by

Soumya Ranjan Behera

FIRST EDITION 2018 Copyright © BPB Publications, INDIA ISBN: 978-93-86551-91-7 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication can be stored in a retrieval system or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publishers.

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Today, we are living in a computer age. Computers play a key role in our everyday lives. In addition to communication media like television, radio and newspaper, we now have another communication medium, i.e. computers. We use computers to email, to chat, for the Internet browsing, for teleconferencing, for video conferencing, etc. We also use them for elearning, e-commerce, e-banking, e-governance, e-ticketing and for many more things. So a fundamental awareness about computers is a must if we wish to lead successful life. The Computer Awareness is essential and integral part of competitive and entrance exams. This book Computer Awareness has been specially designed for General competitive examinations like; Bank PO & Clerk, SSC, Railway etc. This book is also for various entrances.

Key Features • In every chapter the basics of the topics are defined first, followed by Multiple Choice Questions with Answers.

• • • •

Including Previous Year MCQs with Answers of Every Chapter. Tables, Facts, Notes, and Tips would clear your concept and easy to memorize. 6 Practice Sets for self-improvement and ready to exam. At the end of this book are appended the essential Abbreviations and Glossary of the terms used in Computers.

• This book is completely fulfills all the necessity of students appearing at competitive and entrance examination. Suggestions for improvement of this book is most welcome and will be highly appreciated.

Author

CONTENTS 1. Introduction to Computer

1 - 13

2. Computer Architecture

14 - 21

3. Computer Hardware

22 - 35

4. Computer Memory

36 - 48

5 Data Representation

49 - 56

6. Computer Software

57 - 63

7. Operating System

64 - 75

8. Programming Concepts

76 - 82

9. Microsoft Windows

83 - 93

10. Microsoft Office

94 - 117

11. Database Concepts

118 - 126

12. Data Communication and Networking

127 - 139

13. Internet and Its Services

140 - 154

14. Computer Security

155 - 165

•

Practice Sets (1-6)

166 - 189

•

Abbreviations

190 - 195

•

Glossary

196 - 202

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER A computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate or programmable machine. Today, the word computer refers to computing devices, whether or not they are electronic, programmable, or capable of ‘storing and retrieving’ data. A computer is not an short form, is sometimes abbreviated as ‘puter’ and is an electronic device that allows you to input data and have it stored, processed, or otherwise manipulated quickly and efficiently and if necessary output that data in an easy to read format. Charles Babbage is known as Father of Computer (Programmable Computer).Alan Turing is considered as Father of modern computer science. He formed the concept of the algorithms and computations with one of his inventions, the Turing machine. He is also regarded as Father of theoretical Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (AI). CPU

Monitor

Printer Scanner

Keyboard

Mouse

A Computer System

Functioning of a Computer The four basic functions of a computer system are as follows 1. Input : Transferring of information into the computer system is called input. It may be through a user input device - i.e. keyboard, mouse, scanner etc. or though previously loaded software/program, cd etc. It sends data instructions to the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

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Computer Awareness

2. Storage : The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage. The data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access and processing. 3. Processing : It involves manipulation of raw data into information. It is the core function of the computer system. It controlled by the Control Unit, the Arithmetic Logic Unit and Temporary Storage. 4. Output : It is the function that allows a computer to display information to the user. It can be accomplished through the monitor (or other graphical display), printer, etc.

Features of Computer The important features of computer are as follows 1. Automatic (Spontaneous) : The computers are automatic. It may execute the process without any involvement of user once they are assigned to a work. 2. Accuracy (Authenticity) : The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. The level of accuracy is determined by the design of computer. 3. Speed (Celerity) : Computer can perform millions of instructions and even more per second. The computer present in the modern world has the speed of Nano and Pico second.

1 milli second=1×10-3 second 1 micro second=1×10-6 second 1 nano second=1×10-9 second 1 pico second=1×10-12 second

4. Diligence (Attentiveness) : A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. 5. Storage Capacity : A computer can store huge amount of data / information and retrieve any piece of this information whenever required. It depends on the capacity of hard disk (secondary storage). 6. Reliability (Consistency) : A computer is reliable, dependent and can be run for many years without loss of data. 7. Versatility (Adaptability) : Computer can perform different types of tasks simultaneously. It can do multiple tasks at same time. 8. Plug and Play (PnP) : Computer can detect and configure hardware and software component automatically.

Terms Related to Computer • Hardware : It is the physical components of the computer. It refers to the objects that we can actually touch. e.g. monitor, keyboard, mouse, system unit, hard disk, mother board, etc. • Software : It is a set of instructions / programs that tells the hardware what to do and how to perform the actions. e.g. word processor, operating system, etc. • Data : It is a raw material of information. It can be unprocessed raw texts, numbers, figures, spreadsheets, etc. • Information : Properly processed, organized, structured data is called information. • Instruction : Any command given to the computer in the computer language is by the user is called instruction. • Program : It is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when executed by a computer.

Introduction to Computer

3

History of Computer Invention / Year Abacus 16th Century Antikythera mechanism Napier’s Bones 1617 Pascaline 1642 Stepped Reckoner 1672 – 1694 Jacquard loom 1801 Difference engine 1823 Analytical Engine 1837 Tabulating Machine 1890 Z1 1935 MARK – 1 1944 ABC 1939 ENIAC 1946 EDSAC 1949 EDVAC 1949 UNIVAC 1951 Transistors 1947

Inventor (s) China

Notes First Mechanical calculator

John Napier

First known analog computer It is used for calculation of products and quotients of numbers and the technique was also called Rabdology. It was a complicated set of gears that operated similarly to clock. It was designed to only perform addition. First calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It used card of holes for weaving pattern. First mechanical loom. Introduced Punch cards. It is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. First mechanical general-purpose computer

Blaise Pascal Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Joseph Marie Jacquard Charles Babbage Charles Babbage Herman Hollerith Konrad Zuse Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly John von Neumann John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly

Integrated Circuits 1961 Microprocessors 1970

John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor

Apple I, II 1976-1977

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

IBM 5150 1981 Lisa, Apple Macintosh 1983-1984

IBM Apple Inc.

It was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census. First freely programmable computer First electro-mechanical computer First automatic electronic digital computer. It used the Binary Number system of 1s and 0s. First electronic general-purpose computer First computer to store program. He was introduced first architecture of computer. It was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory. First general-purpose computer for commercial use It is a semiconductor device that could replace a vacuum tube. First used in IBM 650. It can replaced a hundred of transistors. First used in IBM 360. The Intel 4004 ("four-thousand-four") is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. It was the first microprocessor. Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board. Apple II offers color graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage. First IBM personal computer First personal computer with a Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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Generations of Computer Generation

Key technologies

Speed

First 1940-1956

Vacuum Tubes

Second 1956-1963

Transistors

333 micro seconds 10 micro seconds

Third 1964-1971

Integrated Circuits (ICs)

100 nano seconds

Main Storage Memory

Real Time

Fourth 1971-Present

Large Scale Integrated (LSI) Circuit, Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) Circuit, Microprocessors Ultra Large Scale Integrated (ULSI) Circuit

300 nono seconds

Semiconductor Memory Chips

Time Sharing, Real Time, Networks, Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Optical disk

Knowledge Information Processing System

Fifth Present & Beyond

-

Storage Device Magnetic Drum

Magnetic Core

Operating System Batch Processing System Time Sharing, Multitasking

Language

Example

Machine Language

UNIVAC, ENIAC, ABC

Assembly language

IBM 700, IBM 650, 1401, ATLAS, ICL 1901 IBM/360/370, NCR 395, BurroughsB6500

High Level Language (FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC) High Level Language (Oracle, SQL, INGRESS) -

Altair 8800, Apple computer, IBM–PC, Microsoft PC Artificial Intelligence Robotics

Vinod Dham is known as the “Father of Pentium Chip”. Siddharth is the First computer developed in India is (manufactured by Electronics Corporation of India).

Classification of Computer Type Analog

Digital Hybrid

Based on Electronic Signal Definition It is a form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. It performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as binary digits (0 and 1) These computers exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers.

Examples Deltar, Kerrison Predictor, Nomogram, Mechanical computer, Scanimate, etc. Desktop Computer, Main frame Computer, etc. ECG, monitors, HRS-100

Introduction to Computer

5

Based on Configuration and Size Type Super

Definition It is focused on performing tasks involving intense numerical calculations such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics, and complex scientific computations

Mainframe

These are powerful computers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and transaction processing. These are lower to mainframe computers in terms of speed and storage capacity.

Mini

Micro

It is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities.

Examples PARAM 8000, Cray-1, PARAM Yuva, EKA, SAGA-220, IBM Roadrunner, Cray Jaguar, TianheIA, Fujitsu K computer, IBM Sequoia IBM 360/370, IBM zSeries, System z9 and System z10, Unisys Dorado, Unisys Libra

Control Data's CDC 160A and CDC 1700, HP 3000 series, HP 2100 series, IBM midrange computers, Desktop Computer, Laptop, Notebook, Tablet computer, Smartphone, Palmtop, Handheld Computer / PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

Based on Function Type Server Workstations Information appliances Embedded

Definition It is a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". It is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. These are specially designed to perform a specific userfriendly function —such as playing music, photography, or editing text. It is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with realtime computing constraints.

Examples File server, Print Server, Database server PDP-8, Lisp machines, Xerox PARC, Xerox Star, etc. Smartphones, PDAs, etc.

ATMs, thermostats, videogame consoles, PDAs, Etc.

Major Supercomputers of India Site Indian Institute of Science Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Name SahasraT (SERC - Cray XC40) Aaditya (iDataPlex DX360M4) TIFR - Cray XC30 HP Apollo 6000 Xl230/250 PARAM Yuva - II Cluster Platform SL230s Gen8

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Computer Awareness

Top 10 Super Computer of World as on 2017-18 Rank 1

System Site and (Manufactured Company) Sunway National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi TaihuLight 2 Tianhe-2 National Supercomputing Center in Guangzhou (NUDT) 3 Titan Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Cray Inc.) 4 Sequoia Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (IBM) 5 K computer RIKEN (Fujitsu) 6 Mira Argonne National Laboratory (IBM) 7 Trinity DOE/NNSA/LANL/SNL (Cray Inc.) 8 Piz Daint Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (Cray Inc.) 9 Hazel Hen HLRS (Cray Inc.) 10 Shaheen II King Abdullah University of Science &Technology (Cray Inc.) • In this Table ‘Year’ is the year of installation/last major update • All the above Super computers have Linux Operating System.

Country China

Year 2016

China USA USA Japan USA USA Switzerland Germany Saudi Arabia

2013 2012 2013 2011 2013 2015 2013 2015 2015

Application of Computer Today, a computer is a necessary electronic device which helps us in different ways, like developing software, browsing on internet, E-learning, listening music, watching videos, designing, page-making, gaming, social-networking and much more. Let us take a look at some application and uses of computers Education : The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education system. The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education). Computers are used as virtual classroom, online classes, interactive learning, e-learning, etc. It helps us to give online exams. Science and Engineering : Scientists, engineers and researchers alike are able to compile vast amounts of data and leave it to the computer to work through the data while focusing on another area of the research project. One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of images. Some of the fields are Structural Engineering, Industrial Engineering & Architectural Engineering. Industry and Business : Industrial Manufacturing system & machineries are controlled by computer. A

computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which has made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Healthcare : Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized machines. Major fields of computer used in healthcare are diagnostic, patient monitoring, pharma information & surgery. Banks : Today banking is totally dependent on computer. Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records. ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. Administration : Computers play an important role in both private and government services. It helps in planning budget, weather forecasting, tax department, voting, law enforcement, etc. Defence : Computers are largely used in defence like modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs computerized control systems. Some military

Introduction to Computer

7

areas where a computer has been used are Missile Control, Military Communication, Military Operation and Planning, Smart Weapons, etc.

Entertainment : Computers can be used as a source of entertainment since they can be used to watching movies, listening music and playing games, etc.

E-commerce : Electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet. Total e-commerce is dependent on computers.

Some other applications of computers are word processing, digital video or audio composition, desktop publishing, social networking, telecommunications, news, weather analysis, animation, online marketing, robotics, plagiarism, etc.

In 1982, Time Magazine awarded its annual “Man of the Year” to the Personal Computer, The first non-human to receive the honor, the magazine described the choice as 1982’s “greatest influence for good or evil”. The first “personal computer” was the Kenbak-1 (developed by John Blankenbaker), launched in 1971. The first laptop or portable computer is the IBM 5100. It is the first portable computer, which was released on September 1975. The computer weighed 55 pounds and had a five inch CRT display, tape drive, 1.9MHz PALM processor, and 64KB of RAM.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

2.

3.

4.

The word “Computer” comes from the word “compute”, which means ______. (a) to assume (b) to input (c) to combine (d) to calculate (e) to add Computer is a/an (a) monitoring device (b) input device (c) electronic device (d) battery (e) None of these _____ is the father of computer. (a) Ada Byron (b) Charles Babbage (c) Blaise Pascal (d) Herman Hollerith (e) None of these IBM stands for (a) Integrated Business Machine (b) International Business Machine (c) Internal Business Machine (d) Indian Business Machine (e) None of these

5.

6.

7.

8.

Who is the chief of Microsoft (a) Babbage (b) Bill Gates (c) Bill Clinton (d) Bush (e) None of these IBM was provided software for PCs by___. (a) Microsoft (b) Apple (c) NASA (d) All of these (e) None of these The first microprocessor was developed in 1971 by ____. (a) Apple (b) NASA (c) Intel (d) All of these (e) None of these A Personal Computer is a ___. (a) Mainframe Computer (b) Supercomputer (c) Mini Computer (d) Micro Computer (e) None of these

8

Computer Awareness

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

First Mechanical calculator (a) Abacus (b) Napier’s Bones (c) Pascaline (d) Stepped Reckoner (e) None of these ____ is the revolving around the use of nano structures to build devices on an extremely small scale. [IBPS Clerk 2017] (a) Nanotechnology (b) Micro-technology (c) Computer forensics (d) Artificial Intelligence (e) Very small scale technology What does LSI stand for? [IBPS Clerk 2016] (a) Large Scale Integration (b) Large Scale Integrity (c) Low Scale Integration (d) Larger Scale Interior (e) Largest Symbol Integration Which of the following is used for manufacturing computer chips? [IBPS Clerk 2016] (a) Control bus (b) Semiconductor (c) Control unit (d) Parity unit (e) Interpreter A computer is a/an _____ device. [SBI Clerk 2007; Allahabad Bank 2010] (a) calculating (b) electronic (c) electrical (d) All of these (e) None of these An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions that can accept and process the data, produce output and store the results for future use. [SBI Clerk 2011] (a) Input (b) Computer (c) Software (d) Hardware (e) None of these Input, output and processing devices grouped together present a(n). [SBI Clerk 2009] (a) mobile device (b) information processing system (c) circuit board (d) computer system (e) None of the above

16. A computer consists of [Allahabad Bank Clerk 2009] (a) a central processing unit (b) a memory (c) input and output units (d) All of the above (e) None of the above 17. ______ is processed by the computer into information. [SBI Clerk 2011] (a) Numbers (b) Processor (c) Input (d) Data (e) None of these 18. Computer is a device which processes or transforms data into useful [SBI Clerk 2009] (a) program (b) information (c) input (d) instruction (e) None of these 19. Processed data is retrieved from computer with the help of a ____ device. (a) output (b) input (c) CPU (d) RAM (e) Software 20. Information on a computer is stored as [Allahabad Bank Clerk 2009] (a) analog data (b) digital data (c) modem data (d) hybrid data (e) None of these 21. The smallest unit of information. a computer can understand and process is known as [SSC CHSL 2010] (a) digit (b) byte (c) megabyte (d) bit 22. Any component of computer you can see and touch is [SBI Clerk 2012] (a) software (b) peripheral (c) storage (d) CPU (e) hardware 23. A computer system includes [SBI Clerk 2008; Allahabad Bank 2011] (a) hardware (b) software (c) peripheral devices (d) All of these (e) None of these

Introduction to Computer

9

24. Information that comes from external source and fed into computer software is called [IBPS Clerk 2011] (a) output (b) input (c) throughout (d) reports (e) None of these 25. Which one of the following is/are a characteristic(s) or a function(s) of computer? (a) Data collection (b) Data processing (c) Data storage (d) Data output (e) All of these 26. What do you mean by Jacquard loom? [SBI PO 2011] (a) A bird found in Japan (b) A weaving machine used punched cards (c) The first computer controlled loom (d) A machine for writing match tables (e) None of the above 27. The process of textiles was simplified by (a) Joseph Jacquard (b) Pascal (c) Heney Jobs (d) Charles Babbage (e) Ada Byron 28. ______ was the first computer programmer in the history of computer. (a) Ian Morre (b) Cristopher Kyana (c) Joseph Jade (d) Lisa Babage (e) Ada Byron 29. Which was the computer conceived by Babbage? [SBI Clerk 2011] (a) Analytical engine (b) Arithmetic machine (c) Donald knuth (d) All of the above (e) None of the above 30. ____ is the father of punched card. (a) Herman Hollerith (b) Joanthan Iva (c) Charles Babbage (d) Blaise Pascal (e) None of these 31. The first electro-mechanical computer MARK-1 invented by ____. (a) Charles Pascal (b) John W Mauchly (c) Howard Aiken (d) Clifford Berry (e) Steve Wozniak

32. What was the first fully electronic computer in the world? (a) ENIAC (b) EDSAC (c) EDVAC (d) UNIVAC (e) Z1 33. Which of the following is the full-form of ENIAC? (a) Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (b) Electrical Numerical Integer and Calculator (c) Electrical Numerical Integer and Computation (d) Efficient Numerical Integrator and Computer (e) Electronic Numbers Integer and Calculator 34. UNIVAC stands for : (a) Universal Automatic Computer (b) Universal Adding Calculator (c) Universal Assumable Calculator (d) Unique Numerical Integrator & Computer (e) None of the above 35. Which of the following devices is used in the first generation computer? [SBI Clerk 2012] (a) Integrated circuit (b) Processor (c) Microprocessor (d) Vacuum tube (e) None of these 36. The first generation computers could do [Allahabad Bank 2010] (a) multi-tasking (b) networking (c) batch processing (d) multi-tabulation (e) None of these 37. Computers built before the first generation of computers were [SBI PO 2011] (a) mechanical (b) electro-mechanical (c) electrical (d) All of these (e) None of these 38. The first computer was programmed using [SBI Clerk 2007] (a) Assembly language (b) Machine language (c) Source code (d) Object code (e) ASCII code

10

Computer Awareness

39. Who has made transistors? [SBI Clerk 2008] (b) Walter Hang (d) John Bardeen

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

(a) John William (c) John Miton (e) None of these In second generation, which type of memory was used to store data? [IBPS RRB 2011] (a) Paper tapes (b) Magnetic drum (c) Magnetic core (d) Magnetic tape (e) Magnetic disk The IC chip used in computer, is generally made up of which among the following? (a) Silver (b) Gold (c) Chromite (d) Silicon (e) Iron In which generation did multi-programming start? [SBI Clerk 2010] (a) First generation (b) Second generation (c) Third generation (d) Fourth generation (e) None of these CPU is the ____ of computer. (a) Brain (b) Eye (c) Ear (d) All above these (e) None of these The earlier computers, which were massive in size, were based on____. (a) Microprocessor (b) P4 processor (c) Core 2 Duo (d) Vacuum tubes (e) None of these The printers in pre-1950s were ____. (a) Inkjet printer (b) Punch cards (c) Laser printer (d) Dot matrix (e) None of these Name the first general purpose electronic computer. (a) EDVAC (b) ADVAC (c) Mac (d) IBM-PC (e) UNIVAC _____ is used in first generation computer. (a) Integrated circuit (b) Microprocessor (c) Vacuum tubes (d) Transistors (e) None of these

48. _____ is used in second generation computer. (a) Integrated circuit (b) Microprocessor (c) Vacuum tubes (d) Transistors (e) None of these 49. ____ is used in third generation computer. (a) Integrated circuit (b) Microprocessor (c) Vacuum tubes (d) Transistors (e) None of these 50. ____ is used in fourth generation computer. (a) Integrated circuit (b) Microprocessor (c) Vacuum tubes (d) Transistors (e) None of these 51. IBM-PC is an example of (a) First generation computer (b) Second generation computer (c) Third generation computer (d) Fourth generation computer (e) None of these 52. These are the specially designed computer chips reside inside other drives, such as your car or your electronic thermostat. (a) Server (b) Workstation computer (c) Embedded computer (d) Mainframe computer (e) None of these 53. Which of the following is not one of the four major data processing functions of a computer? (a) gathering data (b) processing data into information (c) analyzing the data or information (d) storing the data or information (e) None of these 54. The name for the way that computers manipulate data into information is called: (a) programming (b) storing (c) organizing (d) processing (e) None of these 55. IC stands for (a) Integrated circuit (b) Integrated computer (c) Internal computer (d) Internal circuit (e) None of these

Introduction to Computer

11

56. Pascaline was invented by ____. (a) Charles Babbage (b) Blaise Pascal (c) Ada Byron (d) Herman Hollerith (e) None of these 57. Tabulating Machine was invented by ____. (a) Charles Babbage (b) Blaise Pascal (c) Ada Byron (d) Herman Hollerith (e) None of these 58. Analytical Engine was invented by ____. (a) Charles Babbage (b) Blaise Pascal (c) Ada Byron (d) Herman Hollerith (e) None of these 59. Vacuum tubes are smaller than (a) Integrated circuit (b) Transistor (c) Microprocessor (d) All of these (e) None of these 60. Large Scale Integration of chips was introduced in generation of computers. [SBI Clerk 2011] (a) first (b) second (c) third (d) fourth (e) None of these 61. This type of computer(s) is/are the least powerful, yet the most widely used and fastest-growing computer. [IBPS RRB Clerk 2012] (a) Mainframe computers (b) Super computers (c) Micro computers (d) All of these (e) None of these 62. Processing capacity of micro computer is _____ per second. [BOB Clerk 2009] (a) one lac (b) two lac (c) four lac (d) five lac (e) None of these 63. A desktop computer is also known as [Union Bank Clerk 2010] (a) palmtop (b) P C (c) laptop (d) mainframe (e) None of these

64. Computers that are portable and convenient for users who travel, are known as [PNB Clerk 2010] (a) super computer (b) laptop (c) minicomputer (d) file servers (e) None of these 65. Portable computer also known as laptop computer weighing between 4 and 10 pounds is called [IBPS PO 2011] (a) general-purpose application (b) internet (c) scanner (d) printer (e) notebook computer 66. Which of the following is the smallest computer? [SBI Clerk 2011] (a) Notebook (b) Laptop (c) Desktop (d) Workstation (e) None of these 67. A computer (also referred to as a laptop), is a small, lightweight personal computer that incorporates the screen, the keyboard, storage and processing components into a single portable unit. [SBI PO 2010] (a) notebook (b) journal (c) diary (d) briefcase (e) None of these 68. Which of the following can be considered as portable computer? [SBI Clerk 2012] (a) Mini computer (b) Mainframe computer (c) Desktop (d) Workstation (e) PDA 69. A personal computer design to meet the computing needs of a(n) [SBI Assoociates Clerk 2011] (a) individual (b) department (c) company (d) city (e) None of these 70. Multi-user systems provided cost savings for small business because they use a single processing unit to link several is called _____. [PNB Assistant 2010]