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ysf[kdk vkdka{kk

midkj izdk'ku] vkxjk&2

( iv )

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ISBN : 978-93-88701-54-9 Code No. 2646

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fo"k; & lwph 1. dEI;wVj dk ifjp; (Introduction to Computers) ..............................................................

3– 20

2. GUI vk/kkfjr vkWijsfVax flLVe dk ifjp; (Introduction to GUI Operating System) ............. 21– 30 3. 'kCn lalk/ku ds rRo (Elements of Word Processing) ......................................................... 31– 37 4. LizM s 'khV (Spreadsheet) ................................................................................................... 38– 45 5. bUVjusV] oYMZ okbM osc ,oa osc czkmtj (Introducing to Internet, www and Web Browsers) ........................................................ 46– 64 6. dE;wfuds'ku vkSj dksykscksj's ku (Communication & Collaboration) ....................................... 65– 71 7. izt s Us Vs'ku rS;kj djuk (Application of Presentation) ............................................................ 72– 78 8. fMftVy foŸkh; lsokvksa dh :ijs[kk (Application of Digital Financial Services) ....................................................................... 79– 86 9. dEI;wVj 'kCnkoyh (Computer Glossary) ........................................................................... 87– 93 10. ekWMy iz'u&i= ............................................................................................................... 94– 123 G

vH;kl iz'u&i= (lR;@vlR;) ...................................................................................... 124– 126

( iv )

Syllabus Objective The course is designed to equip a person to use computers for professional as well as day to day use. It provides theoretical background as well as in depth knowledge of Software/packages. After completing the course the incumbent will be digitally literate and will be able to : ● Acquire confidence in using computer techniques available to users; ●

Recognise the basic components of computers and terminology;

●

Understand data, information and file management;

●

Create documents using Word processor, Spreadsheet & Presentation Software;

●

Understand computer networks, and browse the internet, content search, email and collaborate with peers; ● Use e-governance applications; and use computer to improve existing skills and learn new skills. ● Use internet for digital financial services. The module on financial literacy will enable the individuals to understand the various financial services and be aware of the various schemes of Government of India.

Duration 80 Hours. (Theory : 25 hrs + Practical : 50 hrs. + Tutorial : 05 hrs.) This course can also be offered as 10 days full time intensive course.

Allocation of Total Hours for Each Chapter S.No.

Chapter

Theory Hours

Tutorial Hours

Practical Hours

1.

Introduction to Computer

2

1

4

2.

Introduction to GUI Based Operating System

3

—

8

3.

Elements of Word Processing

3·5

2

9

4.

Spreadsheets

3·5

2

10

5.

Introduction to Internet, WWW and Web Browsers

6

—

8

6.

Communication and Collaboration

2

—

2

7.

Application of Presentations

4

—

8

8.

Application of Digital Financial Services

1

—

1

25

5

50

Total Hours

dkslZ vkWu dEI;wVj dkWUlsIV~l (CCC)

vè;k; 1

dEI;wVj dk ifjp; INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS dEI;wVj 'kCn dh mRifÙk dEI;wV&'kCn ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS x.kuk djukA vr% cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa bls ,d dSydqysfVax fMokbl ekuk tkrk gS tks bfjFkesfVd vkSj ykWftdy vkijs'kUl dks rsth ds lkFk dj ldrk gS ijUrq vkt bldh ifjHkk"kk cny x;h gS D;ksafd vc dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx fliQZ x.kuk rd lhfer ugha gS] vkt bldk mi;ksx E;qftd] xzkfiQDl] baVjusV vkfn dbZ vU; {k=k esa Hkh gks jgk gSA vr% vc dg ldrs gSa fd ;g ,d bysDVªkfud fMokbl gS tks MkVk dks ,DlsIV djrk gS] vkSj ,d foLr`r LVsi&ckbZ&LVsi izkslsflax ds ckn mls bUiQkesZ'ku esa cnyrk gS vkSj vkmViqV fjtYV izLrqr djrk gSA ;g MkVk dks ,DlsIV] LVksj vkSj mUgsa eSuhiqysV djrk gSA dEI;wVj D;k gS (What is Computer?) : dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkWfud fMokbl gS tks fdlh fo"k;&oLrq ds ckjs esa MkVk dks crkSj buiqV ysrk gS vkSj ml ij t:jh vkWijs'ku dj ,d fu;r vkmViqV iznku djrk gSA

,ukykWx dEI;wVj (Analog Computer) : ,ukykWx dEI;wVj esa MkVk] Vªkalfe'ku ,d lh/h js[kk esa gksrk gS ftls vukykWxl Vªkalfe'ku dgrs gSaA tSls&rkieku] ikjs] nkc ,oa vU; HkkSfrd izÑfr dh lwpuk;sa bR;kfnA fMftVy dEI;wVj (Digital Computer) : fMftVy dEI;wVlZ oks dEI;wVj gksrs gSa tks fMftVy rduhd dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA buesa ekbØks izklslj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks ,d lsds.M esa djksM+ksa funsZ"kksa dks fØ;kfUor dj ldrk gSA ;g ckbujh oSY;w 0] 1 ds vk/kj ij dk;Z djrk gS] 0 dks iQkYl (xyr) vkSj 1 dks Vªw (lgh) flXuy izsf"kr gksrk gS] ;s flXuy fMLØhV gksrs gSaA bUgsa Hkh pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS tks fuEufyf[kr gSaA

ekbØks dEI;wVj (Micro Computer) : ;g lokZf/d NksVk dEI;wVj gksrk gS ftlesa ,,y;w vkSj lhih;w ,d gh fpi esa yxs gksrs gSaA feuh dEI;wVj (Mini Computer) % ;s ekbØks dEI;wVj ls vf/d {kerkoku gksrs gSa vkSj ,d le; esa dbZ iz;ksDrkvksa ds mi;ksx esa vk ldrs gSaA ;s MkVk dks vf/d rsth ls lalkf/r dj ldrs gSaA esuizQse dEI;wVj (Mainframe Computer) % ;s vfr mPp Hk.Mkj.k {kerk okys cgqr cM+s vkdkj ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSaA ;s MkVk dh cM+h ek=kk dks rsth ls lalkf/r dj ldrs gSa] budk mi;ksx cSadksa] cM+h dEifu;ksa ,oa ljdkjh foHkkxksa esa gksrk gSA lqij dEI;wVj (Super Computer) % ;g dEI;wVj rst xfr ,oa vR;f/d laxzg {kerk okys gksrs gSaA budk vkdkj dkiQh cM+k gksrk gSA igyk lqij dEI;wVj Øs&1 o"kZ 1976 esa Øs fjlpZ dEiuh }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr dk igyk lqij dEI;wVj ije&10000 gSA gkbZfczM dEI;wVj (Hybrid Computer) % bl izdkj ds dEI;wVj esa ,ukykWx ,oa fMftVy dEI;wVj nksuksa gh fo'ks"krkvksa dk feJ.k gksrk gSA gkbZfczM dEI;wVj dk lcls vf/d iz;ksx fpfdRlk ds {ks=k esa fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&bZ-lh-th- e'khuA dEI;wVlZ dk bfrgkl % igys x.kuk ds fy, iz;ksx yk;h tkus okyh fMokblksa esa esdSfudy fMokblsa Fkh] vcSdl dks igyk dEI;wVj dgk tkrk gSA ckn esa ikLdy] ykWjsal] tSdc] ,VkWlkWiQcsjh vkfn us dbZ fMokblsa cuk;h ijUrq fdlh Hkh fMokbl esa eseksjh u Fkh rRi'pkr~ l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa pkYlZ cSost us vukfyfVdy vkSj fMiQjsal e'khu dk vkfo"dkj fd;k ftlesa eseksjh MkyhA mDr e'khu ds vkfo"dkj ls gh vk/qfud ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ ckn esa vkt dh lHkh dEI;wVj esa eseksjh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gSA blh ds dkj.k pkYlZ cSost dks dEI;wVj dk firkeg dgk tkrk gSA ENIAC izFke bysDVªkfud dEI;wVj gSA ;gha ls bysDVªkfud dEI;wVlZ dk ;qx 'kq: gks x;kA izFke tujs'ku % bl izFke tujs'ku esa oSD;we V~;wc VsDuksykWth dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk ftlus dEI;wVj dks lkdkj dj x.kuk,¡ djuk laHko fd;kA f}rh; tujs'ku % dEI;wVj ds f}rh; tujs'ku esa VªkaftLVj VsDuksykWth dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk ftlus rc dEI;wVj ds vkdkj dks FkksM+k NksVk ,oa rst dj fn;k FkkA

4

dkslZ vkWu dEI;wVj dkWUlsIV~l (CCC) r`rh; tujs'ku % dEI;wVj ds r`rh; tujs'ku esa baVhxzsVsM lfdZV~l (vkbZ-lh-) VsDuksykWth dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k ftlls ;s rqyukRed Hkjkslsean rFkk rst le>k x;kA prqFkZ tujs'ku % dEI;wVj ds prqFkZ tujs'ku esa ekbØks izkslslj VsDuksykWth dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k tks izFke] f}rh; rFkk r`rh; rhuksa gh tujs'ku ls dkiQh rst] Hkjkslsean rFkk lkbt esa NksVk ik;k x;k ftls vki vklkuh ls dgha Hkh b/j&m/j mBk ,oa j[k ldrs gSaA iape tujs'ku % iape tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj esa vkfVZfiQf'k;y (Ñf=ke) baVsfytsal dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k tks bls dEI;wVj VsDuksykWth esa loksZifj fl¼ djrk gS ftlesa ;s viuk [kqn ds vkbZ-D;w- dk Hkh bLrseky djrk gSA xfr : dEI;wVj ,d cgqr gh rhoz dk;Z djus okyk bysDVªkWfud ;a=k gS tks fdlh funsZ'k dks iy Hkj esa fØ;kfUor djrk gSA ;g fdlh dk;Z dks lsdsaM ds ,d Hkkx le; esa gh gy dj nsrk gS tcfd ml dk;Z dks ,d O;fDr ?kaVksa rd dgha mls gy dj ik;sxkA vkidks ;g tkudj gSjkuh gks ldrh gS fd ,d dEI;wVj ,d lsdsaM ds le; esa ,d fefy;u ;k mlls Hkh vf/d funsZ'kksa dks fØ;kfUor dj ldrk gSA ,D;wjslh (Accuracy) : dEI;wVj fcuk dksbZ xyrh fd;s iwjk lgh&lgh x.kuk,¡ dj ldrk gSA bldh ,D;wjslh cgqr vf/d gS ftlls ;s dHkh Hkh dksbZ xyrh ugha djrk vkSj lHkh x.kukvksa esa mlh ,D;wjslh dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA dEI;wVj esa dksbZ xyrh rHkh vk ldrh gS tc O;fDr }kjk xyr buiqV ;k funsZ'k fn, x, gksaA fMfytsUl (Diligence) : dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks fcuk Fkds yxkrkj dk;Z dj ldrk gSA bls fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Fkdku ;k detksjh dHkh ugha gksrh gS ftlls ;g fdlh dk;Z dks fcuk fdlh #dkoV ;k xyrh ds yxkrkj dj ldrk gSA dEI;wVj dh bl {kerk dh otg ls ekuo dk;Z esa dkiQh fodkl gqvk gSA Hk.Mkj.k {kerk (Storage Capacity) : dEI;wVj esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds MkVk ;k buiQkesZ'ku dks blds eseksjh esa LVksj dj ldrs gaSA dEI;wVj esa eSXusfVd ehfM;k LVksjst gksrs gSa tks vR;f/d ek=kk esa MkVk ;k lwpukvksa dks ijekusaV lqjf{kr j[kus dh lgwfy;r nsrs gSa tSls gkMZ fMLd] ÝykWih fMLd] vkWfIVdy fMLd bR;kfn ftudh enn ls vki dksbZ MkVk fdlh ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tk ldrs gSaA fofo/rk (Versatility) : dEI;wVj dh ,d cgqr vPNh fo'ks"krk bldh fofoèkrk gS tks ,d gh le; esa dbZ dk;Z dj ldrk gS tSls vius MkWD;wesaV MªkfÝVax ds nkSjku E;wftd lquuk] dksbZ ist fizaV djuk bR;kfnA ;g ;wtj ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og dEI;wVj flLVe ij fdl rjg dk dk;Z dj ldrk gS D;ksafd ;s fcYdqy vyx&vyx rjg ds dk;Z djus esa l{ke gSA dEI;wVj ds csfld ,Iyhds'ku (Basic application of Computer) : dEI;wVj gekjs nSfud thou esa cgqr gh mi;ksxh gS] dEI;wVj ds csfld ,Iyhds'ku fuEufyf[kr gSa& oMZ izkslsflax ds }kjk ge vius nSfud dk;ks± dks vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSa] tSls&i=k Vkbfiax] fjT;we rS;kj djuk bR;kfnA dEI;wVj Lor% gh Lisfyax ,oa xzkesfVdy =kqfV;ksa dks Lor% lq/kj nsrk gSA ;fn MkD;wesaV ds dUVsUV fjihV gksrs gSa rks vkidks iqu% Vkbi djus dh

vko';drk ugha gSA vki vius MkD;wesaV dks ftl ij vki dk;Z dj jgs gSa vklkuh ls viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj iQkesZV dj ldrs gSaA cSad esa orZeku le; esa usV cSfdax cgqr gh ikiqyj gks x;k gS T;knkrj yksx viuk cSfdax dk;Z usV cSfdax ds ekè;e ls gh djrs gSaA vki usV cSafdax ds ekè;e ls /ujkf'k dk VªkaliQj ,d [kkrs ls nwljs [kkrs esa dj ldrs gSaA cSadksa esa gksus okys nSfud dk;Z] ysu&nsu dEI;wVj ds gh lgk;rk ls fd;s tkrs gSaA bUVjusV ds ekè;e ls vki vius dEI;wVj dks Hkkjr rFkk fo'o ds fdlh vU; dEI;wVj ds lkFk tksM+ ldrs gSaA ;g ,d oSf'od iz.kkyh gS dEI;wVj usVodZ dks vkil esa tksM+us dhA bldk vkjEHk 1970 vkSj 1980 ds n'kd esa gqvk FkkA bUVjusV ds ekè;e ls vki vR;f/d tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSa A ,d ykbczsjh dh vis{kk blds ekè;e ls vki lwpukvksa dks cgqr rsth ls ,Dlsl dj ldrs gSaA bZ&esy ds ekè;e ls vki dqN gh le; esa gtkjksa ehy nwj cSBs O;fDr dks lans'k Hkst ldrs gSaA vLirky esa dEI;wVj ds ekè;e ls vius islsaV ds fjdkMZ~l dh tkudkjh ys ldrs gSa] tSls&islsaV dk uke] chekjh bR;kfnA fMftVy fofM;ks ;k vkfM;ks dEiksft'ku% dEI;wVj ds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh izdkj ds vkfM;ks ;k ohfM;ks dks dEikst dj ldrs gSa] ,fMV dj ldrs gSaA lapkj% vki ohfM;ks dkWfyax] pSfVax] bZ&esy vkfn ls ifjfpr gksaxs] dI;wVj ds }kjk vki ohfM;ks dkWfyax] pSfVax] bZ&esy ds ekè;e ls ,d&nwljs ls ckrphr dj ldrs gSaA MsLdVki ifCyf'kax% lHkh ds fy, mi;ksxh iSdst gSA blds ekè;e ls vki fMtkbfuax ls lEcfU/r dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSaA orZeku le; esa blds ekè;e ls fdrkcksa dh fMtkbu] xzhfVax dkMZ] eSfjt dkMZ] czk'kj] eSxthu bR;kfn lEcfU/r dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA VsyhdE;wfuds'ku ds {ks=k esa vki ns[ksaxs dh eksckby iQksu ds vUnj lkÝVos;j ekStwn jgrk gS] ftlesa dLVej dk fMVsy bR;kfn ekStwn jgrk gSA orZeku le; esa eksckby iQksu ds }kjk vki fdlh Hkh LFkku dk yksds'ku ns[k ldrs gSa ogk¡ rd igq¡pus ds ekxZ dks ns[k ldrs gSaA vki gokbZ@jsy fVdV dks eksckby iQksu ds }kjk lqjf{kr dj ldrs gSaA vki ,l-,e-,l- Hkstdj jsyos fVdV ds ih-,u-vkjdh fLFkfr tku ldrs gSaA mi;ZqDr ds vykok dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx j{kk] bZ&yfu±x] fpfdRldh; foKku] [ksy] izek.k&i=k] ,-Vh-,e- e'khu] jkscksV] lekpkj] ekSle fo'ys"k.k bR;kfn esa Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA dEI;wVj ds dEiksusUV~l (Components of Computer System): dEI;wVj flLVe dkWEiksusUV esa dbZ rjg ds dkWEiksusUV gksrs gSa tks ,d dEI;wVj dks mldk dk;Z djuk laHko djrs gSa tks dqN bl izdkj gSa tSls&dhcksMZ] ekml] ekWfuVj] jSe] gkMZ fMLd] Lihdj vkSj Hkh cgqr dqNA ikoj fLop (Power Switch) : ikWoj fLop oks fLop cVu gksrk gS ftlls ,d dEI;wVj flLVe dks pkyw ;k can dj ldrs gSaA

fjlsV cVu (Reset Button) : bl cVu dh enn ls ge fdlh dEI;wVj flLVe ds pkyw gkyr esa viuh t:jr ds fglkc ls mls iqu% LVkVZ (fjLVkVZ) dj ldrs gSaA lhMh@MhohMh jkse Mªkbo (CD/DVD ROM drive): bl fMokbl dh enn ls ge fdlh dEI;wVj flLVe esa dksbZ lh-Mh- ;k Mh-oh-Mh- dks ,Dlsl dj ldrs gSaA ÝykWih Mªkbo (Floppy Drive): ;s Mªkbo fdlh dEI;wVj esa ÝykWih fMLd dks ,Dlsl djus esa bLrseky gksrk gSA izQaV ;w,lch iksVZ] ekbd vkSj gsMiQksu LykWV (Front USB Port, Mic and Headphone slot) : ;s iksVZ fdlh USB fMokbl dks ,Dlsl djus esa mi;ksx gksrk gS tcfd ekbd vkSj gSMiQksu tSd LykWV fdlh ekbØksiQksu ;k gSMiQksu fMokbl dks tSd ok;j dh enn ls dusDV djus esa enn djrk gSA bafMdsVj ykbV (Indicator Light): ;s oks flXuy ykbV gksrh gS tks flLVe ds LVkVZ gksus ls pyrs jgus rd tyrh jgrh gS vkSj flLVe ds cUn gksus ij Lor% can gks tkrh gSA ikoj lIykbZ lkWdsV (Power Supply Socket): ;g lkWdsV dEI;wVj flLVe esa ikWoj lIykbZ nsus ds fy, ikWoj dscy dusDV djus esa bLrseky gksrk gS ftlls ikWoj SMPS dh enn ls t:jh bysDVªkWfud daiksusaV rd igq¡prk gSA dhcksMZ lkWdsV (Keyboard Socket): bl lkWdsV dh enn ls dEI;wVj flLVe esa dhcksMZ dks dusDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekml lkWdVs (Mouse Socket): bl lkWdVs dh enn ls dEI;wVj flLVe esa ekml dks dusDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA iSjsyy iksVZ (Parellel Port): bl iSjsyy iksVZ dh enn ls dEI;wVj flLVe esa dksbZ vU; fMokbl tSls fizaVj bR;kfn dks dusDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA ohth, iksVZ (VGA Port): bl iksVZ dh enn ls fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV tSls ekWfuVj bR;kfn dks dusDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA jh;j ;w,lch iksVZ (Rear USB Port) : bl iksVZ dks USB 2·0 dgk tkrk gS ftlls fdlh USB fMokbl dks dusDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekbd vkSj Lihdj tSd LykWV (Mic and Speaker Jack Slot): bl LykWV dh enn ls ge dEI;wVj flLVe esa dksbZ ekbØksiQksu ;k Lihdj dusDV dj ldrs gSa ftlls ge lkmaM dks LVksj ;k Iys dj ldrs gSaA usVodZ LykWV (Network Slot): bl LykWV ls ge dEI;wVj flLVe dks usVodZ dscy dh enn ls fdlh usVodZ ls dusDV dj ldrs gSaA iQk;j ok;j IEEE 1394 (Fire Wire): ;g ,d lhfj;y cl baVjiQsl gksrk gS ftlesa gkbZ LihM rFkk fj;y Vkbe MkVk VªkUliQj gksrk gSA bldk uke iQk;j ok;j (Fire Wire) blds Msoyij dkjiksjs'ku }kjk j[kk x;k gSA enjcksMZ (Motherboard): ;g dEI;wVj flLVe dk ,d eq[; Hkkx gksrk gS ftles lHkh bysDVªkWfud daiksusaV tqM+s jgrs gSa tks ,d dEI;wVj flLVe dks pyuk laHko djrs gSa tSls jSe] jkse] izkslslj bR;kfnA

dkslZ vkWu dEI;wVj dkWUlsIV~l (CCC) 5 ia[kk : ;g ,d iQSu (ia[kk) gksrk gS tks dEI;wVj flLVe esa vUnj gksrk gS vkSj ftldk eq¡g ckgj dh rjiQ gksrk gS tks lh-ih-;w- }kjk mRiUu ghV (xehZ) dks ckgj Hkst nsrk gSA lhih;w (Central Processing Unit): ;g dEI;wVj flLVe dk lcls eq[; Hkkx gksrk gS tks dEI;wVj flLVe esa dksbZ Hkh MkVk tks ;wtj }kjk crkSj buiqV dh rjg ls fn;k x;k gksrk gS dks izkslsl dj ,d fu;r vkmViqV iznku djrk gSA jSe (RAM): jSe ,d izkbejh eseksjh gksrk gS tks ,d fpi ds :i esa ,d LykWV dh enn ls enjcksMZ ls tqM+k jgrk gS tks flLVe ij dk;Z djus ds fy, t:jh eseksjh miyC/ djkrk gSA jkse (ROM): jkse dEI;wVj flLVe esa ,d fpi ds :i esa enj cksMZ ls tqM+k jgrk gS tks BIOS biQkesZ'ku dks latk ds j[krk gS tks dEI;wVj flLVe ds cwfVax ds nkSjku mi;ksx esa vkrh gSA fMLIys ,MsIVj dkMZ (Display Adapter Card) : ;g ,d ,MkIVj gksrk gS tks CPU dks ekWfuVj ls fyad djrk gSA tks Hkh VkLd CPU ds vUrxZr gksrk gS mls ;g ekWfuVj ij iznf'kZr djus esa lg;ksx djrk gSA ,Dlisa'ku LykWV (Expansion Slots): bl LykWV dh enn ls ge dqN vU; fMokbl ;k baVjiQsl dks dEI;wVj flLVe ls dusDV djrs gSa tks flLVe dh dk;Z {kerk dks cus esa vklku gksrk gSA gkbZ ysoy ySaXost dh t:jr iM+h D;ksafd e'khu ysoy dksM esa dksbZ Hkh izksxzke dks fy[kuk ;k cukuk cgqr dfBu gS vkSj rc Hkh mlesa xyfr;ksa dh cgqr laHkkouk jg tkrh gSA bu gkbZ ysoy ySaXost dks dEikbyj ;k baVjizsVj dh enn ls e'khu ysoy dksM esa ifjofrZr dj ikrs gSa rkfd ;g ,DlhD;wV gks ldsA gkbZ ysoy ySaXost ds mnkgj.k gaS C, C++, Visual Basic, FORTRON, Java bR;kfnA

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dkslZ vkWu dEI;wVj dkWUlsIV~l (CCC) ckbujh uEcj flLVe (Binary Number System) : ;g ,d uacj flLVe gksrk gS ftldk csl ;k jsfMDl 2 gksrk gSA tSlk dh blds uke ls izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g dsoy nks uacj 0 vkSj 1 dks liksVZ djrk gSA fdlh ckbujh uacj dks dqN bl rjg n'kkZrs gSaA (1000)2 tgk¡ lcfLØIV oSY;w uacj flLVe ds csl dks iznf'kZr dj jgk gSA gsDlkMslhey uEcj flLVe (Hexadecimal Number System) : ;g ,d uacj flLVe (la[;k i¼fr) gS ftldk csl ;kfu vkèkkj 16 gksrk gS tks 0 ls ysdj 9 rd vkSj varr% A ls ysdj F rd gksrk gSA tks dqN bl izdkj gS 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F bR;kfnA ,d gsDlkMslhey uacj dks dqN bl rjg ls fy[k ldrs gSa (4A7)16 ;k (4A7)(hex)A ckbujh ls Msfley (Binary to Decimal) : ge fdlh Hkh ckbujh uacj dks Msfley uacj esa ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSa fdlh ckbujh uacj dks Msfley uacj esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, gj ckbujh fMftV ds iksth'ku oSY;w dks csl oSY;w ls xq.kk djrs gSa rFkk lcdk lek;ksx dj Msfley uacj izkIr djrs gSaA izFke nkfguh ckbujh oSY;w dh iksth'ku oSY;w 2° gksrh gS tks ijLij ck;ha rjiQ dks c