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PREFACE In order to maintain a Uniform Education System across the country, many State Boards are implementing a Single Curriculum System via National Council of Educational Research & Training (NCERT). To ensure in depth study and concept clarity for Secondary and Senior Secondary Students, The Department of Education in Science & Mathematics (DESM) and NCERT has developed Exemplar Problems in Sciences & Mathematics from class VI to XII. The Exemplar Problems cover various typologies of questions across various difficulty levels that aid in better exam preparations. These books have been developed keeping in mind the learning needs of not only the students preparing for Board Examinations but also for Entrance Exams like IIT JEE, NEET, AIIMS etc. We at Oswaal Books have developed Solutions for every problem from the Latest Edition of NCERT Exemplar Textbooks. We believe that Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Solutions will help students by providing extremely relevant study material for cracking any examination with ease and confidence. Some Special Features of Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Solutions are: &KDSWHUZLVHDQG7RSLFZLVHSUHVHQWDWLRQ Chapter-wise Objectives: A sneak peek into the chapter Mind Map: A single page snapshot of the entire chapter Revision Notes: Concept based study materials Tips & Tricks: Useful guidelines for attempting each question perfectly Some Commonly Made Errors: Most common and unidentified errors are focused Expert Advice: Oswaal Expert Advice on how to score more Oswaal QR – Codes: For Quick Revision on your Mobile Phones and Tablets We hope that Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Solutions will help students at every step as they move closer to their educational goal. We wish them all great success ahead! All the Best! TEAM OSWAAL
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CONTENTS z
Mind Maps
11 - 32
1. The Living World
1 – 9
9. Biomolecules
Topic 1 : Defining features of life forms, Biodiversity, Need for classification, Binomial nomenclature, Taxonomy and Systematics Topic 2 : Taxonomic classification and Taxonomical aids 2. Biological Classification
3. Plant Kingdom
10. Cell cycle and cell division
11. Transport in plants
32 – 47
48 – 59
Topic 1 : Modification of root, stem and leaf Topic 2 : Parts of flowering plants : flower, fruit and seed 6. Anatomy of flowering plants
60 – 71
Topic 1 : Types of plant Tissues : Epidermal Tissues system, Vascular Tissue system Topic 2 : Anatomy of root, stem and leaf; Secondary Growth
12. Mineral Nutrition
123 – 132
Topic 1 : Essential Minerals, Macro- and Micronutrients and their Role; Elementary Idea of Hydroponics as a Method to Study Mineral Nutrition Topic 2 : Deficiency Symptoms; Mineral Toxicity; Nitrogen Metabolism, Nitrogen Cycle, Biological Nitrogen Fixation
7. Structural Organisation in Animals 72 – 80 Topic 1 : Tissue, Types of Animals Tissue : Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous Tissue Topic 2 : Morphology of Animals : Earthworm, cockroach and frog 8. Cell : The Unit of Life
109 – 122
Topic 1 : Movement of Water, Gases and Nutrients; Cell to Cell Transport, Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport; Plant-Water Relations, Imbibition, Water Potential, Osmosis, Plasmolysis Topic 2 : Absorption, Apoplast, Symplast, Long Distance Transport of Water, Transpiration Pull, Root Pressure and Guttation; Transpiration, Opening and Closing of Stomata; Uptake and Translocation of Mineral Nutrients-Transport of Food, Phloem Transport, Mass Flow Hypothesis; Diffusion of Gases.
Topic 1 : Basis of Classification Topic 2 : Classification of Animals Topic 3 : Chordata 5. Morphology of flowering plants
99 – 108
Topic 1 : Cell Cycle, Mitosis and its Significance Topic 2 : Meiosis and its Significance
20 – 31
Topic 1 : Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes Topic 2 : Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, Plant life cycles and Alternation of generations 4. Animal Kingdom
Topic 1 : Chemical Constituents of Living, Cells : Biomolecules; Structure and Function of Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids Topic 2 : Structure and functions of Proteins and Nucleic acids, Enzymes : Types and Properties, Enzyme action
10 – 19
Topic 1 : Need for classification, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Plantae and Viruses, Viroids and Lichens Topic 2 : Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Animalia
90 – 98
81 – 89
Topic 1 : Cell as Basic Unit of Life Topic 2 : Structure and Functions of Cell (6)
...Contd Contents 13. Photosynthesis In Higher plants
133 – 146
Topic 1 : Photosynthesis as a Mean of Autotrophic Nutrition, Site of Photosynthesis, Pigments Involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary Idea) Topic 2 : Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic Hypothesis; Photorespiration; C3 and C4 Pathways; Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 14. Respiration In plants
Topic 1 : Respiratory Organs in Animals, Respiratory System in Humans, Mechanism of Breathing Topic 2 : Respiratory Volume, Exchange of Gases, Transport of Gases Disorders related to respiration 18. Body Fluids and Circulation
19. Excretory products and their elimination
158 – 168
20. Locomotion and Movement
208 – 215
Topic 1 : Types of Movement, Muscle Contraction, Skeletal System and its Functions Topic 2 : Joints, Disorders 21. Neural Control and Co-ordination 216 – 223
169 – 178
Topic 1 : Alimentary Canal and Digestive Glands, Role of Digestive Enzymes and Gastrointestinal Hormones, Peristalsis Topic 2 : Digestion, Nutritional and Digestive Disorders
199 – 207
Topic 1 : Modes of Excretion, Human Excretory System, Urine Formation Topic 2 : Regulation of Kidney Function, Disorders, Artificial Kidney
Topic 1 : Seed Germination; Phases of Plant Growth Rate; Conditions of Growth; Differentiation, Sequence of Developmental Processes in a Plant Cell Topic 2 : Growth Regulators—Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Vernalisation; Photoperiodism 16. Digestion and Absorption
188 – 198
Topic 1 : Composition of Blood, Blood Groups, Coagulation of Blood, Composition of Lymph and its Function, Human Circulatory System Topic 2 : Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Output, Disorders of Circulatory System
147 – 157
Topic 1 : Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient. Topic 2 : Electron Transport System (Aerobic), Number of ATP Molecules Generated; Amphibolic Pathways; Respiratory Quotient 15. Plant Growth And Development
17. Breathing and Exchange of Gases 179 – 187
Topic 1 : Nervous System, Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse Topic 2 : Reflex Action, Sense Organs (Eye and Ear) 22. Chemical Co-ordination and Integration
224 – 232
Topic 1 : Human Endocrine System Topic 2 : Mechanism of Hormone Action, Disorders
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POSITIVE AFFIRMATIONS “Affirmations are like a seed planted in soil. Poor soil, poor growth. Rich soil, abundant growth. The more you choose to think thoughts that make you feel good, the quicker the affirmations work.”
- Louise Hay
I am confident.
I am strong.
I am joyful.
I love who I am.
I can achieve my goals.
I care about others.
I am compassionate.
I make good decisions.
I am important.
I am responsible.
I am diligent.
I am a leader.
I am thoughtful.
I like myself. It’s going to be a great day.
I believe in my dreams.
I am talented.
I learn from my mistakes.
I am brave.
I am loved.
I make friends easily.
I choose a positive attitude.
I am generous.
I am enough.
I accept and love myself.
I am worthy. I am open to new experience
I am great just the way I am.
I am unique.
I am beautiful.
I work hard.
I am wonderfully made.
I am deserving of good thing
I radiate joy and love.
I am creative.
I am grateful.
I am honest.
Good things happen to me.
I believe in me.
I am patient.
I am loving.
I help my family.
I am kind.
I respect myself and I respect others.
Our mind starts believing what we repeatedly think or say. We, at Oswaal Books, resonate with this belief. So, we want all our readers to create their own positive affirmations! A positive affirmation is something spoken aloud that you want to believe or want to be true. Repeating positive affirmations daily can help shift your internal dialogue from negative to positive. So let’s get started!
(8)
WRITING NOTES 1.
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10. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 13. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 24. ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25. ............................................................................................................................................................................
(9)
Result
Why?
with a blank sheet of paper coloured pens and your creative imagination!
How?
AN INTERACTIVE MAGICAL TOOL
MIND MAP
When? To unlock the imagination and come up with ideas To remember facts and gures easily To make clearer and better notes To concentrate and save time To plan with ease and ace exams
which help make schoolwork fun and cut homework time in half !!
Mind Maps for each chapter show the breakthrough system of planning and note-taking
Learning made simple ‘a winning combination’
What?
presenting words and concepts as pictures!!
anytime, as frequently as you like till it becomes a habit!
LEARNING MADE SIMPLE
OSWAAL BOOKS
Taxonomy is the study of organisms on the basis of their characteristics Systematics is the study of diversity of organisms and all their comparative and evolutionary relationship.
Show historical data about flora and fauna of a particular geographical location.
It is a device used to identify each species in a group of organisms based on dissimilarities.
Places where live animals are kept in protected environment under human care.
Place where dead plants and animals are preserved for study and reference.
Specialized gardens having collections of living plants for reference and identification purposes.
The place where plants species are dried for preservation
All living organisms grow in size and number
Taxonomy and Systematics
Taxonomical Aids
Kingdom Division/Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Taxonomic Categories
The Living World
Concept of Species
Diversity in the living world
It is a basic unit of classification
It makes identification of organisms very clear and easy. Study of organisms become convenient Evolutionary trends can be easily understood
Need for Classification
(International code for biological nomenclature) and (International code for zoological nomenclature)
Generally in Latin and written in italics. First component is genus, with capital letter. Second component is species, with small letters. When handwritten, the names are underlined.
Biological Nomenclature
Classification
Term used to refer the varieties of living organisms found in a geographical area.
Taxonomy
The process which results in breaking down of a compound.
The process which results in synthesis of a compound.
All living beings are conscious to sense their envirornment and respond to the stimuli. What is Living ?
All biochemical reactions take place inside a living system. A sum total of all biochemical reactions taking place inside a living system is known as metabolism.
ICBN - ICZ N
All living beings reproduce their progeny
Chapter - 1 : the living world
MIND MAPS
| 11
Deuteromycetes
Basidiomycetes
Ascomycetes
Phycomycetes
Diatoms and golden algae
Animal like Protists
s ru Vi Gonyaulax, Noctiluca
i ser ng po Fu m o m ec rd
Fungal component
Mycobiont
(symbiotic association)
Algal component
Phycobiont
Lichen
They are non-cellular organisms which remain in inert crystalline form outside the living cell. As they infect a cell, they take over the machinery of the host cell killing the host.
Infectious agent, smaller than virus
Englena Poronema
Biological Classification
( # (
Plasmodium
Mycroplasma
Chapter - 2 : biological classification
Kin Mu gd l t o i c ell ul a
Heterotrophic bacteria
Chemosynthetic autotrophs
Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Methanogens
Thermoacidophiles
Halophiles
12 | Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Problems – Solutions, BIOLOGY, Class-XI
Gametogenesis
am y
Sy ng
Gametophyte (n)
Haplontic
A
Zygote (2n)
B
Meiosis
Plant with naked seeds. E.g: Cycas
(a)
Spores (n)
Example–In algae such as Spirogyra
Gymnosperm
Have one cotyledon in their seeds. E.g: Grasses, Wheat, Rice etc.
Angiosperm
Has two cotyledons in their seeds. E.g: Mustard, Pea, Beans etc.
Pteridophyte
Bryophyta
Example– Gymnosperm, angiosperm
Plant life cycle
Plant Kingdom
Algae
Chapter - 3 : plant kingdom
y
A
Gametophyte (n)
Haplo-diplontic
Sporophyte (2n)
B
(c)
Spores (n)
Meiosis
Example– bryophyte, pteridophyte.
Gametogenesis
gam
Syn
Zygote (2n)
Example – Dryopteris
Example – Equisetum
Example – Selaginella
Example – Psilotum
Example– Funaria
Example– Marchantia
MIND MAPS
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Example– Asterias
Example– Balanoglossus
Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Living jawless fishes (Lampreys)
Cartilaginous fishes (Shark, Ray, Skates)
Snake, Crocodile, Lizard
Example– Apis, Pila, Butterfly, Scorpion
Animal Kingdom
Kangaroo, Man, Tiger
All birds (Sparrow, parrot, ostrich)
Example–Pila
Chordate
Vertebrata
Frog, Toad
Bony fishes (Anguilla, Salmon, Hippocampus)
Example– Taenia
Example– Pleurobrachia
Example– Aurelia
Example– Ascaris
Example– Nereis
Example– Sycon
Chapter - 4 : Animal Kingdom
14 | Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Problems – Solutions, BIOLOGY, Class-XI
Seed Coat
Seed
Endocarp
Mesocarp
Epicarp
Plumule
Radicle
Embryo
Acropetal succession
Cymose
Racemose
Fruit
For Storage For Support Respiration
Basipetal succession
Fabaceae Solanaceae Liliaceae
Marginal Axile Parietal Free central Basal
Inflorescence
Consist of Ovary Style Stigma
Syncarpous
Epipetalous Epiphyllous Polyandrous Monoadelphous Diadelphous
Consist of Anther Filament
Corolla
Polypetalous
Androecium
Parts of flowers
Flower
Bears
Gamopetalous
Polysepalous
Gamosepalous
Calyx
Leaf
Stem
Regions of Root
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root
Types of Root
Gynoecium
Placentation
Families
Modification
Apocarpous
Tap Fibrous Adventitious
Trimerous Tetramerous Pentamerous
Types of flowers
Tendril Spine Phyllode Bulb Pitcher
Actinomorphic Zygomorphic
Epigynous Hypogynous Perigynous
Unisexual Bisexual
Parallel Reticulate
Leaf base Petiole Lamina
For storage Support Protection Vegetative Propagation Assimilation of food
Simple Compound
Brateale Ebracteate
Alternate Opposite Whorled
Modifications
Nodes Inter nodes
Chapter - 5 : morphology of flowering plants
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