OSWAAL BOOKS

£

NEW EDITION

NCERT PROBLEMS –SOLUTIONS

CLASS

WITH

MIND MAPS

12

..................................... B IO LO GY .....................................

Revised & Latest NCERT Exemplar (Latest Edition) Problems with Solutions An exceptionally useful Question Bank for School Examinations as well as Medical Entrance Examinations

nd

2

EDITION

ISBN

"978-93-89067-19-4"

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION DELHI

SYLLABUS COVERED

PUBLISHED BY

C OP Y RI GHT

RESERVED BY THE PUBLISHERS All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without written permission from the publishers. The author and publisher will gladly receive information enabling them to rectify any error or omission in subsequent editions.

OSWAAL BOOKS & LEARNING PVT. LTD.

1/11, Sahitya Kunj, M.G. Road, Agra - 282002, (UP) India

1/11, Cambourne Business Centre Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB 236DP, United kingdom

0562-2857671 0562-2527781

[email protected]

www.OswaalBooks.com

D I S C L A I ME R Oswaal Books has exercised due care and caution in collecting all the data before publishing this book. In spite of this, if any omission, inaccuracy or printing error occurs with regard to the data contained in this book, Oswaal Books will not be held responsible or liable. Oswaal Books will be grateful if you could point out any such error or offer your suggestions which will be of great help for other readers. Printed at : Parshwanath Printers, Agra

OSWAAL BOOKS ORDER FORM EZddžĞŵƉůĂƌWƌŽďůĞŵƐͲ^ŽůƵƟŽŶƐ >^^ͳϵ S. No. Book Name 1. Science 2.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

Price 199/-

Qty. Amt.

Book Name

199/Price

1.

Science

199/-

2.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

299/-

Book Name

foKku xf.kr >^^ͳϭϭ S. No.

Book Name

Price 159/159/Price

1.

WŚLJƐŝĐƐ

239/-

2.

ŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

299/-

269/-

4.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

269/-

S. No. Qty. Amt.

&KZ>^^^ͳϵΘϭϬΈ,/E/D/hDΉ S. No. 1. 2.

Biology

>^^ͳϭϮ

>^^ͳϭϬ S. No.

3.

Qty. Amt.

Book Name

Price

1.

WŚLJƐŝĐƐ

259/-

2.

ŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

299/-

3.

Biology

239/-

4.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

239/-

Qty. Amt.

&KZ>^^^ͳϭϭΘϭϮΈ,/E/D/hDΉ S. No.

Qty. Amt.

Book Name

Price

1.

HkkSfrd foKku

159/-

2.

jlk;u foKku

159/-

3.

tho foKku

159/-

4.

xf.kr

159/-

Qty. Amt.

EZdWƌŽďůĞŵƐͲ^ŽůƵƟŽŶƐdĞdžƚŬнdžĞŵƉůĂƌ >^^ͳϭϬ

>^^ͳϲ S. No.

Book Name

Price

1.

Science

199/-

2.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

299/-

S. No.

Qty. Amt.

Book Name

Price

1.

Science

199/-

2.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

399/-

Book Name

Price

1.

Science

199/-

2.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

499/-

Qty. Amt.

Book Name

Price

1.

Science

239/-

2.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

399/-

Science

299/-

2.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

399/-

Qty. Amt.

Book Name

Price

1.

WŚLJƐŝĐƐ

499/-

2.

ŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

499/-

3.

Biology

399/-

4.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

499/-

Qty. Amt.

>^^ͳϭϮ S. No.

>^^ͳϵ S. No.

1.

S. No.

Qty. Amt.

>^^ͳϴ S. No.

Price

>^^ͳϭϭ

>^^ͳϳ S. No.

Book Name

Qty. Amt.

Note : Price are subject to change

Book Name

Price

1.

WŚLJƐŝĐƐ

499/-

2.

ŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ

399/-

3.

Biology

399/-

4.

DĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐƐ

699/-

Qty. Amt.

2006

To buy these books, you can scan the given Code

(3)

Exclusive School Books Suppliers HYDERABAD GUNTUR WEST KAMENG JAMNAGAR

RAJKOT TUMKUR SALEM PANCHKULA INDORE

TELANGANA Sri Balaji Book Depot , 9676996199, (040) 27613300

ANDHRA PRADESH

KOLHAPUR PUNE

Y Renuka Devi, 9490450750

ASSAM Dutta Book Stall, 9402477623, 8729948473

GUJARAT

JALNA WARDHA

Vidyarthi Book Centre (S.S.D.), 9879014367 Royal Stationery, 9824207514

KARNATAKA Salem Book House, 9443324584, (0427) 2411315

HARYANA Raghubar Dass Sat Prakash, 8950055303

MADHYA PRADESH Raghav Pustak Sadan (S.S.D.), 7772988088

ANDHRA PRADESH

WEST BENGAL

KOLKATA

Eureka book Emporium, (033) 25934001, 9433089132 Schoolwale & Company, 9731715655

IMPHAL

Jain Book Shop, 9856031157

MIRZAPUR AGRA KARWI

Pustak Bhawan, 9936500469

Palasandra Promoters, 9448214377, (0816 ) 2273220

TAMIL NADU

MAHARASHTRA Ashish Book Depot, 7798420420, Jai Book Co., 9422046679 Sai Shubham, 9975687687, (020) 69498635, Goel Mini Market, 9890825884, 9028943031, Praveen Sales, 9890683475 Vardhaman Educational, 9834678521 Anil Paper Mart, 9422722522, (02482) 230733 Unique Traders, (07152) 243617, 8600044411, 9960644752

MANIPUR UTTAR PRADESH Maheshwari Pustak Bhandar, 9760602503

Ramji & Sons, 9026303241

OUR DISTRIBUTORS PUNE

Natraj Book Depot., (020) 24485054, 9890054092

GUNTUR HYDERABAD

Y Renuka Devi, (0863) 2252308, 9490450750 Sri Balaji Book Depot, (040) 27613300, 9866355473

VIJAYAWADA

Sri Kanaka Durga Book Stall, 9603491009, 9849144007

YAVATMAL

Dilip Book Agency, (0823) 2245450, 9423131275

Akshaya Books Corner, 9666155555

NANDED NAGPUR

Abhang Pustakalaya, 9823470756 Laxmi Pustakalay Stationers, (0712) 2727354, Novelty Book Depot, 9657690200

Akshar Books & Stationary, 7385089789

Kirti Book Agnecies, 9881190907

VISAKHAPATNAM

Sri Rajeshwari Book Link, (0891) 6661718, 9848036014

GUWAHATI

Ashok Publication, 7002846982, Book Emporium, 9675972993, 6000763186

DHULE

Navjeevan Book Stall, 7020525561

Kayaan Enterprises, (0361) 2630443, BLJ Publications, 7086099332 C. R. Book House, 9957886562

BHUSAWAL

Anil Book Depot, 9403942906

TINSUKIA

BIHAR

CUTTACK

JHANJHARPUR

Krishna Book Agency, 9801019292, 9304977755

BHUBANESHWAR

A. K. Mishra Agencies, 9437025991, 9437081319 M/s Pragnya, 8847888616, 9437943777, Bharati Book House, 9438420527

PATNA

Bokaro Student Friends, (0612) 2300600, 2618400, Gyan Ganga Ltd., 9304826651 Nova Publisher & Distributors, (0612) 2666404,

BARIPADA

Trimurthi Book World, (0679) 2253336 9437034735

Sharda Pustak Bhandar, 8877279953, Shri Durga Pustak Mandir, 9334477386 Vikas Book Depot, (0612) 2304753, 7004301983 Chaurasia Book Centre, 9006717044, 7004456102

LUDHIANA

Amit Book Depot., 9815807871, Ravi Book Shop, 9815200925 Bhatia Book Centre, 9815277131, 7901814043 Cheap Book Store, 9872223458, 9878258592, Gaurav Book, 9478821183

ASSAM

PUNJAB

JALANDHAR

CHATTISGARH RAIPUR

Agarwal Traders & Pub., (0771) 4044423, 7489991679, 8878568055 (W. app)

DURG

Gupta Pustak Mandir, 9329100851 Bhagwati Bhawani Book Depot, 7882327620, 9827473100

DELHI

Mittal Books, (011) 23288887, 9899037390

Subhash Book Depot, 9876453625 City Book Shop, 9417440753 PATIALA BARNALA

Adarsh Enterprises, 9814347613 Navchetan Book Depot, 9779050692

KOTA

Raj Traders, (0744) 2429090, 9309232829, 8005529594, Bhandari Stationers,

R. D. Chawla & Sons, 9899445522, Zombozone, 9871274082

BHILWARA

Nakoda Book Depot, (01482) 243653, 9214983594

Prozo (Global Edu4 Share Pvt. Ltd), 9899037390, 8587837835, 9318395520 Global Islamic Publication, 9873690828

JAIPUR

J K Enterprises, 9460983939, 9414782130 Saraswati Book House, (0141) 2610823, 9829811155

DELHI

RAJASTHAN

Bokaro,Student Friends Pvt Ltd., 7004074900 NOIDA

(0744) 231958, Radhe Traders, 8769802001, Perfect Stationers & Gen. Shoppe, 9829863904

GUJARAT AHMEDABAD

Patel Book, 9898184248, 9824386112, 9825900335

VADODARA

Pooja Book Shop, 7600817198, (0265) 2280464

VAPI

Goutam Book Sellers, 9081790813

NAVSARI

ODISHA

Ravi Entreprises (0141) 2602517, 9828944479

TAMIL NADU COIMBATORE

Majestic Book House, (0422) 2384333 CBSE Book Shop, (0422) 2303533, 8056655337

CHENNAI

Arraba Book Traders, (044) 25387868, 9841459105, M.R. Book Store (044) 25364596, Indian Book House, (044) 24327784, 9094129595, Kalaimagal Store, (044) 5544072, 9940619404, Vijaya Stores, 9381037417 Bookmark It-Books & Stat. Store, 7305151653, M.K. Store, 9840030099 Tiger Books Pvt. Ltd., 9710447000

KARNATAKA

PUDUCHERRY OOTY

Sri Saraswathi Book Stall, (04132) 222283, 9092626287 Bharat & Co., 9095552155

BENGALURU GULBARGA

Sri Sai Ram Book traders, 9738881088 L.E. Bhavikatti, (08472) 261400, 9880737400

AGARTALA

Book Corner, 9856358594, Book Emporium, (0381) 2391509, 9436460399

HUBLI

Renuka Book Distributor, (0836) 2244124

BELLARY

Chaitanya Exhibition, Bellary - 9886393971

College Store, 8141913750

JHARKHAND BOKARO DHANBAD RANCHI

Bokaro Student Friends, (0654) 2233094, 7360021503 Sahu Pustak Bhandar, 9431378296, 7979845480 Bokaro Student Friends, (0326) 3590527 Bokaro Student Friends, 9234628152, Gyan Ganga Ltd., 9117889900

TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH

AGRA

KERALA

Ajay Book Depot, (0562) 2254621, 9411205449 Sparsh Book Agency, 9412257817

ERNAKULAM Asad Book Centre, (0484) 2370431, 9447314548, Academic Book House, (0484) 2376613 KADAVANTHRA H & C Stores, (0484) 2203683, 2204683, 9446411997 JOMES SRINILAYAM H & C Store, (0484) 2351233 ALIGARH

Om Pustak Mandir, (0562) 2464014, 9319117771, Panchsheel Books, 9412257961, 9412257962, Shaligram Agencies (0571) 2421887, 9412317800

KOTTAYAM

H & C Store, (0481) 2304351, Book Centre, (0481) 2566992

ALLAHABAD

Mehrotra, (0532) 2266865, 9415636890

TRIVANDRUM

Academic Book House, (0471) 2333349, 9447063349,

AZAMGARH

Sasta Sahitya Sadan, 9450029674

CALICUT

Aman Book Stall, (0495) 2721282,

FARRUKHABAD

Anurag Book, (0569) 2226843, 9839933650

MADHYA PRADESH

GORAKHPUR JAUNPUR LUCKNOW

Atul Pustak Bhandar, 9935210622 Thakur Pustak, 9795198974, 5453-222298

MORENA GWALIOR INDORE REWA JABALPUR

Shri Ram Book Store, 9424603124 Agarwal Book Depot, 9425116210 Student Book Depot, (0731) 2503333, 2535892, 9425322330 Arun Prakashan, (0731) 2459448, 9424890785 Siddharth Enterprises, 9425185072 Sangam General Store, (0761) 2412592, Akash Book Distributor, 7974264828 New Radhika Book Palace, 9425411533-66

Azad Book Depot Pvt. Ltd., 7317000250

MORENA MEERUT VARANASI

GOA MARGO ROHTAK IMPHAL

Rama Book Depot, (0522) 4080133, 9956922433 (Retail), Vyapar Sadan, 7607102462 Shri Ram Book Store, 9424603124

Ideal Book Depot, (0121) 4059252, 9837066307 Bokaro Student Friends, (0542) 2401250, 8299344607 Gupta Books, 9918155500, 8707225564

UTTARAKHAND

Golden Heart Emporium, (0832) 2725208, 9370273479

RUDRAPUR

Vinod Pustak Bhandar, 9927866188

HARYANA

VARANASI

Bokaro Student Friends, (0542) 2401250, 8299344607

Swami Kitab Ghar, 9255121948

Gupta Books, 9918155500, 8707225564

MANIPUR

WEST BENGAL

Jain Book Shop, 9856031157

KOLKATA

MAHARASHTRA

Eureka Book, (033) 25934001, 9433089132, Oriental Publishers & Distributor (033) 40628367, Katha 'O' Kahani, (033) 22196313, 22419071,

AHMEDNAGAR

Hira Stationers, 9423755472

Saha Book House, (033) 22193671, 9333416484,

MUMBAI

Shivam Books & Stationery, (022) 28230897, 9892935799 Student Book Depot, 9821550165

New National Book Store, 8697601392, Agarwal Book House, (0353) 2535274, 9832038727

SILIGURI

0107

PURNIA

Vijay Book Depot, 9860122094, (0712) 2520496, 2534217

PREFACE In order to maintain a Uniform Education System across the country, many State Boards are implementing a Single Curriculum System via National Council of Educational Research & Training (NCERT). To ensure in depth study and concept clarity for Secondary and Senior Secondary Students, The Department of Education in Science & Mathematics (DESM) and NCERT has developed Exemplar Problems in Sciences & Mathematics from class VI to XII. The Exemplar Problems cover various typologies of questions across various difficulty levels that aid in better exam preparations. These books have been developed keeping in mind the learning needs of not only the students preparing for Board Examinations but also for Entrance Exams like IIT JEE, NEET, AIIMS etc. We at Oswaal Books have developed Solutions for every problem from the Latest Edition of NCERT Exemplar Textbooks. We believe that Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Solutions will help students by providing extremely relevant study material for cracking any examination with ease and confidence. Some Special Features of Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Solutions are: ‡ &KDSWHUZLVHDQG7RSLFZLVHSUHVHQWDWLRQ ‡ Chapter-wise Objectives: A sneak peek into the chapter ‡ Mind Map: A single page snapshot of the entire chapter ‡ Revision Notes: Concept based study materials ‡ Tips & Tricks: Useful guidelines for attempting each question perfectly ‡ Some Commonly Made Errors: Most common and unidentified errors are focused ‡ Expert Advice: Oswaal Expert Advice on how to score more ‡ Oswaal QR – Codes: For Quick Revision on your Mobile Phones and Tablets We hope that Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Solutions will help students at every step as they move closer to their educational goal. We wish them all great success ahead! All the Best! TEAM OSWAAL

(5)

POSITIVE AFFIRMATIONS “Affirmations are like a seed planted in soil. Poor soil, poor growth. Rich soil, abundant growth. The more you choose to think thoughts that make you feel good, the quicker the affirmations work.”

- Louise Hay

I am confident.

I am strong.

I am joyful.

I love who I am.

I can achieve my goals.

I care about others.

I am compassionate.

I make good decisions.

I am important.

I am responsible.

I am diligent.

I am a leader.

I am thoughtful.

I like myself. It’s going to be a great day.

I believe in my dreams.

I am talented.

I learn from my mistakes.

I am brave.

I am loved.

I make friends easily.

I choose a positive attitude.

I am generous.

I am enough.

I accept and love myself.

I am worthy. I am open to new experience

I am great just the way I am.

I am unique.

I am beautiful.

I work hard.

I am wonderfully made.

I am deserving of good thing

I radiate joy and love.

I am creative.

I am grateful.

I am honest.

Good things happen to me.

I believe in me.

I am patient.

I am loving.

I help my family.

I am kind.

I respect myself and I respect others.

Our mind starts believing what we repeatedly think or say. We, at Oswaal Books, resonate with this belief. So, we want all our readers to create their own positive affirmations! A positive affirmation is something spoken aloud that you want to believe or want to be true. Repeating positive affirmations daily can help shift your internal dialogue from negative to positive. So let’s get started!

(6)

CONTENTS z

Mind Maps

1.

REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

2.

9 - 24

1 - 13

8.

z Topic 1. Reproduction and Its Importance

z Topic 1. Health and Disease

z Topic 2. Asexual Reproduction

z Topic 2. Immune System

z Topic 3. Sexual Reproduction

z Topic 3. AIDS and Cancer

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN

z Topic 4. Drug and Alcohol Abuse

FLOWERING PLANTS

14 - 26

9.

IN FOOD PRODUCTION

z Topic 2. Structure and Events of

z Topic 1. Animal Husbandry



3RVWIHUWLOLVDWLRQ

3.

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

z Topic 3. Single Cell Protein and Tissue Culture 10. MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE z Topic 1. Microbes and Their Role

z Topic 3. Menstrual Cycle

z Topic 2. Microbes as Biocontrol Agents and Biofertilisers

Development, Parturition and Lactation REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

11. BIOTECHNOLOGY :

40 - 48

z Topic 1. Reproductive Health, Population

PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES ITS APPLICATIONS

z Topic 2. Medical Termination of Pregnancy

z Topic 1.Organisms and its Environment

z Topic 3. Infertility

z Topic 2. Population

PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE 49 - 64

14. ECOSYSTEM z Topic 2. Biogeochemical cycles

z Topic 2. Sex Determination z Topic 3. Mutation and Genetic Disorders

15. BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

MOLECULAR BASIS OF

z Topic 2. Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis

z Topic 2. Biodiversity Conservation 16. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

194 - 208

z Topic 1. Air Pollution and its Control

z Topic 3. Regulation of Gene Expression

z Topic 2. Water Pollution and its Control

z Topic 4. Human Genome Project and DNA

z Topic 3. Solid Waste, Radioactive Waste and

Finger Printing EVOLUTION

181 - 193

z Topic 1. Biodiversity

65 - 80

z Topic 1. Genetic Material

7.

171 - 180

z Topic 1. Ecosystem

z Topic 1. Mendel's Law of Inheritance

INHERITANCE

149 - 157

13. ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS 158 - 170

and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

AND VARIATION

141 - 148

12. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND

Explosion and Birth Control

6.

130 - 140

z Topic 2. Gametogenesis z Topic 4. Fertilisation, Embryonic

5.

115 - 129

z Topic 2. Plant Breeding

27 - 39

z Topic 1. Human Reproductive System

96 - 114

STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT

z Topic 1. Reproduction in Flowering Plants 

4.

HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Agrochemicals

81 - 95

z Topic 4. Greenhouse Effect and Global

z Topic 1. Origin of Life

Warming

z Topic 2. Theories of Evolution

z Topic 5. Deforestation and Degradation

z Topic 3. Evidences of Evolution

of Natural Resources

z Topic 4. Origin and Evolution of Man

‰‰

(7)

(8)

Result

Why?

with a blank sheet of paper coloured pens and your creative imagination!

How?

AN INTERACTIVE MAGICAL TOOL

MIND MAP

When?

Make clearer and better notes Concentrate and save time Plan with ease and ace exams

Unlock the imagination and come up with ideas Remember facts and

which help make schoolwork fun and cut homework time in half

Mind Maps for each chapter show th e break through system of planning and note-taking

Learning made simple ‘a winning combination’

What?

presenting words and concepts as pictures!!

anytime, as frequency as you like till it becomes a habit!

LEARNING MADE SIMPLE

OSWAAL BOOKS

Chapter - 1 Reproduction in Organisms

MIND MAPS

|9

Mesocarp

Ex : Mango

from ovary

Mo no co

Root cap

Radicle

Hypocotyl

of e n do sp er m

o. Emasculation

Bagging

pollination.

Achieved by

desired pollen grains for

Coleorhiza

improvement by using

tube growth.

approaches of crop

pollen recognition

process involving

It is a dynamic

followed by pollen

n

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Ovary

Style

Stigma

It is one of the major

rt

tio disa bri Hy l cia ifi

Degenerating antipodal cells

Primary endosperm nucleus (3n) (PEN)

Radicle Root cap

Epiblast

Shoot apex

Coleoptile

Scutellum

Zygote (2n)

Degenerating synergids

Primary endosperm cell (PEC)

Non-albuminous seeds (Non-endospermic)

Albuminous seeds (Endospermic)

=Double fertilization.

Events tion

fertilization

without

of seed

Production

a tiliz Fer – t s

car py

Po

Pa rth en o

Syngamy + Triple fusion

ent of embryo opm vel De

bry m te

Cotyledons

uit

Development

True fr

fertilization

of fruit without

Development

embryo in a seed

more than one

Occurrence of

Pistil

and many fruits have mechanisms for dispersal of seeds.

Seed dispersal help the species to colonize in other areas

tion

nc ies

Water Pollinated: Vallisneria and Hydrilla

flowers (Decliny)

Production of unisexual

stigma at different positions.

Arrangement of anther and

Self–incompatibility

Insect Pollinated: Yucca Devices for promoting cross pollination

Water

Ovary Thalamus

Carpels

Epidermis Endothecium

Chalaza

Inner integument Nucellus Embryo sac

Funicle Micropyle Outer integument

Hilum

Pollen grains

Epidermis

Tapetum

Microspore mother cells

Middle layers

Pistil, megasporangium, embryo sac

Stigma

Synearpenus Ovary

Style

Stigma

Stomium

Tepetum Endothecium

Endothecium Sporogenous tissue

Connective Epidermis

Stamen, Microsporangium and pollen grain

e gametoph Femal yte

Middle layers

Winter Pollinated: Grasses

Wind Animals

Stamen

Biotic:

Filament

Anther

Abiotic:

Xenogamy

Geitonogamy

Autogamy

Ovule

Petal

Sepal

Pollen release and stigma receptivity not synchronised.

Synergid/ Filiform Apparatus Micropyle

Pollentube

Stigma

a Pollin

s

Chapter - 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

t

e

Plumule

L.S. of

When fruit develops

Ex : Apple

to the fruit formation.

than ovary contribute

When parts other

Endocarp

Seed

fr u i

Ag

A

lse Fa

Typ e

10 | Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Problems – Solutions, BIOLOGY, Class-XII

Human foetus within uterus.

Plug of mucus in cervix

Cavity of uterus

Embryo

Yolk sac

Zona Perivitelline

Perivitelline space

Ovum

Foreskin

tion

eni talia

Head

Structure of a Sperm

Tail

Days

Middle piece Mitochondria (energy source for swimming)

Neck

Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus containing chromosomal material

d

Human Reproduction

na lG

m an sper . een gote tw y z e m nb for o i o s t Fu ova

Lacta

Ex te r

Rete testis, vasa efferentia, Epididymis & Vas deferens

Cells of the corona radiata

Sperm

Glans penis

Male Reproductive System

Testis

Urethra

Bulbourethral gland

Prostate

Seminal vesicle

Urinary bladder

3

5

Menstruation

1

Menses

7

s

25

27

29/1

Fetal life

11

13

15

Luteal phase (Secretory phase)

Next cycle begins

Mitosis differentiation

Oogonia

Ovum

1st Meiotic division (completed Prior ovulation) Secondary Oocyte

Primary Oocyte

Differentiation Spermatozoa

At Puberty

First poler body Adult reproductive Second life polar body 23

is

es

en

Spermatids

2nd meiotic division

Secondary spermatocytes

1st meiotic division

Primary spermatocytes

Mitosis differentiation

Spermatogonia

· Isthmus

· Ampulla

· Infundibulum

Estrogen

21

og

sis

Regressing corpus luteurn

O

gen e

· Clitoris

· Hymen

· Labia minor

· Labia majora

· Mons pubis

Vagina

Uterus

Oviduct

Medulla

Progesterone

17 19

Develping corpus luteum

Sperm ato

· Lactiferous duct

· Mammary duct

· Mammary lobes

nd

Ducts

Ex ter nal Genita lia

ssory Acce

a om str

Cortex

Birth Childhood puberty

Ovulation

Mature follicle

LH

Follicular phase (Proliferative phase)

9

Developing follicle

FSH

Game toge nes is

Seminal vesicle, prostate, Bulbourethral gland

a Gl

Umbilical cord with its vessels

Placental villi

Estrogen

Process of giving birth to young ones after gestation period

Epididymis Vasa efferentia Rete testis Testicular lobules

Production of milk towards the end of pregnancy

Seminiferous tubules

Spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.

Ureter Vas deferens

Pituitary Hormone levels

ry ma

Ovarian events

M am

Ovarian Uterne events Hormone levels

Ov ar ia n

Chapter - 3 Human Reproduction

MIND MAPS

| 11

al · Intercourse is avoided at the ion t a t L ac ovulation period · Cannot be exactly predicted

· Avoiding coitus from days 10-17 of menstural cycle. · Chances of fertilisation is very high.

· Withdrawal of penis before ejaculation · Not very reliable

am

or en

r

Tubectomy (in Females)

Vasectomy (in Males)

According to WHO, reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction

It helps to detect any congenital disease or any metabolic disorder in foetus.

· Increased female foeticides. · Misused to detect the sex of the child before birth and female fetus is then aborted.

he a

ition

iti fin e D

· Contains progesterone and estrogen · It prevents implantation of blastula

(Artificial Insemination)

(Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer)

(Intra Uterine Transfer)

(Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection)

(Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer)

They are performed illegally and causes misuse of amniocentesis.

· To avoid unwanted pregnancies · In cases where continuation of pregnancy is harmful to the mother or foetus or both

Diseases transmitted through sexual intercourse.

· Non-medicated IUDs (e.g. Lippes loop) · Copper releasing IUDs (e.g. CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) · Hormone releasing IUDs (e.g. Progestasert, LNG-20)

Reproductive Health

· Use of Condoms · Diaphragm, Cervical caps and vaults · Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams.

fin De

· Hepatitis B · Genital herpes · HIV, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis etc

Chapter - 4 Reproductive Health

on

12 | Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Problems – Solutions, BIOLOGY, Class-XII

Tt

T

tt

TT

Tt

t

Tt

T

selfing

Tt

Tt

Phenotypic ratio : tall : dwarf : 3 1 Genotypic ratio : TT : Tt : tt 1 :2 :1

F 2 generation

t

Tt

T

Pod shape

Pod colour

Seed shape

Seed colour

4.

5.

6.

7.

Yellow/green

Round/ wrinkled

Green/yellow

Inflated/constricted

Axial/terminal

t

Tall Tt Gametes

t

Dwarf tt Gametes

Ry

rrYy

RRYy

rY

RY

Rryy

RrYy

RrYY

RY

rryy

RRyy

rrYY

RRYY

Rryy

RrYy

RrYY

RY

Selfing

rrYy

RRYy

rY

ry

RrYy

Ry

Wrinkled green rr yy

Round yellow RrYy

Round yellow RR YY

RrYy

F2 generation

ry

Gametes

F1 generation

Gametes

P generation

½

½

ry 1

Gametes

When two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of characteristics is independent of the other pair of characters.

During gamete formation, the factors (alleles) of a character pair present in parents segregate from each other such that a gamete receives only one of the two factors.

r

Rr

R

rr

RR Rr

R

All pink (Rr)

r

r

White (rr)

Gametes

Phenotypic ratio : red : pink : white 1 : 2 :1 Genotypic ratio : RR : Rr : rr 1 : 2 : 1

F2 generation

Gametes

R

Red (RR)

F1 generation

Gametes

P generation

One of the two alleles of a gene is incompletely sp dominant over the other allele. E.g., Flower colour in Antirrhinum sp. and Mirabilis jalapa.

osed Prop laws e e r th

· Two alleles of a gene are equally dominant and express themselves even when they are together. · E.g. ABO blood grouping in human.

A gene exists in more than two allelic forms E.g., ABO blood grouping

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

ce

ete

rm in a

u ta

tion

· Proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri in 1902. · Thomas Hunt Morgan formulated chromosomal theory of inheritance using fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). · Morgan coined the term Linkage.

· ZZ—ZW mechanism Example, Birds · XX—XO mechanism Example, grasshopper · XX – XY mechanism Example, Human being

tM

Five unaffected offspring

Parents with male child affected with disease

Parents above and children below (in order of birth-left to right)

Mating between relatives (consanguineous mating)

Mating

Affected individuals

Sex unspecified

which results in changes in the genotype and the phenotype of an organism. · Leads to variation in DNA.

Frameshift Muta tio n

in

Male Female

· Sudden heritable change in DNA sequence,

5

Ability of a gene to have multiple phenotypic effects as it influences a number of characters simultaneously.

Sex D

tion f in i De

Pedigree study is utilized to trace the inheritance of a specific trait, abnormality or disease.

Importan

o

n tio

Tall Tt Gametes

F 1 generation

T

Flower position

3.

Violet/white

Tall/dwarf

mb Sy

ed l us

Record of occurrence of a trait in several generations of a family.

Po

Tall TT Gametes

Flower colour

Contrasting Traits

In heterozygous condition only one member of a pair expresses its effect in the hybrid and is called as dominant while the manifestation of the other is masked and is known as recessive

Stern height

2.

Characters

1.

S.No.

· Autosomal dominant: E.g. Muscular dystrophy. · Autosomal recessive: E.g. Sickle cell anaemia, Albinism · Sex linked: E.g. Haemophilia.

· Example, Down's syndrome (trisomy of 21). · Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY in male). · Turner's syndrome (XO in female).

Chapter - 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

MIND MAPS

| 13

Leu

Tyr

Ser

P

P

Repressor mRNA

i

Repressor

tRNA

tRNA

CGU CA A

Val

U U

A

tRNA

·Comma less

·Degenerate

·Universal

Ribosome

Termination

Elongation

Inittation

3' 5'

3' 5'

RNA

RNA

y

lac mRNA

z

Asn

st Po ional t ip ation fic

Rho factor

5' 3' RNA polymerase

Terminator

3'

5'

3' 3' 5' 5' Promoter DNA helix RNA polymerase Sigma factor

mRNA

y a

In absence of inducer

a

Translation

Transcription

In presence of inducer

Repressor binds to the operator region (o) and prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon

z

5' 3'

5' 3'

5' ppp Mssenger RNA

mG

3'

15

N-DNA

3'

N15N Heavy

15

3'

5'

5' 3'

20 min

15

14

N-DNA

N15N Hybrid

14

N-DNA

Generation I

5'

40 min

Discontinuous synthesis

Template DNA (parental strands)

5' Newly synthesised 3' strands

Continuous synthesis

Gravitational force

C 3' mRNA a Cap Intron p mGppp 5' Polydenylation p Exon RNA Splicing i mG 3' n 5' ppp g Poly A Tail mG 5' ppp

Translation

Sequence of nucleotides (nitrogen bases) in mRNA that contains information for protein synthesis (translation).

S

Generation II

14

15

14

14

N-DNA

N-DNA

N-DNA

N-DNA

h fit r if G

5'

G

TA GC

DNA

transcription

A, G H1 histone

mRNA

translation

Protien

Core of histone molecules

DNA

C, T (only in DNA), U (Only in RNA)

Histone octamer

C G

AT GC

A

AT GC

CG T A

CG AT GC TA

AT AT GC TA

GC

A T

TA GC

GC TA

3'

Radioactive (*P) detected in cells 1 No radioactivity detected in supernatant

3. Centrifugation

2. Blending

1. Infection

Radioactive (*P) labelled DNA

·Discovered by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty. ·Conclusion: DNA is the hereditary material.

No Radioactive (*S) detected in cells 1 Radioactive [*S] detected in super natant

Radioactive (*S) labelled protein capsule

Bacteriophage

· S-strain ® Inject into mice ® Mice die · R-strain ® Inject into mice ® Mice live · S-strain (Heat killed) ® Inject into mice ® Mice live · S-strain (Heat killed) + R-strain (live) ® Inject into mice ® Mice die · Conclusion: Some 'transforming principle', transferred from heat-killed S-strain to R-strain.

AT CG

C

T

Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA

AT CG

GC TA

T A

exp

ar ug

gm a l do tra n Ce

N14N 14N15N Light Hybrid

14

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

· To identify all the estimated genes in human DNA · To determine the sequences of the 3 billion base pairs · To provide tools for data analysis

Chapter - 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

b-galactosidase permease transacetylase

o

o

·Non-ambiguous

·Triplet

(Inactive repressor)

Ala

Ser

Gly

Leu

i

Repressor mRNA

Inducer

P

P

C U C U U G G G U C C G C A G U U A A U U U C U A U C

tRNA G G A

Growing polypeptide chain

Gly

· Structural gene · Operator gene · Promoter gene · Repressor · Inducer

tran mo scr di

14 | Oswaal NCERT Exemplar Problems – Solutions, BIOLOGY, Class-XII

75,000-10,000 years ago

Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man)

Hard y Prin Weinb cip le erg

Proposed by Charles Darwin as Theory of Natural Selection.

· Proposed by Lamarck. · E.g. Long neck of giraffe.

· Gene Migration · Genetic drift · Mutation · Genetic recombination · Natural Selection

1,00,000-40,000 years ago

Origin period 20-25 mya 14-15 mya 3-4 mya 2 mya 1.5 mya

Homo habilis Homo erectus (java man) Homo sapiens neanderthalesis (primitive man)

Human ancestors Dryopithecus Ramapithecus Australopithecus Water containing organic compounds

Water droplets

Water in

Condenser

Water out

Spark discharge

Liquid water in trap

Gases

Electrodes

E.g., Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf-marsupial.

Wombat

Australia

Marsupial rat

Banded anteater

Tiger cat

Kangaroo

Marsupial Radiation

Tasmanian wolf

Wings of insects and wings of birds. Eyes of Octopus and mammals Flipper of Penguins and Dolphins. Sweet potato (modified root) and Potato (modified stem).

Bandicoot

Koala

Marsupial mole

Sugar glider

· · · ·

· Human hand, Whale's flippers, Bat's wing, and Cheetah's foot. · Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.

· By study of fossils · Fossils help to study phylogeny, connecting link and about extinct animals.

Similarities in proteins and genes.

Similarities in embryo development.

Evolution

CH3 NH3 H2O H2

Boiling water

To vacuum pump

Chapter - 7 Evolution

MIND MAPS

| 15