19 Years in Service

IGNOU & All Indian Univ.

BES-145

fganh f'k{k.k izfofèk Pedagogy of Hindi (ch-bZ-,l-&145)

f'k{kk esa LUkkrd mikfèk gsrq (ch-,M-) For Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.)

NCTE }kjk Loho`Qr nks o"khZ; uohure

ikB~;ozQe ij vkèkkfjr exèk fo'ofo|ky;] bafnjk xk¡èkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; (bXuw)] oqQ#{ks=k fo'ofo|ky;] fcgkj fo'ofo|ky; (eqtÝiQjiqj)] ukyank fo'ofo|ky;] egf"kZ n;kuan fo'ofo|ky; (jksgrd)] pkSèkjh j.kchj flag fo'ofo|ky; rFkk vU; Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ fy, egRoiw.kZ vè;;u lkexzh Closer to Nature

We use Recycled Paper

xqYyhckck ifCyf'kax gkml izk- fyvkbZ-,l-vks-

9001 ,oa vkbZ-,l-vks- 14001

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Published by:

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ISBN: 978-93-86276-40-7 Copyright© with Publisher All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright holder. Disclaimer: This book is based on syllabus of NIOS D.El.Ed. course. This is only a sample. The book/author/publisher does not impose any guarantee or claim for full marks or to be pass in exam. You are advised only to understand the contents with the help of this book and answer in your words. The book is published by Gullybaba Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi-35. This company does not have any direct or indirect relationship with NIOS. All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India only.

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iz L Rkkouk Hkk"kk ekuo&Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr dk loZJs"B lkèku gS ftlosQ vHkko esa ekuo i'kq rqY; gSA ;g Kku xzg.k djus dk ekè;e Hkh gSA Hkk"kk dk Kku bl fn'kk esa ckyd osQ fy, og lhko fu%ladksp gesa gekjh Email : [email protected] ij ;k lhèks çdk'ku osQ irs ij fy[ksa vkSj gesa vius lq>koksa ls vuqxzfgr djsaA çdk'kd (GPH) vius dk;Zjr lgk;dksa o ys[kdksa dk lân; vkHkkj çdV djrk gS] ftuosQ lg;ksx vkSj ç;klksa osQ dkj.k gh bl iqLrd dk çdk'ku laHko gks ik;k gSA ge vkidh liQyrk dh dkeuk djrs gSaA

Topics Covered vè;k;μ1

fganh f'k{k.k % lS¼kafrd i{k

1-

Hkk"kk dh izo`Qfr ,oa izdk;Z

234-

Hkk"kk vfèkxe izfozQ;k fo|ky;h Lrj dh Hkk"kk fganh f'k{k.k % fofoèk lalkèku

vè;k;μ2 5678-

Hkkf"kd ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl fganh osQ Hkkf"kd rRo Jo.k ,oa ekSf[kd dkS'kyksa dk fodkl iBu dkS'ky dk fodkl fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr dkS'ky dk fodkl

vè;k;μ3 lkfgfR;d foèkkvksa dk f'k{k.k ,oa O;kdj.k f'k{k.k 910111213-

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ,oa lkfgR; f'k{k.k dfork f'k{k.k x| f'k{k.k % fucaèk fucaèksÙkj x| foèkkvksa dk f'k{k.k O;kdj.k f'k{k.k

vè;k;μ4

ewY;kadu] fozQ;kRed 'kksèk rFkk leqUu;u dk;Z

14-

Hkk"kk laizkfIr ewY;kadu

15161718-

lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu funkukRed ,oa mipkjkRed dk;Z fozQ;kRed 'kksèk leqUu;u dk;Z

fo"k;&lwph 1234-

fganh f'k{k.k % lS¼kafrd i{k.............................................................1-52 Hkkf"kd ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl ....................................................53-113 lkfgfR;d foèkkvksa dk f'k{k.k ,oa O;kdj.k f'k{k.k...............115-162 ewY;kadu] fozQ;kRed 'kksèk rFkk leqUu;u dk;Z............................163-224

iz'u i=k (gy lfgr) (1) twu] 2017............................................................227-228

(2) fnlEcj] 2017......................................................229-232 (3) twu] 2018............................................................233-233 (4) fnlEcj] 2018......................................................234-234 (5) twu] 2019............................................................235-235 (6) fnlEcj] 2019......................................................236-236

fganh] Hkk"kk;h fofoèkrk dk ,d ,slk Lo:i ftlus orZeku esa viuh O;kidrk esa fdruh gh cksfy;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksa dks latks;k gSA fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa fganh ekr`Hkk"kk vkSj f}rh; Hkk"kk nksuksa :iksa esa ikb,A mÙkjμ Hkk"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ }kjk ,d çk.kh nwljs çk.kh ij vius fopkj] Hkko ;k bPNk çdV djrk gS vkSj nwljs osQ fopkj] Hkko vkfn dks xzg.k djrk gSA Hkk"kk lajpuk dh nks çeq[k bdkb;k¡ 'kCn vkSj èofu gSaA blfy, Hkk"kk oSKkfud Hkk"kk dh }Sr çÑfr dh ckr djrs gSaA èofu;ksa dk dk;Z osQoy 'kCn lajpuk rd gh lhfer gSA èofu ;k oko~Q&Loj dk dksbZ O;kogkfjd vFkZ ugha gksrk] 'kCnksa dk vFkZ gksrk gSA Hkk"kk lajpuk esa ljy ls tfVy vkSj tfVy ls tfVyrj osQ fuekZ.k esa O;fDr dh Lou&çfØ;kRed vknrsa fuf'pr gksrh gSaA èofu dk i;kZ; ^Lou* rRle~ 'kCn gSA oko~Q Louksa dk ewyk/kj ^v{kj* gS] ftldk {kj.k ugha gksrkA v{kj dks czã osQ led{k ekuk x;k gSA ;|fi v{kj dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk dfBu gS rFkkfi dgk tk ldrk gS fd v{kj ,dkf/d Louksa dh og bdkbZ gS ftldk mPpkj.k ,d vk?kkr esa gks losQA vk/qfud le; esa v{kj dk ç;ksx o.kZ osQ fy, fd;k tkus yxk gSA (1) Hkk"kk oko~Q&ç/ku èofu lef"VμHkk"kk 'kCn laLÑr dh Hkk"k~ /krq ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS cksyukA bldk lkekU; vFkZ gqvk μ ¶tks cksyh tkrh gS¸] ijarq ;g Hkk"kk dk O;kid vFkZ gSA oLrqr% Hkk"kk euq"; osQ èofu vo;oksa ls fu%l`r (originated) èofu lewg gSA bruk gh ugha] ;s èofu;k¡ lkFkZd Hkh gksuh pkfg, ftlls budk fo'ys"k.k vkSj vè;;u fd;k tk losQA MkW- HkksykukFk frokjh us Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ¶Hkk"kk fuf'pr ç;Ru osQ iQyLo:i euq"; osQ eq[k ls fu%l`r ,slh lkFkZd èofu lef"V gS ftldk fo'ys"k.k vkSj vè;;u fd;k tk losQA¸ (2) Hkk"kk ,d O;oLFkkμeuq"; }kjk èofu laosQrksa dh lgk;rk ls Hkko&fopkj ;k vuqHkoksa dh vfHkO;atuk (expression) esa ç;qDr Hkk"kk osQ laca/ esa fopkj djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkk"kk osQ Lo:i fu/kZj.k esa ,d O;oLFkk varfuZfgr jgrh gSA og ,d laxBu gSA Hkk"kk dk ewy rÙo èofu gSA çR;sd Hkk"kk esa oqQN ewy èofu;k¡ ekU; gSa vkSj mu èofu;ksa dh Hkh ,d O;oLFkk gS] tSlsμ Loj] O;atu] la;qDr Loj vkSj la;qDr O;atu μ bu èofu;ksa dh Hkh ,d O;oLFkk gSA bu èofu;ksa dk mPpfjr ,oa fyf[kr :i gksrk gS] foaQrq ;s èofu;k¡ Hkk"kk ugha gSaA ;s èofu;k¡ feydj 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS]a rc ;s lkFkZd fl¼ gksrh gSAa çR;sd Hkk"kk esa okD; lajpuk ;k xBu dh viuh O;oLFkk gSA mnkgj.kr% fganh okD; jpuk esa 'kCnksa dk tks Øe gS og vaxszth okD; jpuk esa ugha gSA

fganh f'k{k.k % lS¼kafrd i{k

5

Hkk"kk'kkfL=k;ksa (Philologists) us O;oLFkk osQ varxZr O;oLFkk osQ vk/kj ij Hkk"kk dks ¶ijLij lac¼ vo;oksa ls ;qDr laf'y"V O;oLFkk¸ Hkh dgk gSA ijLij lac¼ vo;o èofu] 'kCn] inca/] okD;ka'k] okD; vkfn gSaA Hkk"kk osQ 'kCnksa ls vFkZ cks/ gksrk gSA 'kCnkRed lajpuk esa vFkZ lajpuk fufgr jgrh gSA blfy, fganh Hkk"kk dks O;oLFkkvksa dk la;qDr :i Hkh dgk tkrk gSA (3) Hkk"kk çrhdksa dk fuekZ.kμ'kCnksa ls Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS vkSj ;s 'kCn fdlh inkFkZ] Hkko] fopkj] vuqHkwfr vkfn osQ èoU;kRed (phonetic) laosQr ;k çrhd gksrs gSaA bu çrhdksa osQ vo;o esa l`f"V osQ fdlh Hkh inkFkZμxkspj ;k vxkspj] tM+ ;k psru dk çR;{khdj.k laHko ughaA ;s çrhd nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSaμ ekSf[kd çrhd rFkk fyf[kr çrhdA Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i] ekSf[kd çrhdksa dk gh çfrfuf/Ro djrs gSaA ;s fyf[kr :i iqu% iBu ,oa Jo.k çfØ;k }kjk ekSf[kd ,oa JO;xzká cu tkrs gSaA vr% Hkk"kk dk mPpfjr :i gh mldk ewy :i gSA lalkj esa vusd Hkk"kk,¡ ,slh gSa ftudk osQoy ekSf[kd :i gh çpyu esa gS] fyf[kr :i ughaA oLrqr% ^Hkk"kk* 'kCn Lor% euq"; dh okfpd Hkk"kk dk gh |ksrd gSA Hkk"kk foKku esa eq[;r% okfpd Hkk"kk dk gh vè;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k gksrk gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ^Hkk"kk* fuf'pr :i ls mPpkj.k lkis{k gSA (4) lkekftd var%fØ;k dk vk/kjμge lekt ls gh Hkk"kk dks lh[krs gSa rFkk Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls lkekftd var%fØ;k dks fodflr djrs gSaA lkekftd fopkj&fofue; osQ }kjk Hkk"kk dk mn~Hko] fodkl] iYyou rFkk yksi fujarj gksus okyh çfØ;k gSA bldk çek.k gSμ Hkk"kk esa fujarj uohu 'kCnksa dk l`tu ,oa lekos'k gksuk] iqjkus 'kCnksa dk fujarj uohu lanHkks± osQ lkFk iqu% O;k[;kf;r gksuk vkSj ç;ksx esa u jgus osQ dkj.k foyqIr gks tkukA ç'u 3- Hkk"kk dh çeq[k lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa dks crkb,A mÙkjμHkk"kk dh çeq[k lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡ bl çdkj gSaμ (1) Hkk"kk ijaijkxr gS] O;fDr mldk vtZu dj ldrk gS] fdUrq mls mRiUu ugha dj ldrk (Language is conventional, man can acquire it, but can’t produce)μHkk"kk ijaijk ls pyh vk jgh gS] O;fDr ijaijk rFkk lekt ls mldk vtZu djrk gSA ,d O;fDr mls mRiUu ugha dj ldrk] foaQrq og mlesa ifjorZu vkfn dj ldrk gSA ;fn Hkk"kk dk dksbZ tud rFkk tuuh gS] rks og ijaijk rFkk lekt gSA (2) Hkk"kk iSr`d laifÙk ugha gS (Language is not ancestral property)μoqQN fo}kuksa osQ erkuqlkj μ firk dh Hkk"kk iq=k dks feyrh gS vFkkZr~ ftl çdkj iSr`d laifÙk ij iq=k dk vf/dkj gksrk gS mlh çdkj Hkk"kk mlh èkjksgj osQ :i esa fey tkrh gS] foaQrq ;g er lnSo lR; ugha gSA ;fn fdlh Hkkjrh; cPps dks tUe osQ oqQN gh fnu i'pkr~ ikyu&iks"k.k osQ fy, baXySaM Hkst fn;k tk,] rks og ogk¡ ij Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ugha cksy losQxk] ogk¡ mldh ekr`Hkk"kk vaxszth gh gksxhA ;fn Hkk"kk iSr`d laifÙk jgh gksrh rks og ckyd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk gh cksyrkA

6

GPH Book

fganh f'k{k.k izfofèk ¹ch-bZ-,l-&145º

(3) Hkk"kk dk dksbZ vafre :i ugha gS (There is no final form of language)μHkk"kk dHkh Hkh iw.kZ ugha gksrh vFkkZr~ ;g dHkh ugha dgk tk ldrk fd veqd Hkk"kk dk vafre :i veqd gSA oLrqr% Hkk"kk ls gekjk vfHkçk; thfor Hkk"kk esa gksrk gS] e`r Hkk"kk dk vafre :i rks vo'; vafre gksrk gS] foaQrq thfor Hkk"kk esa ;g ckr ugha gSA Hkk"kk ifjorZu'khy fodkl dh ,d çfØ;k gSA (4) Hkk"kk la;ksxkoLFkk ls fo;ksxkoLFkk dh vksj tkrh gSμigys O;fDr;ksa dk fopkj Fkk fd Hkk"kk fo;ksxkoLFkk ls la;ksxkoLFkk dh vksj tkrh gSA oqQN O;fDr;ksa dk fopkj Fkk fd Hkk"kk nksuksa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gksdj xqtjrh gS] ijarq vc nksuksa gh fopkjksa esa dksbZ rF; ugha jg x;k gSA Hkk"kk oLrqr% la;ksxkoLFkk ls fo;ksxkoLFkk dh vksj tkrh gSA fo;ksx ls rkRi;Z gSμ fo?kfVr gksuk] tSlsμ ¶eksgu%[kknfr¸ ls ¶eksgu [kkrk gS¸ dk gks tkukA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd laLÑr ls fganh fo;ksxkoLFkk gks xbZ gSA (5) Hkk"kk vk|kar lkekftd oLrq gSμHkk"kk dk vtZu lekt osQ laioZQ ls gh gks ldrk gSA okLrfodrk ;gh gS fd Hkk"kk dk tUe lekt esa gksrk gS] mldk fodkl lekt esa gksrk gS rFkk mldk ç;ksx Hkh lekt esa gksrk gS] D;ksafd euq"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gSA blfy, mls fopkj&fofue; osQ fy, Hkk"kk dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA (6) Hkk"kk LFkwyrk ls lw{erk vkSj çkSwB ugha cksyrs FksA¸ Hkk"kk lkekftd laca/ksa dh fu;ked Hkh gSA vius lq[k&nq%[k] g"kZ&mYykl vkfn dks euq"; Hkk"kk }kjk gh lekt esa ck¡Vrk gSA blh izdkj nwljs dh bu Hkkoukvksa dks Hkk"kk }kjk gh xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ç'u 5- ckyd osQ Hkk"kk;h fodkl osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa dks crkb,A vFkok

fganh f'k{k.k % lS¼kafrd i{k

9

Hkk"kk;h fodkl osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa esa Hksn dhft,A mÙkjμckyd osQ fodkl osQ fofHkUu vk;ke gksrs gSaA Hkk"kk dk fodkl Hkh mUgha vk;keksa esa ls ,d gSA Hkk"kk dks vU; dkS'kyksa dh rjg vftZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vtZu ckyd osQ tUe osQ ckn gh çkjaHk gks tkrk gSA vuqdj.k] okrkoj.k osQ lkFk vuqfØ;k rFkk 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd ,oa euksoSKkfud vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh ek¡x blesa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ckyd osQ Hkk"kk fodkl dh xfr cnyrh jgrh gSA çFke nks o"kks± esa fodkl dh xfr rhoz gksrh gSA ckyd osQ Hkk"kk;h fodkl dk vè;;u eq[;r% nks n`f"Vdks.kksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSμvk;q rFkk Hkk"kk;h ?kVdA Hkk"kk;h ?kVdksa esa Hkk"kk dh fofo/ O;oLFkkvksa dks vk/kj ekuk tk ldrk gS] tSlsμèofu] 'kCn] vFkZ vkSj O;kdjf.kd O;oLFkk vkfnA (1) vk;q dh n`f"V lsμlkekU;r% ckyd bu pj.kksa ls xqtjrk gSμ • çFke 9 eghus rd ozzaQnu] fdyduk] ccykuk vkfn dh fØ;k • çFke 'kCn μ yxHkx 9&10 eghus ls • f}&'kCnh; okD; μ 1-5 ls 2 o"kZ • rhu 'kCnh; okD; μ 2-5 ls 3 o"kZ • ljy NksVs okD; μ 4 o"kZ (2) Hkk"kk;h ?kVdksa dh n`f"V lsμcPps }kjk mPpfjr çFke 'kCn Hkkf"kd laçs"k.k dh {kerk osQ çkjaHk dk lwpd gSA 9 ls 12 eghus dh vk;q esa vf/dka'k cPps ,d 'kCn osQ ç;ksx dh oqQ'kyrk vftZr dj ysrs gSaA f'k'kq bu 'kCnksa }kjk fofHkUu fØ;kvksa rFkk vFkks± dh vfHkO;fDr djrk gSA cM+ksa osQ Hkk"kk osQ vuqdj.k ls og Hkk"kk dh èofu;ksa ls ifjfpr gksrk tkrk gSA f'k'kq mu èofu;ksa ls ;qDr 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx djuk vf/d ilan djrk gS ftu ij mldk i;kZIr vf/dkj gks pqdk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] };ks"B~; (nks gksBksa ls cksyh tkus okyh) èofu;ksa ls ;qDr 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx] tSlsμckck] ekek vkfnA lkFk gh og lkekU;r% NksVs 'kCnksa dk gh ç;ksx djrk gSA ,d o"kZ osQ vkl&ikl tc f'k'kq çFke 'kCn cksyrk gS rc ifjokj osQ lnL; mls okD; dk :i nsrs gSaA vf/drj yksx bls okD; dk çkjafHkd :i ekurs gSaA O;kdj.k dk çkjaHk Hkh blh voLFkk ls ekuk tkuk pkfg,A nks o"kZ dk gksrs&gksrs cPpk 'kCnksa dks feykdj okD; fuekZ.k djuk lh[k tkrk gSA rhu o"kZ osQ ckyd dh okD; fuekZ.k çfØ;k dks ns[kdj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mlesa Hkk"kk ç;ksx dh {kerk vk xbZ gSA lkekU;r% rhu o"kZ rd f'k'kq cgqr O;kdjf.kd =kqfV;k¡ djrk gSA mldh çeq[k dfBukbZ loZukeksa osQ ç;ksx vkSj fØ;k osQ dkyksa osQ pquus esa gksrh gSA ,dopu vkSj cgqopu esa Hkh cPpksa dks cM+k Hkze gksrk gSA fefJr vkSj la;qDr okD; dk ç;ksx ckyd 4&5 o"kZ dh vk;q rd djus yxrk gS] foaQrq gj vk;q esa okD; osQ çdkj vkSj yackbZ esa O;fDrxr rFkk voljkuqowQy fHkUurk ns[kh tkrh gSA vkilh [ksy esa ckyd NksVs okD; ;k mi&okD; gh ç;qDr djrs gSa tcfd cM+ksa osQ lkeus yacs vkSj iw.kZ okD;ksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA bl n`f"V ls yM+fd;k¡ yM+dksa ls csgrj gksrh gSaA ckyd dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe okD;ksa esa fofo/rk (diversity) dk dkj.k gks ldrh gSA

ßvPNh rS;kjh vkSj vPNs ekDlZ ds fy, vo'; i ch-bZ-,l-&126 % Kku vkSj ikB~;p;kZ ch-bZ-,l-&127 % vf/kxe gsrq vkadyu ch-bZ-,l-&128 % lekos'kh fo|ky; dk fuekZ.k ch-bZ-,l-&129 % tsaMj] fo|ky; vkSj lekt ch-bZ-,l-&141 % foKku f'k{k.k'kkL= ch-bZ-,l-&142 % lkekftd foKku f'k{k.k'kkL= ch-bZ-,l-&143 % xf.kr f'k{k.k'kkL= ch-bZ-,l&145 % fganh f'k{k.k izfof/k ch-bZ-,l-bZ-&131% eqDr ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk ch-bZ-,l-bZ-&132% funsZ'ku ,oa micks/ku ch-bZ-,l-bZ-&135% lwpuk ,oa laizs"k.k izkS|ksfxdh ch-bZ-,l-,y-&123 & 124% f'k{kk esa ukV~; vkSj dyk vkRelaKku vkSj ;ksx BA (Hons.)

ISBN 978-93-86276-40-7

9 789386 276407