Geographic Information System Dr. P. Subramanian Er. Girija Bai S. Bhuvana
Regulation 2017
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM Dr.P.Subramanian, Professor and Head, Dept of Civil Engineering, Sengunthar Engineering College, Tiruchengode, Namakkal. Tamil Nadu.
Er. Girija Bai, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Prist University, Trichy Thanjavur Road, Vallam, Cafe road, Tamil Nadu 613403.
Mrs. S. Bhuvana, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SriRam Engineering College, Perumalpattu, Veppampattu [R.S], Thiruvallur District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
602024.
For online purchase
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June 2019
© Charulatha Publications
ISBN: 978-93-89051-35-3
Price : Rs. 325/-
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PREFACE This workbook is a result of several years experience in applying geographic information systems (GIS) technology to typical forestry, natural resource management, and environmental problems. Many of the terms and concepts introduced in this book have been compiled from a variety of different sources. These include some of the prevalent text books in the field, but most have been firmly implanted from practical experience. GIS is in essence, an applied science. The more hands-on you have the more entrenched the methodologies and techniques become for effectively applying the technology. GIS Work Book" includes Five volumes; Volume 1: fundamentals of GIS Course, Volume 2: spatial data models, Volume 3: data input and topology, Volume 4: data analysis and Volume 5: applications Course. Fundamental of GIS Course focuses on the basic spatial concepts, components of a GIS and role of GIS, data and Types of data, spatial, attribute data- types of attributes, hardware/software, scales/ levels of measurements. On the other hand, the Volume 2: Spatial data models summarizes several technicalities that support GIS including database structures, ER diagram, spatial data models, raster data structures, raster data compression, vector data structures, raster vs vector models TIN and GRID data models, OGC standards and data quality. The Volume 3: part of this book describes scanner, raster data input, raster and vector data file formats, digitizer, topology, attribute data linking, ODBC, GPS and concept GPS based mapping. The Volume 4: part demonstrates vector data analysis tools, data analysis tools, network analysis, digital education models and 3D data collection and utilization. Finally Volume 5 deals with the application of natural resource management, engineering, navigation, vehicle tracking and fleet management, marketing and business applications, case studies. I feel very happy to note that my teaching experience of over fifteen years on photogrammety, DTM, remote sensing, computer assisted cartography, GIS and global change study has been really useful in completing this technical course. While writing this book, I realized that GIS is a multi-disciplinary science supported by many different technologies. In this case there are so many things to learn and to teach. Geographic information systems (GIS) have been growing immensely, especially in the past 20 years. A major response to that growth is the development of an ever-growing list of textbooks and learning materials. The textbooks, including my own Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, have largely targeted an intellectual university undergraduate and graduate student audience. This audience may or may not actually apply the tools of the GIS, using it instead perhaps to manage GIS operations or for later PhD work and eventually teaching it. This unfortunately leaves behind the largest growth market in GIS, which of the community college student, who is much more likely to immediately apply the skills, learned in a GIS course. This text is aimed at this growth market.
Community college students, the primary audience for this text, are pragmatic, practical, and impatient with non-relevant course material. They go to community colleges expecting to gain not just factual and conceptual knowledge but also skills that can be applied immediately. If, however, students learn the skills but lack a basic understanding of the concepts behind the GIS toolkit (as occurs when they use many of the cookbook-style laboratory assignments currently available, even those from the major GIS companies), they will perform tasks only mechanically with little concern for or understanding of the reliability or validity of the result. Valuable comments and suggestions towards the improvement of this book will be gratefully acknowledged.
Dr.P.Subramanian
ACKNOWLDGEMENT First and foremost, we would like to thank God. In the process of putting this book together we realized how true this gift of writing is for us to share our knowledge. You give us the power to believe in our passion and pursue our dreams. We could never have done this without the faith we have in you, the almighty. I wish to acknowledge and thank with gratitude to our Principal, Dr.C.Venkatesh Ph.D and Management of Sengunthar Engineering College, Tiruchengode, for their whole hearted support and encouragement to publish this book in a successful manner. With immense pleasure, I wish to sincerely extend my thanks and gratitude to Er.M.Girija Bai and Mrs. S. Bhuvana, for his continual support for me in completing this book as well as in all academic aspects. My sincere thanks to my Department faculty members and my colleagues for giving me suggestions while writing this book. I am highly indebted to many of the authors of various text book, websites and publications of Civil Engineering and Engineering geology Specifications in enhancing the standard of the book. We express his sincere thanks to his Parents and Teachers. Further, he extends his heartfelt gratitude to his beloved kid G.S. Shwasthiga for their continuous support and for the sacrifices made while writing this book. For the supportive ideas in the preparation, I express my gratitude towards my lovable parents, my special friends, all my buddies and my beloved students. were kind enough to compile our manuscripts and made a wonderful book. Further, our sincere thanks are due to Charulatha Publications, for being considerate to understand us understand us while passing deadlines and overhauling the text of our book. We look for their accommodative partnership and hope to continue in future. We recall every person who has rendered their help and support in one way or other in bringing out this book.
Dr.P.Subramanian
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr.P.Subramanian is presently working as Professor of Civil Engineering at Senguthar Engineering College, since June, 2018. Earlier he has worked in different capacities in central and state government projects. He obtained Pondicherry University and PhD from Annamalai University in 2013. He possesses a vast experience of 15 years of teaching undergraduate and postgraduate engineering students. He got some years of industrial experience. He guided many undergraduate and postgraduate projects. His major areas of interest include Engineering Geology and Remote Sensing & GIS and Housing Planning Management etc Institution of Engineers India. Life members of Indian Water Resources Society, Roorkee (India) and Infc etc. He h published an article in conferences, workshops, seminars and in journals both nationally and internationally. He received funded FDP programme from IMPRESS. Er.M.Girija bai is currently working as Assistant Professor of computer science engineering at PRIST University, since January, 2009. Earlier she has worked in different capacities in central and state government projects. She obtained her mas 09 from Ponnaiyah Ramajayam College, Tanjore and M.Tech from PRIST University in 2011. She possesses a vast knowledge of teaching undergraduate and postgraduate computer science engineering students. She got some years of industrial experience. She guided many undergraduate and postgraduate projects. Her major areas of interest include Maths and computer science. She is a member of Infc. She has e has published an article in conferences, workshops, seminars and in journals both nationally and internationally. Ms.S.Bhuvana is presently working as Assistant Professor in Computer Science & Engineering department in Sriram Engineering College ,since July 2012.Earlier she worked in different engineering colleges and Software Concern.She Obtained her Master's degree M.Tech-Computer Science & Engineering from M.G.R University ,Chennai. She Possesses teaching experience of 9.5 Years in Engineering Colleges and 1 year in Software Concern. She Published Papers in Scopus Indexed Journals. She also presented papers in National and International Conferences.
SYLLABUS ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI OCE552
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
LTPC 3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES: To introduce the fundamentals and components of Geographic Information System To provide details of spatial data structures and input, management and output processes.
UNIT
I: FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
9
Introduction to GIS - Basic spatial concepts - Coordinate Systems - GIS and Information Systems Definitions History of GIS - Components of a GIS Hardware, Software, Data, People, Methods Proprietary and open source Software - Types of data Spatial, Attribute datatypes of attributes scales/ levels of measurements.
UNIT II : SPATIAL DATA MODELS
9
Database Structures Relational, Object Oriented ER diagram - spatial data models Raster Data Structures Raster Data Compression - Vector Data Structures - Raster vs Vector Models TIN and GRID data models - OGC standards - Data Quality.
UNIT III: DATA INPUT AND TOPOLOGY
9
Scanner - Raster Data Input Raster Data File Formats Vector Data Input Digitiser Topology - Adjacency, connectivity and containment Topological Consistency rules Attribute Data linking ODBC GPS - Concept GPS based mapping.
UNIT IV: DATA ANALYSIS
9
Vector Data Analysis tools - Data Analysis tools - Network Analysis - Digital Education models - 3D data collection and utilisation.
UNIT V: APPLICATIONS
9
GIS Applicant - Natural Resource Management - Engineering - Navigation - Vehicle tracking and fleet management - Marketing and Business applications - Case studies.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT - I UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS 1.1.
GIS Overview
1.1
1.1.1. Introduction to GIS
1.1
Basic Spatial Concepts
1.2
1.2.1. Location
1.2
1.2.2. Distance
1.3
1.2.3. Network
1.3
1.2.4. Neighborhoods and regions
1.4
1.2.5. Scale
1.5
1.2.6. Spatial Heterogeneity
1.5
1.2.7. Spatial Dependence
1.6
1.2.8. Objects and Fields
1.7
Geographic Coordinate Systems
1.8
1.3.1. Sphere and Ellipsoid
1.9
1.3.2. Geoids 1.3.3. Datum
1.9 1.10
1.4.
GIS as an Information System
1.11
1.5.
Defining GIS
1.11
1.6.
History of GIS
1.11
1.7.
Components of a GIS
1.13
1.7.1. Software
1.13
1.7.2. Hardware
1.13
1.7.3. Data
1.14
1.7.4. Users
1.14
1.7.5. People
1.14
1.7.6. Methods
1.14
Proprietary and Open Source GIS Software
1.15
1.8.1. AGIS-Map
1.15
1.8.2. Autodesk
1.15
1.8.3. Bentley Systems, Inc.
1.15
1.8.4. Cartographica
1.15
1.2.
1.3.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
1.12.
1.8.5. DeLorme
1.15
1.8.6. ESRI
1.15
1.8.7. Intergraph
1.16
1.8.8. Manifold
1.16
1.8.9. Ortelius
1.17
1.8.10. MapInfo Pitney Bowes Business Insight (PBBI)
1.17
1.8.11. Maptitude
1.17
1.8.12. My World
1.17
1.8.13. Super-geo Technologies
1.18
1.8.14. Tatuk-GIS Editor
1.18
1.8.15. Terrain Tools
1.18
1.8.16. TerrSet Geospatial Monitoring and Modeling System
1.18
1.8.17. TNT Products
1.19
Open Source GIS Software
1.19
1.9.1. Quantum GIS (QGIS)
1.19
1.9.2. DIVA-GIS
1.19
1.9.3. Free QGIS Courses from Geo-Academy
1.19
1.9.4. Geo-Da
1.19
1.9.5. GVSIG
1.20
1.9.6. Map-Window GIS
1.20
1.9.7. SAGA (System for Automated Geo-scientific Analyses)
1.20
1.9.8. UDIG
1.20
1.9.9. Environmental Benefits Mapping & Analysis Program
1.20
Data Types
1.21
1.10.1. Spatial Data
1.21
1.10.2. Non-Spatial Data
1.22
1.10.3. Spatial Data Models
1.22
1.10.4. Attribute Data Models
1.23
Types of Attribute Data
1.24
1.11.1. Character Data
1.24
1.11.2. Numeric Data
1.25
1.11.3. Date/Time Data
1.25
1.11.4. BLOB Data
1.25
Scale of measurement/Level of measurements
1.25
1.12.1. Nominal scaling
1.27
1.12.2. Ordinal scaling
1.28
1.12.3. Interval scaling
1.28
1.12.4. Ratio scaling
1.28
Two Marks Questions with Answers
1.29
Review Questions
1.33
UNIT-II SPATIAL DATA MODELS 2.1.
Introduction
2.1
2.2.
Database Structures
2.1
2.3.
Data Structure Models
2.2
2.3.1. Hierarchical Data Structure Model
2.2
2.3.2. Network Data Structure Model
2.3
2.3.3. Relational Data Structure Model
2.4
2.3.4. Object Oriented Database Structure
2.5
Definition - What does Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
2.6
2.4.1. Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
2.6
2.4.2. E-R Diagram
2.7
Spatial Data Models
2.8
2.5.1. Vector Data Formats
2.9
2.5.2. Raster Data Formats
2.10
2.5.3. Image Data
2.12
2.5.4. Vector and Raster Advantages and Disadvantages
2.13
Raster Data Structure
2.14
2.6.1. Run length encoding
2.15
2.6.2. Block encoding
2.15
2.6.3. Chain encoding
2.16
2.6.4. Quadtree
2.16
2.6.5. A Single Layer Raster Data can be represented using
2.17
2.6.6. Comparison between Vector and Raster Data Models
2.17
Data Compression
2.18
2.7.1. Raster Data Compression
2.18
2.7.2. Run length Encoding
2.19
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7
2.8.
2.9.
2.10.
2.7.3. Quadtree
2.20
Vector data structure
2.20
2.8.1. Connectivity
2.21
2.8.2. Contiguity
2.22
2.8.3. Containment
2.22
2.8.4. Simple Features
2.23
2.8.5. Topologic Features
2.23
2.8.6. Fully topological polygon network structure
2.24
2.8.7. Triangular Irregular Network (TIN)
2.24
Raster vs Vector Models
2.26
2.9.1. Vector Data
2.27
2.9.2. Raster Types: Discrete vs Continuous
2.29
2.9.3.
2.30
2.9.4. Continuous Rasters have Gradual Change
2.30
Vector vs Raster: Spatial Data Types
2.30
2.10.1. Vector and Raster Advantages and Disadvantages
2.31
2.10.2. Vector Data
2.31
2.10.4. Raster Data
2.31
2.11. TIN and GRID data models
2.12. 2.13. 2.14.
2.32
2.11.1. Different Types of TIN Methods and Processes
2.33
2.11.2. Components of TIN
2.33
2.11.3. TIN Data Model
2.34
Grid/Lunr/Magi
2.35
2.12.1. IMGRID GIS
2.35
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
2.36
2.13.1. Standards
2.36
Spatial Data Quality
2.38
2.14.1. Spatial Data Quality
2.38
2.14.2. Usage Components
2.40
2.14.3. Causes of Error
2.40
2.14.4. Map Generalization
2.41
2.14.5. Sources of Possible Errors
2.43
2.14.6. Controlling Errors
2.44
Two Marks Questions with Answers
2.46
Review Questions
2.51
UNIT-III DATA INPUT AND TOPOLOGY 3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
Introduction to Scanners for Raster Data Input
3.1
3.1.1. Scanned Data
3.2
3.1.2. Types of Scanner
3.3
Raster Data File Formats
3.3
3.2.1. Modes of Data Input
3.4
3.2.2. Data Input Techniques
3.4
3.2.3. Digitizing
3.4
3.2.4. Automatic Scanning
3.6
3.2.5. Coordinate Geometry
3.6
3.2.6. Conversion of Existing Digital Data
3.7
Raster Data File Formats
3.8
3.3.1. Grids
3.8
3.3.2. Images
3.9
Vector Data Input
3.10
3.4.1. Heads down digitization
3.10
3.4.2. Heads-up digitization
3.10
3.4.3. Digitizers for Vector Data Input
3.11
3.4.4. Major problems of Map Digitization
3.12
Digitizers
3.12
3.5.1. Hardware
3.12
3.5.2. Problems with Digitizing Maps
3.14
3.5.3. Digitizing Costs
3.14
Topology in GIS
3.15
3.6.1. Adjacency
3.15
3.6.2. Connectivity
3.15
3.6.3. Containment
3.15
3.6.4. Topological Consistency Rules
3.16
3.6.5. Non Topological File Formats
3.17
Linking the Attribute Data to the Spatial Data
3.18
3.7.1. Linking External Databases
3.19
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.7.2. Note
3.20
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
3.20
3.8.1. History of Before ODBC
3.21
3.8.2. Early efforts
3.21
3.8.3. SAG and CLI
3.22
3.8.4. JET and ODBC
3.22
3.8.5. Release and continued development
3.23
3.8.6. ODBC today
3.24
GPS
3.25
3.9.1. Uses of GPS
3.25
3.9.2. Basic structure of GPS
3.26
3.9.3. GPS positioning
3.27
3.9.4. GPS signals
3.28
3.9.5. C/A code
3.28
3.9.6. Navigation message
3.29
3.9.7. DOP (Dilution of Precision)
3.30
3.9.8. Signal strength
3.30
3.9.9. Number of satellites tracked for positioning
3.31
Concept of GPS based mapping
3.31
3.10.1. GPS Elements
3.31
3.10.2. GPS Satellite Navigation System
3.32
3.10.3. GPS Positioning Techniques
3.32
3.10.4. Differential GPS (DGPS)
3.32
3.10.5. GPS applications in Transportation
3.33
Two Marks Questions with Answers
3.34
Review Questions
3.39 UNIT-IV DATA QUALITY AND STANDARDS
4.1.
Vector Data Analysis tools
4.1
4.1.1. Buffer Analysis
4.1
4.1.2. Overlay Analysis
4.3
4.1.3. Feature Manipulation
4.4
4.2.
Data Analysis tools
4.5
4.3.
Network Analysis
4.6
4.4.
4.5.
4.3.1. Highway Alignment
4.6
4.3.2. Factor affecting Highway Alignment
4.6
4.3.3. Stages of New Highway Project
4.7
4.3.4. Steps Involved in a New Highway Project
4.7
4.3.5. Need of Study
4.7
4.3.6. Objectives of study
4.7
4.3.7. Methodology
4.7
4.3.8. Conclusion
4.9
Two Models of Digital Education
4.9
4.4.1. The Learning Environments
4.10
4.4.2. Digital Learning in the School
4.11
4.4.3. The Teaching Models
4.11
4.4.4. The Way Forward
4.13
3D Data Collection and Utilization
4.13
4.5.1. City Planning
4.14
4.5.2. Building Information Modeling
4.14
4.5.3. Coastal Modeling and Analysis
4.15
4.5.4. Wind Farm Assessment
4.15
Two Marks Questions with Answers
4.17
Review Questions
4.21
UNIT - V APPLICATIONS 5.1.
GIS Applications
5.1
5.2.
GIS Application in Natural Resource Management
5.2
5.2.1. Environmental Management
5.2
5.2.2. Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)
5.3
5.2.3. Disaster Management
5.3
5.2.4. Zoning of Landslides Hazard
5.4
5.2.5. Estimation of Flood Damage
5.4
5.2.6. Management of Natural Resources
5.4
5.2.7. Soil Mapping
5.4
5.2.8. Wetland Mapping
5.4
5.2.9. Irrigation Management
5.5
5.3.
5.4. 5.5.
5.6. 5.7.
5.2.10. Identification of Volcanic Hazard
5.5
5.2.11. Mining and Geology
5.5
5.2.12. Oil and Gas
5.6
5.2.13. Forestry
5.6
5.2.14. Agriculture
5.7
GIS and Civil Engineering
5.8
5.3.1. Planning
5.8
5.3.2. Data Collection
5.8
5.3.3. Analysis
5.8
5.3.4. Construction
5.9
5.3.5. Operations
5.9
5.3.6. Soil and Foundation
5.9
5.3.7. Structural Engineering
5.9
5.3.8. Construction Management
5.10
5.3.9. Transportation Engineering
5.10
Navigation
5.10
5.4.1. Direction-Finding
5.10
Vehicle Tracking
5.11
5.5.1. Vehicle Tracking Systems - Overview
5.11
5.5.2. Markets for Vehicle Tracking Systems
5.14
5.5.3. Various Applications of GIS Based Tracking are
5.15
5.5.4. Vehicle Tracking and Recovery System
5.15
5.5.5. Features and Functions of GPS Vehicle Tracking System
5.16
5.5.6. GPS for better fleet management
5.17
Marketing
5.17
5.6.1. Applications of GIS in Business
5.18
Case Studies
5.20
5.7.1. Network Intelligence Portal
5.20
5.7.2. Key Service Features
5.21
5.7.3. Benefits to Utility Companies
5.22
5.7.4. Digiright
5.22
5.7.5. Cartosys
5.23
5.7.6. SLD Editor
5.23
5.7.7. Solution
5.24
ISBN-13: 978-93-89051-35-3
9 789389 051353