A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using

SPSS

Dr. Brijesh Awasthi

A HANDBOOK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES USING SPSS Author: DR. BRIJESH AWASTHI ■ RED’SHINE PUBLICATION PVT. LTD. Headquarters (India): 88, Patel Street, Navamuvada, Lunawada, India-389 230 Contact: +91 76988 26988 Registration no. GJ31D0000034 In Association with, RED’MAC INTERNATIONAL PRESS & MEDIA. INC

India | Sweden | Canada ■ Text © AUTHOR, 2020 Cover page ©RED'SHINE Studios, Inc, 2020

■ All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means- photographic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems- without the prior written permission of the author.

■ ISBN: 978-93-89840-52-0 (paperback) DIP: 18.10.520/89840 DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/TDMJ4 June, 2020 (First Edition) ■ The views expressed by the authors in their articles, reviews etc. in this book are their own. The Editor, Publisher and owner are not responsible for them. All disputes concerning the publication shall be settled in the court at Lunawada.

■ www.redshine.co.in | [email protected] Printed in India | Title ID: 89840520

Jai Shri Radhey

Dedicated to With great love, affection and motivation, for sacrifice of their invaluable personal time they are entitle to, providing all encouragement and support and bearing with me, my dear wife and my daughter & son...

PREFACE

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is a menu-based software package for analysis statistical data and create graphs to draw meaningful information and conclusion. SPSS is very useful software in psychology, sociology, psychiatry, and other behavioural sciences research and it is user friendly also. Our aim in this handbook is to explain everything step by step at the most elementary level and only include aspects that are important in actual research. another aim is to show how SPSS is actually used to understand and interpret the results. Each module explains with problems or some research questions with related data sets. Each and every step are explain using figures. The data sets used in the exercises are given in appendices of book. The book is not intended in any way to be an introduction to statistics and, indeed, we assume that most readers will have basic knowledge of statistics and will be relatively familiar with concepts such as linear regression, correlation, significance tests, and simple analysis of variance. Our hope is that researchers and students with such a background will find this book a relatively self-contained means of using SPSS to analyse their data correctly. I am very grateful to Professor Masuma Mehta, who carefully reviewed the manuscript and made several wonderful suggestions that helped with the clarity and improved the content of the book.

Dr. Brijesh Awasthi

CONTENTS

1. A Brief Introduction to SPSS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Start using SPSS 1.3 Overview of the User Interface 1.3.1 Data View 1.3.2 Variable View

1 1 2 3 4

2. Data file 2.1 Creating a Data File 2.2 Defining Variables 2.2.1 To define variables (example): 2.3 Entering Data 2.3.1 To enter data

6 6 6 9 9

3. Descriptive Statistics 3.1 Description of Data 3.2 Frequency Analysis 3.3 Crosstabs

11 11 14

4. Data Manipulation 4.1 Manipulation in data 4.2 Select Cases 4.3 Split File 4.4 Find and Replace

18 18 22 25

5. Report Writing 5.1 Report 5.1.1 To create a report using Microsoft Word

27 27

6. Hypothesis Testing 6.1 Null Hypothesis 6.2 Statistical Tests

30 30

7. Correlation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Create Data File 7.3 Calculate Coefficient of Correlation

32 32 32

8. t-test 8.1 Paired-Samples t-test 8.2 Analyze Paired Sample t-test 8.3 Independent-Samples t-test 8.4 Create Data File 8.5 Analyze Independent-Samples t-test

35 35 36 37 37

9. Multiple Response Sets 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Create Data File 9.3 Variable of multiple response set 9.4 Multiple Response Frequencies 9.5 Multiple Response Crosstabs

40 40 40 42 44

10. Data Manipulation 10.1 Copying and pasting Variable Properties 10.2 Inserting Variables and Cases 10.3 Deleting Variables and Cases 10.4 Merging Data Files 10.5 Creating the Data Files for Merging 10.6 Create Data File 10.7 Merging the Data Files

47 49 50 50 50 52 52

11. Simple Regression Analysis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Create Data File 11.3 Simple Regression 11.4 Scatter Plot 11.5 Predicting Values of Dependent Variables 11.5.1 Predicting This Year's Sales with the Simple Regression Model 12. Multiple Regression 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Predicting Values of Dependent Variables 12.2.1 Predicting This Year's Sales with the Multiple Regression Model 12.3 Data Transformation 12.4 Create Data File 12.5 Computing

56 56 56 56 59 61 63 63 65 67 67 67

13. Polynomial Regression 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Create Data File 13.3 Regression Analysis 13.4 Analyzing the Results 13.5 Chart Editing 13.6 Adding a Line to the Scatter Plot 13.7 Manipulating the Scales on the X and Y Axes 13.8 Adding a Title to the Chart 13.9 Adding Color to the Chart 13.10 Applying a Background Color

69 69 69 70 71 71 74 80 82 84

14. Chi-Square Test 14.1 Introduction

87

14.2 Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit 14.3 Creating Data file 14.4 With Fixed Expected Values 14.5 With Fixed Expected Values and within a Contiguous Subset of Values 14.6 Create Data file named 14.7 With Customized Expected Values 15. Analysis of Variance 15.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance 15.2 Creating Data file 15.3 Analyze One-Way ANOVA 15.4 Post Hoc Tests 15.5 Creating Data file 15.6 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 15.7 Analyze Two-Way ANOVA 16. Importing and Exporting Data 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Import an Excel spreadsheet into SPSS Statistics 16.3 Export SPSS Statistics data into an Excel spreadsheet 16.4 Export an SPSS Statistics Output table into a PowerPoint slide 17. Scripting 17.1 Using Scripting for Redundant Statistical Analyses 17.2 Creating Data file 17.3 To construct a syntax file that will automatically run the analyses 17.4 To run an existing syntax file Appendix A.1 Survey #1 A.2 Data File “Part1.sav” on the Basis of Survey #1 A.3 Data File “Part2.sav” A.4 Data File “Seedlings.sav” A.5 Data File “Airlines.sav” A.6 Data File “Merge1.sav” A.7 Data File “Merge2.sav” A.8 Data File “Merge3.sav” A.9 Data File “Regression.sav” A.10 Data File “Bonus.sav” A.11 Data File “Growth.sav” A.12 Data File “Alloy.sav” A.13 Data File “Chi-hospital.sav” A.14 Data File “Chi-mail.sav” A.15 Data File “ClassData.sav” A.16 Data File “Two-Way-ANOVA.sav” A.17 Data File “Demo.xlsx”

87 87 87 90 92 92 95 95 95 99 102 102 102 108 108 110 111 114 115 115 119 120 121 124 125 126 126 127 127 127 131 134 135 136 136 137 138 139

A HANDBOOK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES USING SPSS

CHAPTER 1 A Brief Introduction to SPSS

1.1 Introduction SPSS stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. This book can be used to analyze data collected from surveys, tests, observations, etc. It can perform a variety of data analyses and presentation functions, including statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data. Among its features are modules for statistical data analysis. These include (1) descriptive statistics such as frequencies, central tendency, plots, charts, and lists; and (2) sophisticated inferential and multivariate statistical procedures such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor analysis, cluster analysis, and categorical data analysis. IBM SPSS Statistics is well-suited for survey research, though by no means is it limited to just this topic of exploration. This Book introduces the basic skills necessary to run IBM SPSS Statistics, including how to create a data file and run descriptive statistics. It gives users an overview of how SPSS Statistics can be used for survey research by answering three research questions formulated in the sample survey questionnaire. The three research questions in the sample survey are: 1. What kind of device do people prefer to own? 2. What color do people prefer for their device? 3. Is device color preference different between males and females? 1.2 Start using SPSS The following steps cover how to start IBM SPSS Statistics from the Start menu in Windows 10. To start IBM SPSS Statistics: 1. Click the Start button on the taskbar, click All apps, click IBM SPSS Statistics, and then click IBM SPSS Statistics. 2. If you are starting the program for the first time, the Unicode Mode dialog box opens. Click the Use Unicode encoding button (See Figure 1.1).

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A HANDBOOK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES USING SPSS

Figure 1.1 - Unicode Mode Dialog Box 3.

In the IBM SPSS Statistics dialog box, click the Cancel button (see Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2 – IBM SPSS Statistics Dialog Box 1.3 Overview of the User Interface The Data Editor window opens with two view tabs: Data View and Variable View. Data View is used for data input, and Variable View is used for adding variables and defining variable properties (e.g., modifying attributes of variables). As displayed in Figure 1.3, the Data 2

A HANDBOOK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES USING SPSS

Editor window includes several components. The Title bar displays the name of the current file and the application. The Menu bar provides access to various commands which are grouped according to function. The Data Editor toolbar provides shortcuts to commonly used menu commands.

Figure 1.3 – IBM SPSS Statistics Data Editor Window 1.3.1 Data View When SPSS Statistics is launched, the Data Editor window (see Figure 1.4) opens in Data View which looks similar to a Microsoft Excel worksheet (a matrix consisting of rows and columns). The difference is that the rows and columns in Data View are referred to as cases and variables, respectively (see Table 1.1). Element Variable

Case

Cell

Description Each column represents a variable. Any survey questionnaire item or test item can be a variable. Commonly defined variable types are numeric or string. When defining variables as numeric, users need to specify decimal places. Variable names can be up to 256 characters long and must start with a letter. Make variable names meaningful and easily recognizable. Each row represents a case. The participants in the study can be cases. For example, if 100 participants are involved in your study, then 100 cases (or rows) of information should be generated. Responses to the question items should be entered consistently from left to right for each participant. A cell is an intersection between cases and variables. Each response to a survey question should be entered in a cell for each participant according to the defined variable data types. Table 1.1 - Elements in Data View

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A HANDBOOK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES USING SPSS

Figure 1.4 – Data View Window 1.3.2 Variable View Variable View (see Figure 1.5) is where variables are defined by assigning variable names and specifying the attributes such as data type (String, Date, Numeric, etc.), value labels, and measurement scales (Nominal, Ordinal, or Scale). You can think of Variable View as the backbone structure for Data View; data cannot be entered nor viewed without first defining variables in Variable View (see Table 1.2). Element Variable name

Variable type

Value labels

Description SPSS Statistics initially assigns default variable names (VAR00001, VAR00002, etc.) which users can change. It is recommended to assign a brief and meaningful name to variables (e.g., Name, Sex, and GPA). The variable type determines how the cases are entered. Generally, textbased characters are of String type and number-based characters are of Numeric type. For example, if a user has a variable called Name, then its variable type should be String. Similarly, a variable named GPA should be a Numeric type, typically given two decimal places. Value labels allow users to describe what the variable name stands for. For example, a variable with an ambiguous name like Fav may confuse others working with the file. To avoid misinterpretation, value labels can be utilized to clearly define variable names. Table 1.2 - Elements in Variable View

4

A HANDBOOK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES USING SPSS

Figure 1.5 – Variable View Window

5

A HANDBOOK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES USING SPSS

CHAPTER 2 DATA FILE

2.1 Creating a Data File Creating a new SPSS Statistics data file consists of two stages: (1) defining the variables and (2) entering the data. Defining the variables involves multiple processes and requires careful planning. Once the variables have been defined, the data can then be added. The Data file is created on the basis of survey 1 (see appendix). 2.2 Defining Variables First, assign variable names based on your research questionnaire. If variable names are not assigned, SPSS Statistics provides default names that may not be recognizable. Second, each variable's Type attribute should be specified. If necessary, assign labels to values to help all users of the file better understand the data. 2.2.1 To define variables (example): 1. Click the Variable View tab in the lower-left corner of the Data Editor window (see Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 – Variable View Tab 2.

Type Name in the first cell under the Name column, and then press the Enter key.

3.

Under the Type column, click Numeric, and then click the Ellipses button that appears in the cell. In the Variable Type dialog box, select the String option button, and then click the OK button (see Figure 2.2).

4.

6

A HANDBOOK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES USING SPSS

Figure 2.2 – Variable Type Dialog Box 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Type Sex in row two under the Name column, and then press the Enter key. Click the cell in row two under the Decimals column, and then change the entry to 0 using the spin box. Type What is your sex? in row two under the Label column, and then press the Enter key. Click None in row two under the Values column, and then click the Ellipses button. In the Value Labels dialog box, type 1 in the Value box, type Female in the Label box, and then click the Add button (see Figure 2.3).

7