_hmamï´>mVrc gd© {dÚmnrR>m§Vrc amÁ`emó d ñnYm© n[ajm {df`mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm d Aä`mgH$m§Zm Cn`wº$ g§X^© J«§W

AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr Modern Political Ideologies

S>m°. _h|Ð nmQ>rb

S>m`_§S> npãcHo$eÝg

AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr S>m°. _h|Ð nmQ>rb Adhunik Rajkiya Vicharpranali Dr. Mahendra Patil

n{hcr Amd¥Îmr : Owb¡, 2019 ISBN 978-93-86401-69-4 ©S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg, 2019

_wIn¥ð> em_ ^mboH$a AjaOwiUr S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg

àH$meH$ S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg 264/3 e{Zdma noR>, 302 AZwJ«h AnmQ>©_|Q> Am|H$maoœa _§{XamOdi, nwUo-411 030 ( 020-24452387, 24466642 [email protected]

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àH$aU n{hbo : amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr (Political B amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr- AW©, ì`m»`m, ñdê$n, {deofVm Am{U H$m`© B amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbrMr CJ_ñWmZo qH$dm òmoV B {dMmaàUmbrMr gmYZo B {dMmaàUmbrMr ^y{_H$m B {dMmaàUmbrMm A§V-{gÕmÝV B {dMmaàUmbrMo _hÎd

Mma ghm Ideology)

àH$aU Xþgao : CXma_VdmX (Liberalism) B CXma_VdmX- AW©, ì`m»`m, Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmœ©^y_r, ñdê$n, d¡{eîQ>ço, _ybVÎdo dm VÎdkmZ B CXma_VdmX {dH$mg d àH$ma- nma§n[aH$, AmYw{ZH$ Am{U dV©_mZH$mbrZ CXma_VdmX B CXma_VdmX-_yë`_mnZ dm JwUXmof B CXma_VdmX-^{dVì` Am{U _hÎd B ^maVr` CXma_VdmX- amOm am__mohZ am°`, XmXm^mB© ZdamoOr, Ý`m`_yVu _. Jmo. amZSo>

1 2 11 14 16 18 26 29 30 44 55 58 58

àH$aU {Vgao : bmoH$emhr (Democracy) 66 B bmoH$emhr- AW©, ì`m»`m, ñdê$n, bmoH$emhr àH$ma dm 67 AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb dJuH$aU- àË`j gh^mJmË_H$ bmoH$emhr,

B B

B

B

AàË`j bmoH$emhr, CXma_VdmXr bmoH$emhr (g§ajUmË_H$, {dH$mgmË_H$ Am{U ~hþbdmXr), bmoH$emhr Ñ{ï>H$moZ- A{^OZdmXr, _mŠg©dmXr, órdmXr bmoH$emhrMr d¡{eîQ>ço, bmoH$emhrMo Amdí`H$ KQ>H$, bmoH$emhrÀ`m `emgmR>r Amdí`H$ AQ>r bmoH$emhrMo JwUXmof, bmoH$emhr `eñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm bmoH$emhrMo _hÎd Am{U ^{dVì`

àH$aU Mm¡Wo : g_mOdmX Am{U bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX

74 80 90 97 100

(Socialism and Democratic Socialism) B B

B B

B

B B B B

g_mOdmX- AW©, ñdê$n, VÎdo Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço 101 g_mOdmXmMm {dH$mg- {gñ_§S>r, g|Q> gm`_Z 106 p¼üZ g_mOdmX, Mmb©g \$mo[a`a, bwB© ãb°H$, am°S´>~Q²>©g, nwYm±, H$mb© _mŠg© Am{U \«o$S>[aH$ E§Jëg, ~Z©ñQ>mBZ g_mOdmX-_hÎd Am{U ^{dVì` 115 bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX- AW©, {dH$mg, bmoH$emhr Am{U 116 g_mOdmX nañnag§~§Y dm g_Ýd` bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX-_ybVÎdo dm d¡{eîQ>ço, narjU 121 dm _yë`_mnZ dm JwUXmof bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMr amÁ`{df`H$ ^y{_H$m 125 l{_H$ g§KdmX- AW©, ì`m»`m, _ybVÎdo Am{U _yë`_mnZ 130 \o${~`Z g_mOdmX- _ybVÎdo Am{U _yë`_mnZ 136 ì`dgm` g§KdmX- ì`m»`m, AW©, _ybVÎdo, JwUXmof dm _yë`_mnZ

àH$aU nmMdo : amï´>dmX (Nationalism) B amï´>dmX- AW©, ì`m»`m, ñdê$n Am{U {dH$mg B amï´>dmXmMo AmYma^yV KQ>H$ B amï´>dmXmMo àH$ma dm dJuH$aU (à{VJm_r Am{U nwamoJm_r amï´>dmX) B amï´>dmX-JwUXmof, _yë`_mnZ dm narjU B amï´> Am{U amÁ`, amï´> Am{U amï´>H$ nañnag§~§Y d \$aH$ B ~oZo{S>ŠQ> A°ÝS>g©Z `m§Mo amï´>dmXm~ÔbMo {dMma

149 149 154 160 163 167 169

Am§Vaamï´>dmX- AW©, ì`m»`m, {dH$mg Am{U AmYma^yV VÎdo dm d¡{eîQ>ço Am§Vaamï´>dmX {dH$mgmMr H$maUo Am§Vaamï´>dmXmÀ`m _mJm©Vrb AS>Wio dm g_ñ`m {dœamÁ` dm OmJ{VH$ gaH$ma-aMZm, ñdê$n Am{U ñWmnZoVrb AS>MUr

170

àH$aU ghmdo : _mŠg©dmX (Marxism) B _mŠg©dmX-emór` g_mOdmX Am{U namË_^md g§H$ënZm B {damoY{dH$mgdmX dm Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX-{gÕmÝV B Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmX dm B{VhmgmMr ^m¡{VH$ dm Am{W©H$ _r_m§gm B dJ©H$bh dm dJ©g§Kf© {gÕmÝV B _mŠg©Mm amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma dm {gÕmÝV B A{V[aº$ _yë`-{gÕmÝV B _mŠg©Mo Y_©{df`H$, H$m_Jmam§À`m hþHy$_emhr~Ôb {dMma B _mŠg©dmXmMo _yë`_mnZ

186 186 193 201

àH$aU gmVdo : Zd-_mŠg©dmX (Neo-Marxism) B Zd-_mŠg©dmX- {dH$mg, AW© d ñdê$n B Zd-_mŠg©dmX-CX`mMr H$maUo B Zd-_mŠg©dmX-bjUo Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço B Zd-_mŠg©dmXmÀ`m _`m©Xm B à_wI Zd-_mŠg©dmXr {dMma- A§Vmo{ZAmo J«m_gr, Om°O bwH$mb, \«±$H$\$Q>© ñHy$b Am{U `wamo-H$å`w{ZP_

219 219 224 227 231 234

àH$aU AmR>do : gdªH$fgÎmmdmX (Totalitarianism) B \°${gP_ d ZmPrP_ - AW©, ì`m»`m, ñdê$n, {dH$mg Am{U CX`mMr H$maUo B \$°{gP_ Am{U ZmPrP_ VÎdkmZ, d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U _ybVÎdo B _hm_§S>imË_H$ amÁ` dm EH$H|$Ðr amÁ` Am{U \°${gP_ dm ZmPrP_ JwUXmof dm _yë`_mnZ

246 246

B

B B B

174 177 180

205 207 211 214 216

251 258

àH$aU Zddo : gdm}X` (Sarvodaya) B gdm}X` - AW©, ì`m»`m, nmœ©^y_r, J¥hrVHo$, d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U H$m`©H«$_ B gdm}X` Am{U gmå`dmX, gdm}X` _yë`_mnZ B {dZmo~m ^mdo gdm}X`r {dMma-J«m_amÁ`, {dH|${ÐV bmoH$V§Ì dm g_mOm~ÔbMo {dMma B ^yXmZ Midi Am{U ^yXmZ MidirMo _yë`_mnZ

282 282

àH$aU Xhmdo : ~hþg§ñH¥${VdmX (Multi-Culturalism) B ~hþg§ñH¥${VdmX - AW©, d¡{eîQ>ço, ñdê$n, {dH$mg, CX`mMr H$maUo, VÎdo dm bjUo Am{U {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moZ dm dJuH$aU B ~hþg§ñH¥${VdmX Am{U ~hþbdmX, ~hþg§ñH¥${VdmX Am{U CXma_VdmX, ~hþg§ñH¥${VdmX Am{U Aëng§»`mH$m§Mo A{YH$ma B ~hþg§ñH¥${VdmX-narjU dm _yë`_mnZ

313 313

àH$aU AH$amdo : g_wXm`dmX (Communitarian) B g_wXm`dmX- AW©, d¡{eîQ>ço, {dH$mg d ñdê$n B g_wXm`dmX Am{U CXmadmX B g_wXm`dmX-_ybVÎdo dm bjUo B g_wXm`dmX Am{U Ý`m` g§H$ënZm B g_wXm`dmX narjU

342 342 346 347 350 352

àH$aU ~mamdo: ZmJar g_mO (Civil Society) B ZmJar g_mO - AW©, ñdê$n d {dH$mg B ZmJar g_mOm{df`r {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Mo {dMma- Om°Z bm°H$, hoJob, _mŠg© d J«m_Mr B CÎma-AmYw{ZHo$Îma ZmJar g_mO B OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U CÎma-OmJ{VH$sH$aU ZmJar g_mO

354 354 365

B

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298 299 302

334 339

368 371 375

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amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr Political Ideology amÁ`emó `m {df`mV amOH$s` {dMmaYmaoÀ`m Aä`mgmbm _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Amho. amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m AmYmamda dV©_mZ amOH$s` ì`dñWoMo AmH$bZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio g_mOdmX, gmå`dmX, CXma_VdmX, ì`dhmadmX, CÎmaì`dhma BË`mXr {d{dY {dMmaàUmbr§Mm amÁ`emó Am{U amOH$s` g_mOemómÀ`m AÜ``ZmV Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. {dMmam§Zm _mZdr OrdZmV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. _mZd hm ~w{ÕdmZ Am{U {ddoH$embr àmUr Agë`m_wio g^modVmbÀ`m ~mø n`m©daUmÀ`m à^mdmVyZ _mZdr _ZmV C_Q>Umè`m g§doXZm Am{U Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dMma CËnÞ hmoVmV Am{U ho {dMma A{YH$ VH©$ewÕ, ñnï>, gyÌ~Õ Am{U ì`dpñWV ñdê$n YmaU Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm {dMmaàUmbrMm XOm© àmá hmoVmo. {dMmaàUmbr {deofV: amOH$s` g§ñWm§er g§~§{YV AgVo, Voìhm {Vbm ì`mnH$ ñdê$n àmá hmoVo Am{U Voìhm {Vbm amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr `m AWm©Zo g§~mo{Ybo OmVo. {dMmaàUmbr `m eãXmMm gd©àW_ Cn`moJ A§VmoZ X Q´>ogr `m \«|$M {dMmad§VmZo 'Element of Ideology' `m J«§WmV Ho$bobm Amho. "{dMmamMo emó' `m AWm©Zo {dMmaàUmbr `m eãXmMm dmna Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo. "{dMmam§Mm g§M' `m AWm©ZoXoIrb {dMmaàUmbr `m eãXmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. hm AW© AË`§V _`m©{XV ñdê$nmMm {XgyZ `oVmo. H$maU AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV hm eãX AË`§V ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo dmnabm OmVmo. amOH$s` g_mOmMo {Z`_Z H$aUmam AmJ«hr {dMma, VÎdkmZ, {gÕmÝV, Ü`o`o, _yë` Am{U H$m`©H«$_ øm gdmªMm EH${ÌV g_wƒ` åhUOo {dMmagaUr hmo` Aer ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm {dMmagaUr~m~V AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _m§S>br OmVo. {dMmaàUmbr_Ü`o gmYmaUV: {ZpíMV, gd©g_mdoeH$ Am{U gd© gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoUmam H$m`©H«$_-g_mdoe AgVmo. {dMmaàUmbrÛmam ^{dî`H$mbrZ amOH$s` ì`dñWm Zo_H$s H$em ñdê$nmMr Agob, ho AmXem©Ë_H$ ñdê$nmMo {XemXe©Z Ho$bobo AgVo. AmXem©Ë_H$ ì`dñWon`ªV nmohmoMÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ H$m`©H«$_mMm AmamIS>mXoIrb amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr / 1

{dMmaàUmbrV g_m{dï> Ho$bobm AgVmo. CXm. _mŠg©dmXmV gmå`dmX àñWmnZogmR>r Amdí`H$ H$m`©H«$_mMm g_mdoe Amho. {dMmaàUmbr H$mhr {d{eï> J¥hrV H¥$Ë`mda AmYmabobr AgVo. gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` OrdZmV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dMmaàUmbrV H$mhr Cnm``moOZm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. {dMmaàUmbrV ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m`©H«$_, VH©$emór` nÕVr{damoYr {dMmam§Mo I§S>Z, ^md{ZH$ AmdmhZmMm g_mdoeXoIrb AgVmo. gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` OrdZmV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m EImÚm àíZmÀ`m gmoS>dUwH$sÀ`m CÔoemZo {dMmaàUmbr àË`jmV ApñVËdmV Ambobr AgVo. àM{bV gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` ì`dñWoÀ`m g_W©ZmW© qH$dm {Vbm A{Y_mÝ`Vm {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZoXoIrb amÁ`H$Ë`m©dJmªH$Sy>Z {dMmaàUmbrMr CÓmofUm Ho$br OmVo. {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m AmYmamda OZVo_Ü`o ^md{ZH$ AmË_r`Vm {Z_m©U H$aVm `oVo. hr AmË_r`Vm ì`dñWoÀ`m ñW¡`© d A{Y_mÝ`VogmR>r Amdí`H$ _mZbr OmVo. {dMmaàUmbrVrb AmXem©Zwgma bú` {ZYm©[aV H$ê$Z Amdí`H$ H$m`©H«$_, Midi, àMma d àgma Am{U g§KQ>Z BË`mXr à{H«$`m§Zm MmbZm {_iVo, Voìhm {Vbm dmñVd ñdê$n bm^V AgVo. AmXe© amOH$s` Am{U gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWoMr H$ënZm _m§Sy>Z, Vr ì`dñWm dmñVdVoV AmUVm `oB©b `m Ñï>rZo _m§S>bobm {dMmaì`yh åhUOo {dMmaàUmbr _mZVm `oB©b. {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ^yVH$mimV KS>boë`m gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` KQ>Zm§Mo {díbofU Ho$bobo AgVo. ^yVH$mimV KS>boë`m KQ>Zm§Mr H$maU_r_m§gm H$ê$Z dV©_mZH$mimV ^oS>gmdUmè`m g_ñ`oMr CÎmao emoYbr OmVmV Am{U `m Cnm``moOZm§Mr ^{dî`mV A§_b~OmdUr H$ê$Z AmXe© g_mOaMZoMo {MÌ a§J{dbo OmVo. {dMmaàUmbrV amOH$s` {dMmam§Mr VH©$ewÕnUo aMZm Ho$bobr AgVo. VmpÎdH$Ñï>çm _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$m§Mm g_Ýd` {Z_m©U Ho$bobm AgVmo. gd© àíZm§Zm CÎmao XoVm `mdr `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ H$m`©H«$_mMm Am{U VmpÎdH$ Jmoï>tMm D$hmnmoh Ho$bobm AgVmo. {dMmaàUmbrbm gd©g_mdoeH$ Am{U d¡{œH$ ñdê$n XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. OJmVrb gd© àíZm§Mr CÎmao {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m Ame`mV g_m{dï> AmhoV, Ago {dMmaàUmbr _m§S>Umè`m Am{U {VMo g_W©Z H$aUmè`m§H$Sy>Z åhQ>bo OmVo. {dMmaàUmbrMr ì`m»`m : {dMmaàUmbr eãXmMm gd©àW_ dmna \«|$M {dMmad§V A§VmoZ X Q´>ogr `m§Zr 23 _o 1793 _Ü`o Ho$bobm hmoVm. "{dMmamMo emó' hm {dMmaàUmbrMm AW© bjmV KoVbm hmoVm. amOH$s` qMVZmV {dMmaàUmbrbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. H$mb© _mŠg© `m§Zr 'German Ideology' `m J«§WmV {dMmaàUmbrbm "{_Ï`mMoVZm' åhQ>bo Amho. OmJ© bmoaoZ `m§Zr 'Concept of Ideology' `m J«§WmV {dMmaàUmbrbm Mma {^Þ ñdê$nm§V _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. 2 / AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr

1. ZH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nmV {dMmaàUmbr AgË` MoVZm _mZbr OmVo H$s, Or gm_m{OH$ àíZ dm _m{hVr OmUyZ KoÊ`mg {dH¥$Vr {Z_m©U H$aVo, Va gH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nmV {dMmaàUmbr {d{eï> dJ© dm g_yhmMm {dœ{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ A{^ì`º$ H$aVo; åhUOo {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {d{eï> dJ© dm g_yhm§Mo {dMma, {dœmg, {gÕmÝV A{^ì`º$ H$aVm `oVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_yh dm dJ© Amnë`m {hVmMr ajm H$ê$ eH$VmV dm Ë`mbm àmoËgmhZ XoD$ eH$VmV. 2. {dMmaàUmbr AmË_naH$ qH$dm _Zmodk¡ m{ZH$ Agy eH$Vo AÝ`Wm dñVwnaH$ KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV Agy eH$Vo. AmË_naH$ KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV {dMmaàUmbr MoVZoMo EH$ {dH¥$V ê$n Agob. Vo `WmW© g_Oy eH$Uma Zmhr. dñVwnaH$ Agob Va hr ñdV: `WmW© ^«_ {Z_m©U H$aob. 3. {dMmaàUmbrMm {dñVma H$mhr doiog BVH$m _`m©{XV AgVmo H$s Vr gm§ñH¥${VH$ CÔoem§ZmXoIrb ñne© H$aUma Zmhr, dm BVH$m ì`mnH$ Agob H$s gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb g_ñV MoVZm§Zm Amnë`mV gm_mdyZ KoB©b. 4. {dkmZmÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMmaàUmbr à{VdmXmÀ`m ñdê$nmV {dH${gV hmoB©b, VWm {dMmaàUmbrMr pñWVr gË`mn`ªV nmohmoMÊ`mgmR>r AS>Wio AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aob. OmJ© bmoaoZ `m§Zr {dMmaàUmbr {d{^Þ ñdê$nm§V _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV àË`oH$ amOH$s` g§Kfm©bm {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~g{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. àË`oH$ amOH$s` ì`dñWoMo {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m AmYmamda dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. {dMmaàUmbr g§H$ënZoMm Mm§Jë`m Am{U dmB©Q> nÕVrZo AW© bmdbm OmVmo. VgoM H$mbmZwê$n {dMmaàUmbr g§H$ënZm {d{dY {dMmad§Vm§Zr AmnAmnë`m AmH$bZmZwgma bmdyZ {d{dY ì`m»`m Am{U n[a^mfm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m à_wI ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVmV. 1. Q´>ogr : `m§À`m _Vo, {dMmaàUmbr ho {dMmam§Mo emó Amho. 2. _°H$ Am`ìha : `m§À`m _Vo, C{Ôï>m§Zm OÝ_ XoUmar amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mr nÕVr åhUOo gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr hmo`. 3. S°>{ZAb BJbgmob : `m§À`m _Vo, àË`oH$ {dMmaàUmbr_Ü`o dV©_mZ pñWVrMo _yë`_mnZ Am{U ^{dî`mÀ`m XÿaÑï>rMm g_mdoe AgVmo. 4. H$mb© \«o$S>[aH$ : `m§À`m _Vo, EImXr amOH$s` ì`dñWm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r, {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r, ~XbÊ`mgmR>r Or gwg§JV {dMmag§{hVm ñdrH$mabr OmVo {Vbm {dMmagaUr Ago åhUVmV. 5. ñZmB©S>a Am{U {dëgZ : `m§À`m _Vo, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ d amOH$s` Ü`o`mZo {Z_m©U Pmbobm; OrdZmer, g_mOmer d emgZmer g§~§{YV Agbobm EH$ amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr / 3

{dMmam§Mm g_yh åhUOo {dMmagaUr hmoVo. {VÀ`m gVV dmnam_wio Ë`mbm EImÚm amOH$s` gÎmoÀ`m à_wI {gÕmÝVmMo ñdê$n àmá hmoV AgVo. 6. íbm`Ma : `m§À`m _Vo, ì`º$sÀ`m A_yV© {dMmam§Mr EH$ ì`dñWm~Õ _m§S>Ur åhUOo {dMmaàUmbr hmo`. 7. am°~Q>© T>mb : `m§À`m _Vo, amOH$s` ì`dñWoVrb ñdV:À`m ZoV¥ËdmMo g_W©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m nañnag§~§{YV {dMmam§À`m g_yhmbm {dMmagaUr Ago åhUVmV. 8. E°bZ ~m°b : `m§À`m _Vo, amOH$s` {dMma gwñnï> Am{U gwì`dpñWV ê$n YmaU H$aVmV Voìhm {Vbm amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr Ago åhUVmV. {dMmaàUmbr {dMmam§À`m H$m`m©g§~§Yr àUmbr AgVo. 9. do ~ ñQ> a eãXH$mo e : `m H$mo e mZw g ma {dMmagaUr gm_m{OH$-amOH$s` H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r g§`wº$ KmofUm, {gÕmÝV Am{U bú`m§Mm g_yh AgVmo. 10. dOo{OñH$s : `m§À`m _Vo, amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr àñWm{nV amOH$s` g§aMZm d g§~§YmV n[adV©Z Am{U g§~§{YV {dMmam§Mo g_W©Z H$aUmè`m {dMmam§Mm g_yh dm nw§O AgVo. darb ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm {dMmaàUmbrV g_mO Am{U amÁ`mMr aMZm H$er Agmdr `m~m~V Ho$boë`m {dMma_§WZmMm g_mdoe AgVmo. {dMmaàUmbrÛmam amOH$s` ì`dñWoVrb Ü`o`, _yë` Am{U AmXem©~m~V {XemXe©Z Ho$bobo AgVo. amOH$s` g_ñ`m§er g§~§{YV {dñH$irV ñdê$nmMo {dMma g§K{Q>V, ì`dpñWV Am{U gwñnï> ê$n YmaU H$aVmV, Voìhm Ë`mbm {dMmaàUmbr Ago g§~mo{Ybo OmVo. {dMmaàUmbr dV©_mZ amOH$s` g§ñWm§er {ZJ{S>V AgVo. dV©_mZ amOH$s` ì`dñWoMo g_W©Z dm Ë`mV n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr {dMmanw§OmMm g_mdoe AgVmo. {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOH$s` gÎmoMo {dVaU H$aUmè`m gÎmm, A{YH$ma, A{Y_mÝ`Vm g§H$ënZoMo AmH$bZ Am{U pñWVr ñnï> hmoV AgVo. amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr {dMmam§Mo emó AgyZ, Oo _mZdr ñd^md Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z ñnï> H$aV AgVo. Ë`mgmo~V ^{dî`mV AmXe© g_mO ì`dñWm H$er {Z_m©U H$aVm `oB©b `m~m~V ^y{_H$m _m§S>V AgVo Am{U ì`dñWoÀ`m àmárgmR>r Amdí`H$ g§gmYZo, _mJ© Am{U _mÜ`_m§MmXoIrb C„oI H$aV AgVo. amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbrMr {deofVm : amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbrMr {deofVm Am{U {VMo ñdê$n nwT>rb _wÔçm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {deX H$aVm `oVo. 1. {dMmaàUmbr gm_mÝ`V: gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmer hmoUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`oMo \$i _mZbo OmVo. _Zwî` {ddoH$erb, ^mdZmàYmZ àmUr AgyZ g_mOOrdZmV KS>Umè`m 4 / AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr

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KQ>Zm§À`m g§dXo Zm _mZdmÀ`m _|XVÿ {dMma àd¥Îm H$aVmV Am{U Ë`mVyZ {dMmaàUmbr AmH$ma YmaU H$aVo. gm_m{OH$ MoVZm Am{U dmVmdaUmÀ`m à^mdmVyZ {dMmaàUmbr CËnÞ hmoV AgVo. AmYw{ZH$ {dMmaàUmbrMm àma§^ \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrnmgyZ Pmbm, Ago _mZbo OmVo. `m H«$m§VrZo ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm, JUamÁ` `m§gma»`m VÎdm§Zm _mÝ`Vm àXmZ Ho$br. `m H«$m§VrÀ`m à^mdmVyZ AÝ` Xoem§Vhr {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m AmYmamda n[adV©Z qH$dm H«$m§VrMm à`ËZ gwê$ Pmbm. {dMmaàUmbr hr _w»`V: amOH$s` ñdê$nmMr AgVo. AÝ` g§X^m©V hr g§H$ënZm dmnabr OmV Agbr, Var {VMm dmna amOH$s` H$maUmgmR>r OmñV à_mUmV Ho$bm OmVmo. amOH$s` MidirMr J¥hrVHo$, Ü`o` Am{U g_W©Z {VÀ`m AmYmamda Ho$bo OmVo. {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m AmYmamda amOH$s` ì`dñWoV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUbo OmVo. {Z`§ÌU Am{U AZwemgZ H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. àñWm{nV d g_H$mbrZ ì`dñWoMr {Z^©ËgZm Am{U n[adV©ZmÀ`m _mJm©Mm emoY {dMmaàUmbrÛmao KoVbm OmVmo. {dMmaàUmbr_Ü`o nañna{damoY ApñVËdmV Agë`m_wio XmoZ {dMmaàUmbr EH$gma»`m AgV ZmhrV. àË`oH$ {dMmaàUmbrMr àH¥$Vr, nÕVr, gmYZo Am{U AmXemª_Ü`o V\$mdV AmT>iyZ `oVo. àË`oH$ {dMmaàUmbrV EH$ _w»` q~Xÿ dm {dMma AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m AmdVr^modVr AZoH$ {dMmam§Mr Am{U VÎdm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr AgVo. {dMmaàUmbr {gÕmÝV Am{U nÕVrÀ`m AmYmamda H$m`© H$arV AgVo. {VÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {d{eï> YmoaU, Šb¥ßË`m d ì`mdhm[aH$ CnH«$_m§Mo {XemXe©Z g_mOmbm Ho$bo OmV AgVo. àË`oH$ {dMmaàUmbrV KmofUm, àVrHo$, {_WHo$ Am{U AmH$f©H$ H$m`©H«$_mMm g_mdoe AgVmo. {dMmaàUmbrMm OÝ_, {dH$mg Am{U b` gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmVyZ hmoV AgVmo. gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmÀ`m à^mdmVyZ {d{eï> H$mimV {d{eï> {dMmaàUmbrbm _hÎd àmá hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ n`m©daU ~Xbë`mg {VMo _hÎd H$_r hmoVo. CXm. a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§Vr_wio gmå`dmXmMo _hÎd dmT>bo Am{U a{e`mMo nVZ Pmë`m_wio gmå`dmXmMo _hÎd H$_r Pmbo. amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbrV g§KQ>Z Am{U EH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr eº$s AgVo. {dMmaàUmbrVrb _yë`o {VÀ`m g_W©H$m§gmR>r àoaUmòmoV ~ZVmV. hiyhiy {VMr amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr / 5