CHETANA

L A W

L O K

S A B H A

E U R O P E A N D I

N D I A

T

I P U S U L T A N

F

B U R E A U C R A C Y

A M I N E

S T A T E O F M A H A R A S H T R A

S O U R

C E S O F H I S T O R Y

P A R L I A I P S

M E N T

HISTORY & CIVICS STANDARD VIII

V I D H A N S A B H A

Prepared according to the new syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune, with effect from 2018 - 19.

Maharashtra State Board, Pune - Regd. No. 2018MH0018

CHETANA

HISTORY AND CIVICS STANDARD 8 By

Kavita Nayak

M.A., M.Ed.

Meenakshy Shekhar

B.A., B.Ed.

Powered by

Satwant Kaur

M.A., M.Ed., MMS

MT EDUCARE

Salient Features : w Revised with significant changes. w

Points to Remember gives a summary, at a glance, for each chapter.

w Complete answers to all textual exercises. w

Additional important questions with answers, for thorough practice.

w

All answers given in points, for easy understanding, recognition and recall.

w

Glossary of difficult words provided.

w

Assignments - Chapter-wise test papers to facilitate revision.

w

Model Test Papers ensure thorough preparation for exams.

CHETANA PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) LLP EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS 4th Floor, B Wing, Building E - Trade Link, Kamala City, Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai - 400 013. Tel.: +91-22-6121 6000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.chetanapublications.com MSE8010219

Swati Dadlani

B.A., B.Ed.

PREFACE It is with great pleasure that we bring to you the CHETANA HISTORY AND

CIVICS MASTER KEY based on the latest syllabus for Standard 8.

This book is loaded with a number of features that will enable students to master the topics and perform exceptionally well in their exams. Some of the features include concise, important points to summarise each chapter, answers to textual questions, and a glossary of difficult terms. The book also contains additional questions along with innovative activities for each chapter. The book is written in simple and lucid language to ensure that student grasp the subject with ease. We hope that students find this book useful and all suggestions to improve the content are welcome. We wish you success in all your endeavours. - Publisher

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© Publishers Published by : CHETANA PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) LLP Educational Publishers 4th Floor, B Wing, Building E - Trade Link, Kamala City, Senapati Bapat Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai - 400 013. Tel.: +91-22-6121 6000 ● E-mail: [email protected] ● Website: www.chetanapublications.com

(ii)

Contents

History : History of Modern India



1

Sources of History .......................................................................................... 5

2

Europe and India ........................................................................................... 10

3

Effects of British Rule .................................................................................. 16

4

The Freedom Struggle of 1857 .................................................................... 21

5

Social and Religious Reforms .................................................................... 27

6

Beginning of Freedom Movement ............................................................... 33

7

Non-co-operation Movement ....................................................................... 43

8

Civil Disobedience Movement ..................................................................... 52

9

Last Phase of Struggle for Independence .................................................. 60

10

Armed Revolutionary Movement ................................................................. 69

11

Struggle for Equality .................................................................................... 77

12

India gains Independence ............................................................................ 86

13

Fulfillment of Struggle for Independence ................................................... 92

14

Formation of State of Maharashtra ............................................................. 99

Civics : Parliamentary System





1

Introduction to the Parliamentary System ............................................... 105

2

The Indian Parliament ................................................................................ 110

3

The Union Executive .................................................................................. 116

4

The Indian Judicial System ........................................................................ 122

5

The State Government ............................................................................... 127

6

Bureaucracy ................................................................................................ 132

l

Unit Test Paper - 1 ...................................................................................... 137

l

Model Test Papers - 1 ................................................................................ 138

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Unit Test Paper - 2 ...................................................................................... 141

l

Model Test Papers - 2 ................................................................................ 142 Note : * Marked questions are from the Textbook. (iii)

Maharashtra State Board, Pune - Regd. No. 2018MH0018

(iv)

HISTORY

1

Sources of History

Points to Remember: ●

Objects, monuments, places, coins, sculptures, etc., are included in

●

We get information about the revolutionary work of V.D. Savarkar by visiting

●

By visiting Mani Bhavan in Mumbai or Sevagram Ashram at Wardha we get information about

●

During the Pre-Independence and Post-Independence periods, memorials of many personalities were erected in the form of

● ●

Carry information about contemporary events

● ● ●

The changing nature of a city or a particular location can be traced through

●

Maps of India, various provinces of India, cities, etc., are created through

● ●

A Department of Mumbai Port Trust has the original plan of

●

Source for getting information about a historical event or the work of a person

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Visual source of modern Indian History

Photographs

Audio source of modern Indian History

Recordings

Unique discovery of modern technology

Films

Material Sources of History Cellular jail in Andaman History of the Gandhian era Statues Newspapers

Detailed analysis of a particular event and views of eminent people are published in

Editorials

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar started the fortnightly newspaper called Newspapers Mooknayak, Bahishkrut Bharat, Janata and Prabuddha Bharat were started by

Mooknayak Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

Scientific methods of survey Bombay Port

We get information about the conditions during the pre-independence period and the spirit of the freedom struggle through

He laid the foundation of Indian Film Industry in the year 1913 There are many written sources preserved in the Sources of History

Maps

inspirational songs Powada

Dada Saheb Phalke Archives Material, Written and Oral

National anthem sung by Rabindranath Tagore or the speeches of Subhash Chandra Bose can be used as an

(5)

Audio Source

Master Key History and Civics (Std. 8)

6

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET - 1

(b)

Newspapers and periodicals

–

Material sources

Q.1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and write the complete statement:

(c)

Inspirational songs

–

Oral sources

*(1) Among the historical sources .......................... sources are based on Modern technology.

(d)

Photographs

–

Visual sources

Ans. Wrong pair: Newspapers and periodicals –



(a) Written

(b) Oral



(c) Material

(d) Audio-visual

*(2) The .......................... is a museum in Pune which gives information about the history of Mahatma Gandhi.

(a) Aga Khan Palace (b) Sabarmati Ashram



(c) Cellular Jail

(d) Lakshmi Vilas Palace

*(3) A unique discovery of modern technology in 20th century is .......................... .

(a) Powada

(b) Photograph



(c) Interviews

(d) Films

(4)

During the visit to .......................... in Andaman we get information about the revolutionary work of V. D. Savarkar.



(a) Mani Bhavan

(b) Sevagram Ashram



(c) Cellular Jail

(d) Aga Khan Palace

(5)

.......................... provide us with information

about contemporary events.

(a) Books

(b) Newspapers



(c) Autobiographies (d) Biographies

(6)

.......................... is a source for getting information

about a historical event or the work of a person.

(a) Folk tales

(b) Folk songs



(c) Narrations

(d) Powada

(7)

Photographs are .......................... sources of Modern Indian history.



(a) Video

(b) Audio



(c) Visual

(d) Audio visual

(8)

Recording is a form of .......................... source of history.



(a) Audio

(b) Video



(c) Visual

(d) Audio visual

Ans. (1) Audio-visual (2) Aga Khan Palace (3) Films (4) Cellular Jail (5) Newspapers (6) Powada (7) Visual (8) Audio Q.1. (B) Identify the incorrect pair and write the correct one: (1) (a) Building and Places – Material sources



Material sources



Correct pair: Newspapers and periodicals –

(2) (a)

Written sources Interviews and Narrations

–

Material sources

(b)

Recordings

–

Audio sources

(c)

Statues and Memorials –

Material sources

(d)

Map and Drawings

Written sources

–

Ans. Wrong pair: Interviews and Narrations –

Material sources



Correct pair: Interviews and Narrations –



Oral sources

Q.2. (A) Do as Directed: (1) Complete the following table by giving examples of at least four sources. Types of sources

Examples

(1) Material sources

Monuments and buildings, coins, sculptures, architecture, museums.

(2) Written Sources

Newspapers and periodicals, books, Biographies, Maps, and Drawings.

(3) Oral Sources

Folk tales, Folk songs, Powada, Inspirational songs.

(4) Audio-visual sources

Photographs, films, television, recordings.

*(2) Complete the following flowcharts: (i) Various objects

Material Sources

Sculptures

Coins

Statues

Monuments

Places

Sources of History

7

(4)

(ii) Inspirational songs Oral Sources

Powada Interviews (iii) Foreign accounts

Folk songs Folk tales Narrations

Newspapers

Autobiographies

Written Sources

Factory records

Periodicals

Biographies Correspondence Books

Ans. (i)

Newspapers and periodicals are included in the written sources of modern Indian History.

(ii)

Newspapers provide a detailed analysis of a particular event, views of eminent people, etc.

(iii) Information about the political, social, economic and cultural occurrences of that period. (iv) Newspapers are not only the source of political events but also act as a source of social reformation. (5)

Ans. (i) (ii)

Photographs are visual sources of modern Indian history. We get information of the person, events, objects, structures and places in a visual format.

(iii) Photographs are considered to be more reliable as they give information about the physical features, dressing style, etc. (iv) Photographs of an event give a visual image of the event whereas photographs of an object or a structure help in understanding its nature. *(2) Museums and History Ans.

Buildings and Places

Ans. (i)

At the time of the Europeans, especially the British, various buildings, bridges, roads, water supply systems fountains, etc., were built.

(ii)

These buildings included government offices, residences of officers, leaders and revolutionaries, places of rulers of princely states, forts, prisons, etc.

Q.2. (B) Write short notes on: *(1) Photographs

Newspapers and Periodicals

(iii) Many buildings are intact even today. (iv) Some are declared as national monuments whereas some are converted into museums e.g., Cellular Jail in Andaman. Q.3. (A) Explain the following statements with reasons: *(1) During the British period newspapers also acted as sources of social reformation. Ans. (i)

During the British period the social reformers and political leaders had started contributing to the field of journalism.

(ii)

Vishnushastri Chiplunkar in Nibandhmala, Lokahitawadi in Shatapatre, Gopal Hari Deshmukh in Prabhakar wrote on various social and cultural issues.

(i)

For the study of History, various objects, paintings, photographs and such other things are preserved in a museum.

(ii)

At the Aga Khan Palace in Pune, we can see different objects and documents giving information about the life of Mahatma Gandhi.

*(3) (i)

Audio sources Inspirational songs, Folk songs, Powada, Folk tales, Narrations and Interviews are included in the audio sources of modern Indian history.

(iii) Through the medium of Bahishkrut Bharat, Dr. Ambedkar wrote for the reformation of common people and bringing unity among them.

(ii)

Inspirational songs composed during the period of the freedom movement give us information about the conditions prevalent during the pre-independence period. The spirit behind the freedom struggle can also be understood.

*(2)

(iii) Powadas composed on the freedom struggle were used to create motivation and spirit among the people.

Audio-Visual Recordings are considered as the most trustworthy source for the study of Modern Indian History.

Ans. (i) Audio-visual recordings of historical events could be seen in real time for e.g., the audio-visual recordings of Dandi Yatra, Salt Satyagraha, Quit India movement and other such historical incidents.

Master Key History and Civics (Std. 8)

8

(ii)

The rich tradition of history can be handed over to the next generation through audiovisual recordings.

(a)

(3)

Statues and memorials are important for the study of modern Indian History.

Ans. Memorials of many personalities such as Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, Lokmanya Tilak, and Dr. Ambedkar were erected in the form of statues, during the Pre-Independence and PostIndependence period. (b) Statues provide information about ................ ..................................... (Complete the sentence). Ans. Statues provide information about contemporary rulers and eminent personalities. (c) What information do we get from the display plaque on the statues? Ans. The display plaque on the statues gives us information about the full name of the concerned person, details of birth and death, brief information about their contribution and a biographical sketch of eminent personalities. (d) Memorials are erected in the memory of which events? Ans. Memorials are erected in the memory of events which give information about a concerned event, period or people related to the event. (2)

Ans. (i)

Statues and memorials provide information about the contemporary rulers and eminent personalities.

(ii) The display plaque on the statues gives us information about the full name of the concerned person details of birth and death, brief information about their contribution, and a biographical sketch of the person. (4)

Map is considered to be an important source of history.

Ans. (i)

The changing nature of a city or a particular location can be traced through maps.

(ii)

The plans designed by the architects prove important from the point of studying the view of architecture of a building as well as phases of the development process of a particular area.

(5)

During the period of the freedom movement various inspirational songs were composed.

Films are considered as a unique discovery of modern technology. In the 20th century, there was a great development in the technique of filmmaking. Dada Saheb Phalke, in the year 1913, laid the foundation of the Indian film industry. Audio-visual recordings of Dandi Yatra, Salt Satyagraha, Quit India Movement and such other historical incidents are available. Through these films, the event could be seen in reality.

Ans. (i)

Inspirational songs give us information about the conditions during the pre-independence period.

The spirit behind the freedom struggle can also be understood through inspirational songs. Q.4. Read the given passage and answer the questions: (1) During the Pre-Independence and PostIndependence periods, memorials of many personalities were erected in the form of statues. These statues are also important for the study of modern Indian history. The various statues provide information about contemporary rulers and eminent personalities. The display plaque on the statues gives us information about the full name of the concerned person, details of birth and death, brief information about their contribution and a biographical sketch of their person. Just as the statues of Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, Lokmanya Tilak, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, there are memorials which are erected in the memory of various events which give information about the concerned event, period, people related to the event, etc. For e.g. Hutatma Smarak at various places.

Whose statues were erected during the Pre-Independence and Post-Independence periods?

(ii)

(a) Ans. (b) Ans. (c) Ans.

(d) Ans.

vvv

Films are considered as a ....................................... .........................................(Complete the sentence). Films are considered as a unique discovery of modern technology. Who laid the foundation of the Indian film industry? When? Dada Saheb Phalke, in the year 1913 laid the foundation of the Indian Film Industry. The recordings of which events are available? Audio-visual recordings of Dandi Yatra, Salt Satyagraha, Quit India Movement and such other incidents are available. Why are films considered as a unique discovery of modern technology? Films are considered as a unique discovery of modern technology because through these films, the events can be seen in reality.

Sources of History

9

ASSIGNMENT - 1 Time : 1 Hr.

Marks : 20

Q.1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and write the complete statement:

(1)

A unique discovery of modern technology in the 20 century is ...................... .





(a) Powada

(2)

...................... provide us with information about contemporary events.





(a) Books



(3)

Among the historical sources ...................... sources are based on modern technology.





(a) Written



(4)

Recording is a form of .......................... source of history.





(a) Audio

(4)

th

(b) Photographs (b) Newspapers (b) Oral

(c) Interviews

(c) Autobiographies (d) Biographies (c) Material

(b) Video

(d) Films

(c) Visual

(d) Audio–visual (d) Audio visual

Q.2. Identify the incorrect pair and write the correct one: (1) Building and Places

–

Material sources







(2) Newspapers and Periodicals

–

Material sources







(3) Inspirational Songs

–

Oral sources







(4) Photographs

–

Visual sources

Q.3. Complete the following flow chart:

(2)

(2)

Written sources

Q.4. Explain the following statements with reasons:

(6)



(1)

Audio-visual recordings are considered as the most trustworthy source for the study of Modern Indian History.



(2)

Map is considered to be an important source of history. Q.5. Write short notes on:







(1) Museums and History

(6) (2) Newspapers and Periodicals

vvv

2

Europe and India Points to Remember:

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

In European history, the last phase of the medieval period, i.e. 13th to 16th centuries is known as the Period of Renaissance During the Renaissance great impetus was given to Humanitarianism Revival of Great and Roman tradition in art, architecture 'Age of Renaissance' and philosophy during the In 1453 A.D, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople Age of Revolutions 18th and 19th centuries Intellectual Revolution gave further momentum to Scientific discoveries in Europe The Bill of Rights 1689 laid limitations on the power of the King The French Revolution gave to the world the three values of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity England enjoyed industrial prosperity and came to be described as 'World Factory' The policy of exploiting one country by another by making it into a colony Colonialsim A system in which a powerful country controls other countries Imperialism through social, political and economic domination There was competition among European countries for acquiring Trade Monopoly in India Three wars fought between England and France for trade in India 'Carnatic Wars' Siraj-ud-Daulah Nawab of Bengal, 1756 AD. Tipu Sultan passed away in the Battle of Srirangapatna, 1799 AD.

Dates

Events

1450

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press

1453

The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople

1487

Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese sailor, began his expedition in search of India

1492

Christopher Columbus set out on his journey to India

1498

Portuguese sailor Vasco-da-Gama reached the Indian coast of Calicut

1689

The Bill of Rights set limitations on the power of the King

1789

The people of France established a Republic

1600

The British established the British East India Company to carry out trade in India

1756

Siraj-ud-Daula became the Nawab of Bengal

1757

Battle of Plassey

1764

Battle of Buxar

1799

Death of Tipu Sultan

1843

The British captured Sindh

1849

The British captured the entire region of Punjab (10)

Europe and India

11

master key question set - 2 q.1. (a) Choose the correct alternative and write the complete statement: *(1)

*(2)

*(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

ans. (1) Constantinople (2) England (3) Mir Kasim (4) Painter (5) Germany (6) 1689 (7) French Revolution (8) Siraj-ud-Daulah (9) Tipu Sultan, (10) Bihar

In 1453, the city of ...................... was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

Q.1. (B) Identify the wrong pair and correct the wrong one:

(a) Venice

(b) Constantinople

(1)

Siraj-ud-Daulah – Nawab of Bengal

(c) Rome

(d) Paris

(2)

Hyder Ali – Ruler of Mysore

(3)

Ranjit Singh – Ruler of Punjab

(4)

Shuja-ud-Daulah – Nawab of Hyderabad

The Industrial Revolution began in ...................... (a) England

(b) France

(c) Italy

(d) Portugal

...................... tried to put restrictions on the illegal trade of the British. (a) Siraj-ud-Daulah

(b) Mir Kasim

(c) Mir Jafar

(d) Shah Alam

Leonardo da Vinci became world-renowned as a ...................... (a) Architect

(b) Astronomer

(c) Painter

(d) Mathematician

Ans. Wrong pair: Shuja-ud-Daulah – Nawab of Hyderabad Correct pair: Shuja-ud-Daulah – Nawab of Ayodhya Q.2. (A) Do as Directed: (1)

Match the following: Dates (1) 1757 (2) 1764 (3) 1843 (4) 1849

During 1450 AD, Johannes Gutenberg from ...................... invented the printing press. (a) Italy

(b) Germany

Ans. (1 - b), (2 - a), (3 - d), (4 - c)

(c) Spain

(d) France

(2)

The Bill of Rights of ...................... set limitation on the power of the King. (a) 1453

(b) 1487

(c) 1789

(d) 1689

(1)

Complete the following table: Sailor Bartolomen Dias

(2)

Christopher Columbus

(3)

Vasco-da-Gama

The ...................... gave to the world the three values of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity (a) Intellectual Revolution (b) French Revolution

(8)

(9)

events (a) Battle of Buxar (b) Battle of Plassey (c) British captured Punjab (d) British captured Sindh

Contribution Reached the tip of South Africa Reached on the eastern coast of the continent of America Reached the west coast of India at Calicut port

(c) Industrial Revolution

q.2. (B) explain the following concepts:

(d) Imperialism

*(1)

In 1756 AD ...................... became the Nawab of Bengal.

ans. Colonialism refers to the policy of a powerful country occupying another region and establishing its political supremacy.

(a) Siraj-ud-Daulah

(b) Ranjit Singh

(c) Tipu Sultan

(d) Hyder Ali

After the death of Haider Ali, his son ...................... became the ruler of Mysore (a) Mir Jafar

(b) Tipu Sultan

(c) Shah Alam

(d) Duleep Singh

(10) In 1764 AD, the battle of Buxar was fought in ...................... (a) Bengal

(b) Bihar

(c) Punjab

(d) Afghanistan

*(2)

Colonialism:

imperialism:

ans. A system in which a powerful country controls other countries by establishing its overall domination and establishing many colonies. *(3)

age of renaissance:

ans. In the last phase of the medieval period between the 13th and 16th centuries religious reform movements and geographical discoveries laid the foundation of the modern era. This period is known as the 'Age of Renaissance'.

Master Key History and Civics (Std. 8)

12

*(4)

Capitalism:

ans. An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. (5)

(iv)

Hence, European rulers started giving military protection and trade concessions to the trading companies.

(4)

the period from the 13th to the 16th century is known as the 'age of renaissance'.

industrial revolution:

ans. The period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s is referred to as the Industrial Revolution. This period saw the mechanization and a revolution in power, including steam ships and railroads. q.3. (a) Explain the following statements with the reasons: *(1)

(iii) Trading with Oriental countries was very profitable and responsible for economic prosperity.

siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated in the battle of Plassey.

ans. (i)

In 1756 AD, Siraj-ud-Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal.

(ii)

Mir Jafar was the commander-in-chief of the Nawab’s army.

(iii)

Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar and promised to make him the Nawab of Bengal.

(iv)

Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British troops met at Plassey in 1757 AD.

(v)

ans. (i)

From the 13th to the 16th century, reformation, religious reform movements and geographical discoveries laid the foundation of the modern era.

(ii)

Hence, this period is known as the “Age of Renaissance”.

(5)

Due to the 'religious reform movement' human freedom and rationalism gained in importance.

ans. (i)

The Christian priests of the Roman Catholic Church were taking advantage of the ignorance of the people and were indulging in unnecessary rituals.

(ii)

They looted the people in the name of religion.

(iii)

But under the leadership of Mir Jafar, the Nawab’s army made no move to actually join the battle. So, Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated in the battle of Plassey.

The movement that began against it is known as the 'Religious Reform Movement'.

(iv)

Hence due to this movement, human freedom and rationalism gained in importance.

(6)

the European countries felt the necessity of finding new trade routes to asia.

there was no strong European competitor for the British East india Company in india.

ans.

(i)

The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople which was the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

(ii)

(ii)

The overland trade routes joining Asia and Europe went through this city.

(iii)

(iii)

Since the Turks blocked this route, there was a need for finding alternative trade routes for the European countries to reach Asia.

*(3)

European rulers started giving military protection and trade concessions to the trading companies.

*(2) ans.

ans.

(i)

(7)

England and France were rivals in the competition for trade in India. Due to this, three wars were fought between them which are known as the ‘Carnatic Wars’. In the third Carnatic War, England finally defeated France. So there were no strong European competition for British East India Comany in India. siraj-ud-Daulah captured the factory at kolkata.

ans. (i)

In 1756 AD, Siraj-ud-Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal.

(i)

Due to the discovery of new sea routes, many traders came forward to trade with Eastern countries through these sea routes.

(ii)

The East India Company officers misused the trade concessions obtained from the Mughal Emperor in the Bengal Province.

(ii)

It was not easy to carry out trade single-handedly and hence many traders came together and started to trade.

(iii)

The English built a fortification around the factory at Kolkata without the permission of the Nawab.

Europe and India

13

(iv)

Hence, Siraj-ud-Daulah captured the factory at Kolkata.

(8)

mir Jafar was made the nawab of Bengal for a second time.

(iii)

Trade with Oriental countries was very profitable and responsible for economic prosperity.

(iv)

European rulers started giving military protection and trade concessions to these trading companies.

(v)

This led to the accumulation of wealth in Europe.

ans. (i)

Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal with the support of the British but later he started protesting against the British.

(ii)

So his son-in-law, Mir Kasim was made the Nawab.

(iii)

Mir Kasim tried to put restrictions on the illegal trade of the British.

(3)

(iv)

So, Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal a second time.

ans.

(9)

the English started establishing influence over afghanistan.

This chain of events led to the rise of a capitalist economic system in Europe.

(i)

Industrial Revolution began in England and then spread to other parts of the West.

(ii)

During this period, England enjoyed industrial prosperity. England therefore came to be described as a 'World Factory'. the american War of independence and the French revolution have a very important place in the world history.

their

ans. (i)

To strengthen the British power in India, the English turned their attention towards the North-West Frontier.

(4)

(ii)

They feared Russia might attack India through Afghanistan.

ans.

(iii)

So, the English started establishing their influence over Afghanistan.

(i)

The American War of Independence and the French Revolution have a very important place in the world history becaue after the American War of Independence, a new nation known as the United States of America with a federal government and a written constitution based on the principles of democracy was born.

(ii)

The French Revolution gave to the world the three principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

(iii)

In 1789 AD, during the French Revolution, the people of France revolted against the uncontrolled and unjust monarchy and feudalism and established a Republic.

q.3. (B) answer in brief. (1)

How did the British lay their foundation in Bengal?

ans. (i)

To restrict the activities of the British in Bengal, Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Ayodhya and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam formed an alliance and ran a campaign.

(ii)

In 1764 AD, the battle of Buxar was fought in Bihar.

(iii)

After this battle, the British East India company got the right to collect revenue from the Bengal Province as per the treaty of Allahabad. In this manner the British laid their foundation in Bengal.

(2)

What led to the rise of a capitalist economic system in Europe?

ans. (i)

With the discovery of new sea routes, many traders came forward to trade with the Eastern countries.

(ii)

Thus there was a rise in many trading companies.

Why was England described as a 'World Factory'?

q.4. read the passage and answer the following questions: (1) In the later period of the 18th century, there were many technological innovations in Europe. There was production with the help of machines running on steam. The cottage industries were replaced by big factories. Machines came to be used instead of handlooms. Railways and steamers became the mode of transportation. The Age of Machines began and was known as the 'Industrial Revolution'. The Industrial Revolution began in England and

Master Key History and Civics (Std. 8)

14

the throne, Queen Jindan looked after the state affairs of Punjab.

then spread to other parts of the West. During this period England enjoyed industrial prosperity and came to be described as 'World Factory'.

(a)

(e)

During which century did Europe see many innovations?

Ans. During the later period of the 18th century, there were many technological innovations in Europe. (b)

There was production with the help of machines .................... (Complete the sentence)

Ans. There was production with the help of machines running on steam. (c)

Why did the Sikh Community launch an attack on the British?

Ans. The British had bribed some of the Sikh Sardars. The Sikh Community thought that the British would attack Punjab and hence they launched an attack on the British. Q.5. Observe the illustration and answer the questions: (1)

Can you name some of the technological innovations in Europe?

Ans. (i)

Cottage industries were replaced by big factories.

(ii)

Machines came to be used instead of handlooms.

(iii)

Railways and steamers became the mode of transportation.

(4)

What did England come to be described as?

Ans. England enjoyed industrial prosperity and came to be described as 'World Factory'. (2)

(b) What was he well-versed in? Ans. He was well versed in different branches of science and art. (c) (d)

(2)

(a)

Ans. At the beginning of the 19th century, power in Punjab was in the hands of Ranjit Singh.

(b)

Who came to the throne after Ranjit Singh?

Ans. After the death of Ranjit Singh, his minor son Duleep Singh came to the throne (c)

Which two of his paintings became immortal?

Ans. His paintings of 'Monalisa' and 'The Last Supper' became immortal.

At the beginning of 19th century, who held power in Punjab?

(b)

He became world renowned as a ......................

Ans. He became world renowned as a painter.

In the beginning of the 19th century, power in Punjab was in the hands of Ranjit Singh. After the death of Ranjit Singh, his minor son, Duleep Singh came to the throne. On his behalf, his mother Queen Jindan looked after the state affairs, but could not keep control over the officers. Taking advantage of this situation, the British bribed some of the Sikh Sardars. The Sikh community thought that the British will attack Punjab and hence they launched an attack on the British.

(a)

(a) Who is the personality in this picture. Ans. Leonardo da Vinc

Who was Queen Jindan?

Who is in this picture?

Ans. This is the image of Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan was the son of ......................

Ans. Tipu Sultan was the son of Haider Ali of Mysore. (c)

Whom did he fight against?

ans. Tipu Sultan fought against the British.

Ans. Queen Jindan was the mother of Duleep Singh. As Duleep Singh was a minor when he came to

(d)

in which battle did he die? in which year?

ans. He died in the battle at Srirangapatna in 1799.

vvv

Europe and India

15

assiGnmEnt - 2 time : 1 Hr.

marks : 20

q.1. (a) Choose the correct alternative and write the complete statement: (1)

The Industrial Revolution began in ...................... (a) England

(2)

(c) Italy

(d) Portugal

(b) Ranjit Singh

(c) Tipu Sultan

(d) Hyder Ali

In 1764 AD the battle of Buxar was fought in ...................... (a) Bengal

(4)

(b) France

In 1756 AD ...................... became the Nawab of Bengal. (a) Siraj-ud-Daulah

(3)

(4)

(b) Bihar

(c) Punjab

(d) Afghanistan

In 1453, the city of ...................... was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. (a) Venice

(b) Constantinople

(c) Rome

(d) Paris

q.2. Explain the following concepts: (1)

Colonialism

(4) (2) Capitalism

q.3. Write the following events in Chronological order: (1)

British captured Punjab

(2)

Battle of Plassey

(3)

Battle of Buxar

(4)

British captured Sindh q.4. Explain the following statements with reasons:

(1)

Siraj-ud-Daulah captured the factory of at Kolkata

(2)

European countries felt the necessity of finding new trade routes to Asia. q.5. answer in brief:

(2)

(6)

(4)

(1)

How did the British lay their foundation in Bengal?

(2)

What led to the rise of a Capitalist Economic system in Europe?

vvv

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