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TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1 Theme: Making Friends Grammar: Present f be; simple presente. Functions: No primeiro capítulo do Beginner – versão inglês você será capaz de desenvolver diálogos cotidianos sobre a família e amigos em inglês, envolvendo vocabulário familiar, realizando o desenvolvimento de descrições pessoais. Além disso, a gramática do capítulo refrescará sua memória para iniciar a nova jornada de estudos. Vocabulary: Family; friends; hobbies and interest.

UNIT 2 Theme: What are you good at? Grammar: Verb forms: to + verb; verb + ing; preposition + verb + ing. Functions: No segundo capítulo você encontrará áudios e textos que discorrem situações de habilidades, auxiliando-o nas questões informais e formais em ambientes que requerem isso. Ainda no capítulo, a parte gramatical te ajudará a compreender a utilidade das estruturas mais importantes dos verbos na língua inglesa. Vocabulary: snap; drive; swim; play; cook; learning; exercise; travel

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UNIT 3 Theme: Things in common (part I) Grammar: Too; either. Functions: No capítulo a seguir, você entrará em contato com boas discussões encontradas rodas de amigos. Além de contribuir para o seu desenvolvimento linguístico de forma descontraída, o capítulo permite com que você entenda como concordar e discordar de maneira formal e informal. Vocabulary: Focus on grammar.

UNIT 4 Theme: Things in common (Part II) Grammar: Continuação do capítulo anterior: Neither can I / So can I; So did I / Neither did I; So am I/ Neither am I; Me too / Me neither. Functions: O capítulo 4 proporcionará melhor compreendimento do capítulo anterior, garantindo um melhor aproveitamento do conteúdo, uma vez que essa unidade serve como uma extensão. Vocabulary: “I’m from Moscow.” “I’m not very outgoing.” “I’m studying for the test.” “So am I!” “Neither am I.” “So am I.”

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UNIT 5 Theme: Let’s Celebrate! Grammar: Future with present continuous and going to Functions: Nesse capítulo você terá a desenvoltura voltada para as habilidades de speaking, listening, and writing, a fim de entrar no assunto da unidade com tópicos gramaticais referentes ao futuro. Vocabulary: On my next vacation, I’m going to stay in a nice hotel in Paris; She’s going to look for a new job after her current contract ends; David’s going to meet me at the airport at 8:00; We’re going to get married next July.

UNIT 6 Theme: What if? Grammar: First conditional; clauses of contrast, purpose, and reason. Functions: No presente capítulo você encontrará temas a respeito do mercado de trabalho e situações condicionais. Permitindo, portanto, que você adeque o novo vocabulário com as suas necessidades. Vocabulary: Actor / Actress; Chef; Construction; worker; Firefighter; Doctor; Paramedic; Nurse; Dentist; Police officer; Teacher; Veterinarian / Vet; Architect; Singer; Writer; Farmer; Pilot; Engineer; Accountant; Hair dresser / Barber; Carpenter; Life Guard; Baker; Electrician; Flight attendant; Plumber; Receptionist; Scientist Lawyer ;Bus / Truck / Taxi driver; Designer; Journalist; Photographer; Musician; Sales representative; Mechanic; Travel agent / guide Business man / Business woman; Programmer

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UNIT 7 Theme: Just my luck! Grammar: Simple past; past continuous. Functions: O capítulo 7 desenvolverá a sua habilidade de se comunicar se referindo a acontecimentos passados, uma vez que a unidade desafia seus aprendizados nos livros anteriores. Além disso, o capítulo oferece uma extensa ajuda ao desenvolver as habilidades de speaking, writing, and listening. Vocabulary: While; accidentaly; worried; kind; damage; spill; go on; fly; scream

UNIT 8 Theme: Lie or not to lie? Grammar: Should + Ought to Functions: Nesse capítulo, você entrará em contato com modal verbs e o uso deles em diferentes situações, possibilitando o vasto conhecimento na língua inglesa, uma vez que ambos os verbos são bastante usados. O capítulo trabalha com os 4 pilares: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Vocabulary: eat; study; punish; practice; take; apologize.

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UNIT 9 Theme: I used to Grammar: Used to; Would. Functions: O capítulo 9 te auxiliará a entender a diferença entre “used to” e “would”. Assim, você terá a habilidade de utilizá-los nas frases adequadamente. Além disso, o capítulo aborda histórias com um enredo que facilita o aprendizado dos pontos gramaticais, utilizando speaking, writing, reading and listening. Vocabulary: to stand up for; internment camps; to find sb guilty; to be shut down; to overturn; to award.

UNIT 10 Theme: People I work with Grammar: So x Such x As...as. Functions: No capítulo 10 você será apresentado ao uso do inglês para identificar intensidade e usar uma das formas de comparação do idioma. Mais uma vez, o livro traz uma abordagem de trabalho para que você tenha acesso a variadas situações com a língua inglesa. Vocabulary: nervours; quickly; lost; missed; workmate; reliable; weird; leader.

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UNIT 11 Theme: I Enjoy Cooking Grammar: Gerund x Infinitive. Functions: Nesse capítulo você aprenderá os usos dos verbos no -ING e no INFINITIVE, retirando a dúvida por trás das similaridades em seus usos. Com isso, a unidade expõe a proposta por meio do tema “cozinhar”, expandindo ainda mais o seu vocabulário. Vocabulary: dance; write; buy; sleep; move; walk; call; wash; talk; watch.

UNIT 12 Theme: Now and Then Grammar: Future and past. Functions: O capítulo 12 te ajudará a dar mais passos rumo ao passado e futuro na língua inglesa. Assim, torna-se possível manusear quase todas os tempos verbais até o presente momento do livro. O vocabulário da unidade apresenta similaridade com o assunto do título, agregando um ensino contextualizado. Vocabulary: While; Afterwards; Every other (day); (three times) in a row; Now and then; Once in a while; For a while; In a while; Meanwhile; Sooner or later; It’s (about) time; For the time being; To run out of (time).

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UNIT 13 Theme: Some, Any, No Grammar: Use of English - Some, Any, No Functions: O capítulo 13 te oferece uma cobertura no uso das palavras Some, Any, No. Assim, diversas palavras novas serão descobertas por você devido às partículas apresentadas. O capítulo conta com interpretação de texto, listening, writing e speaking. Vocabulary: Tent; Sleeping bag; Back pack; Insect repelente; First -aid; kit Flashlight; Batte ries; Compass; Map; Hat; Sunglasses; Sunscreen; Hiking; shoes; Boots; Water; bottle; Nature; Outdoors; Rope; Trail.

UNIT 14 Theme: My Favorite Class Grammar: Determiners Functions: Nesse capítulo, ao aprender os determiners você compreenderá tópicos antes despercebidos na língua inglesa! Aproveite o novo vocabulário apresentado de acordo com o título do capítulo. Vocabulary: Music; Art; Drama; Computing; Languages (Portuguese – English – Spanish – German); Social Studies (History – Geography – Philosophy – Sociology); Science (Chemistry – Physics – Biology); Mathematics (Geometry – Calculus – Statistics); Physical Education (P.E); Literature.

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UNIT 15 Theme: It’s not enough Grammar: Too, Too many/much and enough Functions: Aprenda no capítulo 5 a declarar intensidade de maneira adequada com too; too many; many; Much and enough. Chega de confundir os quantifiers! Vocabulary: smoke; earn; afterwards; sick; wide; clients; breathe.

UNIT 16 Theme: If Only I knew Grammar: Second conditional. Functions: No capítulo 16 você encarará situações que você faria se alguma outra situação tivesse ocorrido. Aprenda the second conditional e se divirta na imaginação! Vocabulary: win; travel; speak; pass; promoted; lottery; thinner; tiger.

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UNIT 17 Theme: My Circle of Friends Grammar: Relative Pronouns. Functions: No capítulo 17 aprenda a usar os pronomes relativos, diferenciando-os de coisas e pessoas. Ainda na unidade, pratique conversas informais em uma roda de amigos. Divirta-se! Vocabulary: Best friend; Close friend; Pal; Mate; Acquaintance; Buddy; Friendly; Friendship; Companion; Mutual friends; Comrade.

UNIT 18 Theme: Have you ever? Grammar: Have you ever; Reflexive Pronouns. Functions: O capítulo 18 foi feito para alavancar o seu nível de inglês! Com a expressão Have you ever...? você será capaz de encarar diversos diálogos mais avançados. Vocabulary: Head; Forehead; Face; Nose; Eyes; Mouth; Neck; Hand; Finger; Thumb; Wrist; Chest; Leg; Knee; Ankle; Foot (feet); Toe; Hip; Waist; Belly; Belly butto; Arm; Armpit; Elbow; Shoulder.

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UNIT 19 Theme: Secret Dreams Grammar: Extensão do capítulo anterior. Functions: Continue a experiência do presente perfect do capítulo anterior com mais aprofundamento. Aproveite!

UNIT 20 Theme: I’ve just arrived Grammar: Just; Already in Present Perfect sentences. Functions: O último capítulo do Beginner apresenta o tema de mercado de trabalho responsável para o seu crescimento pessoal e profissional. Com a gramática nova presente nesse capítulo, você desenvolverá ainda mais suas 4 habilidades. Vocabulary: Financial; Department; Purchasing; Department; Sales; Department; Production; Department; Supply; Chain; Marketing; Human Resources (HR); Recruitment; Competition; Brand; Commission; Forecast; Profit; Loss; Staff; Resume / CV; Budget; Customer; Deadline; Factory; Goal; Payment; Stock.

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ÁUDIOS DA UNIDADE

ESCANEIE OU CLIQUE NO LINK

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1. Questionnaire How well do you know your classmates? Use the questionnaire to interview each other. Write your partner’s answers.

TOPIC 1 – Personal Info What’s your name? ____________________________________________________ What’s your family name? _______________________________________________ Where does your family name come from?__________________________________ Are you named after someone?___________________________________________

TOPIC 2 – Home and Family Where do you live? ____________________________________________________ Do you like your neighborhood? __________________________________________ How many people live in your house? ______________________________________ Are you an only child? _________________________________________________

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TOPIC 3 – Friends Do you have a lot of friends? ______________________________________________ Are your friends from school, work, club, church or neighborhood? _________________ What is your best friend like? _____________________________________________ What do you guys do when you want to hang out? _____________________________ ________________

TOPIC 4 – Hobbies and Interests

What’s your favorite kind of music?_________________________________________ What’s your favorite kind of movie, series or TV show?__________________________ Do you prefer to travel to the beach or to the woods? ___________________________ Do you study or work? __________________________________________________

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2. Speaking Tell the class something interesting about your partner.

3. Use of English: Simple Present and Present of Be (Review)

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Are you from a big family? Yes, I am. I’m one of four children. No, I’m not. There are only two of us.

Present of BE

Are you and your friends full-time students? Yes, we are. We’re English majors. No, we’re not. We’re p art-time students.

Do you have any brothers or sisters? Yes, I do. I have one sister. No, I don’t. I’m an only child. Simple Present

Do you and your friends hang out a lot? Yes, we do. We hang out all the time. No, we don’t. We don’t have time.

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What’s your name? Is it Lucy? Yes, it is. My name’s Lucy Hill. No, it’s not. My name isn’t Lucy. It’s Mary. Where are your parents from? Are they from Colombia? Yes, they are. They’re from Bogota. No, they’re not. My parents aren’t from Colombia.

What does your sister do? Does she work? Yes, she does. She works as a doctor. No, she doesn’t. She goes to college. Where do your parents live? Do they live nearby? Yes, they do. They live near here. No, they don’t. They don’t live around here.

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4. Writing Think of a possible question for each answer:

1. A:___________________________________________________________ B: Yellow.

2. A: ___________________________________________________________ B: No. I’m not. I have two brothers.

3. A: ___________________________________________________________ B: No, I don’t. I don’t drive.

4. A: ___________________________________________________________ B: She works in a bank.

5. A: ___________________________________________________________ B: We usually stay home and watch a movie.

6. A: ___________________________________________________________ B: No, they don’t. They don’t have time.

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5. Listening Listen to Jennifer’s answer to these questions. Number the questions 1 to 5:

TAPESCRIPT: 1. Willian is OK, but it’s not my favorite. Well, for a guy, I like Benjamin. It’s my dad’s name. For a girl, I like Vanessa. Vanessa is a nice name. 2. Oh, what’s her name? Yeah, I really like her. She was in that movie, Pretty Woman. Um, Julia Roberts, that’s it. I think she’s very talented. 3. Not much. I try to take it easy and enjoy my family’s company. I usually take the time to watch a movie or something. 4. No, I don’t. But I’d love to. The problem is that I live in a very small apartment, so I guess it would be very hard. 5. Yes, I do. I work from 8A.M. to 6P.M., then I go to college and get home at around 11pm. I only have time to eat something, brush my teeth and go straight to bed.

_ _ _ _ _

Do you have any pets? Do you go to bed late? What do you usually do on weekends? Who’s your favorite actor? What’s your favorite name?

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1. Dialog: Interviewing a friend of yours Nathan: Hey, Anna! Anna: Hi, Nathan! What’s up? Nathan: My English teacher assigned this paper to have us interview a friend of ours to check their interests, and hobbies. Would it be ok for you to be the one I interview? Anna: Sure! It will be so much fun! I feel like a celebrity. Nathan: So, the first question is: “What do you enjoy doing in your free time?” Anna: Well, I enjoy drawing. I love to draw landscapes. Not many people know that, because I’m embarrassed to show my drawings. Nathan: Nice! I didn’t know that! Anyway, I want to see those drawings later on. The second question is: “Are you good at sports?” Anna: Not really. Actually, I’m not interested in practicing sports. I prefer to watch sports on TV. I like to play cards. Is that a sport? And I hate going to the gym. Nathan: Me too. So, question number 3 is “Can you play a musical instrument?” Anna: Actually, I can. I play the piano. I can also play the guitar, but I’m not very good at it. I’d like to play in a band someday. Who knows!

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2. Use of English: Verb Forms

Verb

I can play the piano.

I can’t play sports.

To + Verb

I love to draw.

I like to play cards.

I prefer to watch sports.

I hate to go to the gym.

*I’d like to play in a band.

Verb + ing

I love drawing.

I like playing cards.

Preposition + Verb +ing

I’m good at drawing landscape.

I’m not interested in practicing sports.

I prefer watching sports

I hate going to the gym.

*I enjoy drawing.

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3. Writing Complete the questions and then practice with your classmates: 1. Can you ______________________ (snap) your fingers? 2. Do you enjoy ______________________ (drive)? 3. Are you good at ______________________ (swim)? 4. Do you like ______________________ (play) board games? 5. Can you ______________________(cook)? 6. Are you interested in ______________________ (learn) Spanish? 7. Do you prefer ______________________ (exercise) alone or with friends? 8. Would you like ______________________ (travel) abroad?

4. Speaking Answer to your teacher’s questions.

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5. Listening Susan: Hey Jack, are you ________ this afternoon?

Jack: I just _________ to _____________ my homework. Why do you ask?

Susan: Because I ___________ to ________ shopping and then get a ___________. We ______ go to the new cafe near the library. The cakes look great there.

Jack: You know I ___________ shopping. Why don’t we go to the ___________? Kev and Rob will be there skateboarding. We can ________ with them.

Susan: I ________ want to spend my Saturday afternoon ____________ boys skateboarding! But we can go to the park for a __________ match, if you like.

Jack: I’m not really ______________ in tennis. I want to just relax. I have one idea. Come to my house and we can ____________ a movie.

Susan: I have a ___________ idea. Why don’t I bring some board ___________? That’ll be a bit more _______.

Jack: Okay, _______ sounds alright.

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1. Dialog: We’re the same Dialog 1 A: I don’t understand why some people spend so much time chatting online. It’s so much fun to meet friends somewhere to catch up. I’m just not a social media person. B: Well, I’m not either. Besides, people post so many things that are not real! I don’t have the patience for that.

Dialog 2 A: I don’t watch much TV. B: Yeah, I don’t either. A: I mean, I only watch TV when my team is playing. B: Yeah, I do too. But that’s about it.

Dialog 3 A: I love shopping. I can shop for hours! But I can’t afford to buy new stuff now. B: I know what you mean. I can’t either. I’m broke. A: I am too.

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2. Use of English: Too and Either We use Too to express agreement with positive statements. We use Either to express agreement with negative statements.

I’m allergic to pets.

I watch soccer on TV. I can shop for hours.

Affirmative I am too.

I do too.

I can too.

I’m not a social media person.

I don’t watch much TV.

I can’t afford to buy new stuff now.

I’m not either.

I don’t either.

I can’t either.

Negative

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3. Speaking Respond to these statements using TOO or EITHER. 1. I watch a lot of TV. 2. I’m allergic to some medicine. 3. I can’t sing very well. 4. I don’t like to wake up early. 5. I’m not a sports person. 6. I can drive all day.

4. Writing Complete the sentences with your likes and dislikes. Find someone who feels the same way: 1. I can’t stand ___________________________________. (type of TV show) 2. I usually ______________________________________. (weekend activity) 3. I love to wear ___________________________________. (item of clothing) 4. I don’t like _________________________ too much. (color) 5. I’m not a _____________________________ fan. (sports) 6. I hate ______________________________. (type of food)

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5. Reading Gurnee Hills Outlet Mall is the new shopping mall in the city of Evanston, Illinois. With an area of 320,000 square meters, the Gurnee Hills Outlet Mall is one of the biggest mall in the north side of Chicago. It’s located close to the highway, has its own bus station, and 2000 car parking spaces, so it is convenient for everyone. There, you can find all the major chain stores and department stores. You can buy fashion items, and all the famous brand names. The mall is also known for its fashion boutiques, jewelers, antiques and furniture. There are also two banks, and a post office located on the first floor. The entertainment center is also great. On the second floor, there is a food court where you can find cuisine from all around the world, including Chinese, Japanese, Thai and Italian food. There is a large arena, where events take place through the year. There is also an eight-screen cinema, a night club, and a bowling alley. So, if you’re in doubt where to go next weekend, visit Gurnee Hills Outlet Mall. You can’t afford to miss it! Answer the following questions based on the text above: 1. Where is the new mall? 2. How big is Gurnee Hills? 3. How many parking spaces are there? 4. What’s the new mall known for? 5. What kind of food can you find at the food court? 6. What kind of entertainment does the mall offer?

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1. Dialog: So do I Juliet: Hi, Sonia! How was your vacation? Sonia: Hey, Juliet! It was amazing! I spent all day long on the beach. Juliet: Really? So did I. I just love going to the beach. Sonia: Me too. The only thing I don’t like is getting sunburned. Juliet: Neither do I. That’s why I apply sunscreen all the time. Sonia: So do I. I have a very sensitive skin, so I can’t forget that. Juliet: Neither can I.

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2. Use of English: Me Too / Me Neither The easiest way to agree in English is to say ”Me too” (to agree with a positive statement) or “Me neither” (to agree with a negative statement):

“I love strawberry ice cream.”

“Me too!”

“I don’t go to the gym very often.”

“Me neither.”

*A “negative statement” is any sentence that uses a negative auxiliary verb: don’t / doesn’t / didn’t / can’t / haven’t / hasn’t / hadn’t / won’t / wouldn’t / isn’t / aren’t / am not/ never

So do I / Neither do I You can say “So do I” and “Neither do I” to respond to simple present sentences.

“I always sleep late on Saturday.”

“So do I.”

“I don’t think that’s a good idea.”

“Neither do I.”

So am I / Neither am I You can say “So am I” and “Neither am I” to respond to simple present sentences with the verb “BE” or present continuous sentences.

“I’m from Moscow.”

“So am I!”

“I’m not very outgoing.”

“Neither am I.”

“I’m studying for the test.”

“So am I.”

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So did I / Neither did I You can say “So did I” and “Neither did I” to respond to simple past sentences.

“I studied chemistry in college.”

“So did I.”

“I didn’t like broccoli when I was a kid.”

“Neither did I.”

You can say “So was I” and “Neither was I” to respond to simple past sentences with the verb BE or past continuous sentences.

“I was very athletic when I was in high school.”

“So was I.”

“I wasn’t happy about the new company policy

“Neither was I.”

So can I / Neither can I You can say “So can I” and “Neither can I” to respond to sentences.

“I can run a mile in six minutes.”

“So can I.”

“I can’t sing very well.”

“Neither can I.”

*If you don’t agree to the sentence, you use “I do”, “I don’t”, “I can”, “I can’t”, etc. E.G.

I don’t like sports.

I do

I can sing. I can~t

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3. Writing Respond to the following sentences according to your life:

1. I didn’t travel last vacation.

2. I was home last night.

3. I can’t stand loud music.

4. I’m from Brazil.

5. I don’t like sports.

6. I did my homework last night.

7. I wasn’t late for class.

8. I can play the drums.

9. I’m not a doctor.

10. I love ice cream.

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You Agree

You Don’t Agree

Neither did I.

I did.

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4. Speaking Answer to your teacher’s questions.

5. Listening Listen to the conversations and choose AGREE or DISAGREE according to the second speaker: TAPESCRIPT: 1. 2.

A: I really don’t like to drive at night on the highway. It’s too dangerous B: I do. I think I’m more attentive at night than during the day. Besides, there are less cars on the road. A: I didn’t finish my Spanish course last year. B: Neither did I. And I regret it. I’ve just lost a very good job offer in Peru because I don’t speak the language.

3.

A: I like working on Sundays. It’s so quiet at the department store. B: I don’t. I have the impression the time moves very slowly on Sundays when I’m working. 4.

A: I’m saving money to travel to Europe next year. B: So am I. Well, in my case I’m saving to go to Indonesia.

1. Agree Disagree 2. Agree Disagree 3. Agree Disagree 4. Agree Disagree

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1. Dialog: Special days Sophie: Yay! Finally December is here and we can celebrate many special days? Dave: What do you mean many special days? There’s only Christmas coming up. Sophie: It’s mom’s birthday on the 16th. Remember? She’s going to be 55! Dave: Oh, that’s right. What are you going to get her? Sophie: I’m going to buy her something really nice, like a necklace. How about you? Dave: I’m not sure. I’m kinda broke after buying Edward’s wedding gift. I don’t know what I’m going to do! Sophie: Relax. Tomorrow I’m going to the mall to buy her a gift. You can come with me and help me choose. Then, we can say the present is from both of us. Dave: That’s so nice of you! But I can’t tomorrow. I’m meeting my friends to discuss ideas for our graduation party. Sophie: But you’re only graduating next year! Dave: I know. We’re just going to be prepared for all the costs.

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2. Use of English: Future with present continuous and going to Use the present continuous to talk about the future, in the case of arrangements that are planned, for things that happen regularly or things that are generally true. Eg.

I’m meeting my friends tomorrow.



You’re graduating next year.

* You can use the present continuous for future plans with these words: tonight, tomorrow, this weekend, next week (month/year), this summer (fall/winter/spring), on Monday (Tuesday/Wednesday), etc. We can also use going to for plans or arrangements. Eg.

On my next vacation, I’m going to stay in a nice hotel in Paris.



She’s going to look for a new job after her current contract ends.



David’s going to meet me at the airport at 8:00.



We’re going to get married next July.

3. Speaking Match the two parts of each question. Then ask a partner the questions: 1. Are you going to __ 2. What are you going to __ 3. Who are you going to __ 4. Are you going to __ 5. When are you going to __

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a. spend your next birthday with? b. meet your friends after the class? c. travel to the beach? d. give your mom for her birthday? e. go to your friend’s wedding ceremony?

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4. Writing Complete the questions using the present continuous. Then write your own answers:

1. _______ you _________ (to do) anything special for New Year’s Eve? Your answer: ________________________________________ 2. _______ you ___________ (to invite) your friends for your graduating party? Your answer: ________________________________________ 3. _______ your mom ___________ (to bake) you a cake for your birthday? Your answer: ________________________________________ 4. What _______ you ___________ (to give) your dad for Christmas? Your answer: ________________________________________ 5. _______ your brother/sister ___________ (to get married)? Your answer: ________________________________________ 6. _______ you ___________ (to go) trick-or-treating on Halloween? Your answer:

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5. Reading Celebrations around the world

A festival is an event celebrated by a particular community, or the entire country, and it is centered on some particular tradition. Most, but not all festivals serve to provide entertainment to the participants, so they tend to be complemented with music or dance. The majority of festivals are religious or based on folklore. Both ancient Greeks and Romans celebrated festivals, many of which were associated with political processes and social organization. One such festival was Saturnalia, which Romans organized in honor of the god Saturn. Saturnalia was traditionally celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, followed by a public banquet, and a carnival. Another early festival was established by an ancient Egyptian pharaoh in order to celebrate his victory over the Libyans. Considering the importance of food for every community, many festivals originate as agricultural ceremonies, initially organized to either celebrate a good harvest, or hope for it. In the Alps, for instance, the return of the cattle from the mountain is celebrated at the Almabtrieb festival. Recently, the arts festivals took over all other festivals, as now every major city has at least one music festival, in addition to theater, literary, science, and film festivals. All modern festivals are open for guests from all parts of the planet, so it is a good way to attract tourists. Source: Comprehension Text and Exercises: Interesting Festivals around the World (really-learn-english.com)

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What kind of festivals are there in your city, state or country? What are they about? How do people dress up for the occasion? What else can you say about it?

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Warm up 1. Dialog: Jobs Monica: I can’t believe we just have one more semester of college! Alex: I know. Time flies! Monica: What are you going to do when you graduate? Alex: Well, I may go to law school, if I get good grades. My parents want me to become a lawyer. Monica: Is that what you want? Alex: Not really. If I could choose, I’d go to acting school. I’d love to be an actor. Monica: You’d be a good one! About this whole parent thing, I know what you mean. My mom wants me to be a doctor and my dad wants me to be an architect, just like him. Alex: So, do you know what you are going to do after graduation? Monica: If I have enough money, I will travel around the world for one year and try to decide what career to pursue. Right now, I have no idea.

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2. Vocabulary Actor / Actress Chef Construction worker Firefighter Doctor Paramedic Nurse Dentist Police officer Teacher Veterinarian / Vet Architect Singer Writer Farmer Pilot Engineer Accountant Hairdresser / Barber Carpenter Lifeguard Baker Electrician Flight attendant Plumber Receptionist Scientist Lawyer Bus / Truck / Taxi driver Designer Journalist Photographer Musician Sales representative Mechanic Travel agent / guide Businessman / Businesswoman Programmer

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3. Use of English: Use the First Conditional to talk about future possibilities. Eg.

If it~s sunny tomorrow, I~ll go to the beach.



If it rains tomorrow. I~ll stay home.

There are two parts to a first conditional sentence: the condition and the result.

CONDITION

RESULT

If you study this weekend,

you~ll pass the test on Monday.

If you don~t study

you’ll fail

If John goes on a trip next month,

he won’t have time to finish the project.

If we don’t save money this year,

we won’t be able to buy Christmas presents.

* It is possible to reverse the condition and the result:

If you don’t study, you’ll fail.



You’ll fail if you don’t study.

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It is possible to use other words instead of if in first conditional sentences:

ALTERNATIVE TO “IF”

WHY USE IT?

When

When the “condition” will definitely happen.

As soon as

Unless

EXAMPLE

When I die, I’ll leave all my money to charity.

To emphasize immediacy

This situation is very urgent. I’ll call you as soon as I have more information.

In place of “if not”

You’ll fail the test unless you study. = You’ll fail the test if you don’t study.

4. Speaking Look at the list of professions in Part 2 (Vocabulary). Complete the chart according to your opinion:

Who has an interesting job?

Who has a rewarding job?

Who has a difficult job?

Who earns a lot of money?

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5. Writing Choose the correct verbs, and then complete the sentences with your own ideas:

1. When class is / will be over today, I’m going to ______________________________.

2. Before I go / I’ll go to bed tonight, I’ll probably ______________________________.

3. Maybe I’ll ______________________________ next weekend, if I have / I’ll have time.

4. When my English is / will be totally fluent, I hope I’ll be able to __________________ __________________________.

5. If I earn / I’ll earn a lot of money in the next ten years, I may ____________________ ________________________.

6. In the future, If I don’t / won’t have a good job, I might _________________________ _______.

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6. Listening Listen to Gina talk to her mother about their trip to France. Circle the three concerns her mother has about the trip:



1. Money

4. Meeting people



2. Food

5. Losing baggage



3. Language

6. Getting lost

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Warm up 1. Dialog: Thank God it’s Friday Andrew: Thank God it’s Friday! Julia: Did you have a bad week? Andrew: Oh, you have no idea! It all started on Monday. I was going to work by bus, and I was talking to this very nice lady. I think I wasn’t paying attention, and I missed my stop. On that specific day, I had a very important meeting with my boss. Anyway, I was late for it. Julia: Sorry to hear that. My week was not great either. My sister accidentaly deleted all of my files while she was using my computer. I tried to find them, but nothing worked. I’ll never let her use my computer again.

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2. Use of English: Simple Past vs Past Continuous Use the Past Continuous to talk about things that were in progress in the past.

Positive:

I / He / She / It

was

studying.

You / We / They

were

studying.

Eg.

“What were you doing when I called you?”



She was playing guitar at the party.



At 5:30 last night, we were driving home.



They saw a starfish while they were walking on the beach.

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“I was studying.”

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Negative: I / He / She / It

was not (wasn’t)

studying.

You / We / They

were not (weren’t)

studying.

Eg.

I wasn’t listening when the teacher gave us the instructions.



She wasn’t wearing jeans. She was wearing a dress.



We weren’t driving very fast because the road was wet.



They weren’t sleeping at 10 PM last night; they were watching a movie.

Interrogative:

Was

I / He / She / It

studying.

Were

You / We / They

studying.

Eg.

Were you sleeping when I called you?



What was she thinking about last night? She looked worried.



Was it raining when you left the bar?



What kind of music were they listening to?

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3. Writing Complete the anecdotes with the past continuous or simple past:

1. A few weeks ago, I was watching (watch) TV, when my mom ________ (scream). I quickly ___________ (run) to see what ____________ (go on). It was a little bug that _____________ (fly) into her ear.

2. I ______________ (damage) my father’s car yesterday. I _____________ (drive) to work, and I ____________ (run) into a stop sign. Now I have to pay for the repairs.

3. Last week, I __________ (hurt) my foot when I _____________ (do) aerobics. I don’t know why, but I just ____________ (fall). I felt so stupid.

4. I ____________ (have) dinner in a restaurant a couple of days ago when the waiter accidentally _____________ (spill) water all over me! It was embarrassing, but then I ______________ (get) my dinner for free.

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4. Speaking Think of a short anecdote about something that happened to you or to someone you know this week and share it to the class.

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Warm up 1. Dialog: A white lie Peter: Hey, Justin! There will be a party at my place this coming Friday. Do you want to come? Justin: Sure I do. The problem is Leslie, my fiancée. We’ll have a dinner party at her house that same night. Peter: Come on! Do you prefer having dinner with your mother-in-law rather than having fun with your buddies? Justin: No, of course not. But what should I tell Leslie? Peter: Tell her you’ll have to work until late that night. Justin: I don’t think I should lie to her. Peter: So you prefer telling her the truth instead? Justin: No. She’ll get really upset. Peter: In that case, I think you should take my advice. Justin: Yes, I think you’re right. Plus, it’s just a white lie, anyway.

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2. Use of English: Should + Ought to 1. Dialog: A white lie Use Should or Ought to to give advice or suggestions. Examples with should and shouldn’t: “I’ve had a really bad headache for the past week.” “That’s not good – you should go to the doctor.” “I want to make more friends, but I don’t know how.” “First of all, you shouldn’t spend so much time on the computer. You should go out and join a club or start playing a sport instead!” “I had a fight with my best friend. What should I do?” “Hmm… I think you should call her and tell her you’re sorry.” Note: Do not add ‘s’ to the third person singular. He should buy a new car. He should buys a new car. Should is always followed by a verb in the infinitive form. I should to go. I should go. You can also use should in the continuous form. Use should + be + verb-ing. Why are you watching TV? You should be working! * Ought to is a semi-modal verb. It is similar to should in some ways. The only difference is that Ought is always followed by to + a verb in the infinitive form. I ought go. I ought to go.

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Eg.

He ought to buy a new car.



You ought not to do that! (*ought is not often used in negative sentences)



What time ought we to arrive? (*ought is not often used in questions)

3. Speaking (Game) Game: A Piece of Advice Listen to your teacher’s instructions.

4. Writing Complete the sentences using SHOULD or SHOULDN’T + the verb in parentheses: 1. Kevin! You know you _________________ (eat) so much chocolate! You’ll get sick! 2. Mandy, you __________________ (study) more if you want to pass your test. 3. The teacher ____________________ (punish) the whole class. It was only Mathew who didn’t do the homework. 4. Everybody _________________ (practice) some exercise to have good health. 5. You _______________ (take) some insect repellent when you go camping. 6. When you upset someone, you ________________ (apologize)

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5. Listening Listen to these pieces of advice from experienced travelers and fill in the blanks with the missing words:

1. You ____________ make a copy of your _______________ and keep it in a secure place. 2. You ____________ try some of the local _________. But you _______________ drink tap water. 3. You ____________ buy ____________ insurance before you leave your ______________. 4. When you fly, you ____________ keep _______________ things in your carry-on bag, such as your _______________ and ATM cards. 5. You ____________ have a valid driver’s ____________ from your own country, in case you want to ________ a car.

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Warm up 1. Dialog: Good times Nicole: So, tell me Tim! What do you remember of your childhood? Tim: Pretty much everything. My happiest memory is of my grandma. She used to bake a delicious cake. Nicole: Yeah, grandmothers are the best! Mine used to give a 5 dollar bill every time we came to visit. She’d tell us to buy ourselves a treat. Tim: I also remember all these big family reunions. All my aunts and uncles used to come over for Sunday brunch, and there were always 15 of us around a gigantic table. My cousins and I would always race to finish eating, so we could go outside and play. Nicole: I’m an only child, so I used to play with my neighbors. Our favorite game was hide-and-seek. We would play it for hours. Good times. Tim: Yeah. Too bad we can’t go back in time.

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2. Use of English: Used to and Would Use used to for regular activities in the past that don’t happen now or are no longer true. Use would for regular activities in the past. My grandmother used to give me a 5 dollar bill. ---------> She’d say to buy ourselves a treat. My aunts and uncles used to come over for Sunday lunch.---------> My cousins and I would always race to finish eating fast. I used to play with my neighbors. ---------> We would play for hours.

*Negatives and questions with “used to” are less common. * Don’t use “would” for situations in the past. E.g.



I used to play with my neighbors.

NOT I would play with my neighbors.

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3. Speaking What childhood memories do you have? Answer to your teacher’s questions.

4. Writing Complete these sentences according to your childhood: 1. My family used to go to the beach in the summer. We would play in the sand all day long.

2. My mother used to make ________________ for us. She would _____________________.

3. My friends and I used to play _______________ together. We would _________________.

4. My family used to watch _______________ on TV. We would _______________________.

5. I used to see my aunts, uncles and cousins ______________.

I would

_________________.

6. My grandmother used to take me to ______________. She would ___________________.

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5. Reading Read the article. Then, circle the following words in the article and match them to the definitions below. 1. to stand up for __

a. to determine and declare in court that one is guilty of a crime.

2. internment camps__

b. to give something valuable



following an official decision.

3. to find sb guilty__

c. cause something to stop business or

operation.

4. to be shut down__ d. to invalidate or reverse a previous decision.

5. to overturn__

e. to defend someone that is being

criticized or attacked.

6. to award__

f. a prison camp for prisoners of war or

enemy aliens.

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Fred Korematsu (1919-2005) was a Japanese American citizen who stood up for his civil rights during World War II when the government detained him because of his Japanese ancestry. His parents had immigrated from Japan. He was the third of their four sons. Korematsu was nicknamed “Fred” in school.

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt decided that the country needed protection against espionage and sabotage. This resulted in the detention of around 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, even those who were U.S. citizens, as the military believed some were likely to help Japan in the war. He believed that the United States’ decision to send Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II was racial discrimination and a violation of the Constitution.

At his trial in September 1942, Korematsu proclaimed his loyalty as an american citizen, but he was still found guilty and received five years’ probation. In November 1942, Korematsu and other young camp residents were given permission to leave the camp to work. He received indefinite leave from internment in January 1944, though he was not permitted to go back to the West Coast. Korematsu moved to Detroit, Michigan, after the war ended and the camps were shut down.

Four decades after his case was closed, he still thought it was unfair what happened to him. With the help of a legal team, mostly made up of Japanese American attorneys, his case was reopened. On November 10, 1983, when Korematsu was 63, his conviction was overturned by a federal judge. Korematsu fought for a 1988 bill that granted an apology to and compensation for those who’d been subjected to internment. President Bill Clinton awarded Korematsu the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998. Multiple states and cities now recognize Korematsu’s birthday as Fred Korematsu Day. It is the first day in the United States named in honor of an Asian American.

Source: Fred Korematsu - Case, Facts & Quotes - Biography

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1. Dialog: He’s such a demanding boss Samuel: Argh...I hate my job! Rose: What’s the matter? Samuel: My new boss is so demanding. He keeps asking us to redo the same task until it’s perfect. Besides, he always seems to be in a bad mood. Rose: Maybe he’s just a perfectionist. At my job, I have two bosses. They’re also demanding, but they’re such open-minded people. I enjoy working with them. Samuel: But it’s not only my boss who bothers me. There’s this guy who’s such a stuck-up person. He’s always talking about all the courses he took, all his experience... bla bla bla. Gosh, I can’t stand him. Rose: Relax, will you? We all have to deal with difficult people. You just need to be a little more understanding. Once, I had to work with this girl who was so pessimistic, she was always complaining about everybody. Samuel: Like what I’m doing now?! Rose: Exactly.

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2. Use of English: So x Such x As...as... We often use so and such to mean “very” or “really’. It makes the sentence stronger and shows that there is a high level of something. We use so + adjective / adverb (without a noun): E.g.

He’s so nice.

He speaks so quickly.

We use such + adjective + noun: E.g.

He’s such a stuck-up person.

She’s such an open-minded person.

They’re such pessimistic people.

When the subject is singular, we use a or an before the adjective. *We can also use as + adjective/adverb + as to make comparisons when the things we are comparing are equal in some way: E.g.



She’s as intelligent as her mother. He’s as tall as his father.

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3. Writing Complete the sentences with “so” or “such a” / “such an” / “such: 1. They were __________ nervous before the test.

2. She’s _____________ good singer.

3. You swim ________ quickly.

4. It was __________ late I missed the last bus.

5. They’re ____________ funny.

6. They have ____________ big house that I got lost!

7. That was ______________ interesting book.

8. You’re _____________ curious.

9. It’s ________________ beautiful day.

10. We’re not usually __________ tired, but today we are.

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4. Speaking What are your workmates like? What about your classmates? Share with the class.

5. Listening Listen to three people describing people they know. What else could they say about each of them? Write the number in the box.

__ He/She is so weird



__ He/She is such a reliable person

__ He/She is such a good leader

TAPESCRIPT (answer keys): 1. Michael: I really like to work with my boss. He knows how to talk to each one of us, and shows that it’s always possible to do better, and to be better. 2. Jessica: I don’t really know the people who live in my building, but there’s this girl who is always in a bad mood. She never says hello when we meet in the halls or in the elevator. 3. John: Julius and I are friends for more than ten years. He knows all my secrets, and I know all his. He’s the kind of person that you can always count on.

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Warm up 1. Reading: He’s looking forward to losing more weight My friend Joshua liked to eat junk food pretty much every day. But there was a problem. He was gaining weight fast. He decided to go on a diet. He stopped eating hamburger and fried food, and started buying more fruit and vegetables. After a couple of weeks, he had lost a few pounds. But he wanted to lose more. I suggested joining a gym. Joshua disliked exercising, but he agreed to give it a try. Now he exercises every day and he looks better. He’s looking forward to losing more weight.

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2. Use of English: Gerund x Infinitive We use gerund or infinitives when we want to use two verbs together. We normally put the second verb in the infinitive form: E.g. I like to dance. Gerunds are often used when actions are real, fixed, or completed. E.g. I enjoy cooking. Infinitives are often used when actions are unreal, abstract, or future. E.g. He wants to swim.

Common verbs followed by a gerund

Common verbs followed by an infinitive

avoid – enjoy – explain – finish – forgive – go

agree – ask – choose – come – decide – expect

keep – mind – miss – permit – practice

get – learn – need – pay – plan – prepare

recommend – risk – suggest – understand

pretend – promise – refuse – say – wait – want

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There are verbs that can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive with no change in meaning: begin – continue – hate – like – love – prefer – propose – start E.g.

It started to rain.

It started raining.

Note that the use of a gerund or an infinitive can change the meaning of a sentence. E.g. I stopped talking to him. (I no longer talk to him) I stopped to talk to him. (I stopped what I was doing, in order to talk to him).

The sentence “He’s looking forward to losing more weight” brings to and ing. In this case, “Look forward to” is a phrasal verb; it’s considered a unit, and after this phrasal verb we always use the -ING form. E.g.

I look forward to seeing you again.

Sentences with modal verbs (can, will, would, could, may, might, should, must) use the verb without to and without ing. E.g.

I can draw very well. I won’t take guitar lessons. Would you like some water?

Preposition + verb + ing E.g. I’m good at speaking English. I’m not interested in skiing.

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3. Writing Circle the correct verb form: 1. I often go to dance / dancing on a Saturday night.

2. When I finish to write / writing this letter, I’ll come and help you.

3. I’m planning to buy / buying a new laptop soon.

4. I need to sleep / sleeping at least eight hours a night.

5. I want to move / moving to a different city next year . 6. She avoids to walk / walking alone at night.

7. He promised to call / calling me.

8. I don’t mind to wash / washing the dishes.

9. They refused to talk / talking to us.

10. I enjoy to watch / watching comedy movies.

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4. Reading

Millions of people around the world are overweight or even obese, and that figure is going up every year. Some of the world’s largest fast food chains are changing their menus by introducing healthier foods. It’s not only fries and drinks they offer, but also yogurts, salad and chopped fruit. The problem is that some of their salad may contain more fat than its burgers, which put them back in the firing line over obesity. Some people have accused them of contributing to rising rates of obesity in many western countries. But the question that is raised is: Who is to blame? The fast food restaurants or people’s fast food excesses?

5. Speaking Who do you think is to blame? Discuss it with your classmates.

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1. Dialog: It’s about time Martin: Morning, mom. Mom: Morning, Martin. It’s about time you got up! Anyway, I fixed you some breakfast while you were getting dressed. Martin: Sorry, but it took me a long time to fall asleep last night. Mom: Yeah, I can imagine. Especially with the TV on all the time. Hurry, because you have to try to get to work on time every now and then. Otherwise, sooner or later, you’re going to get fired. Martin: Why do you say this? Mom: Because you were late three days in a row last week, remember? Martin: This won’t happen again, mom. I promise. Let me just have a cup of coffee and I’ll leave afterwards.

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2. Vocabulary While Afterwards Every other (day) (three times) in a row Now and then Once in a while For a while In a while Meanwhile Sooner or later It’s (about) time For the time being To run out of (time)

E.g. I finished my homework while you were sleeping. I will take you to the park, but afterwards we have to clean the house. She washes her hair every other day. He won the championship two years in a row. I go back to my hometown every now and then. They love a challenge once in a while. We stayed in Japan for a while during our trip to China. I need to go to the restroom, but I’ll be back in a while.

She spent four years studying law. Meanwhile, she continued to work at the bank.



Sooner or later, you’re going to have to talk to him.

It’s about time you bought a car.

You can stay at my place for the time being.

I ran out of time and failed my exam.

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3. Speaking Let’s create a story together! Follow your teacher’s instructions.

4. Writing Complete the sentences below with the expressions from the box:

every other day

afterwards

once in a while meanwhile

for the time being in a little while

1. You can stay here ______________________________ until you find a place for yourself.

2. I’ll be back _________________________.

3. Let the sauce cook _____________________ boil the water for the pasta.

4. The doctor advised me to go to the gym _________________.

5. They went to the movies first and ate ___________________.

6. She likes to go bowling _______________________.

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5. Listening Before listening, try to complete the following five short dialogues with the expressions from the box. Then listen and check your answers: sooner or later

about time while every other day long time for the time being

afterwards

for a while

1.

A: Why don’t we go to the movies and eat ___________? B: Good idea! So, let me get dressed ___________ you call the restaurant and make a reservation. 2.

A: It’s ___________ you woke up! I thought you’d sleep all day. B: Sorry, but it took me a ___________ to fall asleep last night.

3.

A: I work out at the gym ___________. What about you? B: Well, I haven’t been working out ___________.

4.

A: Can you believe he went out three nights in a row last week? B: Really? Well, ___________ he’ll run out of money.

5.

A: My money is running out and I don’t know what to do. B: Well, you could stay at my place ___________

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1. Dialog: I have something to tell you Nathan: Say, would you like to come camping with my friends and me? Carla: Hum, I’m not sure. I don’t know anyone. Nathan: Actually, you do. You know everyone. They were at my birthday party last year. Carla: Oh, yes. Ok, then. Should I bring anything? Nathan: Everyone is taking some food, so you can bring anything you’d like. Do you have any snacks at home? Carla: I don’t. But I can go to the supermarket to buy something. I have no food at home. Nathan: I have something to tell you, though. Carla: What is it? Nathan: We’re hiking up to the mountains. Carla: That’s ok. I can handle it.

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2. Vocabulary Tent Sleeping bag Backpack Insect repellent First-aid kit Flashlight Batteries Compass Map Hat Sunglasses Sunscreen Hiking shoes Boots Water bottle Nature Outdoors Rope Corda Trail

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3. Use of English: Some, Any, No ---> Use some and its compounds (somebody, someone, something, somewhere, etc.) in affirmative sentences. ---> Use any and its compounds (anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere, etc.) in negative sentences. ---> Use no and its compounds (nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, etc.) instead of “any” in negative sentences.

Some (positive sentences)

Any (negative sentences)

No (negative sentences without NOT)

I need to buy some snacks.

I don’t need to buy any snacks.

I need to buy no snacks.

There is some paper in the drawer.

There isn’t any paper in the drawer.

There is no paper in the drawer.

I want something to drink.

I don’t want anything to drink.

I want nothing to drink.

There is somebody at the door.

There isn’t anybody at the door.

There is nobody at the door.

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In interrogative sentences, use some when you offer and any for regular questions. E.g. Would you like some water?

Do you want some money?

Is there anybody in the class? Note: somebody = someone

Do you have any money?

anybody = anyone

nobody = no one

Somebody / someone / anybody / anyone / nobody / no one are singular words. E.g.

Somebody is at the door.

Someone works here in the morning.

Does anybody need help?

There isn’t anyone here.

4. Speaking Think of three things you need and three things you don’t need to take on these trips. Complete the chart:

On a camping trip

You need some...

You don’t need any...

You need no...

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On a business trip

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5. Writing Put in somebody (or someone), something, anybody (or anyone) or anything:

1.

A: What’s wrong? B: There’s _________________ in my eye?

2. A: Do you need _______________ else? B: Yes, I also need to buy ________________ for my girlfriend.

3. A: Is there _________________ at the door? B: No, there isn’t.

4. A: Let’s eat ________________! B: Good idea!

5. A: I don’t like that noise. B: _______________ has to do ______________ about it.

6. A: Does _______________ else live in the apartment? B: Yes, I also live in the apartment.

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1. Reading: Learning languages Mayumi from Tokyo – All the students in my high school had to take English classes. It was required. And I needed English to get into my university. George from Houston – I took Spanish last year, and most of my friends did also. There are a lot of Spanish speakers around here, so it’s kind of useful. Marysia from Warsaw – Well, years ago, most people learned Russian and only a few people took English. I studied both. Paul from Lagos – A lot of my classmates dropped French after ninth grade. Almost all of them, except me. But then later, some of them had to take evening classes because they needed it for work.

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2. Vocabulary Languages (Portuguese – English – Spanish – German) Social Studies (History – Geography – Philosophy – Sociology) Science (Chemistry – Physics – Biology) Mathematics (Geometry – Calculus – Statistics) Physical Education (P.E) Literature Music Art Drama Computing

3. Use of English: Determiners Use determiners to modify nouns by setting a limitation, indicating how specific or general they are.

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General

Specific

All children learn a language.

All (of) the children in my town learn a language.

Most Canadians need French.

Most of the people from my office know French.

Some students take Spanish.

Some of the students in my class take Greek.

A few people are good at Latin. No students like exams. A lot of people speak English well.

A few of my classmates got As. None of my friends failed the exams. A lot of the people in this city speak English.

4. Speaking Complete the chart with different subjects. Then compare with a partner.

I like / I liked...

I don’t like / I didn’t like...

I’d like to study...

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5. Writing Make true sentences using determiners: 1.

_________ my friends studied English in high school.



__________ high school students take English.

2.

Nowadays _________ employees need a second language for their

3.

__________ college students major in languages.

4.

__________ students take two languages in high school.



In my class, _________ my classmates studied two languages.

Jobs._____________ my friends speak two languages.

____________ the colleges here teach several different languages.

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6. Listening Listen to people talking about their school memories. In each sentence, there is false information. Underline and correct them: 1. When I was in eighth grade, I had a huge crush on my Math teacher. 2. I played basketball until I was in sixth grade, and then I got interested in other sports. 3. All the kids in my class teased me, because I had an unusual nickname. 4. I used to get good grades in Social Studies, but I was terrible at Science. 5. I wasn’t really interested in music, but I looked forward to Physical Education class.

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Warm up 1. Dialog: How to reduce our footprint Jacob: Did you watch the news last night? Sophia: No, I didn’t. Why do you ask? Jacob: Well, they showed some numbers on how transportation is responsible for carbon dioxide emissions. I was really shocked how little by little we are contributing to the destruction of our planet. Sophia: I know. There are too many cars on the street, and people don’t bother using alternative transportation to get to work or school. Jacob: Actually, choosing to go to work on foot or by bike, for example, is not enough. There is too much damage to the environment. Sophia: We can also change how much we buy, and who we buy from. We buy too much stuff. Jacob: You’re right. Buying things from companies that are helping to create a sustainable future is another way of contributing. Sophia: What people usually don’t realize is that doing such things is also good for the pocket, like turning off lights and unplug devices when they’re not using them. Jacob: Yep! Every little action counts!

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2. Use of English: Too, Too many/much and enough ---> Use Too, Too many/much to express that something is more than we want or need.

Too + adjective

Too much + uncountable noun or after verb

Too many + plural noun

This cake is too sweet.

There’s too much damage.

There are too many cars.

We arrived too late.

We buy too much.

You eat too many eggs.

---> We use not enough to express that something is less than we want or need.

Not enough + noun

Not + adjective + enough

Not + verb + enough

They don’t have enough workers.

He isn’t old enough to drive.

I don’t sleep enough.

I didn’t have enough time.

I’m not fast enough for the team.

You didn’t study enough.

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---> We use enough to express that something is the correct number or amount.

Enough + noun

Adjective + enough

Verb + enough

I have enough money.

This place is big enough.

There are too many cars.

There are enough chairs.

It’s not good enough for me. He eats enough for his age.

3. Speaking Write sentences about the city you live in: 1. The city should provide more_____________________________________ 2. We have too many____________________________________________ 3. There’s too much _____________________________________________ 4. There isn’t enough____________________________________________

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4. Writing Choose TOO, TOO MUCH, TOO MANY or ENOUGH to complete the sentences below: 1. There’s ___________ smoke in here; I can’t breathe. 2. I don’t earn ___________ to buy that car. 3. My boss says that I don’t pay ___________ attention to the clients. 4. I know I talk ___________. I should talk less. 5. I don’t think the door is wide ___________ to get the sofa into the room. 6. ___________ money can be bad for young people. 7. I ate ___________ pieces of cake and felt sick afterwards. 8. I can’t drink this. It’s ___________ hot.

5. Game

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1. Dialog: If I won the lottery Lisa: Can you believe the lottery winner didn’t show up to get his prize? Charles: Are you kidding? How much was the prize? Lisa: 100 million dollars! Charles: What?! Geez, if I had all this money...Lisa, what would you do if you won that prize? Lisa: I’m not even sure if I can count it. But I would definitely buy a big house in Beverly Hills. If I saw a celebrity walking on the street, I’d ask for a selfie. How about you, Erik? Would you buy a big house too? Charles: Maybe, but first, I would travel around the world. So, my house would be the road. Lisa: I see. Well, I want to travel too, but if I could, I would learn how to speak Spanish first. Charles: Why is that? Lisa: So I could visit as many South American countries as possible, without feeling embarrassed for not speaking the language. Charles: Well, with 100 million dollars you can afford hiring a 24-hour translator.

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2. Use of English: Second conditional ---> Use the second conditional to talk about impossible, imaginary or unlikely situations. E.g.

If I were an animal, I’d be a tiger. (impossible) What would you do if you had a billion dollars? (imaginary) If Americans ate less fast food, they’d be healthier. (unlikely)

There are two parts to a second conditional sentence: the condition and the result:

CONDITION

RESULT

If he exercised more,

he’d be thinner.

If I were taller,

I could be a professional basketball player.

If the teacher spoke more slowly,

we’d understand her better.

If your company went bankrupt,

what would you do?

---> Note: It is possible to reverse the condition and the result: E.g.

If he exercised more, he’d be thinner = He’d be thinner, if he exercised more.

---> When using I, he, she, it it’s more common to use were, instead of was: E.g.

If I were you, I would buy a smaller house.

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3. Writing 1. If I were (be) you, I would get (get) a new job. 2. If he ____________ (be) younger, he _________________ (travel) more. 3. If we ______________ (not/be) friends, I ______________ (be) angry with you. 4. If I ______________ (have) enough money, I ___________ (buy) a big house. 5. If she ______________ (not/be) always so late, she _________________ (be) promoted. 6. If we ______________ (win) the lottery, I ______________ (travel) the world. 7. If you ______________ (have) a better job, we __________ (be) able to buy a new car. 8. If I ______________ (speak) perfect English, I ___________ (have) a good job. 9. If we ______________ (live) in Mexico, I ______________ (speak) Spanish. 10. If she ______________ (pass) the exam, she _________________ (be) able to enter the university.

4. Speaking Discuss the following question: “What would you do if you wanted to do something for charity?”

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5. Listening Listen to two friends talking about a family that decided to make a difference in the world. Complete the sentences in second condition. 1. If we had a less nice car, ___________________________. 2. ____________________, the Salwen family would still be living in their dream house. 3. If they didn’t sell their dream house, ____________________

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1. Reading: How many can you call best friends? I’m pretty sure everyone’s got at least one best friend, but in my case it’s not just one. I have five special friends in my life. 1. My oldest friend: Erik is someone I grew up with. His house was next to mine and we used to go to the same school. I can tell him just about anything. He’s just someone I can totally trust. 2. A friend from work: Naomi is an interesting person who sits across from me at work. She used to work in a company that planned weddings for people. She has some funny stories to tell. 3. My roommate: Nicholas is a guy that Erik introduced me to. He was looking for a place to share. It’s great because he’s a ‘clean freak’, so the house is always clean and organized. 4. My most exciting friend: Lilly is a friend from college. She plays in a rock band that is really popular right now. Her life is very different from mine. But she always finds time to call, and to talk about all the things she’s doing. 5. A new friend: Seth is a friend I met through Lilly. He’s really cool. He’s the kind of person you can just call and say, “You want to go grab something to eat tonight?”, this kind of thing.

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2. Vocabulary Best friend Close friend Pal Mate Acquaintance Buddy Friendly Friendship Companion Mutual friends Comrade

3. Use of English: Relative Pronouns

Person

Thing

who or that

which or that

---> Subject Relative Clauses Lilly plays in a rock band. The rock band is really popular right now. (Rock band = thing) = Lilly plays in a rock band which / that is really popular right now. Naomi is an interesting person. Naomi sits across from me at work. (Naomi = person) = Naomi is an interesting person who sits across from me at work.

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4. Writing Combine each pair of sentences. Use relative clauses. More than one answer may be possible. 1. I have a friend. She always calls me to talk about her problems. I have a friend who (or that) calls me to talk about her problems.

2. I made some new friends at a club. It organizes hiking trips and things like that. _____________________________________________ 3. My best friend has a guitar. She bought it from a rock star. _____________________________________________ 4. I know someone. He has a big party once a year for all his friends. _____________________________________________ 5. I have a very interesting friend. I met her at the church. _____________________________________________ 6. I found this cool Website. It helps you find your old school friends. _____________________________________________

5. Speaking 1. Who is your closest friend? How did you meet? 2. Do you have any friends that you met through other friends? 3. Do you keep in touch with any of the friends you grew up with? 4. Do you have any friends who are very different from you? Answer to your teacher’s questions.

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1. Dialog: Have you ever hurt yourself? Leslie: Hey, Ricky! Have you ever hurt yourself? I mean, have you ever broken a bone or something? Ricky: Yes, I have. I’ve broken both of my arms. Leslie: Gosh! How did that happen? Ricky: Well, I fell off a tree. To tell you the truth, I’ve hurt myself many times. Leslie: I can say the same. Yesterday, I was helping my mom with dinner, I wasn’t paying attention, and I burned myself. I guess I’m kind of reckless. Ricky: That makes two of us. At least I’ve never been involved in a car accident. That can be dangerous. Have you ever been in a car accident before, Leslie? Leslie: No, I haven’t. But my dad has. Last week, he crashed his car and he was really hurt. He needed to have an operation on his leg. Ricky: How is he feeling now? Leslie: Even though he’s still recovering from the operation, he’s ok.

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2. Vocabulary Head Forehead Face Nose Eyes Mouth Neck Hand Finger Thumb Wrist Chest Leg Knee Ankle Foot (feet) Toe Hip Waist Belly Belly butto Arm Armpit Elbow Shoulder

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3. Use of English: Have you ever; Reflexive Pronouns Use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of the verbs are the same.

I

Hurt

Myself

You

Hurt

Yourself

He

Hurt

Himself

She

Hurt

Herself

We

Hurt

Ourselves

You

Hurt

Yourselves

They

Hurt

Themselves

Use “Have you ever…?” to ask questions about experiences in someone’s life. It is used with the past participle of the verb.

Regular verbs

Iregular verbs

Have you ever lived…?

Have you ever been…?

Have you ever worked…?

Have you ever fallen…?

Have you ever watched…?

Have you ever hurt…?

Have you ever played…?

Have you ever cut…?

Have you ever burned…?

Have you ever burnt…?

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---> Possible answers for “Have you ever…?” Yes, I have.

No, I haven’t.



No, never.

Yes, once / several times.

3. Writing Match the sentences and follow-up questions: 1. I burned myself last night. C 2. Did you notice my black eye? ___ 3. My mom hurt herself at the gym. ___ 4. I fell of bed last night. ___ 5. My brother sprained both of his wrists. ___ 6. My friend and his mom had a car accident. ___

A: Oh, no! Who was driving? B: Did you hurt yourself? C: Oh, were you cooking? D: Yeah, how did you get it? E: She did? What happened? F: How did that happened? What was he doing?

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4. Speaking Answer to your teacher’s questions.

5. Listening We asked two people, “Have you ever done anything scary?” Listen. What situation have the speakers experienced? Which one do you think was scarier? Speaker 1: __________________________________________________ Speaker 2: __________________________________________________

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1. Reading: What’s your secret dream? A: I don’t think it’s a secret dream, since everyone close to me knows that I’ve always wanted to be a singer. I haven’t had any formal training, but I guess my voice is quite in tune. B: Well, my friends and I have traveled around Europe and we’ve had a lot of fun. So my dream is to keep traveling, but I haven’t saved enough money. C: My dream is to go surfing. I’ve never tried it before, but my brother goes surfing all the time. He’s even surfed in Hawaii.

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2. Use of English: Present Perfect Use the Present Perfect for an indefinite time in the past. It is usually used it expressions like: ever, never, once, twice, many times, several times, before, recently, lately, since, for, already, still, yet, in the last few days (weeks, months, years), so far, etc. It is also used with the past participle of the verb. E.g.

I’ve seen that movie three times. She hasn’t called me yet. I’ve never been abroad. I haven’t seen him lately.

We also use the Present Perfect when we talk about a time from the past until now. E.g.

I’ve worked in the company since 2016. (start point) She’s worked in the company for 5 years. (duration)

’ve = have (I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve)

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‘s = has (he’s, she’s, it’s)

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3. Writing Complete the following conversations with HAVE or HAS and the correct verb form: 1.

A: Mom, have you seen (see) my English book? B: No, I __________. Why? A: Because I have a test tomorrow and I ___________ ______________ (not/



2.

study) anything yet.

A: Do you know Pablo González? B: No, I ________ never ___________ (hear) of him before

3.

A: _________ she __________ (call) him yet? B: No, she _________. It seems like she’s pretty upset.

4.

A: How long _________ you ________ (be) married? B: We _______ ___________ (be) married for almost five years.

5.

A: I _________ always __________ (wanted) to go rock climbing. B: Not me. I ________ always __________ (be) afraid of heights.

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4. Speaking Talk about these things. Why haven’t you done them? What has stopped you? - Something you’ve always wanted to buy - A place you’ve never been to but would like to visit - Something you’ve always wanted to learn how to do - Something else you’ve always wanted to do

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1. Dialog: Job cuts Cristina: Did you hear what the director said? Lewis: No, I’ve just arrived. What did he say? Cristina: That due to financial problems, the company is going to make some job cuts. Lewis: I’ve already heard this old story. Don’t worry. They do that to make people be afraid of being fired. Cristina: Well. It’s working. Argh, I hate this. Now, that I’ve just got a promotion. Since I’m new at the department, I’ll be the first one to be let go. Hey, since you’ve been working here for so long, I wonder if you’ve already met all the managers. Lewis: Yes. So...? Cristina: Well, put it in a good for me, so I don’t get fired. Lewis: As I said, don’t you worry. Just keep doing your best. I have to go now. Cristina: But this meeting has just started!

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2. Vocabulary Financial Department Purchasing Department Sales Department Production Department Supply Chain Marketing Human Resources (HR) Recruitment Competition Brand Commission Forecast Profit Loss Staff Resume / CV Budget Customer Deadline Factory Goal Payment Stock

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Use of English: Just; Already in Present Perfect sentences Use just in Present Perfect sentences to express an action has happened a short time ago. E.g.

I have just arrived. The meeting has just started.

4. Writing Complete the sentences with JUST or ALREADY:

1. I have ___________ walked in the door. Can I call you later? 2. Thanks for the invitation, but I have ___________ seen that movie. 3. My brother has ________ bought a new car. But he hasn’t driven it yet. 4. I can’t go to Spain. I have __________ booked two tickets to go to Italy. 5. Congratulations! You have _________ won a trip to New York. 6. The group has ___________ visited two museums today, so they don’t want to go to another one.

5. Speaking Answer to your teacher’s questions.

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