Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w C¥-yb - n¬

communist prasthanam indiayil c bhaskaran first edition november 2007 second edition september 2008 third edition may 2012 fourth edition february 2014 typesetting and published chintha publishers, thiruvananthapuram printed at Repro India Ltd, Mumbai.

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tZim-`n-am\n _p°v lukv H O Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛695 035 phone: 0471-2303026, 6063026 www.chinthapublishers.com [email protected] {_m©p-Iƒ slÕm-^okv {_m©v Ip∂p-Ipgn Hmh¿{_nUvPv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw ÃmNyp Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw sI Fkv B¿ Sn kn _kv tÃj≥ Be-∏p-g sI Fkv B¿ Sn kn _kv tÃj≥ Fd-Wm-Ip-fw a®n-߬ sebv≥ Xriq¿ sF Pn tdmUv tImgn-t°m-Sv amhq¿ tdmUv tImgn-t°mSv F≥ Pn H bqWn-b≥ _n¬UnMv IÆq¿ sk≥{S¬ _kv sS¿an-\¬ tImwπIvkv Xmh-°c IÆq¿

CR - 1346 / 3399

Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w C¥-yb - n¬

kn `mkvIc - ≥

Nn¥ ]ªntjgvkv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛695 035

hne :

85

kn `mkvIc - ≥ 1945 Unkw-_¿ 15 \v IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse thßmSv Ingt°-sØ-cphv tNº≥ ho´n¬, s\bvØp-sXm-gn-em-fn-bmb i¶-c-s‚bpw Atem-°¬ Ip™n-bp-sSbpw aqØ-a-I\mbn P\-\w. thßmSv F¬ ]n kvIqƒ, h´n{]w bp ]n kvIqƒ, ]mXn-cn-bmSv sslkvIqƒ, IÆq¿ Fkv F≥ tImtf-Pv, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw-˛-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw temtImtf-PpIƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ hnZym-`ym-kw. _mey-Imew apX¬t° Iayq-Wn-Ãp-{]-ÿm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p. 1966 ¬ ]m¿´n AwK-am-bn. sI Fkv F^ns‚ kwÿm\ sk{I-´-dnbmbn {]h¿Øn-®p. 1970 Unkw-_dn¬ Fkv F^v sF cq]o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ BZysØ AJnte¥ym {]kn-U‚m-bn. 1974 hsc {]kn-U‚ v ÿm\Øp XpS¿∂p. C¥y-bn-e-tßm-f-an-tßmfw \nc-h[n hnZym¿Ynk-a-c-߃°v t\XrXzw \¬In. s]meokv a¿Z-\-Øn\v Cc- b m- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . Fkv F^v sF apJ- a m- k n- I - b mb ÃpU‚ns‚ BZy FUn-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p. 15 h¿j-°mew Nn¥hmcn-Ib - psS ]{Xm-[n-]k - a - nXnbwKw. ]n∂oSv ac-Ww-hsc Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkns‚ ]{Xm-[n-]cm-bn-cp-∂p. tIcf bqWn-th-gvkn‰n kn≥Un-t°‰v AwKambpw {]h¿Øn-®p, anI® kwLm-S-I-\pw {]`m-j-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-`m-jIƒ Dƒs∏sS \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®p. IqSmsX c≠p Uk- \ n- t esd eLp- t e- J - I - f p- s Sbpw I¿Øm- h m- W v . 2003˛se A_p-Zm_n i‡n Ahm¿Uv e`n-®n-´p≠v. Zo¿L-Imew NnIn-’b - n-em-bn-cp∂ kJmhv 2011 G{]n¬ 9 \v sNss∂-bnse kzImcy Bip-]{- Xn-bn¬ h®v A¥-cn-®p. tZim-`n-am\n \yqkv FUn-‰-dmbn hnc-an® Xpf-kn`m-kvIc-\mWv `mcy. a°ƒ : Znt\-jv, at\jv. acp-a-°ƒ : teJ, s]m∂n.

D≈-S°w C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w cq]w-sIm-≠s- X-t∏mƒ?

7

C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w cq]o-I-c-W-]-›m-Øew

13

C¥-y≥ aÆn¬ C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n cq]w sIm≈p-∂p

19

sXmgn-em-fn˛I¿jI]m¿´n cq]o-Ic- W - hpw ]Wn-ap-S°p]c-ºc- I - fpw

26

aodXv KqVm-tem-N\ - t- °kv

34

I¿a-]c- n-]m-Snbpw Ic-Sp-cm-jv{So-b{- ]-am-Whpw

41

tZiob sFI-ya- p-∂W - n-bpsS L´w

47

Ncn{Xw icn-sh® \b-k-ao-]-\-߃

55

shSn-bp-≠-Isf tXm¬∏n® hnπ-h-{]-ÿm\w

67

dnhn-j-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb t]mcm-´hpw kn ]n sF (Fw) cq]o-I-c-Whpw

74

kn ]n sF (Fw) s‚ hf¿®

82

k¬°nb πo\w apX¬ 16-˛mw tIm¨{Kkv hsc

91

]Xn-t\gmw tIm¨{Kkpw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw 101

1 C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w cq]w-sIm-≠-sX-t∏mƒ? C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv{]ÿm\w cq]w-sIm-≠n´v 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 17-\v 87 h¿jw XnI-™p.]gb tkmhn-b‰vbqWn-b-\nse Z£n-W-\-Kc-amb XmjvI-≠n-emWv AXv cq]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. Fw F≥ tdmbn, At±l-Øns‚ `mcy Fh-en≥ tdmbn, A_\n apJ¿Pn, At±l-Øns‚ `mcy tdmk^n‰n≥tKm-^v, ap-l-Ω-Z-en, apl-ΩZv j^oIv,Fw ]n _n Sn BNm-cy F∂o Ggp-t]-cmWv ÿm]-ItbmKØn¬ ]s¶-Sp-ØXv.j^oIv sk{I-´-dn-bmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 17-\v C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øn\v 87 hb v XnI™Xmbn kn ]n sF (Fw) IW-°m-°p∂p. kn ]n sF BIs´ 2007¬ 82 h¿jw XnI-™-Xm-bmWv IW-°m-°p∂Xv.1925 Unkw-_¿ Ah-km-\-amWv C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv{]ÿm\w cq]w-sIm≠-Xv F∂Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu Ime-\n¿W-bw. C¥-y≥ Iayq-WnÃv{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-h¿j-sØ-s®m√n kn ]n sFbpw kn ]n sF (Fw)Dw XΩn¬ A`n-{]m-b-h-y-X-ym-k-ap-s≠∂v CXn¬ \n∂v hy-‡w. Cß-s\-sbmcp A`n-{]m-b-h-y-X-ymkw Fß-s\bp-≠m-bn? CXn¬ GXmWvicn? AXv a\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ hkvXpX-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcp ]cn-tim-[\ \S-tØ≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Cu A`n-{]m-b-h-y-X-ymkw s]s´-s∂m-cp-Zn-hkw s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´-X-√. C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øn-\-IØv ]nf¿∏p≠m-b-Xn-\p-tijw s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´-Xp-a-√. AXn\v h¿j-ß-fpsS ]-g°-ap-≠v. 1920 ÿm]-\h - ¿j-ambn AwKo-Ic - n-°W - s - a∂v apk-^¿ AlΩ-Zn-s\-t∏m-ep≈ BZ-y-]-Yn-I-cn¬ Nne¿ hfsc apºp-Xs∂ hmZn-®p.

8

Iayq- W nÃv {]ÿm\w C¥- y - b n¬ kn `mkvI-c≥

C¥-y-bpsS hnhn[ tI{µ-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®p-h∂ Ia-yq-WnÃv {Kq∏pIsf GtIm-]n-∏n®v C¥-y≥ aÆn¬ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n Hm^v C¥y cq]-sa-SpØ 1925 ]m¿´n-bpsS ÿm]-\-h¿j-ambn IW-°m-°-W-sa∂v Fkv F Ums¶, Fkv hn Lms´ XpS-ßn-b-hcpw hmZn-®p. Cu kml-N-c-y-Øn¬ 1959 ¬ tN¿∂ ]m¿´n-bpsS \mj-W¬ Iu¨kn¬ Cu {]iv\w N¿®-sN-bvXp. 1925 BWv ]m¿´n-bpsS ÿm]\-h¿j-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-®p. AtXmsS B X¿°w Xm¬-°m-en-I-ambn Ah-km-\n®p; X¬°m-e-tØ°p am{Xw. F∂m¬,A`n-{]m-b-h-y-X-ymkw ]ns∂bpw Db¿∂p-h-∂p. 1920 BWv ]m¿´n-bpsS ÿm]-\-h¿j-sa∂v ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hkvXpX-Ifpw tcJ-Ifpw Hs∂m-∂mbn shfn-®Øphcm≥ XpS-ßn. AXns‚ ^e-ambn ]gb Xocp-am\w Xncp-tØ-≠-Xm-sW∂ A`n-{]mbw i‡ns∏-´p. AXn-\p-apºv ]m¿´n°-IsØ A`n-{]m-b-h-y-X-ymkw aq¿On-°pIbpw ]m¿´n-Xs∂ ]nf¿∂v c≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kn ]n sF (Fw) \ne-hn¬ h∂p. At∏mƒ ]m¿´n-bpsS ÿm]-\-h¿j-Øns‚ ImcyØn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-t°≠ Npa-Xe kn ]n sF (Fw) s‚ ap∂n¬h∂p. 1971 \hw-_-dn¬ tN¿∂ kn ]n sF (Fw) tI{µ-°-Ωn‰n Cu {]iv\w N¿®-sN-øp-Ibpw 1920 BWv ÿm]-\-h¿j-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.AXp-kw-_‘ - n®v Hcp {]tabw tI{µ-°Ωn‰n AwKoI-cn-®p. kn ]n sF Bhs´ AXns‚ ]gb Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ Dd-®p-\n∂p. kn ]n sF (Fw) Xocp-am-\sØ kn ]n sF tNmZyw sNbvXp. 1975 ¬ Xß-fpsS AºXmwhm¿jn-I-th-f-bn¬ kn ]n sF (Fw) Xocp-am-\sØ tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Lms´-sb-t∏m-ep≈ t\Xm°ƒ \yq-G-Pnepw a‰pw [mcmfwteJ-\-ß-sf-gp-Xn. B teJ-\-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ Xß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sns\ \ym-bo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw kn ]n sF (Fw)\ne-]mSv ASn-ÿm-\c - l - n-Xa - m-sW∂v ÿm]n-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw

Iayq-WnÃv C‚¿\mj-We - ns‚ c≠mw- tIm¨{Kkv

Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w C¥-y-bn¬ kn `mkvI-c≥

9

sNbvXp. Xß-fpsS \ne-]mSv icn-bm-sW∂pw kn ]n sF (Fw) \ne]mSv sX‰m-sW∂pw ÿm]n-°m≥ kn ]n sF apt∂m-´p-sh-°p∂ \ymb-hm-Z-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-Wv? H∂v: 1920 ¬ Fw F≥ tdmbn ap≥ssI-sb-SpØv cq]o-I-cn® C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n P≥a-sa-Sp-ØXv C¥-y-bpsS aÆn-e-√, hntZi-Øm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v hntZ-iØv cq]w-sIm≠ ]m¿´nsb C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bmtbm AXv cq]w-sIm≠ h¿jsØ ]m¿´n-bpsS ÿm]-\-h¿j-amtbm IW-°m-°m≥ km[-y-a-√. Hcp cmP-ysØ IayqWnÃv ]m¿´n B cmP-y-Øns‚ \me-Xn-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ am{Xta cq]wsIm-≈m≥ ]mSp-≈p-sh∂pw BcmP-y-Øn-s‚bpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw tamN\w em°m- ° n- b m- b m¬t]mepw hntZ- i Øv cq]w- s Im- ≈ p∂ ]m¿´nsb B cmP-y-Øns‚ ]m¿´n-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bns√-∂p-am-Wt√m Cu hmZ-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ. AXm-bXv Hmtcm cmP-ysØbpw Ia-yq-Wn-Ãv]m¿´n-Iƒ AXXpcmP-yØv cq]w-sIm-≠p-sh-¶n¬ am{Xta Ahsb B cmP-ysØ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n-I-fmbn AwKo-I-cn°m≥ Ign-bq. Cu hmZw AwKo-I-cn-°mtam? AwKo-Icn°pI-bm-sW-¶n¬ hnbXv\m-anse Ia-yq-Wn-Ãv]m¿´nsb B cmP-y-Ønse Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´nbmbn IW-°m-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ B ]m¿´n cq]oIr-X-am-bXv hnb-Xv\m-an-e√, ssN\-bn-em-Wv. Ing-°≥ bqtdm-∏nse Nne]m¿´n-I-sf-sb-¶nepwBcmP-y-ß-fnse Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-I-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Ah cq]w sIm≠Xv hntZ-i-a-Æn-em-Wv. hntZ-i-a-Æn¬ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-Iƒ cq]-sa-Sp-°pI-sb-∂Xv temIIa-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-hp-≈-Xm-Wv. AXpsIm≠v XmjvI-≠n¬ C¥-y≥ Iayq-WnÃv]m¿´n cq]w-sIm-≠-Xn¬ Akm-[m-c-W-am-bn-s´m-∂p-an-√.B ]m¿´nsb C¥-y≥ Iayq-WnÃv]m¿´nbmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw sX‰n-√.hntZ-i-a-Æn-emWv cq]w-sIm≠Xv F∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv temI Ia-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Ønse A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS \ncm-I-c-W-am-Wv. c≠v: XmjvI-≠n¬ cq]w-sIm≠ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´nsb Ia-yqWnÃv C‚¿\m-j-W¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. kn ]n sFbpsS Cu hmZw hkvXp-X-Iƒ°v \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. AXvsXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ht´sd tcJ-Iƒ D≤-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. NneXv t\m°mw. (F) XmjvI-≠n¬ cq]w-sIm≠ C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n AXns‚ {]h¿Ø\w P¿a-\n-bnse C¥-y-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ hym-]n-∏n-®t∏mƒ AXns‚ apJ-]-{X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ hm≥Km¿Uv Fs∂mcp ssZzhm-cnI {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. FUn-‰¿:Fw F≥ tdmbn. AXv 1923 sabv 15\v AXns‚ H∂m-asØ hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v ]pd-Øn-d-°n. AXns‚ H∂m-asØ t]Pn¬Xs∂ t]cns‚ ASn-bn¬ C¥-y≥ Iayq-

10

Iayq- W nÃv {]ÿm\w C¥- y - b n¬ kn `mkvI-c≥

WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS tI{µ apJ-]{Xw (skIvj≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv C‚¿\mj-W¬) F∂v A®-Sn-®p-sh-®p. IqSmsX AtX-t]-Pns‚ a[-y-Øn¬ Hcp t_mIvkn-\-IØv {]kvXpX hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn-∏n\v C‚¿\m-j-Wens‚ {]ko-Unbw Ab® Hcpktµ-ihpw sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. Ia-yq-WnÃv C‚¿\m-j-W-ens‚ Hcp LS-I-am-bn-cp∂p XmjvI-≠n¬ cq]w-sIm≠ C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n F∂t√ CXv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv? (_n) Ia-yq-WnÃv C‚¿\m-j-W-ens‚ Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb πo\w 1926 \hw-_¿ 26 apX¬ Unkw-_¿ 12 hsc tamkvtIm-hn¬ \S-∂p. B πo\-Øns‚ dnt∏m¿´v c≠p-hm-f-y-ß-fn-embn dj-y-bn¬ {]kn-≤oI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. dnt∏m¿´ns‚ Hcp `mKØv ]d-bp-∂p: 1926 \hw-_¿ 26-\v \S∂ Ggmw πo\-Øns‚ H∂m-asØ skj\n¬ C¥- y ≥Ia- y q- W nÃv ] m¿´n- b psS {]Xn- \ n- [ n- s b∂ \ne- b n¬ tdmbnsb tIman-t‚-Wns‚ {]ko-Un-b-Øn-te°pw ssN\okvIao-j\n-te°pw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. tdmbnsb C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-´mWv IW-°m-°n-bs - X∂v CXn¬\n∂p h-y‡ - w. tdmbn-bm-hs - ´,XmjvI≠ - n¬ C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ ap≥ssI-sb-SpØ Bfmbn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw.At∏mƒ Ia-yq-WnÃv C‚¿\m-j-W¬ B ]m¿´nsb AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v taep-≤-c-Wn-bn¬ \n∂v hy-‡-a-t√? (kn) kn ]n sFbpsS Xe-ap-Xn¿∂ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ Pn A[nImcn B ]m¿´n Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-X-\p-k-cn®v C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fpsS GXm\pw hmf-y-߃ FUn‰v sNbvXn´p-≠v. AXns‚ H∂mw hmf-y-Ønse 230˛-masØ t]Pn¬ Ia-yqWnÃv C‚¿\m-j-W-ens‚ X¿°n-kvXm≥ _yq-tdm-hns‚ Nm¿Pv hln°p∂ kJmhv X¿°n-kvXm≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n-bpsS tI{µ-°-Ωn-‰n°-b® IØv ImWmw. B IØn¬ ]d-bp∂p: aq∂mw C‚¿\m-j-W-ens‚ {]am-W-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v C¥y≥ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n ChnsS (Xm-jvI-≠v˛ kn _n) cq]o-I-cn-®Xmbn km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n tImant‚-Wns‚ X¿°n-kvXm≥ _yq-tdm-hns‚ cmjv{Sob \n¿tZ-iß-f-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. XmjvI-≠n¬ cq]w-sIm≠ C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´nsb IayqWnÃv C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ib - p-≠mbn F∂-Xn\v CXn¬∏cw h√ sXfnhpw Bh-i-y-ap-t≠m? aq∂v: XmjvI-≠n¬ C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn-®-h¿°v C¥-yb - nse tZio-bk - a - c - h - p-amtbm sXmgn-em-fn-ka - c - ß - f - p-amtbm _‘ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. sXmgn-em-fn-k-a-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂Xp icn. sXmgn-em-fn-ka - c - ß - ƒ Ae-bS- n-®p-bc - m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv H∂mw temI-al - m-bp≤w Ah-km-\n-®X - n-\p-tijw am{X-am-Wv. e£-Ws - amØ

Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w C¥-y-bn¬ kn `mkvI-c≥

11

t{SUv bq-Wn-b-\p-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h∂ - Xpw B L´-Øn¬ Xs∂. At∏m-tg°pw Fw F≥ tdmbnbpw A_\n apJ¿Pnbpw a‰pw C¥- y bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-tØ-°p-I-S∂n-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ sXmgnem-fn-k-a-c-ß-fn¬ {][m-\s∏´ ]-¶p-h-ln-°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™n-√. F∂m¬ kzm-X-{¥-y-k-a-c-Øn¬ Ahcn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw {][m-\s∏´ ]¶p- h - l n- ® p. AXv tIm¨{K-kns‚ sImSn-°ogn¬ A√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-amFw F≥ tdmbnbpw Fhn-en≥ tdmbnbpw {Xw. Fw F≥ tdmbn A°mesØ Hcp tZio-b-hn-π-h-kw-L-S-\-bmb A\p-io-e≥ ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. kmbp-[-hn-πhw kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Bbp-[-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v tdmbn C¥-y-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-I-S-∂p. Aßs\ ]pdØv IS-°p-tºmƒ Hcp t_mw_v tIkn¬ Hfn-hn¬ Ign-bp-I-bmbn-cp-∂p. A_\n apJ¿Pn kzm-X-{¥-y-k-a-c-Øn¬ hln® ]¶v kn ]n sFbpsS {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-im-e-bmb ]o∏nƒkv ]ªn-jnMv lukv {]kn-≤o-I-cn® At±l-Øns‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. AXn-\m¬ XmjvI-≠n¬ kn ]n sF cq]o-I-cn-®-h¿°v C¥-ybnse kzm-X{- ¥-yk - a - c - h - p-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂ hmZhpw ASnÿm-\-c-ln-Xw. C\n Ah¿°m¿°pw kzm-X-{¥-y-k-a-c-hp-ambn _‘ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v hmZ-Øn\v kΩ-Xn-°p-I. Aßs\ _‘-an-√mØ-h¿°v cmP-y-Øn-s‚bpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw tamN\w ap≥\n¿Øn Iayq-WnÃv]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn®pIqsS-∂p-t≠m? \mev: XmjvI-≠n¬ cq]o-I-cn® C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n XpS¿®-bmbn \ne-\n-∂n-√. cq]w-sIm≠v A[nIw Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv AXv XI¿∂p. AXn-\m¬XI¿∂ ]m¿´n-bpsS ÿm]-\h - ¿jw {]ÿm\-Øn-s‚-bmsI ÿm]-\-h¿j-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂ hmZw Db¿∂p-h-t∂-°mw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ CXv 1925¬ cq]w-sIm≠ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n°pw _m[-Iw. 1929 ¬ aodXv KpVm-tem-N-\-t°-kn¬ {][m\ Ia-yq-WnÃv t\Xm-°-sf√mw Ad-Ãn-em-b-tXmsS B Ia-yqWnÃv]m¿´n-bpw XI¿∂p. B]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn® Ia-yq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ hnhn[ {Kq∏p-I-fmbn ]ncn-™p. C¥-y-bn¬ Ia-yqWn-Ãp-]m¿´n Xs∂-bn-√mØ ÿnXn-bm-Wp-≈s - X∂v C°m-eØv Iayq-

12

Iayq- W nÃv {]ÿm\w C¥- y - b n¬ kn `mkvI-c≥

WnÃv C‚¿\m-j-W¬ Xøm-dm-°nb ]e tcJ-I-fnepw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. XpS¿®-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n F∂ am\-Zfiw kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ 1933 BWv ]m¿´n-bpsS ÿm]-\-h¿jw F∂v AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.ImcWw XpS¿®-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp tI{µ-t\-Xr-X-z-tØmSp IqSnb C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n-bpsS ÿm]\w 1933¬ BWv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ 1920 C¥-y≥ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´nbpsS ÿm]-\-h¿j-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ kn ]n sF ]dbp∂ Imc-W-߃ hkvXp-X-Iƒt°m bmYm¿Y-y-߃t°m A\p-`-h߃t°m \nc-°p-∂-X-√. C Fw Fkv ]d-bp∂Xv t\m°pI: 1925 s\ ÿm]-\-h¿j-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn\v Hscm‰ \ym-bta D≈q. Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn-®p-b-cp-I-bpw- X-IcpIbpw sNøp-I-sb∂ {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn C¥-y≥ aÆn¬ Hcp ]m¿´n cq]w-sIm-≠Xv A∂m-Wv. heXp Ia-yq-WnÃp-Im¿°v Cu ]cn-K-W-\-bmWv apJy-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ia-yq-WnÃv (am¿Ivkn-Ãv) ]m¿´n-bm-h-s´, I¿i-\-amb km{am-Py-a¿Z-\-Øns‚ kml-N-c-y-Øn¬ hntZ-iob aÆn¬ cq]w-sIm-≈p∂Xpw hf-cp-∂Xpw \njn-≤-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂n√. temI- Ø n- e p≈ ]e Iayq- W nÃv ] m¿´n- I fpw tkmhnb‰v a Æn¬ P\n- ° p- I bpw Zo¿L- I mew tkmhn- b ‰v a Æn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. 1920 apX¬ FÆ-a‰ C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ sNbvX Xym-K] - q¿W-amb {]h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚]cn-WX - - ^-ea - m-bmWv 1925 ¬ C¥y≥ aÆn¬ h®p-Xs∂ Hcp Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´ncq]w-sIm-≈pIbpw AXv XI¿∂-Xn-\p-tijw \S-Ønb \nc-¥c ]cn-{i-aß-fpsS ^e-ambn 1933¬ ÿnc-ambn \ne-\n¬∏p≈ Hcp t\XrX-z-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb C¥-y≥ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n \ne-hn¬hcn-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. Cu kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fn¬ BZysØ A©p-sIm√w apgp-h≥ Ah-K-Wn-°p∂ Hcp kao-]-\-amWv he-Xp-I-a-yq-WnÃp-Im-cp-tS-Xv. (Nn¥, 1976 P\p-hcn 9) C{]Imcw kn ]n sF Ah-K-Wn®pX≈nb A©p-h¿j-Øn-\nS-bn-emWv s]j-hm¿˛ tIm¨]q¿ KpVm-tem-N-\-t°-kp-Iƒ \S-∂sX-t∂m¿°p-I. 1920 ¬ XmjvI-≠n¬ C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-Wn-Ãv]m¿´n cq]wsIm-≠-Xn-s‚bpw 1920-- I-fpsS BZyw C¥-y-bpsS hnhn[ tI{µ-ßfn¬ Ia-yq-WnÃv{Kq∏p-Iƒ Bhn¿`-hn-®X - n-s‚bpw ]›m-Øew ASpØ A[-ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w C¥-y-bn¬ kn `mkvI-c≥

13

2 C¥-y≥ Ia-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w cq]o-I-c-W-]-›m-Øew al-Ømb HIvtSm-_¿ hnπ-h-Øns‚ hnP-b-tØm-sS-bmWv tImf-\n-I-fnepw B{in-X-cm-P-y-ß-fnepw Ia-yq-WnÃv]m¿´n-Iƒ Db¿∂ph-cm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. C¥-y-bnepw Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ HIvtSm-_¿hn-πhw hnP-b-{ioem-fn-X-ambn A[nIwIgn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n cq]w-sIm≈p-∂-Xn\v If-sam-cp-ßn-°-gn™p F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. sXmgn-em-fn-h¿K-Øns‚ cmjv{So-b-]m¿´n-bm-Wt√m Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n. At∏mƒ sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw cq]w-sIm-≈msX Ia-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n P∑-sa-Sp-°p-Ib - n-√. HIvtSm-_¿hn-πh - Ø - n\pw Ac-\q-‰m-≠p-apºv C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\nI sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw P∑-saSpØp Ign-™n-cp-∂p. hnπh-Øn\v 55 h¿jwapºv B hn`mKw BZ-ysØ ]Wn-ap-S°v t]mepw \S-Øn.Xs∂-bp-a-√ 1908 ¬ Ah¿ BZ-ysØ cmjv{So-b-]-Wn-ap-S°v kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. A°m-esØ C¥-y≥ tZio-b-t\-Xmhv _me-Kw-Km-[-cXn-e-Is‚ Ad-Ãn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n-°m≥ Ah¿\S-Ønb BZysØ cmjv{Sob ]Wn-ap-S-°ns\ ]cm-a¿in®v C¥-y≥ sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw ]IzXbm¿Pn®pIgn™p F∂p-t]mepw se\n≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Aßs\ ]Iz-X-bm¿Pn® sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw H∂mwtemI-bp≤w Ah-km-\n°p-tºm-tg°v ]Wn-ap-S°v]c-º-c-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw t{SUvbqWn-b-\pIƒ cq]o-I-cn®v Ahbv°v ]n∂n¬ AWn-\n-c-°m≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1920 Bb-t∏m-tg°v Ah-cpsS Hcp tI{µ-kw-L-S-\bpw (F sF Sn bp kn) \ne-hn¬ h∂p. B[p-\nI sXmgn-em-fn-h¿Kw cwK-{]-thiw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºpXs∂ Irjn-°mcpw Kncn-h¿K-°mcpw {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc Iem-]Øn-s‚bpw ka-cØ - n-s‚bpw sImSn-bp-b¿Øn.1793 se ÿncw sk‰n¬

14

Iayq- W nÃv {]ÿm\w C¥- y - b n¬ kn `mkvI-c≥

sa‚ v \nbaw B {]{In-b-bpsS Fcn-Xo-bn¬ F-Æ-]-I¿∂p. Ah-sb √mw AXns‚ aq¿[-\-y-Øn-se-Øn-bXv 1857 se H∂mw kzm-X-{-¥-y-ka-cØn¬.B ka-c-Øn-\p-]n-∂nse{][m\ i‡n Irjn-°m-cm-sW∂v ka-c-Øns‚ KXn-hn-K-Xn-Iƒ kqIvja-ambn \nco£n® Imƒam¿Ivkv icn-bmw-hn[w Nq≠n-°m-´n.]eImc-W-ß-fm¬ kacw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´pt]m-sb-¶nepw km{am-P-y-X-z-hn-cp-≤˛\mSp-hm-gn-Ø-hn-cp-≤-k-a-c-ßfpw Iem-]-ßfpw ]ns∂bpw XpS¿∂p.Aßs\ km{am-P-y-X-z-hn-cp≤ka-cØnse HcpDin-c≥ hn`m-K-ambn Irjn-°m¿ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ C¥-y-bn¬ B[p-\nIhnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øns‚ ÿm]\hpw hym-]-\hpw tZio-b-t_m[w hf-cp-∂-Xn\v If-sam-cp-°n. AtXmsSm∏w _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw BbnsS cwK-Øp-h∂ _q¿j-zm-kn-bpsSbpw CS-bn¬\n∂v Ht´sd kmaq-l-y-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ Db¿∂p-h∂p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ 1885 ¬ C¥-y≥-\m-j-W¬ tIm¨{Kkv F∂ C¥-y-bnse {]Ya cmjv{So-b-]m¿´n \ne-hn¬h-∂p. hf¿∂p-h∂ {_n´ojv hncp-≤-hn-Imcw ian-∏n-°m≥ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ A[n-Ir-X-cpsS Bin¿hm-Z-tØmsS tZiob _q¿j-zm-kn-bp-sSbpw `q{]-`p-°-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-sb∂\ne-bn¬ Ae≥ HIvtSm-hn-b≥ lypw B cmjv{So-b]m¿´n°v P∑w \¬Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`am-b-t∏m-tg°pw AXns‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ kacw i‡n-s∏-´p. C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-cw-K-tØ-°p≈ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS IS-∂p-h-c-thmsS B ka-cØns‚ cq]hpw `mhhpw amdn. Km‘n-Pn--bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn-em-cw-`n® \n -l-I-cW {]ÿm\w hen-sbmcp _lp-P-\-{]-ÿm-\-ambn cq]m¥-cs - ∏-´p. F√m hn`m-Kß - f - n-epw-s]´ P\-߃ AXn¬ AWn-\n-c∂ - p. F∂m¬, tIm¨{Kkns‚ B ]c-tam-∂Xt\Xmhv Nucn-Nuc kw`h-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v \n -l-I-cW {]ÿm\w GI-]-£o-b-ambn ]n≥hen-®-tXmsS cmP-ysØ P\-߃, {]-tX-y-In®v bphm-°ƒ, Xo¿Øpw \ncm-i-cm-bn. Ah¿ kzm-X-{¥-y-e-_v[n-°p-th≠n ]pXnb ]pXnb am¿K߃ Bcm-bm≥ XpS-ßn. hmkv X - h - Ø n¬ \n - l - I - c W{]ÿm- \ - Ø n- \ p- a p- º p- X s∂, IrXy--ambn∏d-™m¬ Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°Ø - n¬Øs∂, kzmX-{¥ywt\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p tIm¨{K-kn-t‚-Xn¬\n∂v hy-X-y-kvXamb Hcp ]mX sh´n-Øp-d-°-s∏-´p. tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fmb hnπ-h-Im-cn-IfmWv Cu ]mX sh´n-Øp-d∂ - X - v˛tXm°pw t_mw_p-ap-]t- bm-Kn®v {_n´ojp-Imsc C¥-y-bn¬ \n∂v sI´p-sI-´n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]mX. B hnπ-hIm-cn-I-fn¬ Nne¿ 1902 ¬ A\p-io-e≥k-anXn cq]o-I-cn®v {_n´o-jpIm¿s°-Xnsc kmbp-[-I-em-]-Øn-\p-Xs∂ Hcp-ßn. B ]mX-bpsS Ctß-Ø-e-°-emWv Nn‰-tKmMv Bbp-[-im-em-{I-a-W-Øns‚ ÿm\w. CsXms° HIvtSm-_¿ hnπ-h-Øn-\p-apºp \S∂ kw`-h-߃. HIvtSm-_¿hnπ-h-Øn-\p-apºv as‰m-∂p-IqSn \S-∂p. t\cnb tXmXn-em-

Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w C¥-y-bn¬ kn `mkvI-c≥

15

sW-¶nepw tkmj-y-en-Ãm-i-b-KXn {]N-cn--°m≥ XpS-ßn. hnth-Im-\µs‚ teJ-\-ß-fnepw {]kw-K-ß-fnepw tkmj-y-en-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp-≠v. 1912 am¿®v amk-Øn¬ I¬°-Ø-bnse tamtU¨ dnhyp amkn-I-bn¬ ememl¿Z-bm¬, Imƒam¿-Ivkns‚ Poh-N-cn-{Xsa-gp-Xn. AtX-h¿jw BKkvXv amk-Øn¬ kz-tZ-im-`n-am\n cma-IrjvW-]n≈ Hcp eLp-{K-Ÿ-Øn-eqsS am¿Ivkns\ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v ]cnN-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. A°m-eØv Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Bfl-t]m-jnWn amkn-I-bn¬ am¿Ivkn-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-X-z-߃ AX-y¥w efn-Xa - mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Hcp teJ-\] - c - º - c - bpw At±lw Fgp-Xn. HIvtSm-_¿hnπh hnP-b-tØmsS tkmj-y-enÃv Bi-b-{]Nm-cWw AXn-\p-ap-º-tØ-Xn-s\-°mƒ i‡n-s∏-´p. B hnπhw temI-amsI AKm-[hpw Zpc-hy- m-]I - h - p-amb kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn. AXns‚ kzm-[o-\-Øn\v BZ-y-ambn hnt[-b-cm-bn-Øo¿∂ Hcp hn`m-K-amWv KZ¿]m¿´n AwK-߃. ]sØm-ºXmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\Ø - n¬ tPmenbpwtXSn Ata-cn-°b - nepw I\-Ub - nepw FØnt®¿∂ C¥-y-°m¿ 1913 ¬ km≥{^m≥kn-kvtIm-hn¬ cq]o-I-cn-®XmWv KZ¿]m¿´n. hntZ-iØp Xma-kn-°p∂ C¥-y-°msc km{am-P-yX-z-hn-cp≤ ka-c-Øn¬ AWn-\n-c-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]m¿´nbpsS {][m\ e£-yw. {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc kmbp-[-k-acw \SØm≥ C¥-yb - n-te°v Bbp[w IS-Øp-∂X - n\v Ah¿ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xømdm-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ hnP-bn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. F¶nepw kmbp[ ka-c-{iaw {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. KZ¿]m¿´n AwK-ß-fn¬ Nne¿ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\n¬ t]mhp-Ibpw se\ns\ImWp-Ibpw Xncn®v \m´n¬h∂v KZ¿ hnπ-h-Im-cn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ tkmj-y-en-Ãm-i-b߃ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-cn¬ Nne¿ ]n¬°m-eØv ]©m_nepw ]©m-_n\p ]pdØpw Ia-yq-WnÃv {]ÿm\w sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂Xn¬ {][m-\-]-¶p-h-ln-®p. HIvtSm-_¿ hnπ-h-Øns‚ kzm-[o-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-cmb as‰mcp hn`m-Ka - mWv hntZ-iØp Xma-kn-®p-h∂ C-¥y- ° - m¿. hnπ-hØ - n¬ \n∂v Bth-i-apƒs°m≠v Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\n¬ t]mhpIbpw hnπ-h-Øns‚in¬∏n-bmb se\ns\ ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A{]-Imcw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\ - n¬ BZ-ya - mbn FØn-bX - v Hcp ]s£, ssJcn ktlm-Zc - ∑ - m¿ Bbn-cn-°W - w. 1918 Unkw-_¿A©n\v s]t{Xm{Km-Zn¬ tN¿∂ Hcpkm¿h-tZ-iob tbmK-Øn¬ P∫m¿ ssJcn \SØnb {]kwKw 1918 Unkw-_¿ Ggns‚ CkvshkvXnb dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn-´p-≠v. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\n¬ t]mhp-Ibpw t_mƒsj-hnIv hnπ-h-tØmSv sFI-y-Zm¿Vyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cn¬ Im_pfn¬ \n∂p≈ C¥-y≥ hnπ-h-Im-cn-I-fmb auem\ _¿°-Øp-≈, cmPm-a-tl{µ{]Xm-]v, auem\Dss_-Zp≈kn‘n F∂n-hcpw C¥-y≥