kckzX-oh-nPbw

saraswatheevijayam pothery kunjambu novel pazhama series editor n santhosh kumar first chintha edition january 2013 second edition march 2013 typesetting info needs, kariyam published chintha publishers, thiruvananthapuram printed anaswara offset pvt ltd cover black mole price rupees one hundred and forty only

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hnX-cWw

tZim-`n-am\n _p°v lukv H O Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛695 035 www.chinthapublishers.com [email protected] {_m©p-Iƒ slÕm-^okv {_m©v Ip∂p-Ipgn Hmh¿{_nUvPv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw sI Fkv B¿ Sn kn _kv tÃj≥ Be-∏p-g sI Fkv B¿ Sn kn _kv tÃj≥ Fd-Wm-Ip-fw a®n-߬ sebv≥ Xriq¿ sF Pn tdmUv tImgnt°m-Sv sI Fkv B¿ Sn kn _kv tÃj≥ tImgn-t°mSv F≥ Pn H bqWn-b≥ _n¬UnMv IÆq¿ sk≥{S¬ _kv sS¿an-\¬ tImwπIvkv Xmh-°c IÆq¿

CR - 1250 / 3163

kckzX-oh-nPbw t\mh¬ ]-ga : 9

1892

t]mtØcn Ip™ºp t\mh¬ ]-ga kocokv FUn-‰¿

F≥ kt¥mjv Ipam¿ ]T\w

F Sn taml≥cmPv

Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛695 035

hne : ` 140

{]km-[I - ° - p-dn∏v ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ ]Xn\©p t\mh-ep-I-fmWv "t\m-h¬ ]-g-a' F∂ t]cn¬ Nn¥- ]-ªntjgvkv ]p\x{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[n-]-X-yhpw AXns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Im-[n-\n-th-ihpw tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ krjvSn® BLm-X-ßfpw \n¿an-Xn-Ifpw Cu t\mh-epI-fn¬ hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. tIc-fØ - ns‚ D¬∏m-Z\ _‘-߃, B¨˛s]¨ _‘w, IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xw, ssewKn-I-X, PmXn-h-y-h-ÿ, BNm-cß - ƒ, Bcm-[\mcoXn-Iƒ, hmsam-gn-hg - ° - ß - ƒ, kuµ-cy- -Z¿i\w,- cm-jv{So-b-t_m-[w, BJ-ym-\-k-{º-Zm-b-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw hni- Z - a mbn N¿®- s N- ø - s ∏- S p∂ IrXn- I - f m- W nh. sImtfm- W n- b ¬ kmwkv I m- c n- I - h - y - h - k mbw Fß- s \- b mWv Xt±- i ob P\- I ob kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsSta¬ ta¬ss° t\Sn-b-sX∂pw hnIvtSm-dn-b≥ kZm-Nm-c-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw A®n¬ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kmwkvImcn-I˛kmaq-lnI Pohn-XsØ Fßs\-bmWv ]p\¿\n¿an-®-sX∂pw a\-kn-em-°m≥ Cu IrXn-Iƒ \sΩ klm-bn-°p∂XmWv. Gj-ym-‰nIv temI-ß-sf-sb√mw {]mIrX kaql-ß-fmbpw ]m›m-X-y-tem-IsØ kmwkvIm-c-Øns‚ t{kmX-kmbpw hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ ]m›m-X-y-bp‡n C∂pw {]_-e-ambn temI-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. A[n-\n-thiw F∂ lnwkm-fl-IX AXns‚ kl-Pa - mb hwio-bm-l¥ - t- bmsS temI-Øn-\p-ta¬ \S-Øp∂ kwlmc-Xm-fi-hsØ {]iv\-h¬°-cn-t°≠ Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ae-bmf kmln-X-y-Ønse Cu A]q¿h hk-¥-߃ ]p\¿hm-bn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. tIc-fob kaqlw Hcp B[p-\nI kaq-l-ambn ]cn-h¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXn\v A\n-hm-c-y-ambpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠n-h∂ ]pXnb {]iv\-ß-sfbpw Cu t\mh-ep-Iƒ A\m-h-cWw

sNøp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ AtX-k-abwXs∂ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v XncnsIm-fp-Ønb Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Cu t\mh-ep-Iƒ cNn-°-s∏-´-Xv. {_m“-Wm-[n-]-X-y-Øn\pw PmXn-a¿Z-\-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmb \thm-∞m-\˛ Iogmf Dbn¿∏p- I - s f km£- y - s ∏- S p- Ø p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ - h - b mWv CXnse ]e IrXn-Ifpw. Cu ]pkvX-I-ßfpw Chsb°pdn-®p≈ ]T-\-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw kaml-cn®p \¬Inb F≥ kt¥mjv Ipam-dns‚ {iaw ae-bmf kmln-Xy- N-cn-{X-Ønse Hcp henb kw`hambn R߃ Icp-Xp∂p. Cu IrXn-Iƒ ae-bmfn hmb\mkaq-l-Øn\p apºn¬ kkt¥mjw ka¿∏n-°p∂p. Nn¥ ]-ªn-tjgvkv

tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\Ø - ns‚ `qanI ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmf t\mh-ep-Iƒ C∂v hmbn-°p-tºmƒ

c≠pXcw BJym-\-e-£y-ß-fmWv Xß-fpsS cN-\-I-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmf t\mh-enÃp-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈X - v. A∏p-s\-Sp-ßm-Sn-sbbpw N¥p-ta-t\m-s\bpw t]mse-bp-≈-h¿ C„-P-\-ß-fpsS hnt\m-Z-Øn-\mbn t\mh-ep-Iƒ cNn®-t∏mƒ t]mtØcn Ip™-ºphpw tPmk^v aqfn-bnepw tkmt±-iym[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-Ø-s∂-bmWv Xß-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ F∂p Xpd-∂p-]-dbp-∂p-≠v. t\mh¬ cN-\bv°p ]n∂mse ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ß-fmb c≠p [¿a-ß-sfbpw Iq´n-bn-W-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu Fgp-Øp-Im-sc-√mw Xs∂. t\mh¬ F∂ kmln-Xy-imJ C¥y≥ `mj-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏Sm\pw hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn-°m\pw Cu c≠p-L-S-I-ßfpw Hcp-t]mse ImcW-am-bn-´p-≠v. Hcp \q‰m-≠n\v C∏p-d-Øp-\n∂v B t\mh-ep-Iƒ hmbn°p-tºmƒ Ah tIhew hnt\m-Z-Øn-\p-a-∏pdw A°m-esØ Ncn-{X]-chpw cm{„o-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-߃Iq-Sn-bmbn amdp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. C¥y≥ \thm-∞m-\-amWv BZy-Ime C¥y≥ t\mh-ep-Iƒ°v P∑w \¬In-b-sX∂ hkvXpX hnkva-cn-®p-sIm≠v Ahsb kao-]n°p-∂Xv Ncn-{X-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv. bqtdm-]y≥ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS tIh-em-\pI-c-W-amWv BZy-Ime C¥y≥ t\mh-ep-Iƒ F∂ hmZw AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ A{]-k-‡-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. t\mh-ep-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-sh-°p∂ B[p-\n-I-amb `mhp-I-Xzhpw A\p-`-h-]-cn-k-chpw sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hnZym-`ymkw e`n® C¥y≥ D]-cn-h¿K-Øn-\n-S-bn-se-¶nepw thtcm-Snbn-cp∂p F∂-Xns‚ i‡-amb sXfn-hp-IƒIq-Sn-bmWv Ah. AØcw A\p-`-h-]-cn-kcw {_n´ojv C¥y-bn¬ Fßs\ cq]-s∏-´p F∂-Xns‚ tcJ-IƒIq-Sn-bmbn kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-

bmf t\mh-ep-Iƒ amdp-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tIc-fo-b-amb \thm-∞m-\-{i-a-ß-fpsS Hcp apt∂m-Sn-bmbn Cu t\mh-ep-Isf hmbns®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bpw. _wKmfn `mj-bn¬ ankn v ImX-do≥ l∂m ap√≥kv cNn® ^p¬tam\n Hm Icp-Wm¿ _n_-c-Wn\v dh. tPmk^v ]o‰v \n¿hln® ^p¬tam\n F∂pw tImcpW F∂pw t]cmb c≠p kv{XoI-fpsS IY (1858) hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´-tXmsS Bcw-`n-°p∂p ae-bmf t\mhep-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw F∂p ]d-bmw. _wKmfn`mj-bn¬\n∂pw ae-bm-fh¬°-cn-°p-tºmƒ ae-bmf kaq-l-sØ-°qSn A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp∂ Fgp-Ømbn AXv amdp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv 1894-¬ tIc-f-h¿a hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ hm≥enw _¿Kv _yqh-dpsS U®v t\mh-emb AIv_¿ Cw•o-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sN-bvXt∏mƒ C√msXt]mbXpw Cusbmcp KpW-am-Wv. Cßs\bmWv dh. tPm-k^v ]o‰v samgn-am‰w \n¿h-ln® ^p¬tam-\n-bp-sSbpw tImcpWbp-sS-bpw IY ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmf t\mh-ep-IfpsS ka-{K-k-am-lm-c-amb t\mh¬ ]-g-a-bnse BZy-t\m-h-embn ]cnW-an-®-Xv. ]n ]n cho-{µs‚ Bap-J-]-T\w hnh¿Ø\ t\mh-ep-Iƒ `mjm-t\m-h-ep-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xns‚ ]›m-Øew hy‡-am-bn-Øs∂ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Cßs\ ^p¬tam-\n-bp-sSbpw tImcp-W-bp-sSbpw IY F∂ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ XpS-ßp∂ ]Xn-\©v t\mh-ep-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv t\mh¬ ]-ga F∂ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ {]kn≤o-I-cn® ae-bmf t\mh-ep-I-fpsS Hcp ]mt°-Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bncn-°p-∂-Xv. t\mh-ens‚ cq]-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ km{º-Zm-bnI ho£-W߃ C√m-Xmb ]pXnb Ime-Øv, t\mh-ens‚ kzcq-]-L-S-\-sb-°pdn-®p≈ A{]-k-‡-amb hnNm-c-߃°-∏p-dØv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠nse ae-bmf t\mh-ep-Isf C∂p hmbn-°p-tºmƒ A°m-esØ Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw cq]-s∏-´-Xns‚ hy‡-amb Znim-t_m[w e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. H‰-sbm-‰-bmbn hmbn-°p∂Xnt\-°mƒ Hcp ka-{K-kam-lm-ca- mbn hmbn-°p-tºmƒ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse Ncn-{X-Øn-s‚bpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw XpS¿® AXn¬ Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw. B[p-\nI tIc-fob kaq-l-Øns‚ cq]-s∏-Sepw AXns\ \nb-{¥n® hnhn[ i‡n-Ifpw LS-I-ß-fp-sa√mw Cu ka-{K-hm-b-\-bn¬ sXfn-bp-∂p≠v. Cu hmb-\bv°v klm-b-I-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv ChbpsS Bap-J-]-T-\-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. C°m-cy-ßsf√mw Hmtcm t\mh-en-s‚bpw BapJ ]T-\-߃ hfsc hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ka{K-X-bmb t\mh¬ ]-ga ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn \ΩpsS kmlnXy ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ s]mXp A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Hcp kwhmZw cq]-s∏-Sp-

sa∂v Dd- ∏ p- ≠ v . A[n- \ n- t hiw/tZiob, taem- f ≥/Iogm- f ≥, kh¿W≥/Ah¿W≥, ]pcp-j≥/kv{Xo, B[p-\n-IX/]mc-ºcyw XpSßnb kwh¿K-߃ ]e {]Im-c-Øn¬ kwL¿-j-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sp∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ Cu t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v. kv{Xo hnZym`ymkhpw kv{Xo kzmX-{¥yhpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-߃ aebm-fØn¬ BZy-ambn N¿® sNbvX am[y-ahpw Cu t\mh-ep-Iƒ Xs∂. Iogm-fcpsS DZv{K-Y-\hpw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw AS-°-ap≈ hnj-bßfpw Chsb kPo-h-am-°p-∂p. H∏w amdn-h-cp∂ temI-t_m-[hpw \oXn-\ym-b{- I-aß - fpw kPo-ha - mb N¿®-bm-hp-∂p. hr-Ønbpw shSn∏pw B[p-\n-I-amb IpSpw-_hpw hnZym-`ym-k-hp-sams° Dƒs∏-Sp∂ B[p\n-I-h¬°-cW {]{In-bbpw \nc-¥c kwhm-Z-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-≠v. H∏w - W - Ø - nte-°v ]n¬°m-eØv tIc-fob \thm-∞m\ {]{In-bb - psS cq]o-Ic \bn® kml-N-cy-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Cßs\ ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns\ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn hmbn-°m-\p≈ anI® D]m[n-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv A°m-esØ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ka-{K-X-bmb t\mh-¬ ]-ga F∂ Cu kam-lm-cw. Cu t\mh-ep-Iƒ°v hni-Z-amb Bap-J-]-T\w Xbm-dm-°n-Ø∂ hnin-„-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im¿°pw CØ-c-samcp ka-{K-X-bpsS {]k‡n v- n-\pw a\-kn-em°n {]km-[\ - Ø - n\v ap≥ssI-sb-SpØ Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gk Rm≥ \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tIc-fob hmb-\m-k-aqlw ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠nse t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ka-{K-X-bmb t\mh¬ ]-g-asb kzoI-cn-°p-sa∂ {]Xym-i-tbm-sS. ]nen-t°mSv 04˛01-˛2013

F≥ kt¥m-jv Ip-am¿ t\mh¬ ]ga kocokv FUn-‰¿

]-T\w

{_m“WyØn\v Xo sImfpØnb t\mh¬ F Sn taml≥cmPv ln¥p°fpsS CSbn¬ D≈ PmXna’chpw ]Ibpw, alna-apgp-- h ≥ P\\IpesØ B{ibn®msW∂pw kzKp- W sØ B{i-bn-®s - √∂pap≈ hnNmchpw \msSßpw ]S¿∂p-]nSn® aqVXbpw C{X-h¿≤n®pt]mbXv XßfpsS ln¥paX-Øns‚ icnbmb Adnhv Bbncw t]cn¬ sXm≈mbncØn sXmÆqs‰m-ºXn-\pw C√mØXp-sIm≠pw D≠mhm≥ Ffp∏-an√mØ kwkvIr--X`mjbn¬ B aX-{]amW߃ ]q´ns°´n-bncn° sIm≠pw km[mcW P\߃°v B hI ⁄m\w D≠m-hm≥ ]mSns√∂v Iev]n®XpsIm≠pamWv. AXp-sIm≠v tIcf-saßpw hntijn®v sIm®nbnepw XncphnXmw-Iqdnepw {]_-e-∑mcpw {]`p°fpw `qtZh∑mcpw Bb \ºqXncn {_m“-W¿°v ]cs° Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw D≠m°m≥ kIe-hn[amb {iahpw sNøp--hm≥ AhnSßfnse almcmPm-°-∑mtcmSv At]-£n°Ww. Xoø¿°v {]mYanI hnZym`ymkw h¿≤n-∏n°m≥ th≠p∂ [\-klm-bw sNøphm\p≈ At]-£bpw B cmPy-ßfnse alm-cmPm°-∑mtcmSv sNtø≠XmWv. F∂m¬ CXv c≠maXmbn´pw \ºqXncn {_m“WcpsS a\- ns\ ]cnjvI-cn°p-∂Xp H∂maXmbn´pw th≠-XmWv.1 ˛ t]mtØcn Ip™ºp t\mhepIƒ hmbn®v Bthiw sIm≠n´mWv t\mhsegpXm≥ B{Klw P\n®sX∂v ]e C¥y≥ `mjIfnsebpw BZyIme t\mh-enÃpIƒ {]kvXmhn®XpImWmw. ]q¿h amXrIIƒ C√mØ Hcp kmlnXy-cq]w {]tbmKn°p∂Xnse ]cn{`aw am{Xambn

Cw•ojv

12

-k-c-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw t]mtØcn Ip™ºp

Cu {]kvXm-hßsf ]cnKWn®m¬ aXn. C¥y≥ `mjIfnse t\mh¬, C¥y≥ kmaqlym¥co£Øn¬ cq]s∏´ khntijamb kmlnXycq]am-bncp∂p. ]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠n¬ cq]s∏´ph∂ \thm∞m\-t_m[Øns‚ Hcp BhnjvImcambncp∂p AXv. \thm∞m\w a\pjyNn¥sb tZhtemIØp\n∂pw a\pjytemItØ°v ˛˛`qanbnte°v ˛˛Cd°ns°m≠ph∂p. CXnlmk ]pcmW-ßfnse {]tab߃ ]mSn- AhXcn∏n® `‡nkmlnXy-Øns‚ A\p-kyqXn AtXmSpIqSn A‰pt]mbn. sImtfmWnb¬ A[nImcw `‡n-bpsS \n›etemIsØ ]nSn®pebv°pIXs∂ sNbvXp. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ A[nImcØns‚bpw {InkvXpaX-Øn-s‚-bpw AlnXamb km∂n-[yØn¬ kh¿W sslµh-kapZm-bß - ƒ \ne\n¬∏n\pw {]Xn-tcm[-Øn-\pw \SØnb ]cn{ia߃ IqSn-bmbncp∂p- _wKmfnemcw`n® \thm∞m\w. sImtfmWnb¬ B[p\nI-t_m-[hpw {InkvXp--aXØn-se a\pjy-kvt\lk¶¬∏hpw {_m“WyØns‚ ZrV\nba-ßsf Zp¿_-eam°n. PmXnkzXzw am{Xap≠mbncp∂ kh¿WkapZm- b- Ø n- s e a\pjy¿°v kmaqlykzXzap≠mbn- Ø ocm≥ sImtfmWn-b¬ A[nImckzm[o\w hgnsbmcp°n. hy‡n-bpsS PmXn kwc£n-°p--∂Xnt\°mƒ kmapZmbnI PohnXw B[p\nIh¬°cn°pIbmWv {][m\w F∂ Xncn®dnhv Ah¿°p-≠mbn. Cu kmaqlykzXz--t_m[-amWv kmhImiw tZiobt_m-[-ambn hnIkn®Xv. AXv ]n∂oSv kzmX{¥y{]t£m`- ß fnte°pw tZiØn- s ‚ `mhnsb∏‰nbp≈ kz]v\ßfnte°pw P\Xsb \bn®p. ]pXnb kmaqlykzXzam¿Pn® a\pjy¿ kz¥w kapZmbØn\ItØ°p t\m°nbt∏mƒ AXnse ]e BNmcßfpw ]cnjvIrXkapZmbØn\v tbmPn°mØXmsW∂p I≠p. {_m“WkapZm-bØnse kv{XobpsS PohnXamWv BZyw ]cnjvIcnt°≠sX∂v Ah¿°p a\knembn. ssiihhnhmlw, hn[hIƒ°ptase ASnt®¬∏n°p∂ kmaqlyamb hne°pIƒ, kXn, hnZym`ymk-\ntj[w Chsbms° kmaqlyamb Xn∑Ifmbn Xncn®dn™p. kv{Xo-PohnXsØ hntamNn∏n°pIbmbncp∂p \thm∞m\Øns‚ Hcp e£yw. 1857 se H∂mw kzmX{¥ykacamIptºmtg°pw {_n´ojpIm¿ C¥ybnse F√m cmPyßsfbpw IogS°n Hcp cm{„ob GIIam°n am‰nbncp∂p. CtXmSpIqSn \thm∞m\Øns‚ Bibßfpw Imcy-]cn]mSnIfpw tZihym]Iambn {]NcnXambn. \thm∞m\Øns‚ Cu DW¿hn¬ \n∂mbncp∂p C¥y≥ `mjIfn¬ t\mh¬ F∂ kmlnXy--cq]w P∑saSpØXv. C¥-y≥ \thm∞m\w Hcp GI[mcbmbncp∂p F∂pw _wKmfn¬-\n∂pw AXns‚ BibamXrIIƒ CXc{]tZitØ°v hym]n°pIbmbncp∂psh∂pw kwkvImcNcn{XImc∑m¿ Icp-Xp∂p. _wKm-

-k-c-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw t]mtØcn Ip™ºp

13

fn¬ \thm∞m\Øn\p XpS°wIpdn® cmPmdmw taml≥dmbnsb C¥y≥ \thm∞m\Øns‚ am{Xa√ C¥y≥ B[p\nI-Xbp-sS]nXmhmbn hmgvØpIbp≠mbn. A]cn-jv-IrXhpw a\pjy-hncp-≤-hpamb BNmc߃ \ntcm[n®v kapZmbsØ B[p\nI-h¬°-cn°p- .v hm\mbncp∂p d - mbnbpƒs∏sSbp≈ \thm-∞m\-\mbI¿ ]cn{ian-®X Chbn¬ NneXns\ sImtfmWnb¬ `cWw \nba-\n¿amW-Øn-eqsS klmbn°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. kapZmbsØ B[p\nI-h¬-°cn°phm≥ klmbn® sImtfmWnb¬ A[nImc-tØmSv \thm-∞m-\\mbI-∑m¿°v Afh‰ BZchv D≠mIp-hm≥ Hcp ImcWw AXm-bncp∂p. tImf\n `cWm[nImcnIfpsSbpw {_n´ojv]finX∑mcpsSbpw ImgvN∏mSn¬ C¥y°m¿ "Adnhn√mØhcpw' "kwkvImcan√m-Øhcpw', Bbncp∂p. tImf\nbnse P\ßsf "kwkvImcap≈-hcm°nØo¿- ° ¬' AhcpsS ZuXyambn IcpXpIbpw sNbv X ncp∂p. hn⁄m\-hn\nabhpw kwkvImch¬°cWhpw am{Xambncp∂n√ AhcpsS e£yw. AhcpsS alØmb aXØns‚bpw hn⁄m\Øns‚bpw Iogn¬ "lnµpkwkvImcw' XI¿∂p Xcn∏WamIpsa∂v Ah¿ I-cpXn. B e£yØn\mbn C¥ybnse hnZym`ymk]≤Xn Ah¿ hfsc Iuie]q¿hambn Bkq{XWw sNbvXp. sa°msfbpsS hnZym-`ym-k-°pdn∏n¬ (1835) \n¿hNn°p∂ hnZym`ymk]≤Xn \S∏nem°p-∂-Xn\v c≠p ZiI߃°p apºpXs∂ C¥ybn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw Bcw`n®ncp∂p. Cw•≠n¬ Cw•ojv kmlnXyw Hcp ]T\-hnj-bam°p∂Xn\p apºpXs∂ C¥ybn¬ AXv ]T\hnjbam-°n-bn-cp∂p. C¥ysb IogS°m≥ {_n´ojv km{amPyXzaWn™ Hcp apJw aqSnbmbncp∂p (masks of conquests) Cw•ojv kmlnXysa∂2 Kuco-hniz\mYns‚ \nco£Ww {_n´ojv hnZym`ymk ]≤XnbpsS e£yw IogS°¬ Xs∂bmbncp∂psh∂v hy‡am°p∂p. Cw•ojv` - mjbn-eqsS Ncn{Xhpw XXzimkv{Xhpw am{Xa√ ss{IkvXhZ¿i-\hpw hnZym¿Yn-Ifnte°v ]I¿∂ncp∂p. ]n∂oSv {]ikvX\mb Ihn, ssa-t°¬ a[pkqZ\Øns\ (1824˛73)t∏mep≈h¿ At∏mtg°pw aX]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXv ss{IkvXhcmbn°gn™ncp∂p. {InkvXp-aX -]T\w C¥y°msc hnt[bXzap≈hcm°n am‰psa∂v IcpXnbXp-sIm≠m-bncp∂p C¥ybn¬ aX{]NcWØn\v A\phmZw sImSpØ-sX∂v kwkvImcNcn{XImc∑m¿ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p≠v.3 Cw•ojv hnZym`ym- k hpw anjn\dn {]h¿Ø\hpw C¥ybpsS an°`mKßfnepw {]Ncn∏n-°s∏´tXmSpIqSn \thm∞m\ Bibßfpw cq]s∏´ph∂p. Ah-bv°v ]e coXnbnep≈ BhnjvImc߃ D≠mhpIbpw sNbvXp. Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØn\pw sImtfmWnb¬ kwkvImc]cnNb-Øn-\pw BZyw Ahkcw e`n®Xv kº∂cmb

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-k-c-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw t]mtØcn Ip™ºp

kh¿W¿°mbncp∂p. Cu hn`mKØn¬ \n∂mWv \thm∞m\ \mbI∑m¿ DZbw sNbvXXv. Ah¿ A`nkwt_m[\sNbvXXpw kh¿Wscbmbncp∂p. {_n´ojv tImf\nkwkvImcw cq]s∏Sp∂Xn\papºpXs∂ tIcfØn¬ A[n-\n-thihpw {InkvXy≥ anjn\dnamcpsS {]h¿Ø\hpw Bcw`n-®n-cp∂p. tIcfØn¬ Ah¿WkapZmbßfnemWv \thm∞m\-t_m[w BZyw DW¿∂Xv. {InkvXpaXØnte°v ]cnh¿Ø\w sNbvX Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ kh¿Wkv{XoIsft∏mse ta¬hkv{Xw [cn®v kmaqlyXpeyX {]ISn∏n°m≥ {ian®Xv 1829 embncp∂p. kXn \ntcm-[n®psIm≠v DØchnd°nb AtX-h¿jw _wKmfn¬ Iogmf¿ kmaq-lyXpeyXbv°pth≠n ]cn{ian®Xns\∏‰-n \thm∞m\Ncn{X- Ø n¬ ]cma¿in®p I≠nt´bn√. _wKmƒ\thm∞m\w Iogmfsc kv]¿in-®ncp∂n√ F∂XmWv hkvXpX. {_m“WkapZmbØnse kv{XoPohnXsØ B[p\nIh¬°cn°p-hm\mWv -dmbnbpƒs∏sSbp≈ \thm∞m\-\mbI¿ ]cn{i-an®Xv. CXn\v kmaqlyhpw Ncn{X]chpamb ]›mØew-IqSnbp-≠m-bncp∂p. CuÃn¥ym°º\n _wKmfn¬ {]h¿Ø\amcw`n®t∏mƒ {_m“WkapZmbØnse IpsdbmfpIƒ {_n´ojpImcpambnt®¿∂v hmWnPytaJebnte°v {]thin°pIbp≠mbn. PmXobamb PohnX-coXnIfpw aqeyßfpw Dt]£n®psIm≠mWv Ah¿ ]pXnb {]h¿Ø\taJebn¬ hym]cn®Xv. ChcpsS A\¥cXeapdIfmWv \thm∞m\-Øns‚ h‡m°fmbn cwKsØØnbXv. Cu Xeapd-bpsS {]Xn-\n[nbmbncp∂p dmw-taml≥-dmbv. hmWnPy-taJebn¬ {]h¿Øn®v kº∂cmbnØo¿∂ {_m“WkapZmbØn¬ kXn F∂ A\pjvTm\Øn\v C°meØv henb {]Nmcap≠mbn. \„-aqey-߃ ]p\x{]XnjvTn°phm\p≈ {_m“WkapZmbØns‚ {ia-Øns‚ `mKambn´mWv kXn A\pjvTn°p∂hcpsS FÆw s]s´∂v IqSnbsX∂v kmaqlya\ximkv{X⁄\mb Ajojv \µn Icp-Xp∂p.4 kXn \n¿Øem°phm\mWt√m -dmbn G‰hpa[nIw {]bXv\n-®Xv. C¥y≥\thm∞m\ \mbIs‚ DØaamb Hcp DZmlcWambncp∂p -dmbnbpsS PohnXw. kmapZmbnI {]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n°ptºmƒ At±lw hºn® kzØns‚ DSabmbncp∂p. A©v Xmeq°pIƒ At±lØn\v kz¥ambn´p≠mbncp∂p. G‰hpw B[p\nI-t_m[ap≈ Nn¥I\mbncp∂ At±lØn\v DdpZp, t]¿jy≥, kwkvIrXw XpSßnb ]uckvXy`mjIfn¬ am{Xa√, Cw•ojv, {Ko°v XpSßnb \nch[n `mjIfnepw ]mfinXyap≠m-bncp∂p. kwkvIrX-hnZym`ymksØ i‡ambn FXn¿Ø At±lw Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØn\mbn hmZn°pIbpw AXn\mbn tImtfPpIƒ ÿm]n°m≥ ap≥ssIsbSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. {ipXnIfpw kvarXnIfpw B[p\nIamb ImgvN∏mSn¬ hymJym\n® -dmbnsb bq\nt‰dnb≥ ss{IkvXh-Z¿i\w

-k-c-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw t]mtØcn Ip™ºp

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BgØn¬ kzm[o\n®ncp∂p.5 AXns‚ Hcp {]NmcI\pambncp∂p At±-lw. GIssZhhnizmknbmb At±lw {_m“WyØns‚ ASbmf-amb ]qWq¬ Hcn°epw Dt]£n®ncp∂n√. sImtfmWnb¬ A[n-Im-c-tØmSv At±lØn\v BZchv Xs∂bmbncp∂p D≠mbncp∂Xv. -dmbnbpsS PohnXhpw Z¿i\hpw At±lØns‚ acW(1833)tijw \thm∞m\ {]h¿ØI¿°p amXrIbmbn. kv{XoPohnXsØ {_m“WyØns‚ \nbaßfn¬\n∂v hntamNn-∏n°phm≥ Xs∂bmWv -dmbn°v ]n∂mse h∂ \thm∞m\-{]h¿ØIcpw ]cn{ian®Xv. XpS¿∂v CuizcN{µhnZymkmKdns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ {_m“Whn[hIƒ°v ]p\¿hnhmlw A\phZ-\ob-am°m≥ th≠n hn]peamb Bib{]NmcWw \S∂p. C¥ybnep- S - \ ofw hn[hmhnhmlw kPohamb kwhmZhnjbambn amdnb A¥co-£ØnemWv 1856 ¬ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v hn[hmhnhmlØn\v \nba]camb AwKoImcw \¬InbXv. "kXn-\ntcm[\w' t]mse AXpw {_m“- W yØnt\‰ I\Ø{]lcambn. AXphsc kmaqly- a mb kwhmZßfn¬ HXpßn\n∂ "kv{Xo{]iv\w' k¿-K`mh\sb Pzen-∏n°p∂ C‘\ambn amdnbt∏mgmWv C¥y≥`mjIfn¬ t\mh¬ DZbw sNbvXXv. C¥y≥-`mjIfnse BZy t\mhembn ]cnKWn°mhp∂ _m_m]ZwPnbpsS bap\m]cyS≥ (1857˛admØn) {_m“W-hn[-hbpsS ]p\¿-hnhmlØn\p≈ am¿KamWv apt∂m´ph®Xv.6 {InkvXp-aX-Ønte°v ]cnh¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ {_m“Whn[hbv°v ]p\¿-hnhm-lw km[yamIpsa∂pw kapZmbØns‚ ]oU\ß-fn¬\n∂v c£-{]m]n°msa∂pw D≈ Bibw -bap\m]cyS≥- {]t£]n®p. {_m“-WysØ hna¿in°p∂ kv{XoIYm]m{Xßfp≈ t\mhepIƒ ]n∂m-se h∂psIm≠ncp∂p. lnµnbn¬ ]fin‰v KucoZØns‚ tZhdmWn PXm\o Io Ilm\n (1870), sXep¶n¬ \clcn tKm]me-IrjvW-sN´nbpsS {iocwKcmP NcnXw (1872), _wKmfnbn¬ _¶nw-N{µNm‰¿-PnbpsS Cµn-c (1873), I∂Sbn¬ Kp¬hmUn sh¶nS-dmhphns‚ Cµncm`mbv, Xangn¬ thZ\mbIw ]n≈bpsS {]Xm]-apXenbm¿ NcnXw (1879) XpSßnb t\mhepIfnsems° kv{Xo-IYm-]m{X߃ {_m“Wy-Øns‚ aqeyßsf Ip‰hnNmcw sNøp∂p≠v. {_m“WysØ ]cnl-kn°pIbmWt√m N¥ptat\ms‚ CµpteJ-bnepw (1889). kv{Xo\m-aap≈ \nch[n t\mhepIƒ Z£ntW¥y≥-`mjIfn¬ C°meØv hncNnXambncp∂p. Xangn¬, am[høbpsS ]flmw_mƒ NcnXw (1895), cmPw AøcpsS Iaemw_mƒ NcnXw (1896), I∂Sbn¬ Kp¬hmUn sh¶Sdmhphns‚ koa¥n\n (1907), sdmÕhymkdm-hphns‚ N{µ-apJob KmYmhp (1900), tIcq¿ hmkp-tZhøcpsS Cµnc (1908) sXep-¶n¬ hotci enwK]¥ephns‚ kXyhXnbpsS NcnXw (1889) NneI-am¿ØnbpsS

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