2013-2019

GEOGRAPHY

(1)

14th EDITION YEAR 2020-21

I SBN

“978-93-89829-65-5”

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION DELHI

SYLLABUS COVERED

PUBLISHED BY

C OP YR IG HT

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0506

HYDERABAD

TELANGANA

PREFACE

India is one of the youngest economies in the world today. Hence, it becomes imperative for our education system to churn out more of learners than ever before. It is the learners’ mindset which will set us apart from the rest of the world. Hence, by the way of Education, we must sow the right seeds today to reap the benefits in the years to come.

It is very rightly said that if we teach today as we taught yesterday, then we rob our children of tomorrow.

With this vision, CBSE, the national level board of education in India for public and private schools, has yet again updated and released its curriculum for the upcoming Academic Year. With all the refreshing changes and updates, the way ahead looks exciting for students and teachers alike! We at Oswaal Books, are also extremely upbeat about the recent changes. We have made every possible effort to incorporate all these changes in our books for the coming Academic Year. Latest Typologies of Questions like Multiple Choice Questions, Tabular based Questions, Passage based Questions, Picture based Questions, fill in the Blanks, Match the Following, etc. have been exclusively developed by the Oswaal Editorial Board and included in our Question Banks. All chapters in Oswaal Question Banks are arranged ‘TOPICWISE’ where each topic is explained in detail and covers all typologies of Questions specified by CBSE along with well-labelled and high-quality figures/diagrams for faster learning. Answers from CBSE Marking scheme are highlighted in order to specify the correct method of answering questions for attaining maximum marks. We at Oswaal Books never try to teach our readers. We on the other hand, provide them the conditions in which they can learn and train their mind to think! After all Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one learned in school.

Some of the key benefits of studying from Oswaal Question Banks are:



 Chapter-wise/ Topic-wise presentation for systematic and methodical study.



 Strictly based on the latest CBSE Curriculum released on 1st April 2020 for Academic Year 2020 -2021, following the latest NCERT Textbook.



 Previous Years’ Question Papers with Marking Scheme & Toppers’ Answers for exam-oriented

study.

 Understanding, Application, Analysing & Evaluation and Creation Based Question based on Bloom’s Taxonomy for cognitive skills development



 Latest Typologies of Questions developed by Oswaal Editorial Board included.



 Mind Maps in each chapter for making learning simple.



 ‘Most likely Questions’ generated by Oswaal Editorial Board with 100+ years of teaching experience.



 Suggested videos at the end of each chapter for a Hybrid Learning Experience.

We have taken due care in developing this book. There have been a lot of people who have helped us in our journey. We would like to offer heartfelt gratitude to all of them- our authors, editors, reviewers and specially students who regularly send us suggestions which helps in continuous improvement of this book.

We, at Oswaal Books, wish you all Happy Learning and a successful 2020-21!!

-Team Oswaal

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CONTENTS  Latest CBSE Circular & Syllabus released on 1st April 2020 (CBSE Cir. No. Acad-21/2) for Academic Year 2020-21

10 - 16

 Solved Paper with CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019* (Delhi & Outside Delhi Sets)

19 - 24

 Mind Maps * For Solution and Topper’s Answer of this paper scan the given QR code

25 - 47

In each chapter, for better understanding, questions have been classified the typology issued by CBSE as : R - Remembering,

U - Understanding,

A - Application,

Unit I : Human Geography

Unit III : Human Activities

1. Human Geography : Nature and Scope 1 - 9

Unit II : People

5. Primary Activities 39 - 52 Topic - 1 Hunting and Gathering, Pastoralism :



in the World, Density of Population,

Topic - 2 Topic - 3



Factors Influencing Distribution

6. Secondary Activities



of Population

Topic - 1 Topic - 2

2. The World Population: Distribution,

Density and Growth



Topic - 1 Pattern of Population Distribution



Topic - 2 Population Growth, Components



10 - 22

of Population Change

Topic - 3 Trends in Population Growth,



Doubling Time of World Population,

Spatial Pattern of Population Change, Impact of Population Change

Population Control Measures

3. Population Composition

Topic - 1 Sex Composition, Age Structure



Topic - 2 Rural-Urban Composition

4. Human Development

Topic - 1 Growth and Development



Topic - 2 The Four Pillars of Human



Development Approaches



to Human Development



23 - 28

29 - 38

Topic - 3 The Human Development Index (HDI)



Ranks the Countries Based on their



Performance in the Key Areas of Health, Education and Access to Resources

Topic - 2

53 - 63

Manufacturing : Characteristics of Modern Large Scale Manufacturing Classification of Manufacturing Industries: Manufacturing Industries are Classified on the Basis of their Size, Inputs/Raw Materials, Output/ Products and Ownership  

7. Tertiary and Quaternary Activities Topic - 1 Types of Tertiary Activities :

Topic - 4 Demographic Transition,



Nomadic Herding, Commercial Livestock Rearing Agriculture : Different Types of Agricultural Systems Mining : Factors Affecting Mining Activity, Methods of Mining

64 - 71

Trade and Commerce, Retail Trading Services, Wholesale Trading Services, Transport and Communication Services Quaternary Activities, Quinary Activities, Digital Divide

Unit IV : Transport, Communication and Trade 8. Transport and Communication Topic - 1 Transport : Mode of Transport Topic - 2 Topic - 3

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Land Transport, Water Transport, Air Transport, Pipelines Communication : Satellite Communication, Cyberspace - Internet

72 - 89



... contd. Contents

9. International Trade

90 - 103

Topic - 2 Indicators of Social Empowerment, Human Development Index in India Topic - 3 Population, Environment and Development



Topic - 1 History of International Trade. Why does International Trade Exist ? Topic - 2 Basis of International Trade Topic - 3 Important Aspects of International Trade, Types of International Trade, World Trade Organisation, Regional Trade Blocs, Concerns Related to International Trade Topic - 4 Gateways of International Trade

Unit VII : Human Settlements 14. Human Settlements 154 - 167 Topic - 1 Types of Rural Settlement : Clustered

Unit V : Human Settlements 10. Human Settlements Topic - 1 Classification of Settlements : Topic - 2 Topic - 3

104 - 117

Rural and Urban Dichotomy. Types and Patterns of Settlements: Rural Settlements Patterns, Problems of Rural Settlement Patterns, Urban Settlement Patterns Classifications of Towns on the Basis of Forms Problems of Human Settlements in Developing Countries

l Map Work



15. Land Resources and Agriculture Topic - 1 Land Use Categories, Land -

Unit VI : People

Topic - 2 Topic - 3

121 - 132

The Uneven Distribution of Population in India Growth of Population : Two Components; Natural and Induced Population Composition : Rural, Urban, Linguistic, Religious and composition of Working Population.

12. Migration : Types, Couses and Consequences Topic - 1 Migration : Types, Causes

Water Resources, Groundwater Resources, Lagoons and Backwaters Water Demand and Utilization : Demand of Water for Irrigation Emerging Water Problems : Deterioration of Water Quality, Water Conservation and Management, Prevention of Water Pollution, Recycle and Reuse of Water Topic - 4 Watershed Management : Rainwater Harvesting

13. Human Development 146 - 153 Topic - 1 Human Development : What is



Use Changes in India, Common Property Resources Agricultural Land Use in India, Cropping Seasons in India, Types of Farming Cropping Patterns Agricultural Development in India, Growth of Agricultural Output and Technology Problems of Indian Agriculture

Topic - 2 Topic - 3

133 - 145

Human Development ? Human Development in India, Indicators of Economic Attainments, Indicators of a Healthy Life

Topic - 2 Topic - 3 Topic - 4 Topic - 5

168 - 187

16. Water Resources 188 - 201 Topic - 1 Water Resources of India : Surface

and Consequences Topic - 2 Consequences of Migration : Economic, Demographic, Social, Environmental and Other Consequences



Settlements, Semi-Clustered Settlements, Hamleted Settlements, Dispersed Settlements Urban Settlements, Evolution of Towns in India: Ancient Towns, Medieval Towns, Modern Towns Urbanisation in India, Classification of Towns On the Basis of Population Size Topic - 4 Functional Classification of Towns

Unit VIII : Resources and Development

118 - 120

11. Population : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition Topic - 1 Distribution of Population :

Topic - 2 Topic - 3

17. Mineral and Energy Resources 202 - 215 Topic - 1 Types of Mineral Resources : Metallic Minerals, Non-metallic Minerals Topic - 2 Distribution of Minerals in India Topic - 3 Types of Energy Resources : Conven tional, Non- Conventional Resources Topic - 4 Conservation of Mineral Resources

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... contd. Contents

18. Manufacturing Industries 216 - 230 Topic - 1 Types of Industries, Location of Industries Topic - 2 Major Industries : The Iron and Steel Industry, Cotton Industry, Sugar Industry, Petrochemical Industry and Knowledge Based Industry Topic - 3 Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization (LPG) and Industrial Development in India Topic - 4 Industrial Regions in India



Development in Indian Context



260 - 266

Topic - 1 Changing Pattern of the Composition

of India’s Exports, Changing Pattern of the Composition of India’s Import Topic - 2 Direction of Trade: Seaports as Gateways





231 - 241

Topic - 1 Topic - 2

Target Area Planning: Hill Areas Development Programme, Drought Prone Area Programme Case Study : Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur Region, Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area Topic - 3 Sustainable Development, Measures for Promotion of Sustainable Development

of International Trade, Airports

Unit X : Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems



22. Geographical Perspective on

Unit IX : Tranport Communication and International Trade 20. Transport and Communication Topic - 1 Land Transport

Communication System

21. International Trade

19. Planning and Sustaninable

Topic - 3 Air Transportation : Air India Topic - 4 Communication Networks : Personal Communication System, Mass



Selected Issues and Problems



Topic - 1 Environmental Pollution: Water



Pollution, Air Pollution, Noise



Pollution, Urban Waste Disposal



242 - 259

267 - 276

Topic - 2 Rural - Urban Migration, Problems



of Slums, Land Degradation.

l Map Work

277 - 279

qq

Topic - 2 Water Transport : Inland Waterways, Oceanic Routes

Scan the QR Code to download the fully Board Solved Paper 2020 English Core

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CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION F.No.CBSE/DIR(ACAD.)/2020 

March 16th, 2020

 All Heads CBSE affiliated schools

Circular No. Acad-18/2020

Subject: Strengthening Assessment and Evaluation Practices of the Board

Competency Based Education (CBE) is an outcome based approach to schooling, where attainment of goals takes priority. Learning Outcomes (LOs) are defined in terms of competencies and capacities, which students acquire and demonstrate at the end of instructional programme. In CBE, explicitly defined learning outcomes guide instruction; instruction is more flexible, learner centric, learner-led and provides multiple opportunities for learning; and assessment is authentic and examines if the students are able to apply required concepts in real life situations.



The Board vide Circular No. Acad-05/2019 dated 18.01.2019 has adopted Learning Outcomes developed by NCERT and the theme of the Capacity Building Programmes for the year 2020 is Competency Based Education. Augmenting the thrust towards CBE, the Board is initiating corresponding changes in the Examination and Assessment practices for the year 2020-21 onwards.



While the overall marks and duration of examination shall remain same, change in the composition of assessment tasks would help us achieve the desired ends.

The changes for classes IX-XII (2020-21) year-end/Board Examination are as under:

Classes XI-XII Year-end Examination /Board Examination (Theory) Composition

 

(2019-20)

(2020-21)

Existing

Modified

Objective type Questions including Multiple Choice Questions Short Answer type/Long Answer type Questions



Objective type including Multiple Choice Questions20%



Case-based/ Source-based Integrated Questions- 10%



Short Answer/Long Answer type questions- Remaining

Curriculum document for the Academic Session 2020-21 to be released in March, 2020 will reflect the respective changes for the individual subjects.

(Dr. Joseph Emmanuel) Director (Academics) ( 10 )

dsUæh; ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION F.1001/CBSE-Acad/Curriculum/2020

March 31, 2020 Cir No Acad-21/2020

All Heads of Institutions affiliated to CBSE

Subject : CBSE - Secondary and Senior School Curriculum 2020-21 1. The curriculum refers to the lessons and academic content to be taught to a learner in the school. It encompasses general objectives of learning, courses of study, subject- wise instructional objectives and content, pedagogical practices and assessment guidelines. 2. The curriculum provided by CBSE seeks to provide opportunities for students to achieve excellence in learning based on the National Curriculum Framework-2005 and are adopted/ adapted from the NCERT Curriculum. 3. It is important that schools ensure curriculum transaction as per directions given in the Curriculum document. The subjects to be taught must be as per syllabi given. Before going through the syllabus, the teachers must be well-versed with the strategies given in the initial pages of the curriculum. Therefore, it is desired that the head of the school may circulate the initial pages of the curriculum and the syllabi to all the teachers and ensure that curriculum is transacted as per the directions given therewith for optimal learning and specifically to avoid difficulties for students at the time of the examinations. 4. It is reiterated that any deviation in transaction of the curriculum may seriously affect assessment of the student’s learning level and the preparation for the Board examinations. Please note that the Evaluation will be carried out exactly according to the syllabi given for the current academic year. Sample Question Papers with detailed design of the Question Paper will be made available on CBSE website during the progress of the academic session for reference. 5. Please refer to Circular No.Acad /18 dated March 16, 2020 on strengthening the Assessment and Evaluation Practices of the Board to know about the proposed changes. Hence, all the teachers and students are cognizant of the Curriculum Document (Initial Pages and Syllabus) in totality, which is available on www.cbseacademic.nic.in. 6. The Board will consider possible loss of instructional time in the academic session 2020-21 due to the closure of schools to prevent spread of COVID-19 as per directions from the Central Government and various State/UT Governments. Revision if any required in the syllabi and course and the pattern of Examination of various subjects on account of the above will be chalked out in consultation with the Course Committees of each subject as well as with the Examination Committee of the Board and notified in due course of time.

(Dr. Joseph Emmanuel) Director (Academics) ( 11 )



Latest Syllabus for Academic Year (2020-21) Geography (Code No. 029)

One Theory Paper Part A

B

C

CLASS–XII

Units

3 Hours 70 Marks No. of Periods

Marks

Fundamentals of Human Geography

90

35 Marks

Unit 1: Human Geography

05

Unit 2: People

18

Unit 3: Human Activities

28

Unit 4: Transport, Communication and Trade

24

Unit 5: Human Settlements

10

Map Work

05

5

INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY

90

35 Marks

Unit 6: People

15

Unit 7: Human Settlements

10

Unit 8: Resources and Development

30

Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade

15

Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

15

Map Work

05

5

Total

180

70 Marks

Practical Work in Geography Part II

40

30 Marks

Unit 1: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping

25

15

Unit 2: Field Study or Spatial Information Technology

15

10

Practical Record Book and Viva Voce

30

30

5

COURSE CONTENT Part A:

Fundamentals of Human Geography

90 Periods

Unit 1:

Human Geography: Nature and Scope

05 Periods

Unit 2:

People  Population-distribution, density and growth  Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change  Population Composition - age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition  Human development - concept; selected indicators, international comparisons

18 Periods

Human Activities  Primary activities - concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities - some examples from selected countries

28 Periods

Unit 3:

( 12 )

 Secondary activities-concept; manufacturing: types -household, small

scale, large scale; agro based and mineral based industries; people engaged in secondary activities - some examples from selected countries  Tertiary activities-concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities - some examples from selected countries  Quaternary activities-concept; people engaged in quaternary activities - case study from selected countries Unit 4 :

Transport, Communication and Trade  Land transport - roads, railways; trans-continental railways  Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes  Air transport- Intercontinental air routes  Oil and gas pipelines  Satellite communication and cyber space-importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS  International trade- bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade; role of WTO in international trade

24 Periods

Unit 5 :

Human Settlements  Settlement types - rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries

10 Periods

Map Work on identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline Physical/ Political map of World.

05 Periods

Part B :

India: People and Economy

90 Periods

Unit 6 :

People  Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of population - linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in growth of population  Migration: international, national-causes and consequences  Human development: selected indicators and regional patterns  Population, environment and development

15 Periods

Unit 7 :

Human Settlements  Rural settlements - types and distribution  Urban settlements - types, distribution and functional classification

10 Periods

Unit 8 :

Resources and Development  Land resources- general land use; agricultural land use; geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber); agricultural development and problems  Water resources-availability and utilization-irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methodsrain water harvesting and watershed management  Mineral and energy resources- distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation

30 Periods

( 13 )

 Industries - types, factors of industrial location; distribution and

changing pattern of selected industries-iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge based industries; impact of liberalization, privatization and globalization on industrial location; industrial clusters  Planning in India- target group area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study) Unit 9:

Transport, Communication and International Trade  Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networks  International trade- changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports

15 Periods

Unit 10:

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems  Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal  Urbanization, rural-urban migration; problems of slums  Land degradation

15 Periods

Map work on locating and labelling of features based on above units on outline map of India.

05 Periods

Part C:

Practical Work in Geography Part II

40 Periods

Unit 1:

Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping  Type and Sources of data: Primary, Secondary and other sources  Tabulating and processing of data; calculation of averages, measures of central tendency  Representation of data - construction of diagrams: bars, circles and flowchart; thematic maps; construction of dot; choropleth and isopleths maps  Data analysis and generation of diagrams, graphs and other visual diagrams using computers

25 Periods

Unit 2:

Field Study or Spatial Information Technology  Field visit and study: map orientation, observation and preparation of sketch; survey on any one of the local concerns; pollution, ground water changes, land use and land-use changes, poverty, energy issues, soil degradation, impact of floods and drought, catchment area of school, Market survey and Household survey (any one topic of local concern may be taken up for the study; observation and questionnaire survey may be adopted for the data collection; collected data may be tabulated and analyzed with diagrams and maps). Students can be given different topics to get more insight into various problems of society. OR  Spatial Information Technology Introduction to GIS; hardware requirements and software modules; data formats; raster and vector data, data input, editing and topology building; data analysis; overlay and buffer.

15 Periods

Prescribed Books :  Fundamentals of Human Geography, Class XII, Published by NCERT  India - People and Economy, Class XII, Published by NCERT  Practical Work in Geography, Class XII, Published by NCERT ( 14 )

Fundamentals of Human Geography Class XII - Textbook I (NCERT) Map Items for identification only on outline political map of the World. Unit-1

Ch.-1

Unit-2

Ch. 2 to 4

1

The largest country in each continent in terms of area

Unit-3

Ch. 5 to 7

1

Areas of subsistence gathering

Primary Activities

2

Major areas of nomadic herding of the world

3

Major areas of commercial livestock rearing

4

Major areas of extensive commercial grain farming

5

Major areas of mixed farming of the World

1

Ruhr region, Silicon Valley, Appalachian region, Great lakes region

2

Trans-continental Railways : Terminal Stations of trans-continental Railways – Trans-Siberian, TransCanadian, Trans Australian Railways

3

Major Sea Ports :

Secondary Activities Unit - 4 Ch. 8 to 9

Nil

Europe : North Cape, London, Hamburg North America : Vancouver, San Francisco, New Orleans South America : Rio De Janeiro, Colon, Valparaiso Africa : Suez, Durban and Cape Town Asia : Yokohama, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Aden, Karachi, Kolkata Australia: Perth, Sydney, Melbourne

Unit - 5

Ch. 10

4

Inland Waterways : Suez canal, Panama canal, Rhine waterway and St. Lawrence Seaway

5

Major Airports : Asia : Tokyo, Beijing, Mumbai, Jeddah, Aden Africa : Johannesburg & Nairobi Europe : Moscow, London, Paris, Berlin and Rome North America : Chicago, New Orleans, Mexico City South America : Buenos Aires, Santiago Australia : Darwin and Wellington Mega cities of the world – Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, Mumbai, Saopaulo

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