;k¡ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vifBr xn~;ka'k@in~;ka'k -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------laokn&ys[ku ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vuqPNsn&ys[ku -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i=k&ys[ku-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fuca/&ys[ku ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(vi)

229 231 234 236 238 242 246 250 252 254 256 259 263 265 268 270 277 280 283 285 289 293 296 303 305 307 319

[kaM&1

1

olar&1

(ikB~;iqLrd)

og fpfM+;k tks µosQnkjukFk vxzoky

dfork dk HkkokFkZ

izLrqr dfork esa uhys ia[kksaokyh ,d NksVh&lh laqnj fpfM+;k viuk ifjp; ns jgh gSA og dgrh gS fd eSa larks"kh gw¡ vkSj nwèk Hkjs tqaMh os$ nkus cM+s eu ls [kkrh gw¡A eq>s vUu ls cgqr izse gSA og dgrh gS fd eSa cws unh Hkh vR;ar fiz; gSA

lizlax O;k[;k

1- og fpfM+;k tksµ pksap ekjdj nw/k&Hkjs tqaMh os$ nkus #fp ls] jl ls [kk ysrh gS og NksVh larks"kh fpfM+;k uhys ia[kkasokyh eSa gw¡ eq>s vUu ls cgqr I;kj gSA ¼i`"B la[;kµ1½ 'kCnkFkZµtqaMhµTokj&cktjs dh ckfy;k¡A #fpµpkgr] ilanA jlµLoknA larks"khµ/khjt okyhA vUuµvuktA izlaxµizLrqr dkO; iafDr;k¡ gekjh ikB~;iqLrd ^olar&1* esa ladfyr dfork ^og fpfM+;k tks* ls yh xbZ gaSA blds jpf;rk os$nkjukFk vxzoky gSaA bu iafDr;ksa esa dfo us ,d NksVh&lh fpfM+;k os$ ekè;e ls lgt ekuoh; LoHkko dk o.kZu fd;k gSA O;k[;kµuhys ia[kksaokyh fpfM+;k dgrh gS fd og nw/k ls ;qDr vFkkZr v/kios$ tqaMh ¼Tokj&cktjk½ os$ nkus eu ls vkSj Lokn ysdj [kkrh gSA og larks"kh gS] FkksM+s&ls nkus gh mlos$ fy, i;kZIr gSaA ml fpfM+;k os$ ia[k uhys jax os$ gSa] mls vukt ls cgqr I;kj gSA izLrqr iafDr;k¡ gesa vUu ls izse vkSj vknj djus dh lh[k nsrh gSa D;ksafd vUu gesa rkdr nsdj thou iznku djrk gSA 2- og fpfM+;k tksµ oa$B [kksydj cws fotu ls cgqr I;kj gSA ¼i`"B la[;kµ1½ 'kCnkFkZµdaBµxykA ouµtaxyA jl m¡Msydjµcgqr gh ehBs Loj esaA eq¡g cksyhµfpj&ifjfprA fotuµ,dkar] lqulkuA izlaxµiwoZorA O;k[;kµuhys ia[kksaokyh fpfM+;k dgrh gS fd rs”k vkSj e/kqj ¼ehBs½ Loj esa xkusokyh fpfM+;k eSa gh gw¡A eSa lHkh dh fpj&ifjfpr vFkkZr tkuh&igpkuh gw¡A esjs lHkh xhr cws unh ls Hkh cgqr I;kj gSA mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa fpfM+;k foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh fgEer u gkjus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA ;g unh ls izse djus dk lans'k nsrh gS D;ksafd ufn;k¡ lH;rk os$ fodkl esa izkphu dky ls gh gekjh lgk;d jgh gSaA

vFkZxzg.k laca/h iz'u fuEukafdr dkO;ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd iwyrk vk¡xu esa [kM+k eqLoq$jk jgk gS [kq'kcw viuh iS$yk jgk gS og ihyh ia[kqfM+;ksa okyk ikS/kk eSa gw¡ eq>s gok ls cgqr I;kj gSA



og iw$y dk ikS/kk tksµ f[kyrk&eqj>krk ij [kq'kcw ls ukrk lnk fuHkkrk gS eqj>kus ij Hkh [kq'kcw gh nsrk og ihyh ia[kqfM+;ksa okyk ikS/kk eSa gw¡ eq>s [kq'kcw ls cgqr I;kj gSA

Hkk"kk dh ckr

1- ia[kksaokyh fpfM+;k Åijokyh njkt” uhys ia[kksaokyh fpfM+;k lcls Åijokyh njkt” • ;gk¡ js[kkafdr 'kCn fo'ks"k.k dk dke dj jgs gSaA ;s 'kCn ^fpfM+;k* vkSj ^njkt+* laKkvksa dh fo'ks"krk crk jgs gSa] vr% js[kkafdr 'kCn fo'ks"k.k gSa vkSj fpfM+;k] njk”k fo'ks"; gSAa ;gk¡ ^okyk@okyh* tksMd + j cuus okys oq$N vkSj fo'ks"k.k fn, x, gSAa Åij fn, x, mnkgj.kksa dh rjg buos$ vkxs ,d&,d fo'ks"k.k vkSj tksMk+ µ s ------------------------- eksjksaokyk ckx ------------------------- isM+ksaokyk ou ------------------------- iw$yksaokyh D;kjh ------------------------- Low$yokyk jkLrk ------------------------- g¡lusokyk cPpk og fpfM+;k tksµ ------------------------- ew¡Nksaokyk vkneh jkst los + js mRrjµ lqanj eksjksaokyk ckx = lqanj eksjkssaokyk ckx fu;r le; vk¡xu esa rsjs m¡$ps isM+ksaokyk ?kj = m¡$ps isM+ksaokyk ?kj rq>s mBkus vk tkrh gS ja x &fcja x s iw $ yks a o kyh D;kjh = jax&fcjaxs iw$yksaokyh pw¡&pw¡ djrh NksVh fpfM+;k D;kjh uhys ia[kksaokyh eSa gw¡ NksVs Low$yokyk jkLrk = NksVs Low$yokyk jkLrk eq>s lqcg ls cgqr I;kj gSA cgqr g¡lusokyk cPpk = cgqr g¡lusokyk cPpk 4- rqe Hkh ,slh dYiuk dj ldrs gks fd ^og iw$y dk ikS/kk tksµihyh ia[kqfM+;ksa okykµegd jgk gSµeSa gw¡A* ?kuh ew¡Nksaokyk vkneh = ?kuh ew¡Nksaokyk vkneh n

olarµ1–VI

¼x½ Hkwoa$i os$ ckn tuthou /khjs&/khjs lkekU; gksus 2- og fpfM+;k ------ tqMa h os$ nkus #fp ls ------ [kk ysrh gSA -----yxkA og fpfM+;k jl m¡Msydj xk ysrh gSA ¼?k½ dksbZ lis+$n&lh pht+ /kIi&ls vk¡xu esa fxjhA • dfork dh bu iafDr;ksa esa eksVs Nkis okys 'kCnksa dks ¼³½ VkWeh iq$rhZ ls pksj ij >iVkA è;ku ls i