UPPSC mÙkj izns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx] iz;kxjkt

eq[; ijh{kk

lkWYoM isilZ 2019-2022

esa vk;ksftr ijh{kkvksa ds gy iz'u&i=k iz'u&i=k&1

% Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLÑfr] fo'o dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj lekt rFkk mÙkj izn's k fo'ks"k

iz'u&i=k&2

% 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kklu iz.kkyh] lafo/ku] lkekftd U;k;] varjkZ"Vªh; laca/] varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k

iz'u&i=k&3

% vkfFkZd fodkl] izkS|ksfxdh] i;kZoj.k] tSo fofo/rk vkink izca/u ,oa vkarfjd lqj{kk rFkk mÙkj izn's k fo'ks"k

iz'u&i=k&4

% uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk ,oa vfHk#fp

,oa

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vuqØef.kdk

gy iz'u&i=k UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk-2018 (2019 esa vk;ksftr) iz'u&i=k&1

% Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLÑfr] fo'o dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj lekt rFkk mÙkj izn's k fo'ks"k. ........................................... UPMH-5-12

iz'u&i=k&2

% 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kklu iz.kkyh] lafo/ku] lkekftd U;k;] varjkZ"Vªh; laca/] varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k. .......................................... UPMH-13-20

iz'u&i=k&3

% vkfFkZd fodkl] izkS|ksfxdh] i;kZoj.k] tSo fofo/rk vkink izca/u ,oa vkarfjd lqj{kk rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k. ............................................. UPMH-21-28

iz'u&i=k&4

% uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk ,oa vfHk#fp. .................................................. UPMH-21-28

„ fuca/ UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk&2018 (2019). ..................................... UPMH-37-51

UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk-2019 (2020 esa vk;ksftr) iz'u&i=k&1

% Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLÑfr] fo'o dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj lekt rFkk mÙkj izn's k fo'ks"k. ........................................ UPMH-52-61

iz'u&i=k&2

% 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kklu iz.kkyh] lafo/ku] lkekftd U;k;] varjkZ"Vªh; laca/] varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k. .......................................... UPMH-62-71

iz'u&i=k&3

% vkfFkZd fodkl] izkS|ksfxdh] i;kZoj.k] tSo fofo/rk vkink izca/u ,oa vkarfjd lqj{kk rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k. ............................................. UPMH-72-81

iz'u&i=k&4

% uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk ,oa vfHk#fp. .................................................. UPMH-82-91

„ fuca/ UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk&2019 (2020). ................................... UPMH-92-106

UPMH–3

UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk-2020 (2021 esa vk;ksftr) iz'u&i=k&1

% Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLÑfr] fo'o dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj lekt rFkk mÙkj izn's k fo'ks"k. .................................... UPMH-107-117

iz'u&i=k&2

% 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kklu iz.kkyh] lafo/ku] lkekftd U;k;] varjkZ"Vªh; laca/] varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k. ...................................... UPMH-118-128

iz'u&i=k&3

% vkfFkZd fodkl] izkS|ksfxdh] i;kZoj.k] tSo fofo/rk vkink izca/u ,oa vkarfjd lqj{kk rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k. ......................................... UPMH-129-139

iz'u&i=k&4

% uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk ,oa vfHk#fp. .............................................. UPMH-140-148

„ fuca/ UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk&2020 (2021). ................................. UPMH-149-160

UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk-2021 (2022 esa vk;ksftr) iz'u&i=k&1

% Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLÑfr] fo'o dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj lekt rFkk mÙkj izn's k fo'ks"k. .................................... UPMH-061-169

iz'u&i=k&2

% 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kklu iz.kkyh] lafo/ku] lkekftd U;k;] varjkZ"Vªh; laca/] varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k. ...................................... UPMH-170-179

iz'u&i=k&3

% vkfFkZd fodkl] izkS|ksfxdh] i;kZoj.k] tSo fofo/rk vkink izca/u ,oa vkarfjd lqj{kk rFkk mÙkj izns'k fo'ks"k. ......................................... UPMH-180-189

iz'u&i=k&4

% uhfr'kkL=k] lR;fu"Bk ,oa vfHk#fp. .............................................. UPMH-190-199

„ fuca/ UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk&2021 (2022). ................................. UPMH-200-208

UPMH–4

gy iz'u&i=k % UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk&2018 (2019)

gy iz'u&i=k

UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk-2018

2019 esa vk;ksftr

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLÑfr]

iz'u&i=k&1 fo'o dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkSj lekt rFkk mÙkj izn's k fo'ks"k 1. ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy dh Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa osQ foyhuhdj.k

esa Hkwfedk dks Li"V dhft,A m- ,d dfBu la?k"kZ osQ i'pkr~ Lora=krk dh iwoZ laLFkk dk vkxeu foHkktu] lakiznkf;d naxks vkSj 'kj.kkFkhZ ladV dh tfVy leL;kvkas dks lkFk gqvkA Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vf/fu;e 1947 osQ izko/kukas osQ vuqlkj] fj;klrs Hkkjr ;k ikfdLrku esa lfEefyr gksus vFkok buls vyx jgus osQ fy, LorU=k FkhA bl izko/ku us ns'k osQ okYduhdj.k gsrq i;kZIr volj iznku fd;sA blosQ vfrfjDr] Hkkjr ,d vuqi;qDr vkSifuosf'kd e'khujh rFkk lalk/uksa osQ vHkko ls xzflr FkkA bl vof/ esa 550 ls vf/d fj;klrksa dks ,dhÑr djuk vR;Ur dfBu dk;Z Fkk] ftls ljnkj iVsy vkSj mudh Vhe }kjk iw.kZ fd;k x;kA LorU=krk iwoZ Hkkjr dk 48% {ks=k bu fj;klrksa osQ vUrZxr FkkA buesa ns'k dk oqQy tula[;k dks 28% fgLlk fuokl djrk FkkA ljnkj iVsy }kjk viuk;h x;h j.kuhfr;k¡ O iVsy us vius lfpo ohñih eseu blosQ i'pkr~ ok;ljk; ykMZ~ ekamVosVu osQ lkFk feydj jktkvksa dh jk"VªHkfDr dks tkx`r fd;kA mUgksaus Hkkjr esa lfEefyr u gksus dh fLFkfr esa fj;klrkas esa vjktdrk iSQykus dh laHkkouk osQ izfr vkxzg fd;k rFkk Hkkjr esa lfEefyr gksus osQ fy, mu jktkvksa dks lger djus gsrq iz;kl fd;kA O mudh Vhe us ,d midj.k osQ :i esa ;FkkfLFkfr le>kSrs (Stand still agreement) dk oqQ'kyrkiwoZd mi;ksx fd;kA O ^mUgksus fizoh ilZ* dh vo/kj.kk izLrqr dh ftlosQ rgr 'kkgh ifjokjksa dks Hkkjr esa foy; gsrq fd, x, le>kSrs osQ fy, Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk FkkA gk¡ykfd] rhu egRoiw.kZ jkT; vHkh Hkh lfEefyr ugha gq, FksA (1) twukxk¡lh rFkk gehjiqj ftyk O Mksy kse kbV & dtgj {ks=k (lksuHknz) rFkk okWnk ftykA O ,.Mksy lkbj & fetkZijq ,oa lskuHknz O pkbuk Dys & lksuHknz ,oa okWnk O pwuk iRFkj & xq:ek] dukp] o[kwgkjh {ks=k (fetkZiqj)] dtjkgr {ks=k (lksuHknz)A O iQk;j Dys & fetkZijq osQ okWlh] edjh ,oa [kksg {ks=kA O ghjk & okWnk ,oa fetkZijq O flfydk lS.M & xaxk ,oa ;equk unh {ks=k] 'kadjxnA O jkWd iQWkLisQV & yfyriqj osQ nqjekyk] fdeksbZ rFkk pelkjh esaA O rkack & yfyriqj dk lksuHkbZ {ks=kA O ;wjsfu;e & yfyriqjA izns'k esa cgqewY; [kfutkas dh [kkst fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls dh tk jgh gS] ftlesa lksuHknz esa Lo.kZ ,oa yfyriqj esa Lo.kZ ,oa IysfVul lewg osQ /krqvksa dh [kkst dk dk;Z izxfr ij gSA 8. LekVZ flVh fodkl gsrq ewy v/kslajpukRed rRo crk,A m- LekVZ flVh dh ,slh dksbZ ifjHkk"kk ugh gSA ftls loZ=k Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA vyx&vyx yksxksa osQ fy, bldk vk'k; vyx&vyx gksrk gSA LekVZ flVh dh ladYiuk] 'kgj&nj&'kgj vkSj ns'k&nj&nss'k fHkUu gksrh gSA LekZV flVh dh ladYiuk esa ukxfjdks dh vkdak{kkvkas vkSj t:jrkas dks iwjk djus osQ fy, ;kstukdkj dks iwjs 'kgjh ikfjfLFkfrdh rU=k dk bl izdkj fodkl djuk gksrk gS tks O;kid fodkl osQ pkj LrHkka&s laLFkkxr] HkkSfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd volajpuk esa fn[kkbZ nsA LekVZ flVh osQ ewy v/kslajpukRed rRo fuEufyf[kr gS& (1) i;kZIr rFkk LoPN ty vkiwfrZ (2) lqfuf'pr fo|qr vkiwfrZ (3) LoPNrk] Bksl vof'k"V izca/u (4) lkoZtfud ifjogu rFkk 'kgjh eksf[kfyVh dh n{krk (5) oguh; vkokl (6) etcwr vkbZñVhñ osQufDVfoVh rFkk fMtVyhdj.k (7) lq'kklu] bZ&'kklu rFkk ukxfjd lgHkkfxrk (8) lrr i;kZoj.k (9) LokLF; rFkk f'k{kk (10) ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kkA

m- lekU;rk tyok;q dk vk'k; fdlh fn;s x;s {ks=k esa ycsa le; rd vkSlr ekSle ls gksrk gSA vr% tc fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k osQ vkSlr ekSle esa ifjorZu vkrk gS rks mls tyok;q ifjorZu dgrs gaSA Hkwe.Myh; Å"eu] tyok;q ifjorZu dk lcls izeq[k dkj.k gSA oSf'od Lrj ij ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa }kjk fofdj.k ;k Å"ek lary q u esa ifjorZu gks jgk gS tks Hkwe.Myh; i;kZoj.k ifjorZu osQ :i esa fo'o osQ le{k leL;k mRiUu dj jgk gSA {kksHke.My esa i`Foh dh lrg osQ djhc osQ okrkoj.k osQ vkSlr rkieku esa o`f¼ dks ^Hkwe.Myh; rkiu* dgrs gSAa ftlosQ dkj.k oSf'od tyok;q izfr:i esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA lkekU;r% ekuo fØ;kvksa }kjk mRlftZr gfjr x`g xSlkas esa o`f¼ osQ ifj.kker% mRiUu rki o`f¼ dks oSf'od rkiu dgrs gaAS i`Foh ,d gfjr x`g dh HkkSfIr dk;Z djrh gS] i`Foh dh gfjr x`g xSls tks i`Foh osQ fupys ok;q e.My esa ik;h tkrh gS i`Foh dks ,d oaQcy dh HkkWfr yisVs jgrh gS ,oa ;g gfjr x`g osQ 'kh'ks dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA vFkkZr og lkS;Z fodj.k dh vkus okyh y|q rjax nSè;Z rajxks dks vkus nsrh gS ijUrq i`Foh ls ykSVrh nh?kZ rjax nSè;Z fofdj.kksa (ikfFkZo fofdj.k) dks vo'kksf"kr dj ysrh gSA gfjr x`g xSl dk vFkZ okrkoj.k dh mu xSlkas ls gSa tks izkÑfrd ,oa ekuo tfur nksuksa gksrh gSA ;s vojDr fofdj.k dks vo'kksf"kr djrh o iqu% NksM+rh gSA gfjr x`g xSls bl izdkj gS& O tyok"i O dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ¹oSf'od rkiu esa 60» Hkkxhnkjhº O ehFksu ¹oSf'od rkiu esa 20» Hkkxhnkjhº O ukbVªl vkDlkbM ¹oSf'od rkiu esa 6» Hkkxhnkjhº O DyksjksÝyksjks dkcZu ¹oSf'od rkiu esa 14» Hkkxhnkjhº 10. cqUnsy[k.M dk ,d lkaLÑfrd {ks=k osQ :i esa HkkSxksfyd fooj.k izLrqr dhft,A m- cqnsy[k.M mÙkj izns'k vkSj eè; izns'k osQ lhekorhZ ftyksa ls feydj cuk gSA ftlesa mÙkj izns'k osQ lkr tuin lekfnr gSA cqnsy[k.M ,d HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkaLÑfrd {ks=k gSA lkFk gh osQUnzh; rFkk mÙkjh Hkkjr esa ,d ioZrh; Ük[`a kyk Hkh gSA cqnsy[k.M dk ioZrh; rFkk iBkjh {ks=k vc mÙkj izns'k rFkk eè; izns'k osQ eè; foHkkftr gSA ftldk vf/ dka'k Hkkx eè; izns'k esa gaSA cqny s [k.M mÙkj esa xaxk osQ nkSjku rFkk nf{k.k esa foè;u ioZr J`[a kyk osQ eè; vofLFkr gSA HkkSxksfyd :i ls ;g {ks=k ufn;ksa dVku] catj iBkj rFkk vuqitkÅ iFkjhyh Hkwfe ds :i esa utj vkrk gSA tgk¡ Ñf"k dk;Z vR;ar nq"dj gSA bl {ks=k esa dsu rFkk csrok mls ufn;k¡ xqtjrh gSAa da|j oa'k osQ ckn 14 ls 16oh 'krkCnh rd pnsy oa'k us cqny s [k.M ij 'kklu fd;k 14oh 'krkCnh esa ;s dUUkkSt osQ izfrgkjksa osQ lkaer FksA rFkk dafytj ij jkt djrs FksA pnsy us Xokfy;j osQ fdys ij dCtk dj 'kklu fd;kA pany s kas us dkiQh fganw rFkk tSu eafnj cuok;sA pany s kas us 10oh ls 11oh 'krkCnh osQ eè; izfl¼ [kqtjkgks dk fuekZ.k djok;kA pany s ksa osQ 'kklu osQ nkSjku cqna y s [k.M tSu leqnk; dk ?kj jgkA orZeku esa Hkh cqna y s [kaM dh laLÑfr esa dyk ds fofo/ :iksa ds lkFk&lkFk vusd mRÑ"V dykÑfr;ksa dh >yd gesa >kalh vkSj egksok esa fey tkrh gSA >k¡lh] cqny s [k.M osQ mÙkj izn's k osQ fgLls dk lcls egRoiw.kZ lkaLÑfrd rFkk lkekfjd 'kgj jgkA

UPMH–7

gy iz'u&i=k % UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk&2018 (2019)

[k.M&c 11. ^^200 o"kksZ osQ fczfV'k 'kklu us Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ es#n.M

dks {kfrxzLr dj fn;k FkkA** O;k[;k dhft,A m- Hkkjr esa vkjafHkd vkØe.kdkfj;ks rFkk fczfV'k lkezkT;okfn;ksa esa eq[; varj ;g Fkk fd vaxt zs ksa osQ vfrfjDr fdlh vU; izkajfHkd vkØe.kdkjh us u rks Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk esa ifjorZu fd;k vkSj uk gh /u dh fuajrj fudklh dk fl}kUr viuk;kA Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu osQ iQyLo:i Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] mifuos'kh vFkZO;oLFkk esa :iakrfjr gks xbZ rFkk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh lHkh uhfr;k¡ ,oa dk;ZØe mifuos'kh fgrks osQ vuq:i cuus yxsA 1813 osQ pkVZj ,DV }kjk fczfV'k ukxfjdksa dks Hkkjr ls O;kikj djus NwV feyus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; cktkj lLrs rFkk e'khu fufeZr vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ls Hkj x;kA nwljh vksj] Hkkjrh; mRiknksa osQ fy, ;wjksih; cktkjks esa izos'k djuk vR;Ur dfBu gks x;kA 1820 osQ i'pkr~ rks ;wjksih; cktkj Hkkjrh; mRiknksa osQ fy, yxHkx can gh gks x,A Hkkjr esa jsyos osQ fodkl us ;wjksih; mRiknks dks Hkkjr osQ nwj&njkt osQ {ks=kks rd igqp ¡ us esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA Hkkjr esa ijaijkxr gLrf'kYi m|ksx dk ßkl blfy;s ugha gqvk fd ;gk¡ vkS/ksxhdj.k ;k vkS/ksfxd ØkfUr gqbZA cfYd ;g g~kl vxzt sa h eky osQ Hkkjrh; cktkjkas esa Hkj tkus ls gqvk] D;ksafd gLrf'kYi] vxzstkas osQ lLrs eky dk eqdkcyk ugh dj ldkA ;g og le; Fkk tc ,d vksj Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi m|ksx rsth ls iru dh vksj vxzlj Fkk rFkk og viuh e`R;q dh dxkj ij igq¡p x;k FkkA ogh nwljh vksj bl dky esa bXyS.M esa vkS/ksfxd ØkfUr rsth ls iSj tek jgh FkhA rFkk ns'k dk rsth ls vkS|ksxhdj.k gks jgk FkkA blh le; Hkkjrh; nLrdkj vkSj f'Y;dkj i;kZIr laj{k.k osQ vHkko esa fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;kas osQ nkSj ls xqtj jgs FksA ogh u, ik'pkr~; vuqiz;ksxks rFkk rduhd us f'kYidkj muosQ ladV dks vkSj xaHkhj cuk fn;kA vaxt zs ksa dh 'kks"k.kdkjh rFkk HksnHkkoewyd uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k cgqr ls Hkkjrh; nLrdkjksa us vius ijaijkxr O;olk; dks R;kx fn;k rFkk os xk¡okas esa tkdj os [ksrh djus yxsA /hjs&/hjs Hkkjr ,d laiw.kZ fu;kZrd ls laiw.kZ vk;krd ns'k cu x;kA 12. f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ dks vo';EHkkoh cukus esa fgVyj dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A m- izFke fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls iQkWflLV 'kkfDr;kas dk mn; gqvk] ftldh vfHkO;fDr teZuh osQ fgVyj osQ usr`Ro esa ukthokn osQ :i esa gqbAZ fgVyj dh uhfr teZu lkezkT; osQ foLrkj ij vk/ kfjr FkhA tks varr% f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ dk dkj.k cuhA oLrqdkj fgVyj teZuh dks fo'o dk loZJs"B jk"Vª cukuk pkgrk FkkA blfy, mlus viuh fons'k uhfr osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr mís'; viuk;s % O olkZ; dh laf/ dk mYay?ku djukA bl laf/ osQ izko/ku teZuh osQ fy, vieku tud Fks rFkk ml ij vkjksfir fd, x, FksA O vf[ky teZu lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk djuk rFkk blosQ fy, og fo'o dh leLr teZu tkfr;ksa dks ,dlw=k esa laxfBr djuk pkgrk FkkA O lkE;okn osQ izlkj dks jksduk viuh uhfr dh vfHkO;fDr rFkk mls veyhtkek igukus osQ fy, osQ fy, mlus dbZ vkØked dne mBk,] tks vrr% f}rh; fo'o;q¼ dk dkj.k cuh tSls % O 1933 esa jk"Vª la?k ls vyx gksukA O 1935 esa jkbuyS.M dk lSU;hdj.k djukA O 1936 esa jkse&ofyZu /qjh dk fuekZ.k djuk ftlesa tkiku esa 'kkfey

gksus ij ;g jkse&ofyZu&Vksfd;ksa /qjh cu x;kA ;g lkE;okn fojksèkh xqV FkkA O 1938 esa vkWLVªh;k ij geyk rFkk ckn ea psD;sLYkksokfd;k ij fu;a=k.kA O 1 flracj] 1939 dks iksyS.M ij vkØe.k ftlls f}rh; fo'o;q¼ dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA ysfdu flDosQ dk nwljk igyw dks ns[ks rks f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ chp isfjl 'kkfUr lEesyu (1919) esa gqbZ fofHkUu laf/;kas esa gh fufgr Fks] ftlesa lcls izeq[k olkZ; dh laf/ FkhA bl lEesyu ls vlarq"V teZuh ,oa bVyh esa iQklhoknh 'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvk] ftUgksus jkse&cfyZu xqV dk fuekZ.k fd;k vkSj f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ fy, ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rS;kj dhA bu ifjfLFkfr;kas dks rS;kj djus esa fczVsu ,oa izQkal dh rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfr Hkh ftEesnkj FkhA vr% dg ldrs gaS fd f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ cht isfjl 'kkfUr lEesyu esa fufgr Fks] ftls iqf"ir&ikYyhr djus esa fgVyj dh fons'k uhfr us Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] ftldk iQy f}rh; fo'o;q¼ osQ :i esa lkeus vk;kA 13. ^^1857 dk fonzkgs Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ,d fu.kkZ;d eksM+ FkkA** fo'ys"k.k dhft,A m- 1857 dk fonzksg fczfV'k foLrkjoknh] 'kks"kd ,oa neudkjh uhfr;ksa] vaxt zs ksa }kjk lkekftd izFkkvksa esa gLr{ksi rFkk vU; iz'kklfud vR;kpkjkas dk lfEefyr izHkko FkkA ykWMZ MygkSth dh foy; dh uhfr rFkk osystyh dh lgk;d laf/ ls turk esa cgqr vlarks"k FkkA bu dkj.kkas us LFkkuh; 'kkldkas] flikfg;ks]a tehnkjkas] fdlkuks] dkjhxjks] O;kikfj;ks vkSj /kfeZd usrkvksa dks izfrowQy :i ls izHkkfor fd;kA lsuk esa ,uiQhYM jkbiQy dk vkjaHk fonzksg dk rRdkfyd dkj.k Fkk] ftlosQ dkjrwl dfFkr rkSj ij xkSekl ,oa lwvj dh pchZ ls cus Fks vkSj bUgsa pykus osQ fy;s eq¡g ls [kksyuk iM+rk FkkA blls fganq&eqfLye nksuks dh Hkkoukvks dks Bsl igqp ¡ h vkSj mUgksus fczfV'k 'kklu osQ f[kykiQ fonzksg dj fn;kA flikfg;ksa us loZizFke 10 ebZ] 1857 dks fonzksg fd;kA fonzksg dk ewY;kadu % laxfBr fonzksg O cgknqj 'kkg us izkjafHkd fgpfdpkgV osQ ckn lHkh Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa vkSj jkT; izeq[kks dks [kr fy[k dj mUgs vxzst gqowQer ls yM+us vkSj mls gVkus osQ fy, Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa dk ,d egkla?k cukus dk vkxzg fd;kA O blesa dksbZ 'kd ugh gS fd fofHkUu Nkofu;ksa osQ flikfg;kas osQ chp vPNk lapkj cuk gqvk FkkA tc lkroh fu;fer ?kqMl + okj us ebZ dh 'kq#vkr esa u, dkjrwlks dk bLrseky djus ls budkj dj fn;k rks mUgkasus 48 usfVo bUiSQVªh dks fy[kk fd geus vius /eZ dh j{kk osQ fy, ;g iSQlyk fy;k gS vkSj 48 dh usfVo bUiSQVªh osQ gqDe dk bartkj dj jgs gSaA O pkYlZ ckWy us fy[kk gS fd nslh viQljksa dh cSBosQ jkt dks dkuiqj flikgh ykbuksa esa tqVrh FkhA bldk vk'k; gS fd lkewfgd :i ls oqQN iSQlys t:j fd, tk jgs FksA Lor% fonzksg % O Øks/iw.kZ vlarks"k] o"kZ 1857 esa ,d fgald rwiQku osQ :i esa iwQV iM+kA O ;fn bu fonzksgks dks rkjh[k osQ fglkc ls ns[kk x, rks ,slk yxrk fd tSls&tSls fonzgks dh [kcj ,d 'kgj ls nwljs 'kgj esa igqp ¡ rh x;h oSls&oSls flikgh gfFk;kj mBkrs x,A

UPMH–8

gy iz'u&i=k % UPPSC eq[; ijh{kk&2018 (2019) izlkj O fnYyh ij dCtk djus osQ ,d eghus osQ Hkhrj gh fonzksg ns'k osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa iSQy x;kA dkuiqj] y[kuÅ] cukjl] bykgkckn] cjsyh] txnh'kiqj vkSj >¡klhA O nf{k.k Hkkjr esa 'kkfUr cuh jgh vkSj iatkc vkSj caxky osQoy ekewyh izHkkfor jgsA ;g fonzksg blfy, Hkh fu.kkZ;d eksM+ jgk D;ksafd blds ckn ls Hkkjr esa vk/qfud laLÑfr] fopkj vkfn dks c