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IGNOU & All Indian Univ.

—Government and Politics in India—

For Bachelor of Arts [B.A.]

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TOPICS COVERED (Historical Background) I (The Consequences of Colonialism) II (Responses of Indian Society) III (National Movement) IV (Emergence of New Classes)

(Philosophy of Indian Constitution) I (The Making of Indian Constitution) II (Basic Features) III (Vision of Social Transformation) IV (Rights and Citizenship)

(Institutional Framework) I (What it Means to be a Parliamentary Democracy?)

II (Legislature) III (Executive) IV (Judiciary) V (Bureaucracy in India)

(Federalism in India) I (Nature of Indian Federalism) II (Special Provisions for North-East India, J&K, etc.) III (Issues in Conflict and Cooperation in Indian Federalism) IV (Autonomy Movements and State Reorganisation in India) V (Local Self-Government Institutions: Rural and Urban)

(Party System and Elections in India) I (Nature of Party System in India) II (National and Regional Parties) III (Elections) IV (Caste, Class and Politics in India)

V (Coalition Politics)

(Social and Political Movement) I (Women) II (Dalits) III (Tribals) IV (Environment) V (Workers and Peasants)

(Context of Indian State) I (Globalisation and Liberalisation) II (Secularism and Communal Challenge) III (Democracy in Search of Equality) IV (Crime, Repression and Terror in Indian Politics)

(Historical Background) (Philosophy of Indian Constitution) (Institutional Framework) (Federalism in India) (Party System and Elections in India) (Social and Political Movement) (Context of Indian State)

1

,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe (Historical Background)

Lora=rk izkfIr ds le; Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd fLFkfr dkQh fodflr FkhA iw¡thifr oxZ] eè;e oxZ ,oa xjhc etnwjksa dk ,d cM+k Hkkx jktuhfr dks izHkkfor djus esa l{ke FkkA xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa gh {ks=ksa eas fo'ks"k :i ls xjhch vfèkd Fkh] ftlds dkj.k dqiks"k.k] vf'k{kk] LokLF; esa fxjkoV bR;kfn tSlh leL;k,¡ vfèkd FkhaA bu lHkh leL;kvksa ls tw>us ds fy, fdlh l'kDr i¼fr dh vko';drk dk vuqHko fd;k x;kA bl deh dks dqN le; i'pkr~ mifuos'kokn us iwjk fd;k rFkk u, Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k esa ,d vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA lekt ds fofHkUu oxks± }kjk mifuos'kokn ds izfr vyx&vyx fopkj izLrqr fd, x,A fo'ks"kdj fdlku oxZ us Hkwfe vkSj jktLo O;oLFkk dk fojksèk djrs gq, vkSifuosf'kd uhfr;ksa dk tedj fojksèk rFkk izn'kZu fd;kA vkfnokfl;ksa uss Hkh bl vaxzt s h uhfr dk fojksèk djus esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+hA dqN eè;eoxhZ; rFkk cqf¼thoh oxks± us rks fczfV'kksa ds f[kykQ Hkkjrh; ijaijk dh vihy gh dj nhA xk¡èkh th dk dguk Fkk fd ;s vkSifuosf'kd uhfr;k¡ ijksidkj dh ctk, fczfV'k fgr lkèkus ds fy, gSaA

2 [GPH Book]

Hkkjr esa ljdkj vkSj jktuhfr ¹ch-ih-,l-bZ-&212º

iz'u 1- mifuos'kokn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ la{ksi esa crkb,A mÙkj mÙkjμ orZeku ;qx dk fo'o dk bfrgkl mifuos'kokn rFkk lkezkT;okn dk bfrgkl gSA mifuos'koknh O;oLFkk us ,d ns'k }kjk nwljs ns'k ds vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd 'kks"k.k dh ,d ,slh izfØ;k dks tUe fn;k tks fo'o bfrgkl esa vf}rh; gSA mifuos'kokn ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS] ftldh mRifÙk iwWathokn ds fodkl dk ifj.kke gS vkSj ogkWa ds yksxksa ij viuk vf/kdkj LFkkfir dj ysrs gSa] vkSj muds vius ^ekr`n's k* rFkk ubZ cLrh ds chp ^Lokeh&lsod* dk laca/k LFkkfir gks tkrk gS] rks bl voLFkk dks mifuos'kokn ds uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA izkjafHkd mifuos'kokn O;kikfjd i¼fr ij vk/kkfjr Fkk ftldk eq[; mís'; O;kikj ds }kjk vkfFkZd ykHk izkIr djuk FkkA mifuos'kokn ds bl ;qx esa ;wjksi ds ns'kksa us xSj&;wjksih; ns'kksa esa vius mifuos'k LFkkfir fd,A bu ns'kksa esa mUgksaus viuh O;kikfjd eafM;kWa LFkkfir dha rkfd viuh oLrqvksa dks bu ns'kksa esa csp ldsaA ;wjksi ds ns'k vFkkZr~ ^ekr`n's k* vius mifuos'kksa rFkk v/khuLFk ns'kksa esa Lo;a gh O;kikj djrs FksA mifuos'k viuh vko';drk dh oLrqvksa dks bUgha ^ekr`n's kksa* ls [kjhnrs FksA bl izdkj O;kikj ds ek/;e ls ;wjksi ds ns'kksa us mifuos'kksa ds yksxksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k djuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA blds lkFk gh lkFk bu mifuos'kksa ls dPps eky dks lLrs nkeksa esa [kjhn dj ^ekr`n's k* esa igWqapk;k tkus yxkA ekr`n's k ds O;kikjh dPps eky dks lLrs nkeksa esa bu mifuos'kksa esa csprs FksA bl izdkj bu mifuos'kksa dk nksgjs rjhds ls vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k gqvkA iz ' u 2- 16oh ;k u;k Fkk\ ppkZ 16ohaa&18oha 'krkCnh ds mifuos'kokn ds fy, DD;k dhft,A mÙkj mÙkjμ 16oha&18oha 'krkCnh ds mifuos'kokn dk u;k vfHky{k.k ;g Fkk fd iwoZ&mifuos'kokn ls fHkUu blus fo'o ds cM+s Hkkx dk blh ds NksV&s ls Hkkx }kjk cykr~ lekos'ku ns[kkA Lisu] iqrZxky] gkWySaM] fczVus vkSj Ýkal tSls dqN ns'kksa us lalkj ds ckdh fgLls ij jktuhfrd izHkqRo dk;e dj fy;kA igys dh rjg tc fofHkUu 'kfDr;ksa esa larqyu cnyrk jgk gS mifuos'kokn us iwjs fo'o ij izHkqRo tekuk 'kq: fd;kA blus FkksM+s le; ds fy, vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k dks tUe fn;k ftlls mifuos'koknh ns'kksa }kjk vleku O;kikj dh izfØ;k 'kq: dhA dqN yksxksa us tSlk fd okYlVsu us bls Þfo'o O;oLFkkß ds mn; dk uke fn;kA fQj Hkh ,d ^varj fuHkZj fo'o* dk mn; gqvkA ysfdu bl varfuZHkjrk dh Hkh fof'k"Vrk gS] ;g varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk gS tks vHkh Hkh vfodflr fo'o ds ns'kksa esa tkjh gSA mifuos'kokn ds mn; ds iwoZ Hkkjr] phu ,oa vjc tSls vusd ns'kksa vFkok dqN ns'kksa ds fodkl dk Lrj vkSifuosf'kd 'kfDr;ksa tSlk mPp vFkok muls Hkh Å¡pk FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd Hkkjrh; O;kikj ij Hkh vjc dk gh fu;a=.k FkkA ;wjksih; 'kfDr;ksa dks ftlus ykHk igqWapk;k og Fkk ukfodksa] ds fnd~lwpd vFkok muds tgktksa ds fy, ykSg iksr [kksy ds vkfo"dkj tSlk ,d rduhdh dxkj ftlus muds fy, [kqys lkxj esa vU; tgktksa dks thruk viuk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir djuk vklku dj fn;kA ÞvkS|ksfxd Økafrß vHkh dkQh nwj

,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe

3

FkhA 1757 esa lcls igys Hkkjr foftr gqvk] dkQh ckn esa ySfVu vesfjdkA 1780 ds n'kd esa o mlds ckn] Hkki&batu] dkrus dh e'khu] vkfn ds vkfo"dkj ds lkFk dqNd s n'kdksa ds ckn gh vkS|ksfxd Økafr 'kq: gqbZA blfy, ;g ckr mifuos'kokn ds lkFk gh gqbZ fd Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa dk iru 'kq: gks x;kA dqN gh n'kdksa esa dbZ {ks=ksa esa fo'o ds rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa ij if'peh ns'kksa dk laiw.kZ izHkqRo LFkkfir gks x;k FkkA ,-th- ÝSad tSls dqN ys[kdksa us bls Þvfodflr ds fodflr gksus dhß izfØ;k dgk gSA th-ih-,p- dh iqLrdksa dk eq[; mís'; Kku ds lkFk&lkFk vPNs uEcj fnykuk gSA iz'u 3- Hkkjr esa mifuos'kh 'kklu dk Hkkjr dh Ïf"k O;oLFkk ij D;k izHkko iM+ k \ mÙkj mÙkjμ Hkkjr esa fczfV'k mifuos'kokn dh LFkkiuk 18oha lnh ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl nkSjku fczVus dh bZLV bafM;k daiuh us 1757 esa Hkkjr ds mÙkj&iwohZ izn's kksa ij vf/kdkj dj fy;k Fkk vkSj daiuh us O;kikfjd ,dkf/kdkj ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr dh laifr dk vigj.k fd;kA mUgksaus ,sls dk;Z fd, fd fczfV'k eky dks u rks fons'kh vkSj u gh Hkkjrh; eky ls izfr;ksfxrk djuh iM+As blfy, mUgksaus viuh 'kfDr'kkyh ukSlus k ds }kjk Mp] iqrZxkyh] Ýkalhlh vkfn ;wjksih; 'kfDr dks Hkkjr ls fudkyus dk iz;kl fd;k rFkk vo/k ,oa caxky ds 'kkldksa dh 'kfDr lekIr dj nh vkSj caxky] fcgkj o mM+hlk dh nhokuh izkIr dj yhA bl pj.k esa iz'kklu] U;k; iz.kkyh] ;krk;kr] lapkj] d`f"k ,oa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu vkfn {ks=ksa esa dksbZ ekSfyd ifjorZu ugha fd, x,A bldk mís'; fczfV'k eky ds fy, cktkj dh ryk'k ugha Fkk] cfYd Hkkjr esa ,sls lkeku dh vkiwfrZ ij dCtk djuk Fkk] tks ;wjksi ds ns'kksa esa vklkuh ls fcd lds vFkkZr~ bZLV bafM;k daiuh dk bl le; ewy mís'; Fkk&viuh oLrqvksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd dher ij cspuk rFkk Hkkjr esa mu oLrqvksa dks de ls de dher ij [kjhnuk] rkfd og vf/kdkf/kd ykHk dek ldsA jktuhfrd 'kfDr p¡wfd daiuh ds ikl Fkh vr% fofue; esa iyM+k Hkkjh j[kus ds mís'; ls U;wure dher ij vf/kd eky gM+ius ds fy, dbZ rjg ds cy iz;ksx ds rjhds viuk, tkus yxsA O;ogkj ,oa ywV ds eè; foHkktu js[kk detksj iM+us yxhA bl rjg Hkkjr ds eky ,oa laifÙk lk/kuksa dk 'kks"k.k gksrk jgkA Hkkjrh; nLrdkjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ij fu;a=.k LFkkfir djds daiuh us muds mRiknu ,oa O;kikj dks gkfu igq¡pkbZA Qyr% jk"Vªh; /ku dk ,dek= lzkrs d`f"k jg xbZ vkSj vf/kdka'k tula[;k d`f"k ij fuHkZj jgus yxhA daiuh yxku dh jkf'k izR;sd o"kZ u flQZ c