Biology Gods 1iving Creation

MA Beka Book SCIENCE/HEALTH SERIES

JANA MANA GANA (BENGALI) Jano Gano Mano

Adhinaayako Jayo Hey,

Bhaarato Bhaagyo Bidhaataa

Panjaabo Sindhu Gujaraato Maraathaa, Draabiro Utkalo Bango

Bindhyo Himaachalo Jamunaa Gangaa, Uchchhalo Jalodhi Tarango Tabo Shubho Naamey Jaagey. Tabo Shubho Aashisho Maagey Gaahey Tabo Jayogaathaa Jano Gano

Mangalo Daayako,

Jayo Hey Bhaarato Bhaagyo Bidhaataa

Jayo Hey. Jayo Hey. Jayo Hey. Jayo Jayo Jayo, Jayo Hey

Our National Pledgge India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.

.I love my country and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. . I shall always strive to be worthy of it.

.I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect and treat

everyone with courtesy. To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.

I n their well being and prosperity alone, lies my

happiness

THE CONSTITUTION F INDIA Fundamental Duties Abide by the Indian Constitution and respect

its Ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. 2. Cherish and follow the noble ldeals that inspired the national struggle forfreedom. 3.

Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

4.

Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

5.

the of Promote harmony and spirit common brotherhood amongst all the of India reglonal or sectional diversitles and people transcending religious, linguistic and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

TIde

6. Value and preserve the rich heritage of the country's composite culture.

7. Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures

8.

9.

Develop selentifc temper, humanlsm and the spirit of inqury and reform.

Safeguard public property and to abjure violence

10. Strive towards excellence in all spheres of indlvidual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achlevement

11. Provide opportunities education his

orward

for to child between the age of six and fourteen years. This duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

Preface While many best-selling books offer advice on how to "get"

the most out of life: hat's not the only reason we were created. We were also created to add to life on earth, not just take from it. The universe wants us to give something backkas He wants me to give this book.

After my near-fatal accident in 2017, I felt it's too soon to force a memento at this point, except to be thankful for this life thing and embrace my new-found disability.. call it a

gratitude journal. My accident impregnated me with a story and now I am

fixing my crown to take my write(ful) place.

I call this book 'a book of turning graves into gardens. It isn't just mottvation or make-believe gimmick. I wrote it to rescue, to redeem, to release and to heal in times of

upheaval

Sometimes life doesn't turn out the way we thought it would, we get hit by unexpected storms now and then. Chances are

the nadir of your life wo't be a train but whatever knocks you down, let your mess become your ministry. Ministry is simply God trusting you to serve, guide and teach His people about lessons and blessings. What an honour!

THE

DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM EDITEDBy KARRoGERS

Digestive Works

Esophagus Gall-bladder

Duodenum

Smal intestine

Anus

System heet

Liver Stomach

Pancreas

Large intestine Rectum

TEETH

are Teeth ectomesodermal origin Major portion of teeth arses from Dermis. Part of tooth present outside the gums only is demved from ectoderm or Epadermis (Enamel part). m

atached to the t of lower jaw upper bone. In human teeth of Jaw Max1lla Whale teeth are attached Mandible bone. But in rabbit upper incisors are attached to pre mzilla While upper pre molars and molars are

attached to the maxilla bone. While lower teeth attached to dentry bone.

STRUCTURE OF TEETH There are a three parts of the tooth Crown- is the outer part of the tooth exposed outside

3

gums.

thae

Neck It is the internal part of the tooth which is embedded nsude the gum. s part of tooth that is inserted inside the Root the socket of jaw bone (Alveoli) The crown part of the tooth is made up of a very hard the Enamel. It is the hardest material of

eritre

substance called anumal k1ngdom It ectodermal Enamel of the ectroderm It has is

aC)

Pmet

Percdn is

secreted

mertr a

by Ameloblast cells

maximum amount

of

inorgan1 Inorganic salt are mainly found in the and cabonate of Ca, Mg. Na and K

at (96) mn t

form of phosphate 3% of water is found in the enamel.

Avear o e

Apal torame

Along withit Keratin

& ossein protein (1) xe also fand in teeth Ossein isa

Parts of Tooth

proten of bones. Remauning part of tooth develops from mesodem ot embryo.

the of tooth salts Dentine main part Appronimately 69% imorganic present in cemeat (62% inorganac salts are present in bones.) is

are

present

in

dentine and 65%

are

Dentne suTounds a caaty called pulp cavty. Thas cavity contains soft connective tissue, blood capillaries, fibres. Pulp cavity is necessary for the nutrition and survival of the teeth. At the base of pulp-cavity an this and fbres inside the teeth Thu nerve enter aperture is called apical-foramen. A special type of cells form the lining of the pulp-cavity called the nerve

perture is present. Through

Odontoblast cells.

embedded

aperture, blood capillaries

These calls are the dentine secreting cells. Cytoplasmac process of odontoblasts are

dentine in the form of fine tubule. These processes are called canalicuh. These canal1culs secretes dentine. The teeth continue grow till the odontoblast cells remain active. in adults, the pulp-cauity shrinks and the odontoblasts become unactive so the teeth stops to grow. The cement layer is made up of the nto

cementocytes cells. Between the root and the bones of the teeth, aperiodontal membrane 1s present. In rabbt and rat the wide throughout their

pulp cavity of the lufe,

so

incisor remains these teeth grow

contamuously throughout thesr sparn

fone incisor of rabb1t & rat s broken then the oPposte ncisor grows continuously, finally the animal close the mouth the food. So can

animal dies due

nor

to

starving

gnaw

the

Digestive System

The SmallIntestinedigestion and absorption Area of most

Largeo surface area Circular folds

Villi

Microvilli

Begins at pyloric sphincter of stomach o

Coils through central and inferior part of abdominalcavity Opens into large íntestine

2.5cm in diameter

3m iong AnatomyThree regions Duodenum

Shortest regíon

Retroperitoneal Starts at pyloric sphincter of stomach and extends about 25cm until merging with jejunum

Jejunum

2m long

Extends to lleum

lleum n long Joins

large intestine at ileocecal sphincter

Lver

Slomach

Ibladder Pancreas

yorus DUO0enum-

Let co

ight colic hexure

Transverse

DUoOeno ejuna

ColOn

juncbon AScending-

Jejunum

colon

eocecal junction

Descending colon

leum

igmo

Cecum

(C)

Appendix-

olon Rectum Anal cand

**

Anterior Figure 1: The anatomy of the Small Intestine

Salivary glands The oral cavity is kept moist by a film of fluid called saliva that coats the teeth and the mucosa. Saliva is a

complex fluid, produced by the salivary glands.

Parotid

Individuals with a deficiency of salivary secretion

experience

difficulty

eating,

speaking,

and

swallowing and become prone to mucosal infections

gland

Sublingual and-

Submandibular gland

and rampant caries.

Classification of salivary gland: 1. By location 2. By size

Major Salivary Gland Parotid gland Submandibular gland

Sublingual gland are located outside the oral cavity, with extended duct systems through which the gland secretions reach the mouth.

Minor Salivary Gland Labial. Buccal. 184