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Handbook of anatomy & pHysiology for yoga tHerapists
Dr. Vijayakumar
First Published by Notion Press 2021 Copyright © Dr. Vijayakumar 2021 All Rights Reserved. ISBN 9798885211512 This book has been published with all efforts taken to make the material error-free after the consent of the author. However, the author and the publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. While every effort has been made to avoid any mistake or omission, this publication is being sold on the condition and understanding that neither the author nor the publishers or printers would be liable in any manner to any person by reason of any mistake or omission in this publication or for any action taken or omitted to be taken or advice rendered or accepted on the basis of this work. For any defect in printing or binding the publishers will be liable only to replace the defective copy by another copy of this work then available.
Contents
Preface ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 5 1.
Introduction to Human Body .................................................... 7
2.
Skeletal System ........................................................................ 37
3.
Muscular System ...................................................................... 49
4.
Nervous System ....................................................................... 55
5.
Digestive System ...................................................................... 65
6.
The Urinary System ................................................................. 81
7.
Respiratory System................................................................... 87
8.
Endicrine Organs ..................................................................... 93
9.
Circulatory System................................................................. 101
10. Lymphatic System .................................................................. 115 11. Reproductive System .............................................................. 121 12. Organs of Special Senses ........................................................ 133 Bibliography ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 143
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Preface
Yoga is an ancient discipline of science, philosophy and spirituality which is practiced since ages. As all of us are aware, yoga involves practice of many varieties of asanas, mudra, bandhas, kriyas and many more practices. The practice of each asana, mudra, bandhas, kriyas and other practices is unique in itself, it involves different physical movements which in turn leads to different psycho-physiological effects. In order to understand the art of teaching yoga one must understand the underlying physiological changes that occur when each asana, mudra, bandhas, kriyas and other practices is performed. To understand in detail about physical and physiological challenges one must understand the underlying anatomy and physiology of the human body. One of the crucial programs of yoga is for reaching the healing benefits, to assist the practitioner to relieve the trouble or sicknesses from which they suffer. Only when the yoga therapist is well versed in anatomy and physiology, he or she can help the clients to recover or manage better. Learning Yogic anatomy and physiology not only helps to do the asana better but also helps avoid mistakes that can cause pain or injuries. Every yoga trainer both deliberately or unintentionally, both willingly or unwillingly has to don the position of a yoga therapist even as discharging his/her obligation as a yoga trainer. Teaching yoga and coaching healing software of yoga (yoga therapy) are absolutely 5
Preface
different. Every yoga therapist ought to be properly grounded in yogic Anatomy, yogic physiology, yogic psychology and yogic deeper expertise of the human constitution. I wish the Yoga therapists might find this content beneficial and use the knowledge in the content to impart effective therapeutic application of yoga.
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Body
Introduction Human beings are arguably the most complex organisms on this planet. Imagine billions of microscopic parts, each with its own identity, working together in an organized manner for the benefit of the total being. The human body is a single structure but it is made up of Billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: cell, tissue, organ & system. Cells Cells have long been recognized as the simplest units of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce themselves. The human body, which is made up of numerous cells, begins as a single, newly fertilized cell. Tissues Tissues are somewhat more complex units than cells. By definition, a tissue is an organization of great many similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substance between them. Organs Organs are more complex units than tissues. An organ is an organization of several different kind of tissues so arranged that together they can 7
Handbook of Anatomy & Physiology for Yoga Therapists
perform a special function. For example, the stomach is an organization of muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. Muscle and connective tissues form its wall, epithelial and connective tissues form its lining, and nervous tissue extends throughout both its wall and its lining. Systems Systems are the most complex of the component units of the human body. A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body. Ten major systems compose the human body:
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
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Introduction to Human Body
Fig 1.1 Systems of Human Body
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Handbook of Anatomy & Physiology for Yoga Therapists
Fig 1.2 Systems of Human body (continued)
10
Introduction to Human Body
Terminologies in Human Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. In the laboratory, anatomy is studied by dissection (SECT = cut, DIS = apart). Physiology is the study of the functions of the body at the cellular level. The individual cell is the basis of the structure and function of the human body. The individual human body consists of great numbers of these cells working together as a total organism. Groups of like cells performing a common function are called tissues. Different tissues collected together form individual organs. Groups of organs performing an overall function are called organ systems, for example, the digestive system, the respiratory system, etc. When these systems are together in a single individual, we refer to that individual as an organism. There is an inseparable relationship between structure and function in the human body. Every structure is designed to perform a particular function or functions. Likewise, every function has structures designed to perform it. with the study of all living things in the subjects of biology; as well as this three is the work of the cytologist, interested in details of the structure of cells, and that of the biochemist, dealing with the chemical changes and activities of cells and investigating the complex chemistry of life, and three is physics, the study of the physical reactions and movements taking place in the body. Anatomical Terminology Before we learn the different human body systems, it is necessary to learn some useful terms for describing body structure. Knowing these terms will make it much easier to understand the content. Three groups of terms are introduced here: Directional terms: describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. 11
Handbook of Anatomy & Physiology for Yoga Therapists
Superior or cranial – toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity).
Inferior or caudal – away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity). Anterior or ventral – front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg).
Posterior or dorsal – back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
Medial – toward the mid line of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot).
Lateral – away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).
Proximal – toward or nearest to the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone).
Distal – away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm). Planes of the body: Medical professionals often refer to sections of the body in terms of anatomical planes (flat surfaces). These planes are imaginary lines – vertical or horizontal – drawn through an upright body. The terms are used to describe a specific body part.
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) – A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into another and posterior portions.
Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) – A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
Axial Plan (Transverse Plane) – A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
Median plane – Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves. 12
Introduction to Human Body
Fig 1.3 Planes of the Human body
Body Cavities: The cavities, or spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera. The two cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a domeshaped respiratory muscle.
Thoracic cavity – The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura
Abdominal and pelvic cavity – The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion. The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys 13
Handbook of Anatomy & Physiology for Yoga Therapists
and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains most of the uro-genital system as well as the rectum. The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis.
Dorsal cavity – The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. As its name implies, it contains organs lying more posterior in the body. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal houses the spinal cord.
Fig 1.4 Various body cavities
Physiological Terminology
Nutrition – The body takes in materials for energy, growth, and repair. Since the body cannot produce its own energy, it must continually take in foods to supply that energy to carry on the life processes. This food also provides materials for growth and repair of the cells and tissues 14
Introduction to Human Body
Motion and Locomotion – Being an erect, standing organism, the body requires special supporting structures. At the same time, it needs a mechanical arrangement to allow the parts to move (motion) and to move from place to place (locomotion).
Control – All of this activity is controlled by three major systems of the body – heredity/environment, hormones, and the nervous system. Hormones provide a chemical control system. The nervous system works much like circuitry in a computer. In the final analysis, however, all of the structures and functions of the body are determined by special units called genes, the study of which is genetics and the transmission of which is heredity determines the potential range of an organism’s characteristics. The environment determines which potential characteristics are developed and to what degree.
Metabolism – Metabolism is a broad term that includes all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. One phase of metabolism is catabolism in which complex substances are broken down into simpler building blocks and energy is released.
Reproduction – For most people, reproduction refers to the formation of a new person, the birth of a baby. In this way, life is transmitted from one generation to the next through reproduction of the organism. In a broader sense, reproduction also refers to the formation of new cells for the replacement and repair of old cells as well as for growth. This is cellular reproduction. Both are essential to the survival of the human race.
Growth – Growth refers to an increase in size either through an increase in the number of cells or through an increase in the size of each individual cell, In order for growth to occur, anabolic processes must occur at a faster rate than catabolic processes.
Differentiation – Deformation is a developmental process by which unspecialized cells change into specialized cells with distinctive structural and functional characteristics. Through differentiation, cells develop into tissues and organs. 15