Essentials Of Advanced English Grammar

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Mrs. Ivy Lal is an educationist and has been imparting advanced and higher English education in foreign boards as well as Indian boards for more than 40 years. She has had the privilege of having been tutored by professors like Dr. Ms. Summer Vil, Dr. Ms. Dimit, Ms. Hutchens, Dr. Ms. Shepherd, Ms. Bradly when she was undergoing her graduation at Isabella Thoburn College in 1950s. Her extensive background and knowledge of English grammar has enabled her to bring out this book which is aimed at making one understand and implement grammar better.

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Essentials Of Advanced English Grammar

IVY LAL

Publishing Services in India by Zorba Books, 2019 Website: www.zorbabooks.com Email: [email protected] Copyright © IVY LAL ISBN 978-93-88497-81-7 Ebook ISBN 978-93-88497-82-4 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, except by a reviewer. The reviewer may quote brief passages,, with attribution, in a review to be printed in a magazine, newspaper, or on the Web—without permission in writing from the copyright owner. The publisher under the guidance and direction of the author has published the contents in this book, and the publisher takes no responsibility for the contents, its accuracy, completeness, any inconsistencies, or the statements made. The contents of the book do not reflect the opinion of the publisher or the editor. The publisher and editor shall not be liable for any errors, omissions, or the reliability of the contents of the book. Any perceived slight against any person/s, place or organization is purely unintentional. Zorba Books Pvt. Ltd.(opc) Gurgaon, INDIA

INDEX I

2

3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

VERBS

Page No. 1

Link verbs Intransitive Verbs Transitive Verbs Modal Auxiliary Verbs Main verbs stand single Verb Need Finite and Non Finite Verbs Finite Verbs Infinitives or Non Finite Verbs Characteristics of infinitives Infinitives as Nouns Infinitives indicate purpose Gerunds – Non Finite Verbs Would rather and prefer Had rather and would sooner – than Rather than Had better Present Participle (Non finite verbs) Formation of present participle Present participles used as object pronouns Past Participle + Perception and – Perception verbs Passive Voice -Perception Verbs Verb Agreement Editing Omitting v

Page No. 8

Page No. 12

Page No. 16 Page No. 17 Page No. 26 Page No. 29 Page No. 30 Page No. 33 Page No. 35 Page No. 37 Page No. 40 Page No. 43 Page No. 44 Page No. 45 Page No. 53 Page No. 58 Page No. 66

19 20

Present Participle and Perfect Participle Relative Pronouns and Present Participles

II

TENSES

22 23 24

Simple present Present continuous Negative form Interrogative form Action Verbs Past Indefinite or Simple Past Tense Perfect Tense Present perfect continuous tense Past perfect tense Past perfect continuous tense Future Tense

25

Page No. 84

III

MAIN CLAUSE & SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

27

Time Clauses with while In the present time In the past time After and before Adverb Phrases of Purpose Clauses of purpose in the present Purpose clauses in the past Purpose clauses in negative form Purpose clauses with ‘lest’ and ‘for fear’ Adverb Clauses of Result Result clauses in the present Result Clause in the past Result clauses with ‘such ... that’ Adverb Clauses of Reason Participle phrases used instead of reason clauses Adjective Clauses Non – defining or Non-restrictive clauses

28

29

30

31

Page No. 74 Page No. 78

vi

Page No. 88 Page No. 91 Page No. 96

Page No. 100

Page No. 107 Page No. 111

Page No. 116

Page No. 121

Page No. 127

Page No. 130

32 33 34 35

41 42

Adverb Clauses of Comparison Noun Clauses Clauses of Concession or Contrast Adverb Clauses of Condition or Supposition Permanent truth Unreal condition ( imaginary ) Conditional Clauses with Modal Verbs Connector ‘UNLESS’ in Conditional Clauses Reported Speech Direct and Indirect speech Kind of sentences Assertive sentences Interrogative sentences Imperative Sentences Commands and requests Exclamations and Wishes Exclamatory sentences Active and Passive Voice Direct and Indirect Object

IV

CONJUNCTIONS

44 45

Co-ordinating Co-relating Subordinating Clauses of Comparison Mixed Connectors ( Conjunctions )

V

ADVERBS

36 37 38

39 40

Page No. 133 Page No. 136 Page No. 138 Page No. 142

Page No. 147 Page No. 151 Page No. 154

Page No. 162 Page No. 164 Page No. 171 Page No. 178

Page No. 184

Page No. 189 Page No. 193

Page No. 196

Classification of adverbs Degree Time Frequency Place Quantity Interrogative vii

47

Prepositions

Page No. 206

XI

ARTICLES

Page No. 219

Definite

VII

DETERMINERS

VIII ADJECTIVES

Page No. 232

50 51 52 53 54

Quality Quantity Demonstrative Number Interrogative Degree of comparison Functional Shift or Nominalisation Transformation of Sentences Inversion of Sentences Question Tags Adjectives as Plural Nouns

IX

ADJECTIVES AS NOUNS

56

Prefixes Suffixes

X

COMPREHENSION PASSAGES

Page No. 266 Page No. 267

Climate Change – A myth or a Reality Is Digital Equity a Reality A Dusty Airport

XI

Page No. 242 Page No. 244 Page No. 259 Page No. 262 Page No. 264

Page No. 275 Page No. 281 Page No. 285

POEMS Money Plant A Traveler of Life To Kiss The Stars Freedom

Page No. 288 Page No. 291 Page No. 294 Page No. 296

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PREFACE The book is designed specially to simplify the complicated arena of grammatical structures from simple to complicated ones, followed by practice exercises required by any board examination. It is a complete package of advanced English grammar. A few comprehension passages and poems are also given to check the readers’ comprehension and vocabulary capacity.

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Dear Readers I am happy to present this book to my readers which will enable them to understand English grammar in the best possible way. This book is the result of my mastery in English enforced with more than four decades of being an educationist in advanced and higher education in Foreign boards as well as Indian boards of education. This book is for all those who are keen to go ahead in life with a bright future which comes through speaking and writing a language correctly. There are many languages spoken all over the world even the tribal languages are there. Since all the languages can’t be learnt by all, the English language has been taken as a universal language of communication so that we all are connected and feel as a family and exchange our ideas. Learning any language is not difficult until and unless it is simplified for a student to understand and implement it in daily, professional as well as personal life. This book has plenty of practice exercises in grammar and has clarified some ambiguities in the transitive verbs, intransitive and link verbs. You will understand them easily so grammar won’t be any more complicated for you. Besides grammar basics, this book helps the reader to communicate in emphatic, interesting and expressive manner. Section entitled ‘Transformation of Sentences’ does the same, as if clauses c. This book is aimed for class studies and self study. It provides the best platform for understanding complex English. It is the best book that can be inducted in the International board, CBSE, ICSE and others. It not only simplifies and strengthens a high school student’s knowledge of English but also those who are preparing for advanced English language competitions, interviews, brushing up their grammar, or teachers who need a reference book. May my readers climb high up like eagles with their Wings! Author – Mrs. IVY Lal [email protected] xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am thankful to my children and grand-children for having supported me to accomplish my aspiration of sharing my knowledge of English Grammar through a book. My elder son, Rodrick Rajive Lal – an educationist, a writer, author, poet and a vivid blogger has not only enabled me in shaping this book but has also contributed passages and poems. Having already published four books, his insight and knowledge has enabled me to sail through the process of getting this book published. My younger son, Sanjay Iwrin Lal has helped me edit and compile the numerous pages through hours we sat together. I am also thankful to my grand-daughters, Aastha, Ekta & Rhea for assisting me to type certain pages. Though they were teenagers and preoccupied with their studies yet they didn’t shirk from helping me. May God bless you! I also thank my daughters-in-law, Nidhi and Sapna, my daughter Enid Madhu for being my well-wishers and encouraging me. My younger grand children, Raima, Aadi and Nimishia for enabling me to write the manuscript undisturbed. I am also thankful to my publisher – Zorba Books Pvt. Ltd. (opc) who stood by me in giving the final shape and bringing it to you. A special thanks to Sunil Atri of Zorba Books for keeping a close follow up and enabling this book take its final form.

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VERBS

1