Dr. Rati Ram Dhakar English poet and national awardee teacher
An Imprint of
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Felicity of Grammar by Dr. Rati Ram Dhakar Copyright © Dr. Rati Ram Dhakar, 2020 Dr. Rati Ram Dhakar asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this book. No reproduction without permission. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing by the publisher. ISBN: 978-93-89225-98-3 Printed at Yash Printographics, Noida 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover Design @ Umesh Semwa
A Tribute With In Depth Reverence To My Guru, a first-rate mentor and flag bearer
Late Prof. (Dr.) Chandra Pal Singh Sikarwar M.A. (English), M.A. Political Science Gold Medalist, Ph.D., D.Litt.
xq#czZãk xq:foZ".kq% xq:nsZoks egs'oj%A xq:% lk{kkr~ ijczã rLeS Jhxqjos ue%AA
Contents Introduction 1. Wrong, Right
9
2. Don't Say/Write/Pronounce, Say/Write/Pronounce
17
3. Alphabet
20
4. Definitions of Some Grammatical Terms
22
5. Abbreviations & Acronyms
36
6. Word- Formation
41
7. Spelling Rules
44
8. Some Important Adjectives & Nouns
52
9. Foreign Words & Phrases
56
10. Letter, Word & Phrase
62
11. Kinds of Sentences
68
12. Number
77
13. Noun
89
14. Gender
95
15. Case
99
16. Pronoun
106
17. Adjective
117
18. Vital Vocabulary
123
19. Time & Tense
147
20. Active & Passive Voice
209
21. Narration (Direct & Indirect)
232
22. Modal Auxiliaries/Auxiliaries/Modals
251
23. Adverbs
279
24. Prepositions
320
25. Interchange of Degrees of Comparison
351
26. Determiners
362
27. Clauses: Conjunctions (Compound & Complex)
400
28. Double Parts of Speech
429
29. Idioms & Phrases
445
30. Figures of Speech
466
31. Informal English
479
32. Newspaper Headlines
481
33. 1. Notes Making 2 Notices 3. Advertisements 4. Reports 5. Letters 6. Essays
488
34. Sermonic Suggestions for Teachers
515
35. Sententious Sentences
517
36. Question Papers (FAQs)
543
About the Author Crowd-funders
Introduction At the outset, I would want to bow deeply to my Guru Dr. Chandra Pal Singh Sikarwar, a paragon of virtues several times whose inexhaustible blessing and inexpressible grace have left a field clear for me to write this book entitled 'Felicity of Grammar' with fecund and conscious endeavors. It's my maiden but meticulous perseverance to make this pageturner available to you with the purpose that it shall pave the way for practical or pragmatic knowledge or learning of both the teachers and the taught, and the experts and the novices. I am of the opinion that even the literati, glitterati and the culturati, almost all readers require unlearning, learning and relearning in their life. Keeping this view in mind, I have written this book that consists of more or less all grammatical items including 85 foreign words & phrases, 280 idioms and phrases, 490 sententious sentences, nearly 700 vital words, 40 newspaper headlines, 56 words wrongly used, 146 words incorrectly pronounced, informal English and very many other things based on communicative and writing skills etc. I have borrowed some definitions of grammatical terms and certain rules of English grammar from Wren & Martin, K.P. Thakur, Michael Swan Practical English Usage, particularly Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary etc. It does not mean that not much is mine in the mine of grammatical knowledge or learning incorporated in the book. Though I don't swim with the stream side, yet I follow the famous pronouncement of John Dryden, "I borrow neither from Latin nor from any other language, but when I want at home, I must seek abroad." It is fair and square to say that today quite a few students are eager beavers or go getters to learn but quite a lot are ready to be taught. Studious students and omnivorous readers are good at English despite the fact that they have neither seasoned teachers nor up to par environment of English language. This book has quite a bit of uncommon knowledge to learn, unlearn and relearn for those who are philomaths, bibliophiles, logophiles and linguaphiles. I have tried to inject some life into almost all items of grammar. I reckon that a sapient student including even a dunce or obtuse lad or lass shall accrue his/her
DR. RATI RAM DHAKAR
scholarship, interest and inquisitiveness with the help of this book. I am confident that the books don't meet standards can't be accredited for the credentials of the reader. It has no savour of exaggeration that I have written this book in such a manner that the readers will be incapable of gauzing or guessing which item of the book is the best of all. I frankly say that no book of grammar is up to par regarding equally optimized grammatical knowledge focusing on each item, but mine is full of felicities and facilities, innovations and pragmatism. It is reasonable to infer that the item tense shall not tense you, conversely tense shall make you relaxed; the voice shall make you active through passive and voice shall amplify your voice in felicity of language. Modals shall mould your modality and narration shall enhance your oration. I reiterate that this book is neither under dose nor over dose. I painstakingly expressed the things in favour of those readers who have no better command of English grammar, but I have ministered to those too who are intelligentsia and elite in society. I do know homoeopathic treatment will not do. Surgical intervention is called for/needed if one wants to have command of English language. Finally or in the end, it is with particular pleasure that I express my gratitude to my Guru Dr. Chandra Pal Singh Sikarwar, I am greatly gratified to Dr. R.D. Upadhyay and Dr. R.P. Tewari both of them have covertly and overtly guided me when I required their guidance. I bow deeply to my grandparents Shri Bhaklu and Smt. Shobha Dhakar, parents Shri Raghunath Dhakar and Mrs Lhova whose infinite love and surging passions mingling with the stormy emotions of my elder brother Soneram, a model of empathy enabled me to materialise or realise academic acumen to write this book. I am indebted to my younger siblings, especially Harisingh, Ramsevak, Kanhaiya, Smt. Kamlesh, Smt. Ramshri, Smt.Urmila and Smt. Bhanmati including each member of my family. I am equally obliged to my sweet beloved wife, Mrs Sushama and all three children, Harsh Vardhan Civil Judge, Nimisha & Dharmanshu. The whole family has left a field clear for me to have a field day in my life. I owe my success to my well wishers, relatives and dearer and nearer students. When it comes to my benefactors, and respected teachers I can't help mentioning some names Viz- Dr. A.K. Moghe, Dr. Probodh Joshi, Shri Sanjay Shrivastava, D.E.O. Datiya, Shri Ashok Shrivastav Assistant Director of Education Shivpuri, Shri Vivek Shrivastav Principal Govt. H.S.S. No. 01 Shivpuri, Late Shri K.L. Sharma (Ret.Principal), Pichhore, My childhood teacher Late Shri Surendra Kumar Dixit, Late Shri Ramcharan Lal Shastri, Shri Durga Prasad Sharma, Late Shri Purushottam Sharma, Shri K.S. Parashar, all have been inspiring me in student cum teacher life. 7
FELICITY OF GRAMMAR
It is worthwhile to mention some names of my bosom friends viz Mr. Manoj Dixit, Mr. Mukesh Sharma (Deputy Collector Lahar Bhind), Mr. R.A. Prajapati (Deputy Collector Shivpuri), Mr. Keshav Sharma, Mr. Rajendra Bharati, Mr. Rakesh Kulshreshtha, Mr. Rajendra Temak, Mr. Ramji Lal Sharma, Mr. Arvind Singh Sikarwar, Mr. Sanjeev Purohit, Mr. Rajesh Verma, Mr. Pankaj Mishra Mr. Durgesh Dhakad, Mr. Mahesh Dhakad Mr. Nitin Shivare, Mr. Pradeep Kushwah, Mr.Veerpratap Singh Dangi, Mr. Ganesh Bandhu Gautam, Mr. Ramakant Sharma and Mr. Pramod Tiwari, all have been urging me to complete this book as soon as possible.
8
AA Å¡ ljLoR;S ue% AA Mother Sarswatyai Namah
;k nsoh loZHkwrs"kq ekr` :is.k lafLFkrk ueLrL;S ueLrL;S ueLrL;S ueks ue%AA Wrong
Right
1) Dividation
=
Division
2) Four line road
=
Four-lane road plural form : four–lane roads
3) Arreal/arrear
=
Arrearage/Arrears (vfjvfjt
vfjvt½&fiNyh 'ks"k jkf'k@cdk;k 4) Interial
=
Interior
5) Vetnary
=
Veterinary Surgeon - i'kq fpfdRld
6) Intellegency ¼fMD'kujh esa ugha gS½
=
Intelligence
7) Diligency
=
Diligence
8) Easement rights
=
Easements - lq[kkf/kdkj@Hkksxkf/kdkj (easementary rights)
9) Veto power
=
Veto fu"ks/kkf/kdkj (denying right)
10) Blunder mistake
=
Blunder (gross mistake) - cM+h Hkwy
11) Toll Tax
=
Toll (a charge payable to use a road)
12) Increase ment
=
Increment - osru o`f)
13) Collected
=
Collectorate (office of the Collector)
14) Appendix (A part of body)
=
Appendicitis - ,d chekjh
15) Facture
=
Fracture - ÝSDpv
16) Duplicacy ¼fMD'kujh esa ugha gS½
=
Duplicity - dwVuhfr] }S/krk
17) Conception (Concept ds LFkku ij ugh½a =
Concept (idea)
Example : I want to make my concept clear u fd conception clear. 18) Attender
=
Attendant
Note : nksuksa 'kCn lgh gS ysfdu ejht (Patient) ds lkFk attendant 'kCn gh lgh gSA u fd attender. Attender fdlh LFkku ij fu;fer tkus okys ds fy;s vkrk gSA tSls & Dharmanshu is a regular
FELICITY OF GRAMMAR
attender of Tekarisarkar, a temple. Attendant dk vFkZ follower gSA Attendant 'kCn ejht ds lkFk vkus ij Serving person ds sense esa vkrk gSA 19) Acceletor
=
Accelerator
20) Vaccum
=
Vacuum (oSD;wve½
21) Dicto
=
Ditto (the same)
22) Gazestate
=
Gazetted ¼xftfVM½ & jktif=r
23) Frustate/Frusted
=
Frustrated ¼ÝLVªsfVM½
24) Registar
=
Registrar ¼jftLVªkv~½
25) Tactor
=
Tractor ¼VªSDVv~½
26) Constancy
=
Constituency/electorate - pquko {ks= nksuksa 'kCn lgh gSA Constancy means faithfulness/fidelity
27) Statics
=
Statistics ¼LVv~fVl~fVDl½ & lkaf[;dh nksuksa 'kCn lgh gSA Statics (a branch of Physics)
28) Passing marks
=
Pass Marks - mÙkh.kZ gksus ds fy;s vad
29) Summon
=
Summons (S) Summonses (Pl)Summon (Verb) gSA ftldk vFkZ to issue a summon
30) Full-flesh/full fresh
=
Full-fledged (Not in charge) iw.kZ
31) Cousin brother/sister
=
Cousin (son or daughter of uncle) Cousin word common gender gSA
32) Distention
=
Distinction ‘D’ Marksheet esa mldk full form gSA
33) Pen cillin
=
Penicillin ¼isfulyhu½
34) Barrial
=
Barrier - xfrjks/kd
35) Lum Sum
=
Lump sum - ,d eq'r (payment)
36) Flying scot
=
Flying squad - tkap ny
37) Sty fund
=
Stipend - o`fÙk] o`fÙkdk] othQk
38) Lecturership ¼'kCn ugha gS½
=
Lectureship (a post as a lecturer)
39) Spectacle
=
Spectacles p'ek
40) Goggle
=
Goggles - p'ek&/kwi Nk;k
41) Surrounding (dksbZ 'kCn ugha½
=
Surroundings, neighbourhood
42) Trouser
=
Trousers
43) Pantaloon
=
Pantaloons 10
DR. RATI RAM DHAKAR
44) Posco
=
Pocso (The Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences.)
45) Fastly
=
Fast
46) Clearity
=
Clarity
47) Simple city
=
Simplicity
48) Slander, Slender, Cylinder
=
Surrender
Note : Slander dk vFkZ defamation, slender dk vFkZ slim, skinny, thin, cylinder dk vFkZ osyu rFkk surrender dk vFkZ yielding, renounce vkReleiZ.k gSA 49) Valuer
=
Examiner, Evaluator
50) Valuation
=
Evaluation
Note : Valuer & Valuation mRrjiqfLrdkvksa ds ewY;kadudrkZ@ijh{kd ,oa ewY;kadu ds fy;s mi;qDr
ugha gSA 51) Word to Word
=
Word for Word
52) Updatation/Updation
=
Updating
53) Negligency
=
Negligence
54) Ignorancy
=
Ignorance
55) Liaisoning Officer
=
Liaison Officer/Liaising Officer/Liaison
56) Neck to neck
=
Neck and neck
Don’t Pronounce
Pronounce
1) Nicotine ¼fudksVhu½
=
2) Colonel ¼dkSyksuy½
=
fud~Vhu d%uy
3) Wednesday ¼cSMuslMs@csulMs½
=
oSaTMs
4) Indigestion (buMkbts'ku½
=
5) Dyspepsia (indigestion)
=
6) Digestion ¼Mkbts'ku½
=
7) Indigestive (buMkbtsfLVo½
=
8) Indigestible (buMkbtsLVhcy½
=
9) Combustion (de c'ku½
=
10) Congestion (duts'ku½
=
11) Immediate ¼behth;V½
=
bu-fMts'pu fMl isi~flv] bufMts”pu fMts'pu@Mkbts'pu bu fMtsl~fVo & vth.kZdkjh bufMtsL~Vhcy de~ ol~pu du~tsl~pu behM~;V 11
FELICITY OF GRAMMAR
12) Immediately ¼behth;V~yh½
=
13) Tortoise ¼VkSjVkWbt½
=
14) Cartoon ¼dkVwZu~½
=
behM~;Vyh Vk%Vl dk%Vwu
15) Carton ¼dkVZu½
=
dkVu
16) Heinous ¼ghfu;l (Nefarious))
=
17) Divorce ¼Mk;olZ½
=
gsul ¼t?kU;½ fMokl] separation
18) Divorcee (N)
=
A person whose marriage has legally been ended.
19) Divorced ¼fMokLM½
=
20) Committee ¼desVh½
=
21) Vitamin ¼foVkfeu½
=
22) Buffalo ¼cQSyks½
=
23) Suggestion ¼lts'u½
=
24) People ¼ihiqy½
=
25) Handsome ¼gS.Mle½
=
26) Handkerchief ¼gS.Mdj phi½
=
27) Husband ¼gloS.M½
=
28) President ¼izslhMsaV½
=
29) Government ¼xojesaV½
=
30) Deaf ¼MhQ½
=
31) Duplicate ¼MqiyhdsV½
=
32) Deputy ¼fMIVh@MqIVh½
=
33) Police ¼iqfyl½
=
34) Repetition ¼fjihVsa'ku½
=
35) Moustache ¼ekmLVsd½
=
36) Extempore ¼,DlVsEiksj½
=
37) Tomb ¼VksEc½
=
38) Womb ¼ckSEc½
=
39) Dumb ¼MEc½
=
fMokLV Divorced—No longer married (Adj.) gSA ‘Divorcee’ female ds fy;s vf/kdka'k iz;ksx gksrk gSA ysfdu male ds fy, iz;ksx gks ldrk gSA dfeVh okbVfeu@foVfeu ¼vesfjdu½ cQyks lts'pu ihiy gSu~le gSadfpi gtcaM izsthMsaV xoueaV MsQ M~;wIyhdsV MsI;wVh iyhl fjfiVh'ku e'kVk'k ,DlVsEifj Vwe owe Me 12
DR. RATI RAM DHAKAR
40) Beloved ¼fcyCM½ (Dearest)
=
fcyfoM
41) Loose ¼ywt½
=
yw%l
42) Dose ¼Mkst½
=
43) Doze (Snooze)
=
44) Democracy
=
45) Mobocracy
=
46) Plutocracy
=
47) Hypocrisy
=
48) Theocracy
=
49) Autocracy
=
50) Bureaucracy
=
51) Superiority
=
52) Inferiority
=
53) Inferior
=
54) Superior
=
55) Dodge ¼Mkst½ (Trick)
=
56) History ¼fgLVªh½
=
Mksl Mkst fMekd~jfl eksckd~jsfl IywVks dj~fl fgikd~jfl fFkvkd~jfl vkVksdzfl C;wjksØfl L;wihvfjvkfjVh bu~ fQvfjvkfjVh bu~ fQv jhv L;wfiv jhv Mkt fgLVjh
57) Portrait ¼iksjVªsV½ (a painting of a person) 58) Famine ¼QSekbu½
=
iksV~fjV QSfeu
=
59) Plateau ¼IySfVvks½ (a large, flat land above sea-level) iBkj
=
60) European ¼;wjksihvu½
=
61) Europe ¼;wjksi½
=
62) Severe ¼lhoj½
=
IySVks ;wvjihvu ;wvji flfov
63) Severity ¼lhofjVh½ (state of being severe) 64) Heredity ¼gh;jfMVh½
=
flosfjVh fgjSfMVh bihVeh lVy gksVsy eksVsy
=
65) Epitome ¼,ihVkse½ (perfect example) = 66) Subtle ¼lofVy½
=
67) Hotel ¼gksVy½
=
68) Motel ¼eksVy½ (luxurious hotel)
= 13
FELICITY OF GRAMMAR
69) Indictment ¼bufMDVeSaV½ (Charge sheet)
=
70) Cup-board ¼dioksMZ½ (Showy)
=
71) Engagement ¼,axsteSaV½
=
72) Horizon ¼gkSjhftu½
=
73) Genuine ¼ftukbu½
=
74) Determine ¼fMVjekbu½
=
75) Example ¼,XtkEiy½
=
76) Examination ¼,Xtkfeus'ku½
=
77) Island ¼btyS.M½
=
78) Chestnut ¼pSLVuV½
=
79) Almond ¼vyeksaM½
=
80) Preterit ¼izsVjkbV½
=
81) Apostle ¼viksLVy½ nsonwr (Angel)
=
82) Mortgage ¼eksVZxst½
=
83) Receipt ¼fjlhIV½
=
84) Mortgagee ¼eksVZxsth½
=
85) Mortgager ¼eksVZxstj½
=
86) Parliament ¼ikfyZ;kesaV½
=
87) February ¼Qjojh½
=
88) January ¼tuojh½
=
89) Jewel
=
90) Jewelry
=
91) Acronym
=
buMkbVeaV dcM Cup-board love, not true love. buxsteaV gkSjkbtu tSU;wbu fMVvfeu bXtkEiy bXtkfeus'ku vkbyS.M psluV vkeaM izsVfjV viksly ek%fxt fjlhV ek%fxth ¼ftlds ikl fxjoh j[kk tkrk gS½ ek%fxt@ekfxtk ¼fxjoh j[kus okyk½ ikykeaV Qsczqvjh tSU;qvjh tqvy tqvyfj ,d&j&fue ¼ifjo.khZ “kCn½
92) Prescription ¼izslfØIlu½
&Hkksxkf/kdkj] uql[kk 93) Environment ¼,uokbuesaV½ 94) Library ¼ykbczsjh½ 95) Doctorate ¼MkDVªsV½ 96) Hash ¼gSt½ Hash sign # 97) Hierarchy ¼gsvjkjdh½ inkuqØe] Js.kh c) lekt] rkjrE;
=
=
fizfLØI'ku buokbjueaV ykbc&jfj Mkd~VfjV gS'k
=
gkbvjkfd
= = =
14
DR. RATI RAM DHAKAR
98) Memoirs ¼eseksblZ½ laLej.k]
fooj.k] bfrgkl 99) Memoir (s) ¼esekssbj½ 100) Connoisseur ¼dukslh;j½ ikj[kh 101) Souvenir ¼lwohfu;j½ fu'kkuh] ;knxkj] Lekfjdk 102) Maneuver ¼euksoj½ (American) 103) Manoeuvre ¼;qfDrpkyu½ 104) Memento ¼esesaVks½ ¼Le`fr fpUg½ 105) Entrepreneur ¼bVªsizhfu;j½ ¼Bsdsnkj½ businessman 106) Bourgeois (Adjective) ¼cksjthvl½ 107) Bourgeoisie ¼cksj&thvksbth½ (Middle class people)
=
ese~okt ese~ok dk%ul] dkusZl%
= = =
lwcfuv ¼dsoy iqLrd esa½ euwo euwo] N & Verb both feesu~Vks
= = = =
vkUVªizu% cqv”t~ok
= =
108) Proletariat (Labour class people)
=
109) Memory ¼eseksjh½
=
110) Mala fide (adj/adv) ¼eSykQbM½
=
cqv”tokth izksfyVsjh;V esefj esy~&v QkbfM
111) Bonafide (Latin) (adj/adv)
¼cksukQkbM½
=
cksukQkfM cksukQkbMht dysd~VfjV fMok%PV CySflM] CySLV (1) (verb dk third form CysLV) (2) adjective ds :i esa CysflM) ,ftM] ,TM (1) old ds sense esa ,ftM (2) mez crkus esa ,TM tSls Dinesh aged fnus”k ftldh mez 40 o’kZ gSA Mscjh & eyok] dpjk ,oyka'k & fgeL[kyu] o"kkZ ,sLe] vesfjdu esa ,sTe ¼nek½ csjh cftV
112) Bonafides ¼cksukQkbM~l½ & lnHkkouk = 113) Collectorate ¼dysDVªsV½
=
114) Debauched ¼fMok%PM½ & iFk Hkz"V
=
115) Blessed ¼CySLM½
=
116) Aged
= =
117) Debris ¼Msfczl½
=
118) Avalanche (,oykap½
=
119) Asthma (vLFkek½
=
120) Bury (cjh½
=
121) Budget (ctV½
= 15
Felicity of Grammar is a concise guide to the many nooks and crannies of English grammar. Meticulously researched this book covers all major components of English grammar including LGLRPV SKUDVHV DQG ÀJXUHV RI VSHHFK DPRQJ RWKHUV 'U 5DWL 5DP'KDNDULVDGLVWLQJXLVKHGWHDFKHUDQGLQWKLVERRNKHKDV devoted all his attention and efforts to making grammar more accessible to all.
'U 5DWL 5DP 'KDNDU LV D UHVLGHQW RI YLOODJH 3LSDUZDV 7HKVLO 9LMD\SXU 'LVWW6KHRSXU M.P. He is a doctorate degree holder and a National Awardee teacher, currently working DW*RYW+66FKRROIRU([FHOOHQFH6KLYSXUL M.P., India.
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ISBN: 978-93-89225-98-3
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