CUET PREPARATION BOOK

Ancient Indian History Prehistoric times in Indian history refer to the period before the emergence of written records. The earliest known human settlements in India date back to the Paleolithic era, which began around 2.6 million years ago and lasted until about 10,000 BCE. During this time, early humans lived as hunter-gatherers, using stone tools to hunt animals and gather food.

Age Paleolithic Age Mesolithic Age Neolithic Age

Time Period 5,00,000 – 10,000 BCE 10,000- 6000 BCE 6,000-1000 BCE

Paleolithic Age The Paleolithic age is the earliest period of the Stone Age, which developed in the ice age. The Paleolithic age is divided into three phases according to the nature of stone tools used.

Lower Paleolithic Hand axes, choppers, cleavers

Middle Paleolithic Stone tools made of flakes. Scrapers, borers, blade like tools. Found in Soan and Sohan Found in Narmada and river valley Tugabhadra river valleys.

Mesolithic Age

Upper Paleolithic Parallel-sided blades.

Found in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra.

The Mesolithic age represents the intermediate stage in Stone Age Culture. The Mesolithic man lived on hunting, fishing, food gathering, and in later stages, also domesticated animals.

❖ Mesolithic people used Micro lithic tools ❖ The Mesolithic era initiated rock art in pre-history ❖ Bagor, Rajasthan on river Kothari is one of the largest and best documented Mesolithic sites in India

Neolithic Age ❖ In Northern India, the Neolithic age emerged around c.8000-6000 BCE

❖ V. Gordon Childe termed the Neolithic phase as Neolithic Revolution ❖ Neolithic man cultivated land ❖ Neolithic man domesticated cattle, sheep, and Goats.

Chalcolithic Age ❖ The Chalcolithic age marked the emergence of the use of metal along with stone tools ❖ The First metal to be used was copper

Harappan Civilization (c. 2600 -1900 BCE)

❖ The Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization in South Asia, contemporaneous with the civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt.

❖ Harappan Civilization can be classified in three phases ➢ Pre- Harappan Phase ( c.3200-2600 BCE) ➢ Mature Harappan Phase ( c. 2600-1900 BCE) ➢ Late Harappan Phase ( c. 1900-1300 BCE) ❖ The Mature Harappan Phase was the urban phase of the Harappan civilization, which shows the characteristics of a full-fledged civilization. ❖ Harappan city was divided into two parts • Citadal/ Raised Part ( Elite lived here) • Lower part ( Common citizenry lived here)

❖ Harappan society had an excellent drainage system

❖ Harappan script was pictographic and Logo syllabic( each symbol stood for a word/syllable)

❖ The Mesopotamians called the Indus region “Meluha”

The Vedic Age Harappan culture was followed by another great civilization and culture known as Vedic culture. During the Vedic Age, the Aryans, a nomadic people from Central Asia, migrated into the Indian subcontinent and

established a civilization based on agriculture, animal husbandry, and commerce. The Vedas, which were composed in Sanskrit, played a central role in the religious and cultural life of the Aryans, and were recited and memorized by priests and scholars.

Four Vedas ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Rig Veda Sama Veda Yajur Veda Atharva Veda

➢ The Brahmanas describe the rules for the performance of sacrificial ceremonies ➢ Aranyakas were called the forest books as they were written mainly by hermits living in the Forest. ➢ The Upanishads are a collection of philosophical texts that are considered to be among the most important scriptures in Hinduism. ➢ Vedanga means the limbs of the Vedas. Mahabharata Composed between c. 400 BCE – 400CE Composed by Ved Vyasa & Consist of 18 Parvas

Ramayana Composed between c. 400 BCE – 300CE Composed by Valmiki & it consists of seven Kandas

1 Lakh verses

24,000 verses

❖ Important tribal Assemblies of this period ➢ Sabha – Smaller body meant for elite ➢ Samiti – Folk assembly, presided over by the Rajan ➢ Vidatha – Tribal assembly with diverse function

The Mahajanapadas

The sixth centuary BCE is known as an era of ‘Second Urbanization’ in the Indian Subcontinent. The use of better iron tools and weapons enabled some territorial states to become very large, and they called Mahajanapadas in North India.

State Anga Kashi Kosala Vajji Mallas Chedi

Capital Champa Varanasi Shravasti Vaishali Kushinara Shuktimati

Vatsa Kuru Panchala Matsya Avanti Gandhara Kamboja Assaka Magadha

Kaushambi Indraprastha Ahichhatra Viratanagara Ujjain Taxila Pooncha Potali Rajagriha

Magadha

Bimbisara (544-492 BCE) • Contemporary of Buddha and Mahavira • Capital at Rajgriha

Ajatashatru (492 BCE -460 BCE) • Most powerful and aggressive ruler of Magadha • The Buddha died during his reign • Arranged the first Buddhist council

Maurya Dynasty (321 BCE)

The Mauryan Empire was an ancient Indian empire that existed from 321 BCE to 185 BCE. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who unified the various regions of northern India into a single political entity. ❖ Under the reign of Chandragupta's grandson, Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire became one of the largest and most powerful empires in Indian history ❖ Ashoka is known for his conversion to Buddhism and his efforts to spread the religion throughout his empire.

Chandragupta Maurya ❖ Chandragupta was trained in warfare and politics by Chanakya, a Brahmin scholar and strategist, who helped him raise an army and defeat the powerful king of Magadha, Dhana Nanda. ❖ Chandragupta is said to have renounced his throne and became a Jain ascetic.

Ashoka (268-232 BCE) ❖ After the Battle of Kalinga in 261 BCE, Ashoka experienced a profound transformation, and renounced violence and warfare. ❖ He converted to Buddhism ❖ Appointed Dharma Mahamattas to propagate dharma among people. ❖ Organized third Buddhist council at Pataliputra

Gupta Empire

The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire that existed from 300 CE to 550 CE. It is considered a golden age in Indian history, marked by significant achievements in art, literature, mathematics, science, and philosophy.

Chandragupta-I (c. 319-336 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

First important king of the Gupta Dynasty Started Gupta era in 319-20 CE Married Kumaradevi ( Princess of Lichchavi clan of Nepal) Coins were struck in the joint names of the Emperor and queen

Samudragupta (c. 336 to 375 CE) ❖ Son of Chandragupta I ❖ Historian V.A Smith called him Indian Napoleon ❖ Prayaga-Prashasthi is related to him

Chandragupta II (c. 376 -414 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

During his time Gupta empire reached the maximum territorial expansion He was the first ruler to issue Silver coins. Issued Gold coins called Dinara Fa Hien, the Famous Chinese traveler, visited India during his reign

Buddhism and Jainism

Sixth century BCE was a period of great religious upheaval. Great teachers like Confucius in China, Zoroaster in Iran questioned the established socio- religious norms and focused more on ethical and moral values.

The Buddha ❖ The Buddha's given name was Siddhartha Gautama. He was born in 563 BCE in Lumbini, which is now in modern-day Nepal. ❖ The Buddha was a prince who lived a sheltered life in a palace, but at the age of 29, he left his luxurious life in search of spiritual enlightenment. ❖ After six years of ascetic practices and meditation, the Buddha attained enlightenment at the age of 35, while sitting under a Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India. ❖ The Buddha passed away at the age of 80 in Kushinagar.

The Four Noble Truths are the foundation of Buddhist philosophy and teachings. They are: ➢ The Truth of Suffering (Dukkha) ➢ The Truth of the cause of Suffering (Samudaya) ➢ The Truth of the End of Suffering ( Nirodha)

➢ The Truth of the Path Leading to the End of Suffering (Astangika-Marga)

Buddhist Council First Second Third Fourth

Time

Place

Ruler

President

483 BCE 383 BCE 250 BCE 1ST Century CE

Rajgriha Vaishali Pataliputra Kashmir

Ajatashatru Kalasoka Ashoka Kanishka

Mahakassappa Sabbakami Mogaliputta Tissa Vasumitra

Mahavira ❖ Mahavira was born in 599 BCE in the kingdom of Vaishali (present-day Bihar, India) into a royal family. ❖ He was given the name Vardhamana, which means "one who grows," but later became known as Mahavira, which means "great hero." ❖ Mahavira was a contemporary of the Buddha and lived during a time of great social and religious change in ancient India. ❖ At the age of 30, Mahavira renounced his privileged life and became an ascetic, wandering the land and meditating in search of enlightenment. ❖ Mahavira passed away at the age of 72 in 527 BCE in the city of Pavapuri.

Different Schools of Jainism Digambara Literally means Sky clad Leader - Bhadrabahu

Shvetambara Literally mean white clad Leader- Sthalabahu

Jaina Councils

Council 1

Year 310 BCE

Place Pataliputra

2

453 CE

Vallabhi

Achievement Compilation of 12 angas Final compilation 12 angas and 12 upangas

President Sthulabhadra Derridhiganj

The Sangam Age and Literature (3rd century BCE-3rd century CE) Sangam literature refers to a collection of ancient Tamil literature dating back to the period between 300 BCE to 300 CE. The term "Sangam" refers to the assembly or academy of Tamil poets that flourished during this period in the southern part of India, particularly in the region of Tamil Nadu.

❖ The Sangam literature is divided into two categories - the 'Agam' literature and the 'Puram' literature. The 'Agam' literature mainly deals with love and personal themes, while the 'Puram' literature is more concerned with ethical and political themes.

Kingdom The Pandyas The Cholas The Cheras

Capital Madurai Uraiyur Vanji

Medieval Indian History

Arab Invasion in India

Emblem Fish Tiger Bow

Premium Port Korkai Puhar Tondi& Muchiri

As a part of the expansion policy of the Umayyad Caliphate, the invasions started as early as the 8th century in India. In c. 712 CE, Arabs invaded India from the northwest region (Sindh) under Muhammad bin Qasim, who was a general of the Umayyad caliphate. The reason for the invasion of Sindh was to avenge the plunder of Arab ships by the pirates of Debal. The Ghaznavids and Mahmud of Ghazni

In the 9th and 10th centuries, most of Afghanistan was under the control of the Samanids. Among the samanid governors was a Turkish Slave, Alptagin, who started as the governor of Balkh and in course of time established an independent Turkish dynasty with its capital at Ghazni, Afghanistan. The samanid kingdom soon ended, and the Ghaznavids took over the task of defending the Islamic lands from the central Asian tribesman. Mahmud of Ghazni was 27 when he ascended the throne from his father. He was the first ruler to get the title of “Sultan”. Due to his stout defence against the central Asian Turkish tribal invaders, he was considered a hero of the Islamic people by medieval Indian Historians. ❖ Persian renaissance writer Firdausi was the poet laureate at the court of Mahmud. ❖ Mahmud attacked India 17 times. ❖ He patronized Al Biruni – the composer of the Kitab- ul- Hind.

The Ghurid Dynasty and Muhammad Ghori

Many Historians assert that actual founder of the Islamic Empire in India was Muhammad Ghori. ❖ First Battle of Tarain (c.1191 CE): Ghori was defeated and he narrowly escaped death. ❖ Second Battle of Tarain (c.1192 CE): This battle is regarded as the one of the turning points in Indian History, as Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated and Ghori emerged successful.

The Delhi Sultanate Five different dynasties- the Slave, the Khalji, the Tughlaq, the Sayyids, and the Lodhi’s are collectively referred to as the Delhi Sultanate.

Slave Dynasty The slave dynasty was also called the Mameluk dynasty. Mameluk was the Arabic word meaning ‘owned’, used to distinguish the important Turkish slaves chiefly meant for military service from the lower slaves.

Qutub-ud-din Aibak (c.1206 -10 CE) ❖ Founder of the Slave Dynasty ❖ He was a Turkish slave of Muhammad Ghori, who played an important role in the expansion of the Turkish Sultanate in India. ❖ He assumed the title of Sultan and made Lahore his capital ❖ Known as Lakh Baksh or giver of lakhs for his liberal donations. ❖ Started construction of the Qutub Minar

Iltumish (c.1210 -1236) ❖ The real consolidator of Turkish Rule ❖ Shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi ❖ Organised Turkan-i-chahalgani ( a new class of ruling elite of forty powerful military leaders) ❖ His authority was recognized by the Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad as he received the Mansur ( the letter of recognition) ❖ Issued Arabic coinage of silver Tanka and copper Jital ❖ Completed the construction of the Qutub Minar at Delhi.

Razia Sultan (c. 1236- 1239) ❖ First and only female Muslim ruler of Medieval India. ❖ Discarded female apparel and Purdah. ❖ Killed by Bhhram Shah

Balban (c. 1266-1286 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

According to Balban, the Sultan was God’s shadow on earth(Zil-i-Ilahi) He introduced Sijada(Posttration) and Paobos (Kissing of the Sultan’s feet) Introduced the Persian festival of Nauroz He followed the policy of Blood and Iron

Alauddin Khalji (c.1296-1316) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

He established a permanent standing army Malik Kafur was his Military General He gave Amir Khusrau the title of Tuti-i- Hind Introduced new Market reforms

Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (c. 1325-51 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Mohammad bin Tughlaq transferred his capital from Delhi to Devagiri Idea of Token Currency Introduced Takkavi( loans for cultivation) Known as ill-fated idealist

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (c.1351-1388 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

He was the first Sultan to impose Sharb (irrigation tax) Built a number of Canals Ashokan pillars from Topara and Meerut were brought to Delhi Barani wrote Tarik-i-Firoz Shah

Sikander Lodhi (c. 1489-1517 CE) ❖ He was the greatest and noblest of the three Lodhi rulers ❖ Founded Agra in c. 1504 CE ❖ Wrote Persian verses under the name ‘Gulrakhi’

Ibrahim Lodhi (c.1517-1526 CE) ❖ Eldest son of Sikander Lodhi ❖ Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of the Punjab, invited Babur to invade India

The Mughals The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a central Asian ruler who claimed lineage from Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father’s side and from Chagatai, the second son of the Mongol ruler Chengiz Khan, on his mother’s side.

Babur (c. 1526-30 CE) ❖ Founder of Mughal empire (descendants of Mongols) ❖ It’s believed that he was invited to fight against Ibrahim Lodhi by Daulat Khan Lodhi ( Governer of Punjab) ❖ He won the First battle of Panipat (c.1526 CE) ❖ When Babur occupied Delhi, he proclaimed himself as the “Emperor of Hindustan”.

Humayun (c. 1530-1556 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Humayun means Fortune Sher Shah defeated Humayun at battle of Chausa (c.1539 CE) His half-sister, Gulbadan Begum, wrote Humayun-nama Humayun’s tomb is called the prototype of the Taj Mahal, and was built by his widow Haji Begum.

Akbar (c.1556-1605 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

One of the greatest monarchs of the Mughal Empire Akbar emerged victorious in Second Battle of Panipat (c. 1556 CE) He built Fatehpur Sikri Built his own tomb at Sikandra Abul Fazal wrote Akbar Nama

Jahangir (c.1605-1627 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Real name was Salim (was named after blessings of Sheikh Salim Chisti) He married Mehrunnisa in c.1611 CE. He introduced Chain of Justice Wrote the Tuzuki-i-Jahangiri (autobiography) In Mughal Paintings ‘Halo’ or ‘Divine lights’ behind kings head started under him.

Shah Jahan (c. 1628-58 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Also Known as Khurram He was married to Arjumand Banu Begum (Mumtaz Mahal) His time considered as the Golden Age of the Mughal Empire. Built numerous monuments ( Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Jama Masjid)

Aurangzeb (c.1658- 1707 CE) ❖ During his rule Mughal empire reached its greatest territorial limits ❖ Defeated the Deccan Sultanates ❖ He re imposed Jiziya and piligrim tax

❖ He wrote Fatwa-i-Alamgiri ❖ He was called Darvesh/Zindapir

The Vijayanagar Kingdom

The Vijayanagar Kingdom constituted four dynasties • • • •

Sangama Saluva Tuluva Aravidu

Harihara and Bukka (c.1336- 1377 CE) ❖ Founders of the Sangama dynasty of Vijayanagar Kingdom ❖ The decline of Hoysala Kingdom enabled Harihara and Bukka to expanad their Kingdom

Krishna Deva Raya (c.1505-1509 CE) ❖ The greatest of the Vijayanagar rulers, was also known as ‘Abhinava Bhoja’, ‘Andhra Pitamah’, ‘Andra Bhoja’ ❖ Eight eminenet scholars of Telugu known as the ‘Ashta diggajas’ adorned his court ❖ He built some fine stone temples such as famous the Vittalaswamy and Hazara Ramaswamy temples at Vijayanagar. ❖ He also founded a suburban township near Vijayanagar called Nagalapuram

Important Travellers

Traveller Nicolo Conti Nikitin Abdur Razzak Domingo Paes Barbosa Fernoza Nuniz

Bahmani Sultanate

Country Italian Russian Persian Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese

King Deva Raya I Deva Raya I Deva Raya II Krishna Deva Raya Krishna Deva Raya Achyuta Deva Raya

In the 14th century, along with Vijayanagar kingdom, another powerful kingdom arose in South India, which was the Bahmani Sultanate. Hasan Gangu established an independent state in the Decan in c. 1347 CE with the capital at Gulbarga.

Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (c. 1347 -58 CE) ❖ Founder of the Bahmani Sultanate ❖ His original name is Ferishta ❖ He had regular confrontations with the Vijayanagar Kingdom Mahmud Gawan (c.1461-1481 CE) ❖ He was a Persian Merchant and become the Wazir of Bahmani Kingdom. ❖ He introduced the use of gunpowder in the war against the Vijayanagar Kings ❖ Sultan Muhammed Shah Bahmani III Executed Gawan in c.1482.

➢ After Gawan’s death Sultanate Broke out into Five States Nizam Shahis Ahmadnagar Adil Shahis Bijapur Qutub Shahis Golconda Imad Shahis Berar Barid Shahis Bidar The Marathas The single most important power that emerged in the fading shadow of the Mughal Dynasty was the Marathas. The physical environment of the Maratha country, such as mountainous regions and dense forests.

Shivaji Raje Bhonsle (c.1674-1680 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Born in the hill fortress of Shivmer in Poona on February 19, 1630 CE. Belonged to the Bhonsle clan of Marathas Father – Shahji Bhonsle Mother – Jijabai

❖ In 1672 he crowned himself at Raigarh and assumed the title of Maharaja Chattrapati

Balaji Baji Rao (c. 1720- 1740 CE) ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Eldest son of Balaji Vishwanath Most famous of all nine Peshwas Known as Thorale (Elder Baji Rao) Shifted administrative capital from Satara to Pune (in c. 1728 CE)

Baji Rao II (c.1796-1818 CE)

❖ Weakest and most incompetent Peshwa ❖ Signed the humiliating Treaty of Bassein

❖ Defeated by the East India Company in the Third Anglo Maratha War ❖ Nana Sahib was the adopted son of Baji Rao II and participated in the famous Revolt of 1857.

TIMELINE 1857-1947

1857 – First war of Independence 1885 – formation of INC 1891 – 2nd Factory Act Age of Consent Act 1892 – Indian Councils Act 1893 – Chicago Speech of Vivekananda Incident 1897 – Famine Commission 1900 – Land Alienation Act 1904 – Ancient Monuments Act Official Secrets Act Tilak Indian Universities Act

1911 – Delhi Durbar, Annulment of Partition of Bengal 1912 – Delhi Conspiracy Case 1913 – Formation of Ghadr Party 1914 – Komagata Maru

1915 – MK Gandhi returned to South Africa, Defense of India Act, Hindu Mahasabha formed 1916 – Home Rule League by BG & Annie Besent

Cooperative Society Act

Lucknow session of INC

1905 – Partition of Bengal

Lucknow Pact

Swadeshi Boycott Movement

1917 – Champaran satyagraha

1906 – Foundation of Muslim League 1907 – Surat Split Seditious Meetings Act 1908 – Indian News papers Act Criminal Law Amendment Act Alipore Conspiracy Case Barrah Dacoity 1909 – Nasik Conspiracy Case

Montagu’s Statement / August Declaration 1918 – Ahmedabad Mill Strike Kheda Satyagraha 1919 – Rowlatt Act Jallian Walla Bagh Massacre Montague- Chelmsford Reforms / GOI, 1919

Minto-Morley Reforms / Indian Councils Act 1920 – Khilaphat Movement Non- Cooperate movement CPI formed in Tashkent AITUC Fomed 1921 – Moplah Rebellion 1922 – Chauri Chaura Incident Swarajya Party 1924 – Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy case 1925 – Vaikom satyagraha in Kerala Kakori Conspiracy case 1927 – Appointment of Simon Commission 1928 – Simon Commission reached India Nehru Report

1935 – GOI Act 1936 – Temple Entry Proclamation 1937 – Provincial elections 1939 – INC Ministries resigned 1940 – Pak Resolution by ML August Offer by Linlithgow Individual Satyagraha Forward Bloc formed 1942 – Cripps Mission Quit India Movement INA formed 1943 – Bengal famine Pakistan Day observed

Lala Lajpat Rai died

1944 – Rajaji Formula

Bardoli Satyagraha

1945 – Desai – Liaqat Pact

1929 – Lahore Conspiracy case

Wavell Plan

Lahore Session of INC

INA Trails

1930 – Civil Disobedience Movement

General elections in India

Dandi March Chittagong Armory raid

1946 – Cabinet Mission Interim govt.

1st Round table Conference

1947 – Attlee’s statement

Sarada Act Mountbatten Plan 1931 – Gandhi Irwin Pact Indian Independence Act Bhagat Singh, Rajguru & Sukhdev hanged Free India 2nd RTC 1932 – Communal Award

Poona Pact 1933 – All India Anti Untouchability League by Gandhi

POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS PRIOR TO INC ➢ Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha (1836) ➢ The Zamindari Association ( Popularly known as The Land Holders Association ) (1837) ➢ The Bengal British India Society 1843 ➢ The British Indian Association 1851 ➢ The East India Association 1866 , Dadabhai Naoroji, London ➢ India League , Bengal, 1875, Sisir Kumnar Ghose ➢ The Indian Association of Culcutta (Indian national association) , SN Banerjee & AM Bose, 1876 ➢ The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, MG Ranade & GV Joshy, Bombay, 1867

➢ The Bombay Presidency Association, Tyabji & Firozshah Mehta, Bombay, 1885 ➢ The Madras Mahajan Sabha, M. Viraraghavachari, Ananda Charlu & Subramania Iyer, Madras, 1884.

FORMATION OF INC Founded by Allan Octavian Hume, a retired officer of ICS original name of the association was Indian National Union- DD Naoroji suggested the name Indian National Congress. First session of INC at 28th December, 1885 at Gokuldas Sanskrit College, Bombay – 72 delegates- WC Banerjee presided- Lord Dufferin was the viceroy of that time. Objectives of INC

1. Found a democratic national movement – 2. Politicize and politically educate people3. Establish a headquarters for the movement4. Promote friendly relation among nationalists’ political workers from different parts of the country – 5. Develop and propagate an anti-colonial nationalist ideology6. Formulate and present popular demands before the government7. Develop and consolidate a feeling of national unity

Theories regarding the formation of INC ➢ The safety valve theory – INC as a ‘safety valve to release the growing discontent of the Indians- Lala Lajpat rai- Young India in 1916 Product of the brain of Lord Dufferin – The safety valve theory originated after the publication of William Wedderburn’s biography of Hume in 1913. ➢ GK Gokhale Lightning conductor theory.

➢ INC was founded as a precautionary move against an apprehended Russian invasion of India- Early natIonalists leaders – DD Naoroji, Pheroz Shah Mehta, Baddaruddin Tyabji, RC Dutta, SN Banerjee, GK Gokhale, MG Ranade, Contributions of the moderates ➢ Economic critique or British imperialism – Drain Theory – DD Naoroji – Poverty and UnBritish rule in India, 1867 – RC Dutt – Economic History of India , 1893 ➢ Constitutional reforms and propaganda in legislature ➢ Campaign for general administrative reforms ➢ Defence of civil rights(The political strategy was 3Ps – Prayer, Petition and Protests) SESSIONS OF INC 1885 – 1947 Year

Place

President

1885

Bombay

WC Banerjee

Importance ● ●

1886

Calcutta

DD Naoroji

1887

Madras

Syed Badruddin Tyabji

● 436 delegates ● ●

1888

Allahabad

Gorge Yule

1889

Bombay

William Wedderburn

72 delegates 1st session

607 delegates 1st Muslim president

● 1248 delegates ● 1st English president

1890

Calcutta

Pheroze shah Mehta

1891

Nagpur

P. Ananda Charlu

1892

Allahabad

WC Bannerjee

1893

Lahore

DD Naoroji

1894

Madras

Alfred Webb

1895

Poona

SN Banerjee

1896

Calcutta

Rahmatulla Sayani

1897

Amaravati

C Sankaran Nair

1898

Madras

AM Bose

1899

Lucknow

RC Dutt

1900

Lahore

NG Chandavarkar

1901

Calcutta

Dinshaw E Wacha

1902

Ahmadabad

SN Banerjee

1903

Madras

Lal Mohan Ghosh

1904

Bombay

Henry Cotton

1905

Benaras

GK Gokhale

● Resentment against partition of Bengal

1906

Calcutta

DD Naoroji

●

The word ‘Swaraj’ mentioned for the first time

● 1st Malayali president

1907

Surat

Rash Bihari Ghosh

●

Surat split

1908

Madras

Rash Behari Ghosh

●

Constitution of INC drawn

1909

Lahore

Madan Mohan Malaviya

1910

Allahabad

William Wedderburn

1911

Calcutta

Bishan Narayan Dutt

1912

Bankipur

RN Mudholkar

1913

Karachi

Syed Muhammed

1914

Madras

Bhupendranath Basu

1915

Bombay

SP Sinha

1916

Lucknow

AC Majumdar

●

Reunion of INC

1917

Calcutta

Annie Besent

●

1st lady president

1918

Delhi

Madan Mohan Malaviya

1919

Amritsar

Motilal Nehru

●

Strongly condemned the Jallian Wallabagh Massacre

1920

Nagpur

C Vijayaraghavachari

●

A new constitution for the Congress framed

●

Non-co-operation movement

●

Call for the removal of untouchability

1921

Ahmedabad

CR Das (in prison) Hakim Ajmal Khan ( Acting president )

1922

Gaya

CR Das

1923

Kakinada

Maulana Muhammed Ali

1924

Belgaum

MK Gandhi

●

Resolution untouchability

1925

Kanpur

Sarojini Naidu

●

Second lady president

●

1st Indian lady as president

●

Boycott Simon Commission

1926

Guwahati

S. Srinivasa Iyengar

1927

Madras

Dr. MA Ansari

against

1928

Calcutta

Motilal Nehru

1929

Lahore

Jawahar Lal Nehru

1930

------------------

Session Couldn’t be held

1931

Karachi

Vallabhai Patel

●

Formation of All India Youth Congress

● Purna Swaraj -------------------------●

Endorsement Gandhi- Irwin Pact

●

of

Resolution on fundamental rights and national economic program

1932

Delhi

Amrit Ranchchordass Seth

1933

Calcutta

Nellie Sengupta

1934

Bombay

Rajendra Prasad

1935

------------------

Session couldn’t be held

1936

Lucknow

Jawaharlal Nehru

1937

Faizpur

Jawahar Lal Nehru

1938

Haripura

Subash Chandra Bose

1939

Tripuri

Subash Chandra Bose

-------------------------●

Adopted socialism as its goal

● Session in a village for the 1st time

● ●

1940

Ramgarh

Moulana Abul Kalam Azad

1946

Meerut

JB Kripalani

1948

Jaipur

Pattabhi Sitaramayya

Netaji resigned Rajendra prasad as the president

● 5 years president

● First session independence

after

Difference between moderates and extremists Moderates

Extremists

● Believed in loyalty of the English throne

● Strictly constitutional for agitations ●

●

British rule in India is a curse ● They didn’t believe in the loyalty of English Throne at all

methods

Believed in reasoned and emotional appeals, irresistible statements of facts, presenting petitions etc... ● Policy compromise

of

conciliation

and

● Direct political action and selfsacrifice ● Policy of passive resistance

Didn’t bother about the petty concessions given by the British govt.

●

●

● Depended for the success on the goodwill and sympathy of the English Men ● Believed that the people of India are still unfit for self govt ● Believed that they would get what they asked for without any sufferings

Swaraj as the final goal

●

Believed in the capacity of masses ● Believed that the people of India were the masters of their own destiny ● People of India are fit to rule for themselves ● Believed that the salvation of India was not possible without sufferings and self-sacrifices

Partition of Bengal & Swadeshi Boycott Movement Govt. decision to partition Bengal had been made public in December, 1903The govt. argued that Bengal is too big to be administered- population was about 73 million- real motive was to weaken Bengal, the center of Indian nationalism- partition based on religion- Hindu dominated western Bengal42/54 million Hindus – Muslim dominate Eastern Bengal- 18/31 million are Muslims. Anti- partition campaign during 1903 to 1905 was led by moderate leaders like SN Banerjee, KK Mitra and Prithwish Chandra Ray- they wrote in the newspapers like Hitabadi, sanjibani and Bengalee. Partition of Bengal was declared by Lord Curzon in 1905. Annulment of Partition was by Lord Hardinge II in 1911.

THE SURAT SPLIT, 1907

Benaras Session of INC, 1905- the issues in between the moderates and extremists of INC was visible from Benares session onwards Extremists demanded to expand Swadeshi movement as a Nationwide movement and to include all forms of boycott like judicial courts, legislative councils, schools, English Education etc… - Moderates opposed the boycott of courts and legislative bodies- Finally the Benares session passed a resolution condemning the partition of Bengal and repressive policies of Lord Curzon as a compromise between the moderates and extremists- The extremists wanted BG Tilak or Lala Lajpat Rai as the president of INC during the Calcutta Session in 1906 – but the moderates who possessed majority in INC elected DD Naoroji as the president – But passed 3 resolutions to dilute the extremists resistance- Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education – The extremists wanted the next session of INC(1907) at Nagpur and BG Tilak as the president - but the moderates chose the session to be held at Surat to exclude BG Tilak from president ship- Rash Behari Ghosh elected as the president of INC- thus it resulted in the bifurcation of INC.

LUCKNOW SESSION OF INC, LUCKNOW PACT & MONTEGUE’s STATEMENT: Lucknow session of INC, 1916 witnessed the reunion of INC and AC Majumdar elected as the president.

Factors for the reunion – 1. Old controversies become meaningless – 2. Realization that split lead to political inactivity – 3. Efforts by Annie Besent and BG Tilak – 4. The death of Pheroz shah Mehta who resisted the readmission of extremists.

NATIONAL MOVEMENT 1919-1939

EMERGENCE OF GANDHIAN ERA

Gandhi returned to India on 9th January, 1915 – He lead 3 struggles in India in between 1917-1918 – Champaran Satyagraha – 1917 – First strike by Gandhi in India – Gandhi was invited by Rajkumar Shukla to Champaran in Bihar to see the miseries facing by the indigo planters – Tinkathia System – A peasant should cultivate indigo in 3/20 of his land – the introduction of German synthetic dye decreased the demand of Indigo – but the European planters levied high rents and illegal dues – the European planters fixed the rates of Indigo – Rajendra Prasad, Mazharul Haq, Mahadev Desai, Narahari Parekh, JB Kripalani etc.. accompanied Gandhi in Champaran – Gandhi reached Champaran in 1917Govt. ordered Gandhi to leave the place- Gandhi resisted – finally a committee was constituted and Gandhi was

a member – he was successful in convincing the committee regarding the issues of peasants – Tinkatia system abolished and 25 % compensation allotted to the indigo cultivators.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike – 1918 first hunger strike of Gandhi in India – Mill owners decided to stop the plague bonus – Gandhi advised the workers to stop the work and to demand wage hike – the mill owners offered 20% increase- Gandhi demanded 35% increase and started indefinite hunger strike – finally the mill owners agreed to 35% increase in the wages.

Kheda Satyagraha – 1918 – First non- co-operation strike in India – Sardar Vallabhai Patel and Indulal Yagnik were the other leaders of Kheda satyagraha.

ROWLATT ACT & JALLIAN WALA BAGH MASSACRE Rowlatt Act introduced in March, 1919.

Provisions – 1. Imprison any person without the trail and conviction in any court of law- 2. Enabling the govt. to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus. Gandhi started mass Satyagraha on 6th April, 1919 – Dr. Satypal and Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested under the provisions of Rowlatt Act on 9th April, 1919 – the govt. imposed martial law in Punjab to curb the protests – on 13th April, 1919, huge crowd gathered in Jillian Walla Bagh without any arms – 1000s were killed by the British police without any provocation. Indian response – Tagore renounced his Knighthood – Gandhi gave up the title Kiaser-i-hind. Hunter Commission – committee appointed by British Govt. to enquire about the Jallian Walla Bagh Massacre- 7 members including 3 Indians – Sir Chimanlal Sitalvad, Pandit Jagat Narayan, Sardar Sultan Ahmed Khan.

KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT All India Khilafat Committee – 1919 – by Ali Brothers, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Hakkim Ajmal, Khan and Hasrat Mohani – All India Khilafat Conference held at the Delhi in Novemeber, 1919 – presided by Gandhicall was made to boycott the British goods.

The Non-Cooperation Movement – All party conference was held at Allahabad in June 1920 and decided to boycott schools, colleges, law courts etc… - Gandhi declared as the leader – The movement was formally launched on 31st August, 1920 Clash in INC regarding Khilafat Issue – Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Annie Besent, GS Kharpade, BC Pal left INC – SN Banerjee founded Indian National Liberal Foundation. 1922 – Non-Cooperation movement withdrawn due to Chauri Chaura Incident on 5th Febraury 1922 – Disagreement by CR Das, Motilal Nehru, Subash Chandra Bose, Jawahar Lal Nehru etc.… Gandhi sentenced for 6 years in March 1922 – Khilafat lost its political relevance – Caliphate was abolished by 1924.

Trade Unions In India

Founder

Trade Union

Madras Labour Union

BP wadia

Textile Labour Union

NM Joshy

Krishak Praja Party

Fazlul Haq, Rahim

Akram Khan and Abdur

Bombay Mill Owners Association Homi Mody Bombay Millhands Association

NM Lokhandey

All India Trade Union Federation NM Joshy Hindustan Mazdoor Sabha

Vallabhai Patel,Rajendra Prasad, Kripalani

AITUC

Lala Lajpat Rai, Dewan Chaman Lal

Ahmedabad Mazdoor Mahajan

MK Gandhi

INTUC

Vallabhai Patel

JB

ANTI- SIMON COMMISION UPSURGE ➢ Simon Commission was the Indian Statutory Commission, which was a group of seven Members of Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. ➢ The commission arrived in British India in 1928 to study constitutional reform in Britain’s largest and most important possession ➢ The Government of India Act of 1919 provided for the appointment of a commission to study the progress of the governance scheme and suggest new steps after ten years ➢ Since the British administration had failed to include even a single Indian in the Commission, it was strongly opposed by national leaders and freedom.

CRIPPS MISSION

Reached India by March 1942 to obtain Indian cooperation for the British war efforts in the 2nd world war – headed by Sir Stafford Cripps – Nationalists agreed to support Britain on two conditions 1. Immediate transfer of substantial power – 2. Complete independence after war –

QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT: AICC Meeting held at Gowalia Tank in Bombay on 8th August, 1942. Gandhi gave the famous call “DO or DIE “. Aruna Asaf Ali popularly known as the 'Grand Old Lady' of the Independence Movement is known for hoisting the Indian flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Mumbai during the Quit India Movement. The slogan ‘Quit India’ was coined by Yusuf Meherally, a socialist and trade unionist who also served as Mayor of Mumbai.

THE CABINET MISSION Atlee Govt. sent a mission of 3 British Cabinet Members to find out ways and means for a peaceful transfer of power in February, 1946 – members were Pathick Lawrence, Stafford Crips and AV Alexander – they reached Delhi on 24th March, 1946. • Discussions held on the issues of interim govt., and principles and procedures for framing a new constitution giving freedom to India – The Cabinet Mission Plan in May,1946 – ML accepted CM on 6th June, 1946 – INC accepted CM on 24th June, 1946. MOUNTBATTEN PLAN AND INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT

The British parliament ratified Mountbatten Plan on 18th July, 1947 – thereafter, it came to be known as Indian Independence Act, 1947- The Act implemented on 15th August, 1947 – formation of India and Pakistan.

BOOKS AND JOURNALS BOOKS

AUTHOR

Poverty and Un British Rule in India

DD Naoroji (1867)

Economic History of India

RC Dutt (1893)

New Lamps for Old

Aurobindo Ghosh (1893)

Ananth Math

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (1882)

Indian Unrest

Valentine Chirol

India : A nation

Annie Besent

How India Wrought Her Freedom

Annie Besent

Civil Disobedience

Henry Thoreau

Un to This Last

John Ruskin

The Kingdom of God is Within You Leo Tolstoy Glimpses of World History

Jawaharlal Nehru

India Wins Freedom

Abul Kalam Azad

Roses in December

MC Chagla

Why Socialism

JP

Bandi Jivan

Sachin Sanyal

Pather Dabi

Sharath Chandra Chatterjee

The Philosophy of Bomb

Bhagavati Charan Vohra

Why I Am an Atheist?

Bhagat Singh

Journal / news paper

Founder / editor

Year

Young India

Lala Lajpat Rai (English)

1916

Harijan

MK Gandhi (English)

1933

Harijan Bandhu

MK Gandhi (Gujarati)

Harijan Seva

MK Gandhi (Hindi)

Indian Opinion

MK Gandhi

Navjeevan

MK Gandhi (Gujarati)

Bengalee

SN Banerjee (English)

1879

Sanjibani

KK Mithra (Bengali)

1883

Yugantar

Barindrakumar Ghosh Bhoopendranath Dutta

Kesari

BG Tilak (Marathi)

1881

Marathi

BG Tilak (English)

1881

Hitabadi

Dwijendranath (Bengali)

The Sociologist

Syamji Krishnavarma (English)

1905

Bandemataram

Madam Bhikaji Cama (English)

1909

Bandemataram Weekly

BC Pal (English)

1905

Bharat Mata

Ajit Singh

Punjabee

Lala Lajpat Rai

Circular-e-Azadi

Ramnath Puri

1907

Free Hindustan

Taraknath Das

1908

Ghadar

Sohan Singh Bhakna

1913

New India

Annie Besent

Commonweel

Annie Besent

Al Hilal

Maulana Azad (Urdu)

1912

Comrade

Muhammed Ali (English)

1911

1903

&

1906

Tagore

The Socialist

SA Dange

1922

Navyuga and Langal

Muzafar Ahammed and Islam

Inquilab

Ghulam Hussain

1923

Labor Kissan Gazette

Singaravelu (Tamil)

1923

Pukhtoon

Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan

Mook Nayak

BR Ambedkar (Marati)

1920

Bahishkrit Bharat

BR Ambedkar

1927

The Independent

Motilal Nehru

1919

Nazrul

MAKING OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Election to the CA in July, 1946 – 385 members – formed a separate CA for Pak after partition – then 299 members in the CA of IU – CA become fully sovereign by the enforcement of Indian Independence Act, 1947 – It functioned as the parliament till 1952 – 13 committees for framing the constitution under CA – Dr.BN Rao was the constitutional advisor- He drafted a constitution with 240 clauses and 13 schedules by the end of October, 1947 – Dr. BR Ambedkar was appointed as the chairman of Drafting committee to consider the draft of the constitution – Indian Constitution came into force on 26th November, 1949 with 315 articles and 9 schedules – The rest of the constitution came into force on 26th January, 1950 – Members of the Drafting Committee are Dr.BR Ambedkar, Sir P Krishnaswamy Ayyankar, N Gopalaswamy Ayyankar, KM Munshi, Sayyed Muhammed Sadulla, Sir BL Mitter ( N Madhava Rao), DP Khaitan – Dr. Sachidananda Sinha was the first temporary president of CA – the first meeting held on 9th December, 1946 – Dr. Rajendra Prasad elected as the permanent president of CA on 11th December, 1946

Features borrowed from other constitutions Fundamental Rights Judicial Review

American

DPSP

Irish

Emergency

German

Federation

Canadian

Concurrent List

Ausis

Fundamental duties

USSR

Amendment

South Africa

Parliamentary Govt. Bicameralism Rule of Law Cabinet System Single citizenship

UK

Features of Indian constitution : The preamble – incorporated the terms “Socialist, Secular and Integrity” through the 42nd Amendment, 1976 – Written Constitution – Parliamentary form of Govt. – Both rigid and flexible – democratic state – republican state – socialist- secular – universal adult

franchise – quasi federal – independence of judiciary – fundamental rights – DPSP- Fundamental duties

NEW EDUCATION POLICY: University Education Commission, 1948 under Dr. S Radhakrishnan – First commission on education in independent India – major suggestion was the formation of UGC – UGC came into existence on 28th December 1953 and inaugurated by Maulana Azad – Parliament passed the UGC Act in 1956 – Kothari Commission in July, 1964- Advice the govt. on the national pattern of education and on general principle and policies for the development of education at all stages and in all aspects – the education system at the national level was aligned in 10+2+3 pattern Commission

Chairman

Year

Secondary Education Commission

Dr.Lakshmanaswami Mudaliyar

1952

The education Commission

Dr. DS Kothari

1964-66

National Knowledge Sam Pitroda 2005 Commission National Policy on education (1968)- national Policy on education (1986)- New education policy, 2020

LINGUISTIC REORGANISATION OF STATES: Linguistic Provinces Commission in June, 1948- SK Dhar – they opposed the formation of linguistic provinces – JVP Committee in December, 1948 appointed by INC – members of Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramyyah – they were against the creation of linguistic states – agitations against the JVP report – Formation of Andhra – demand for the Telugu speaking region of Andhra – 35 days of fasting by Swamy Sitaram in August, 1951 – Potti Sriramulu died on the 56th day of fasting in December 1952 – Finally Separate state of Andhra was formed on 1st october, 1953 – State

Re-organization Commission in August, 1953 – members were Fazl Ali, HN Kunzru, KM Panicker – Commission overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant – they submitted report in October, 1956 – State Reorganization Act passed in November, 1956 – 14 states and 6 union territories formed – Reorganized states on 1st November 1956 are : Andhra, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, J&K, Kerala, MP, Madras, Mysore, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, UP and West Bengal – 6 Union Territories are : Andaman and Nicobar, Delhi, Manipur, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and Laccadives – SRC opposed the splitting of Bombay and Punjab – it caused riots in Bombay in January, 1956 – Bombay bifurcated into Maharashtra and Gujarat in May, 1960 – demand for a separate state for the Nagas in 1960 – formation of Nagaland in 1963 – in 1956, PEPSU merged with Punjab – Demand for a separate Punjabi state – New state of Punjab with Sikh Majority is formed on 1st November, 1966 – Hindi speaking Haryana, Union territory of Chandigarh on 1st November , 1966

PANCHSEEL AND NON-ALIGNMENT: Panchseel was signed in between India and China in 1954 –Jawaharlal Nehru and Zhou Enlai - Five principle of peaceful co-existence – 1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty – 2. Mutual non-aggression – 3. Mutual non-interference – 4. Equality and mutual benefit – 5. Peaceful co-existencenon-Alignment – product of cold war – an organization of states that did not seek to formally align themselves with either the US or USSR – Asia – Africa Bandung Conference in 1955 – First summit of NAM in September, 1961 in Belgrade , Yugoslavia – attended by 36 Mediterranean and Afro Asian powers – Pioneering leaders of NAM – President Tito of Yugoslavia, President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, President Sukarno of Indonesia and PM Nehru of India – Five criteria of non-alignment – 1. A country should

follow an independent policy based on peaceful co-existence and noalignment – 2. Support national freedom movements in other countries – 3. Shouldn’t be a member of multilateral military alliances concluded in the context of super power conflicts – 4. If it has conceded military bases, it shouldn’t have been made in the context of super power conflicts – 5. If it is a member of bilateral or regional defense arrangements, it shouldn’t be in the context of super power conflicts.

EMERGENCY: 25th June 1975 – 21st March 1977 – PM Indira Gandhi – President Fakruddhin Ali Ahammed – Article 352 (Internal disturbances) – advised by Sidhardh Sankar Ray, CM of West Bengal – Rule by Decree – Causes for emergency – Navnirman Movement – Gujarat- 1974 – Chiman Bhai Patel resigned – President’s rule in Gujarat – Student Agitation in Bihar for the removal of CM Abdul Ghaffoor led by JP – Allahabad High Court verdict against Indira Gandhi on 12th June, 1975 – Emergency declared on 25th June, 1975 – JP, Raj Narain, Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, JB Kriplani, AB Vajpayee, LK Advani, Arun Jaitley, Gayatri Devi, George Fernandes, Snehlata Reddy, Mohan Dharia, Chandrasekhar etc.… were arrested.

ECONOMIC PLANNING IN INDIA: Mixed economy – Planning commission on 15th March, 1950 – first five-year plan launched on 1st April, 1951 – Dissolution of Planning commission on 17th August, 2014 – Setting up of NITI (national Institution for Transforming India) Aayog on 1st January 2015 – planning Commission – economic planning in the form of 5 year plan – PM as the ex-officio chairman – National Development Council formed to give final approval to the plans on 6th August, 1952 – Five year plans – borrowed from USSR – 1st five year plan 1951-56 – India witnessed twelve five year plans – NITI Aayog and 3 year action plan from 1st January 2015 – Objectives of Five year plans in India – High growth rate to improve the living standard of the residents of India- Economic stability for prosperity- Self-reliant economy- social justice and reducing the inequalities – modernization of the economy- 1st five year plan – 1951-56 – based on Harrod-Domar Model – Agriculture development of the country and large investments in dams and irrigations - 2nd five year plan – 1956 to 1961 – Mahalanobis Model – industrial development of the country – 3rd Five year plan – 1961 to 1966 – Gadgil Yojna – stress was laid on agriculture and the improvement in the production of wheat – India was engaged in two wars – Indo – china war and Indo -Pak war – shifted the focus to the defense industry, the Indian army and the stabilization of the prizes- flop due to wars and drought.

INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The Constitution of a country is the supreme law of the land and it determines the relationship among people living in that country and also regulates the government and its policies towards its citizens. In India, the demand for a Constitution and a Constituent Assembly originated during the Indian Independence movement.

Demand for Constituent Assembly during independence movement • First by MN Roy in 1934. • In 1935, Congress officially demanded the same. • 1n 1940, ‘August Offer’ in principle accepted the demand. • Finally Cabinet Mission* put forth a scheme of CA in May 16, 1946. * Cabinet Mission included Sir Stafford Crips, Pethick Lawrence and A V Alexander.

The Constituent Assembly was constituted in November 1946 under the scheme formulated by the Cabinet Mission Plan.

Working of the Constituent Assembly • The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. • Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, the oldest member, was elected as the temporary President of the Assembly, following the French practice. • Later, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Assembly. • Similarly, both H.C. Mukherjee and V.T. Krishnamachari were elected as the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly

Objectives Resolution • On December 13, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the historic ‘Objectives Resolution’ in the Assembly. It laid down the fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure. • This Resolution was unanimously adopted by the Assembly on January 22, 1947. It influenced the eventual shaping of the constitution through all its subsequent stages. Its modified version forms the Preamble of the present Constitution. Major Committees 1. Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru 2. Union Constitution Committee -Jawaharlal Nehru 3. Provincial Constitution Committee -Sardar Patel 4. Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 5. Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas - Sardar Patel. 6. Rules of Procedure Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad 7. States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) - Jawaharlal Nehru 8. Steering Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Enactment of the Constitution • Final draft introduced by Ambedkar in CA on November 4, 1948. • Adopted on November 26, 1949, contained a Preamble, 395 Articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules. • Major parts of the constitution came into force in Jan 26, 1950 • January 26 was specifically chosen as the ‘date of commencement’ of the Constitution because of its historical importance. It was on this day in 1930 that Purna Swaraj day was celebrated, following the resolution of the Lahore Session (December 1929) of the INC.

Preamble of the Constitution The American Constitution was the first to begin with a Preamble. Many countries, including India, followed this practice. It contains the summary or essence of the Constitution.

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is based on the ‘Objectives Resolution’, drafted and moved by Pandit Nehru, and adopted by the Constituent Assembly. It has been amended by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976), which added three new words–Socialist, Secular and Integrity

PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Key Words in Preamble 1. Sovereign 2. Socialist 3. Secular 4. Democratic 5. Republic 6. Justice 7. Liberty 8. Equality 9. Fraternity

Fundamental Rights

The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution from Articles 12 to 35. In this regard, the framers of the Constitution derived inspiration from the Constitution of USA (i.e., Bill of Rights). The Fundamental Rights are meant for promoting the ideal of political democracy. They prevent the establishment of an authoritarian and despotic rule in the country, and protect the liberties and freedoms of the people against the invasion by the State.

Originally, the Constitution provided for seven Fundamental Rights, viz, 1. Right to equality (Articles 14–18) 2. Right to freedom (Articles 19–22) 3. Right against exploitation (Articles 23–24) 4. Right to freedom of religion (Articles 25–28) 5. Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29–30) 6. Right to property (Article 31) 7. Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)

However, the right to property was deleted from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978. It is made a legal right under Article 300-A in Part XII of the Constitution. So at present, there are only six Fundamental Rights.

Right to Equality (Article 14 to 18) I.

Equality before Law and Equal Protection of Laws (Article 14) Article 14 says that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. This provision confers rights on all persons whether citizens or foreigners

II.

Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds (Article 15) Article 15 provides that the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

The second provision of Article 15 says that no citizen shall be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth with regard to: (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or

(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, road and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly by State funds or dedicated to the use of general public.

III.

Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment (Article 16) Article 16 provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of employment or appointment to any office under the State.

IV.

Abolition of Untouchability (Article 17) Article 17 abolishes ‘untouchability’ and forbids its practice in any form. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.

V.

Abolition of Titles (Article 18) This Article abolishes titles and makes four provisions in that regard: (a) It prohibits the state from conferring any title (except a military or academic distinction) on any body, whether a citizen or a foreigner. (b) It prohibits a citizen of India from accepting any title from any foreign state. (c) A foreigner holding any office of profit or trust under the state

cannot accept any title from any foreign state without the consent of the president. (d) No citizen or foreigner holding any office of profit or trust under the State is to accept any present, emolument or office from or under any foreign State without the consent of the president.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM [Article 19-22] 1. Protection of Six Rights Article 19 guarantees to all citizens the six rights. These are: (i) Right to freedom of speech and expression. (ii) Right to assemble peaceably and without arms. (iii) Right to form associations or unions or co-operative societies. (iv) Right to move freely throughout the territory of India. (v) Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India. (vi) Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

2. Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences

Article 20 grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, whether citizen or foreigner or legal person like a company or a corporation. It contains three provisions in that direction: (a) No ex-post-facto law: No person shall be (i) convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act, nor (ii) subjected to a penalty greater than that prescribed by the law in force at the time of the commission of the act. (b) No double jeopardy: No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.

(c) No self-incrimination: No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

3. Protection of Life and Personal Liberty Article 21 declares that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens.

4. Right to Education Article 21 A declares that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such a manner as the State may determine. Thus, this provision makes only elementary education a Fundamental Right and not higher or professional education. This provision was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002.

5. Protection Against Arrest and Detention Article 22 grants protection to persons who are arrested or detained. Detention is of two types, namely, punitive and preventive. Punitive detention is to punish a person for an offence committed by him after trial and conviction in a court. Preventive detention, on the other hand, means detention of a person without trial and conviction by a court. Its purpose is not to punish a person for a past offence but to prevent him from committing an offence in the near future.

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION [Article 23&24]

1. Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings and Forced Labour Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings, begar (forced labour) and other similar forms of forced labour. Any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens. 2. Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories, etc. Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mine or other hazardous activities like construction work or railway.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION [Article 25-28]

1. Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion Article 25 says that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.

2. Article 26 (Freedom to manage religious affairs) This Article provides that every religious denomination has the following rights, subject to morality, health, and public order. 1. The right to form and maintain institutions for religious and charitable intents. 2. The right to manage its own affairs in the matter of religion. 3. The right to acquire the immovable and movable property. 4. The right to administer such property according to the law.

3. Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of a Religion Article 27 lays down that no person shall be compelled to pay any taxes for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. 4. Freedom from Attending Religious Instruction Under Article 28, no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS 1. Protection of Interests of Minorities Article 29 provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a distinct language, script or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same. 2. Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions Article 30 grants the following rights to minorities, whether religious or linguistic to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES [Article 32]

Article 32 confers the right to remedies for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of an aggrieved citizen. In other words, the right to get the Fundamental Rights protected is in itself a fundamental right. This makes the fundamental rights real. That is why Dr. Ambedkar called Article 32 as the most important article of the Constitution–‘an Article without which this constitution would be a nullity. It is the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it’.

WRITS–TYPES AND SCOPE The Supreme Court (under Article 32) and the high courts (under Article 226) can issue the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo-warranto. Further, the Parliament (under Article 32) can empower any other court to issue these writs

Habeas Corpus It is a Latin term which literally means ‘to have the body of’. It is an order issued by the court to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of the latter before it. The court then examines the cause and legality of detention. It would set the detained person free, if the detention is found to be illegal. Mandamus It literally means ‘we command’. It is a command issued by the court to a public official asking him to perform his official duties that he has failed or refused to perform. It can also be issued against any public body, a corporation, an inferior court, a tribunal or government for the same purpose.

Prohibition Literally, it means ‘to forbid’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does not possess. Certiorari In the literal sense, it means ‘to be certified’ or ‘to be informed’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal either to transfer a case pending with the latter to itself or to squash the order of the latter in a case.

Quo-Warranto In the literal sense, it means ‘by what authority or warrant’. It is issued by the court to enquire into the legality of the claim of a person to a public office. Hence, it prevents the illegal usurpation of public office by a person.

Directive Principles of State Policy The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51. The framers of the Constitution

borrowed this idea from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution. These are the constitutional instructions or recommendations to the State in legislative, executive and administrative matters.

Classification of DPSP 1. Directives in the Nature of Ideals of the State • Article 38: State to promote the welfare of people by ensuring social, economic and political justice and minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities. • Article 39 b & c: State to direct policy towards equitable distribution of resources and prevention of concentration of wealth.

• Article 43: To secure just and humane condition of work, living wage etc,. • Article 51: International peace and security 2. Directives Shaping the Policy of States • Article 40: To organise village panchayaths. • Article 43: Cottage industries • Article 44: Universal Civil Code • Article 45: Early childhood care and education • Article 47: Prohibit drinks and drugs injurious to health • Article 46: Promote educational and economic interests of weaker section and to protect them from social injustice. • Article 48: Organise agriculture and animal husbandry. • Article 48A: To protect environment. • Article 49: Protect and maintain places of historic and artistic interests • Article 50: To separate judiciary from executive 3. Non-justiciable Rights of Citizens • Article 39 (a): Right to adequate means of livelihood.

• Article 39 (d): Equal pay for equal works for both men and women • Article 39 (e): Preservation of health and strength of workers and children

• Article 39 (f): Right of children for healthy development • Article 39A: F Equal justice and free legal aid • Article 41: Right to work, education and public assistance • Article 42: Right to humane condition of work and maternity relief. • Article 45: Right of children until they complete 6 years New DPSPs 1. 42nd AA of 1976: • Article 39: To secure opportunities for healthy development of children. • Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid to the poor. • Article 43A: To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries.

• Article 48A: To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife. 2. 44th AA of 1978: State to minimise inequalities in income, statue, facilities and opportunities - Article 38 (2) 3. 86th AA of 2002: Changed the subject matter of Article 45. 4. 97th AA of 2011: Relating to cooperative societies

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations In 1976, the Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties. The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution. It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well.

The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976. This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A which for the first time specified a code of ten fundamental duties of the citizens.

PRIME MINISTER In the scheme of parliamentary system of government provided by the constitution, the President is the nominal executive authority (de jure executive) and Prime Minister is the real executive authority (de facto executive). In other words, president is the head of the State while Prime Minister is the head of the government. APPOINTMENT OF THE PRIME MINISTER The Constitution does not contain any specific procedure for the selection and appointment of the Prime Minister. Article 75 says only that the Prime

Minister shall be appointed by the president. However, this does not imply that the president is free to appoint any one as the Prime Minister. In accordance with the conventions of the parliamentary system of government, the President has to appoint the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister. But, when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, then the President may exercise his personal discretion in the selection and appointment of the Prime Minister. In such a situation, the President usually appoints the leader of the largest party or coalition in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister and asks him to seek a vote of confidence in the House within a month. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIME MINISTER The Prime Minister enjoys the following powers as head of the Union council of ministers. 1. He recommends persons who can be appointed as ministers by the president. The President can appoint only those persons as ministers who are recommended by the Prime Minister. 2. He allocates and reshuffles various portfolios among the ministers. 3. He is the principal channel of communication between the President and the council of ministers. 4. He advises the President with regard to summoning and proroguing of the sessions of the Parliament.

1. He can recommend dissolution of the Lok Sabha to President at any time.

Other Powers & Functions In addition to the above-mentioned three major roles, the Prime Minister has various other roles. These are: 1. He is the chairman of the NITI Ayog (which succeded the planning commission), National Integration Council, InterState Council, National Water Resources Council and some other bodies. 2. He plays a significant role in shaping the foreign policy of the country. 3. He is the chief spokesman of the Union government. 4. He is the crisis manager-in-chief at the political level during emergencies. 5. As a leader of the nation, he meets various sections of people in different states and receives memoranda from them regarding their problems, and so on. 6. He is leader of the party in power. 7. He is political head of the services.

PARLIAMENT

The Parliament is the legislative organ of the Union government. It occupies a preeminent and central position in the Indian democratic political system due to adoption of the parliamentary form of government, also known as ‘Westminster’ model of government.

Articles 79 to 122 in Part V of the Constitution deal with the organisation, composition, duration, officers, procedures, privileges, powers and so on of the Parliament.

ORGANISATION OF PARLIAMENT Under the Constitution, the Parliament of India consists of three parts viz, the President, the Council of States and the House of the People. In 1954,

the Hindi names ‘Rajya Sabha’ and ‘Lok Sabha’ were adopted by the Council of States and the House of People respectively. The Rajya Sabha is the Upper House (Second Chamber or House of Elders) and the Lok Sabha is the Lower House (First Chamber or Popular House). The former represents the states and union territories of the Indian Union, while the latter represents the people of India as a whole. Though the President of India is not a member of either House of Parliament and does not sit in the Parliament to attend its meetings, he is an integral part of the Parliament. This is because a bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament cannot become law without the President’s assent.

COMPOSITION OF THE TWO HOUSES Composition of Rajya Sabha The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of which, 238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and 12 are nominated by the president. The representatives of states in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of state legislative assemblies. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

The representatives of each union territory in the Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected by members of an electoral college specially constituted for the purpose. This election is also held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. Out of the nine union territories, only three (Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu & Kashmir) have representation in Rajya Sabha. The president nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from people who have special knowledge or practical experience in art, literature, science and social service. The rationale behind this principle of nomination is to provide eminent persons a place in the Rajya Sabha without going through the process of election.

Composition of Lok Sabha The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552. Out of this, 530 members are to be the representatives of the states and 22 members are to be the representatives of the union territories. The representatives of states in the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people from the territorial constituencies in the states. The election is based on the principle of universal adult franchise.

DURATION OF TWO HOUSES Duration of Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha (first constituted in 1952) is a continuing chamber, that is, it is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution. However, one-third

of its members retire every second year. Their seats are filled up by fresh elections and presidential nominations at the beginning of every third year. The retiring members are eligible for re-election and renomination any number of times.

Duration of Lok Sabha Unlike the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha is not a continuing chamber. Its normal term is five years from the date of its first meeting after the general elections, after which it automatically dissolves. However, the President is authorised to dissolve the Lok Sabha at any time even before the completion of five years and this cannot be challenged in a court of law.

PRESIDING OFFICERS OF PARLIAMENT Each House of Parliament has its own presiding officer. There is a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker for the Lok Sabha and a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman for the Rajya Sabha. A panel of chairpersons for the Lok Sabha and a panel of vice-chairpersons for the Rajya Sabha is also appointed. The Speaker has two special powers which are not enjoyed by the Chairman:

1. The Speaker decides whether a bill is a money bill or not and his decision on this question is final. 2. The Speaker presides over a joint sitting of two Houses of Parliament. Unlike the Speaker (who is a member of the House), the Chairman is not a member of the House. But like the Speaker, the Chairman also cannot vote in the first instance. He too can cast a vote in the case of an equality of votes. SESSIONS OF PARLIAMENT Summoning The president from time to time summons each House of Parliament to meet. But, the maximum gap between two sessions of Parliament cannot be more than six months. In other words, the Parliament should meet at least twice a year.

There are usually three sessions in a year, viz, 1. The Budget Session (February to May); 2. The Monsoon Session (July to September); and 3. The Winter Session (November to December). A ‘session’ of Parliament is the period spanning between the first sitting of a House and its prorogation (or dissolution in the case of the Lok Sabha). During a session, the House meets every day to transact

business. The period spanning between the prorogation of a House and its reassembly in a new session is called ‘recesses. Adjournment A session of Parliament consists of many meetings. Each meeting of a day consists of two sittings, that is, a morning sitting from 11 am to 1 pm and post-lunch sitting from 2 pm to 6 pm. A sitting of Parliament can be terminated by adjournment or adjournment sine die or prorogation or dissolution (in the case of the Lok Sabha). An adjournment suspends the work in a sitting for a specified time, which may be hours, days or weeks. Adjournment Sine Die Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting of Parliament for an indefinite period. In other words, when the House is adjourned without naming a day for reassembly, it is called adjournment sine die.

The power of adjournment as well as adjournment sine die lies with the presiding officer of the House. He can also call a sitting of the House before the date or time to which it has been adjourned or at any time after the House has been adjourned sine die. Prorogation

The presiding officer (Speaker or Chairman) declares the House adjourned sine die, when the business of a session is completed. Within the next few days, the President issues a notification for prorogation of the session. However, the President can also prorogue the House while in session. Dissolution Rajya Sabha, being a permanent House, is not subject to dissolution. Only the Lok Sabha is subject to dissolution. Unlike a prorogation, a dissolution ends the very life of the existing House, and a new House is constituted after general elections are held. The dissolution of the Lok Sabha may take place in either of two ways: 1. Automatic dissolution, that is, on the expiry of its tenure of five years or the terms as extended during a national emergency; or 2. Whenever the President decides to dissolve the House, which he is authorised to do. Once the Lok Sabha is dissolved before the completion of its normal tenure, the dissolution is irrevocable.

SUPREME COURT Unlike the American Constitution, the Indian Constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top and the high courts below it. The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on January 28, 1950. It succeeded the Federal Court of India, established under the Government of India Act of 1935. However, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is greater than that of its predecessor. This is because, the Supreme Court has replaced the British Privy Council as the highest court of appeal. Articles 124 to 147 in Part V of the Constitution deal with the organisation, independence, jurisdiction, powers, and procedures and so on of the Supreme Court. The Parliament is also authorised to regulate them.

CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES Election Commission The Election Commission is a permanent and an independent body established by the Constitution of India directly to ensure free and fair elections in the country. Article 324 of the Constitution provides that the power of superintendence, direction and control of elections to parliament, state legislatures, the office of president of India and the office of vicepresident of India shall be vested in the election commission. Thus, the Election Commission is an all-India body in the sense that it is common to both the Central government and the state governments.

Comptroller and Auditor General of India The Constitution of India (Article 148) provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG). He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. He is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both the levels–the Centre and the state. His duty is to uphold the Constitution of India and laws of Parliament in the field of financial administration.

FINANCE COMMISSION Finance Commission is a constitutional body for the purpose of allocation of certain revenue resources between the Union and the State Governments. It was established under Article 280 of the Indian

Constitution by the Indian President. It was created to define the financial relations between the Centre and the states. It was formed in 1951.

NON-CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES NITI Aayog The NITI Aayog was formed on January 1, 2015. NITI stands for “National Institution for Transforming India”. It is the country’s premier policymaking institution that is expected to bolster the economic growth of the country.

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) established in 1993, is an independent statutory body as per the provisions of the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 which was amended in 2006. It acts as the watchdog of the human rights situation of the country. IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN CONSTITUTION First Amendment Act, 1951 • Empowered the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and economically backward classes. • Ninth Schedule • Added three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech and expression

Seventh Amendment Act To implement the recommendations of the State Reorganization Committee and to implement the State Reorganization Act, 1956. • Abolished the existing classification of states into four categories i.e., Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states, and reorganised them into 14 states and 6 union territories. 42nd Amendment Act [Known as the ‘mini constitution’] • Added three new words (i.e., socialist, secular and integrity) in the Preamble. • Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A). • Added three new Directive Principles • Shifted five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list

44th Amendment Act • Deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right. • Provided that the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during a national emergency.

• Made the President to declare a national emergency only on the written recommendation of the cabinet. 52nd Amendment Act, 1985 • Provided for disqualification of members of Parliament and state legislatures on the ground of defection and added a new Tenth Schedule containing the details in this regard.

61st Amendment Act, 1989 • Reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly elections. 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 • Granted constitutional status and protection to the Panchayati Raj institutions. • Added a new Part-IX entitled as ‘the panchayats’ and a new Eleventh Schedule containing 29 functional items of the panchayats 74th Amendment Act • Granted constitutional status and protection to the urban local bodies. • A new Part IX-A entitled as ‘the municipalities’ and a new Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items of the municipalities.

86th Amendment Act, 2002 • Made elementary education a fundamental right under the Article 21A • Changed the subject matter of Article 45 in Directive Principles • Added a new fundamental duty under Article 51-A 97th Amendment Act • Gave constitutional status and protection to cooperative societies. It made the following three changes in the constitution: • It made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article 19). • It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on the promotion of co-operative societies. • It added a new Part IX-B in the constitution which is entitled “The Co-operative societies”. 99th Amendment Act, 2014 • Replaced the collegium system of appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts with a new body called the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). • However, in 2015, the Supreme Court declared this Amendment Act as unconstitutional and void.

100th Amendment Act • Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax

103rd Amendment Act • It introduced reservations for Economic Weaker Section for the first time in independent India.

DAYS AND YEAR (National & International)

January 4 January 9 January 10 January 12 January 15 January 24 January 25 January 26 January 30

Important Days in January World Braille Day NRI Day World Hindi Day National Youth Day Army day National Girl Child Day National Voters day India’s Republic Day Martyrs’ Day

February 4 February 10 February 12 February 13 February 21 February 28

March 1 March 3 March 4 March 8 March 15 March 18 March 21 March 21

Important Days in February World Cancer Day National De-worming Day National Productivity Day World Radio Day International Mother Language Day National Science Day

Important Days in March Zero Discrimination Day World Wildlife Day, National Defense Day National Security Day International Women’s Day World Consumer Rights Day Ordnance Factories Day (India) World Forestry Day World Down Syndrome Day

March 22 March 23 March 24 March 27

April 2 April 5 April 7 April 10 April 11 April 17 April 18 April 22 April 24 April 29

World Day for Water World Meteorological Day World TB Day World Theatre Day

Important Days in April World Autism Awareness Day National Maritime Day World Health Day World Homeopathy Day National Safe Motherhood Day World Hemophilia Day World Heritage Day Earth Day National Panchayati Day International Dance Day

May 24 May 31

Important Days in May Workers’ Day Press Freedom Day World Laughter Day Mother’s Day World Athletics Day World Red Cross Day National Technology Day International Nurses Day International Day of the Family World AIDS Vaccine Day International Day for Biological Diversity National Brother's Day Anti-tobacco Day

June 1 June 4

Important Days in June World Milk Day International Day of Innocent

May 1 May 3 May (1st Sunday) May (2nd Sunday) May 7 May 8 May 11 May 12 May 15 May 18 May 22

June 5 June 8 June 12 June 14 June 20 June 21 June 26

July 1 July 6 July 11 July 18 July 26 28 July 28 July

Children Victims of Aggression World Environment Day World Ocean Day Anti-Child Labor Day World Blood Donor Day World Refugee Day International day of yoga International Day against Drug Abuse and illicit Trafficking

Important Days in July Doctor’s Day World Zoonosis Day World Population Day International Nelson Mandela Day Kargil Victory Day World Hepatitis Day World Nature conservation day

August 6 August 8 August 9 August 9 Aug 12 August 15 August 19 August 21 August 29

September 2 September 5

Important Days in August Hiroshima Day Quit India Day Nagasaki Day International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples International Youth Day Indian Independence Day Photography Day World Senior Citizen’s Day National Sports Day

Important Days in September World Coconut Day Teachers’ Day

September 8 September 15 September 16 September 21 September 21 September 22 September 27 September 29

October 1 October 2 October 4 October 8 October 9 October 10 October 10 October 13 October 14 October 15 October 16

International Literacy Day Engineers’ Day World Ozone Day Day for Peace & Non-violence (UN) Alzheimer’s Day Rose Day (Welfare of cancer patients) World Tourism Day World Heart Day

Important Days in October International Day of Older People Gandhi Jayanthi; International Day of Non-Violence World Animal Welfare Day Indian Air Force Day World Post Office Day National Post Day World Mental Health Day UN International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction World Standards Day World Students Day World Food Day

October 17 October 20 October 24 October 31

November 5 November 7 November 9 November 14 November 14 November 17 November 21 November 26 November 26

International Poverty Eradication Day National Solidarity Day UN Day National Integration Day

Important Days in November World tsunami day National Cancer Awareness Day Legal Services Day Children’s Day Diabetes Day National Epilepsy Day World Television Day Constitution Day , Law Day National Milk Day

December 1 December 2 December 3 December 4 December 7 December 10 December 11 December 14 December 16 December 18 December 22 December 23 December 24 December 25

Important Days in December World AIDS Day National Pollution Control Day World Day of the Handicapped Indian Navy Day Indian Armed Forces Flag Day Human Rights Day International Mountain Day World & National Energy Conservation Day Vijay Diwas National Minorities Rights Day National Mathematics Day Kisan Divas (Farmer’s Day) National Consumers Day Good Governance Day

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

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ICT means Information and Communication Technology.

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ICTs are basically information-handling tools—a varied set of goods, applications, an services that are used to produce, store, process, distribute, and exchange information.

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ICT includes both old and new tools. Old ICT tools mainly include radio, TV, and telephone

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New ICT tools mainly include computers, satellite, wireless technology, and the Internet.

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUNDEMENTALS OF COMPUTER: • Computer: A computer is a truly amazing machine that performs a specified sequence of operations as per the set of instructions (known as programs) given on a set of data (input) to generate desired information (output). A complete computer system consists of four parts: ❖ Hardware: Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the computer. ❖ Software: Software is a set of electronic instructions consisting of complex code (Programs that make the computer perform tasks.) ❖ User: The computer operators are known as users

❖ Data: Consists of raw facts, which the computer stores and reads in the form of numbers.

Evolution of computer •

A computer is an electronic device used for storing and processing data and carrying out sequence of operations. In short, it is a device which is invented to simplify the complicated tasks Word computer 1st used in a book named as “The Yong Man’s Gleanings” By Richard Braithwait

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Father of computer Charles Babbage was considered to be the father of computing after his invention and concept of the Analytical Engine in 1837.

ABACUS •

Earliest calculating device, Also called a counting frame.

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First counting device in china.

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Name Abacus was obtained from Greek word Abax means slab.

PASCALINE • •

Developed by Blaise Pascal

first device with an ability to perform additions and subtractions on whole numbers • contains numbers 0 to 9 on its circumference

TRANSISTORS •

In 1947, Transistors were introduced into the computers. With the introduction of transistors, computations were simpler and faster.

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Which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes

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Large amounts of heat can be reduced more easily

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1st computer programmer-Ada Lovelace

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Father of information theory-Claude Elwood

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In 1957, IBM developed -FORTRAN

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956) •

They used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,

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These computers were very expensive to operate and use huge amount of electricity,

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First generation computers relied on machine language.

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They could only solve one problem at a time.

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Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts

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The UNIVAC (First commercial computer 1951) and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.

Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963) •

Transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers.

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Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energyefficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.

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Second-generation computers relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) •

Use Integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.

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Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

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Users interaction started through keyboards and monitors instead of punched cards

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Use of operating system allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.

Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-1980s) •

Invention of microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, now, thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand.

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In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.

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As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.

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Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond) •

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.

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The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

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The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and selforganization.

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Is based on the technique of Artificial Intelligence, Also known as ROBOTICS

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They will able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed

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Aim to be able to solve highly complex problem including decision making logic reasoning

Artificial Intelligence (AI) According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computercontrolled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems. Types of Computer:

Computers can be classified on the basis of their functioning, their input process, their output process, their size, their capabilities and their storage capacity. The different types of computers are as follows: •

Analog Computers

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Digital Computers

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Hybrid Computers

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Super Computers

Processing cycle in computer ❖ Input ❖ Processing ❖ Output – Input Devices Input Devices are the units for making link between user and computer. • •

Keyboard: The most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the computer. Mouse: Mouse is the most popular pointing device and cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of a mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

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Trackpad: Also known as a trackpad, a touchpad is a common substitute for a computer mouse. It is essentially a specialized surface that can detect the movement of a user's finger and use that information to direct a pointer and control a computer.

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Joy Stick: It is used to move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.

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Light pen: It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen.

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Track Ball: Mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.

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Scanner: A scanner allows you to scan printed material and convert it into a file format that may be used within the Personal Computer.

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Microphone: Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in digital form.

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Digital Camera: Digital cameras are also an input device as they are used to capture photographs and videos independently. Later, these photo and video files can be transferred to a computer.

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Webcams: They are necessary input devices for task like videoconferencing. Webcams are different from digital cameras in two ways. Firstly, they cannot operate independently from a computer, and second, they have no inbuilt memory. Although webcams can capture photographs and videos, they are more often used to live-stream videos or facilitate video chats.

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Barcode reader: A barcode scanner or reader is a device used to read barcodes printed on packed products. Most businesses buy barcode scanners for use during the checkout process.

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Gamepad: The wired or wireless gaming remotes used for playing xbox, playstation etc. are also input devices.

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Pen Input: Pen input refers to the way Windows lets you interact directly with a computer using a pen. A pen can be used for pointing and also for gestures, simple text entry, and capturing free-form thoughts in digital ink.

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Electronic Whiteboard: An electronic whiteboard is a hardware device that is similar to a whiteboard that is found in schools and businesses. It transmits any information written it to a computer or multiple computers. They also allow live interaction with digital objects on the screen.

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Biometric scanner: Biometric input device measures a unique physical chracteristic of a person. The most common biometric devices are used to input a person's fingerprint into a computer. More sophisticated devices use a camera to input a description of a person's iris (the colored part of the eye).

OUTPUT DEVICES

Output devices translate the computer's output into the form understandable by users. •

Monitors: Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

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Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT): The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity, or resolution

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Flat- Panel Display: The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT.

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Printers: Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

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Impact Printers: The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is then pressed on the paper.

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Non-Impact Printers: Non-impact printers print the characters without using ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time so they are also called as Page Printers. Laser Printers, Inkjet Printers. Projector: Projectors are output devices used mainly by companies, schools, and churches to show information to a large body of people at the same time. They are also used during meetings or classes for presentations.

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Speaker(s): Each every variety of Speaker are considered as out devices as they provide musical output.

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Head Phone/Earphone: The Headphones, and Earphone frequently used by us.

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Microfiche: Microfiche is a card made of transparent film used to store printed information in miniaturized form. To read the card, one places it under the lens of a microfiche reader machine, which magnifies it.

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Video Card: These are hardware devices that work in conjunction with the monitor to display visual output to the user. This hardware device helps the user return information to the computer as well, thereby enhancing interaction.

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CD and DVD media: They standard output devices for a computers. The advantage of these output devices is in storing data for a long period of time. CD and DVD are writable, users write information into a CD and DVD hardware device to share information.

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Braille Reader: It helps blind people to read the text. The computer sent the text to the device in the Braille format. That makes the text readable. Both Input–Output Devices

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Touch Screen: A touch screen is a device which works as both an input and an output device. You view the options available to you on the screen (output) and you then use your finger to touch the option that you have chosen (input).

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Modems: A modem is a combination of two words, mod for modulation and dem for demodulation. And so it does act like an input and output device, as it sends and receives information over the telephone lines.

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Network cards: Network card is a devices for communication between computers. It take the input from one and transmit it to the other as output .

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Audio Cards / Sound Card: is an internal expansion card that provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. Headsets: Headset consists of Speakers and Microphone hence it perform both input and output task simultaneously. Speaker acts as Output Device and Microphone act as Input device

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Facsimile (FAX): It has scanner to scan the document and also have printer to print the document.

BASICS OF INTERNET, INTRANET, EMAIL

INTERNET

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Internet word is derived from the word internetworking which is a collection of individual networks connected by intermediate networking device but they function together as one large unit.

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Network is a collection of terminals, various computer servers and other components. It ensures easy flow of data between the various nodes or participants. The Internet is such global interconnected computer networks using a common language called a protocol, standard internet protocol. The protocol is TCP/IP.

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The ARPANET was launched by launched by the Department of defense of USA. While first such inter-connected network was SPUTNIK by the Soviet Union in the year 1957. ARPANET became the only official protocol after 1983.

Facts about Internet •

1st Recorded cyber-crime was committed by Joseph Mary.

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Important sections (in hacking, identity theft, violations of privacy) in cyber crime

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Asian school of cyber law is situated in Pune.

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1st cyber post office-Chennai

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1st Cybercrime police station in kerala-Pattom ,Thiruvananthapuram

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Indian computer emergency response team comes in 2004

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India 1st cyber security chief Gulshan rai

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India 1st cyber village Melli Dara Paiyong

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1st cyber case reported in France

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1st cyber court in India Delhi

FATHERS IN COMPUTER FIELD • COMPUTER -Charles Babbage •

COMPUTER SCIENCE-Alan Turing

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INDIAN SUPER COMPUTER-Dr. Vijay Bhatkar

• PERSONAL COMPUTER-Henry Edward Ed Roberts •

MOBILE PHONES- Martin Cooper

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INFORMATION THEORY- Cloude Shannon

• IT IN INDIA- Rajiv Gandhi • INTERNET- Vint Cerf

FOUNDERS OF FAMOUS ONLINE PLATFORMS •

Facebook

- Mark Zuckerberg

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Google

- Larry Page & Serge Brin

• •

Apple E Mail

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WhatsApp - Brian Acton & Jan Koum

- Stev jobs, Ronald Wayne & Steve Wozniak - Ray Tomlinson

• www

- Tim Berners Lee

• Linux

- Linus Torvalds

• Wikipedia - Jimmy Wales • Yahoo

- Jerry Yang & David Filo

• Twitter

- Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Noah Glass,

• Apple

-Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Ronald Wayne

• Instagram

–Kevin Systrom, Mike Kreiger.

Types of Network:

LAN (Local Area Network) • •

LAN is privately owned network within a single building or campus. LANs can be small, linking as few as three computers, but often link hundreds of computers used by thousands of people (like in some IT office, etc.) Examples of LAN technology: Ethernet, Token Ring, and Fibber Distributed Data Interconnect (FDDI).

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) •

A MAN covers a city. An example of MAN is cable television network in city.

WAN (Wide Area Network) o A wide area network or WAN spans a large geographical area often a

country. Internet It is also known as network of networks. o The Internet is a system of linked networks that are worldwide in scope and

facilitate data communication services such as remote login, file transfer, electronic mail, World Wide Web and newsgroups etc.

WLAN o Wireless Local Area Network o Link 2 or more devices o Adopted in

School , home CAN o Campus Area Network o Inter connection of local area o o multiple interconnected local area networks (LAN) in a limited geographical area. PAN o Personal Area Network o Data transmission o In Computer ,Telephone

COMPUTER MEMORY ROM: •

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it.

•

It is a non-volatile memory. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture.

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MROM (Masked ROM): The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kinds of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which are inexpensive.

RAM: •

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.

•

Access time in RAM is independent of the address, that is, each storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive.

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RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence, a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is often used with computers.

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RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the terms of storage capacity.

Secondary Memory •

Secondary memory is termed as external memory and refers to the multiple storage media on which a PC can store information and projects. It can be fixed or removable.

Hard Disk comes under the Fixed Storage Media, which is an Internal Storage

Software terms:

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HTTP - Hyper Text Transmission Protocol

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IMAP - Internet Message Access

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Protocol SSL - Secure Socket Layer

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TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

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FTP - File Transfer Protocol

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TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol

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SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

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SGML - Standard Generalized Mark-up

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Language HTML - Hyper Text mark-up language

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ASCII - American Standard Code for Information

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Interchange ACPI - Advanced Configuration Power Interface

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ANSI - American National Standard

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Institute CGA - Computer Graphic Application

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CSS - Cascading Style Sheets

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DOS - Disc Operating System

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IDE - Integrated Development

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Environment MIPS - Million instructions per second

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UPS - Uninterrupted Power supply.

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ASR - Assisted speech recognition

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BIOS - Basic Input output System

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NLP Natural Language processing

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OCR – Optical Character recognition

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CERN - Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Nuclear research centre)

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WAP - Wireless application protocol

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VR - Virtual reality

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IoT - Internet of Things

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VLE - Virtual learning environment

2. COMPUTER SOFTWARE

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Operating System: Operating System is a program that acts as an intermediary between a computer user & computer hardware. The operating system is an important component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs generally requires an operating system to perform.

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Stand- Alone Operating System: A standalone operating system is a complete operating system that works on a desktop computer, or notebook computer. Client operating systems can work with/without a network.

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An embedded system: It is a computer that is part of a dedicated kind of machine. Embedded systems examples include computers in cars, traffic lights, digital televisions, ATMs, airplane controls etc.

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Mobile Operating System: A mobile operating system, also known as mobile OS, is an operating system that is dedicatedly designed to run on mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet computers etc.

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Buffering : It is the pre-loading of data into a reserved area of memory, which is also called as buffer. With respect to streaming audio or video from the Internet, buffering refers to downloading some amount of data before starting to play the music, movie etc.

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Spooling : Spooling is the overlapping of low speed operations with normal processing. Spooling originated with mainframes in order to optimize slow operations.

5. NETWORK TERMINOLOGIES •

TCP: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a network conversation via which application programs can exchange data. TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which defines how computers send packets of data to each other. IP Address: Sometimes called a “dotted quad”. A unique number consists of four parts separated by the dots, e.g. 202.54.1.1 is an IP number of one of the servers. Every machine that is on the Internet has a unique IP number - if a machine does not have an IP number, it is not really on the Internet.

•

•

MAC Address: This is the address of the device on physical layer, called as media access control. It is usually stored on the network adapter card and is unique.

•

VoIP: A Voice over IP call, or VoIP call, utilizes packet-switched Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)/Internet telephony as different to the circuit-switched telephony used by the earlier Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

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Cloud computing: It is used to describe different services over a network by a collection of servers. These computers enable the visiting users to have access to much faster computers or servers, which are able to access programs/services from anywhere with Internet access often without having to install other software. • NIC: Network Interface card, also known as an Ethernet card and network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network such as a home network or the Internet using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector. •

Proxy server-: A proxy is a computer server/software program that is part of the gateway server which separates a local network from outside networks.

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Web page-: A web page or webpage is a document mostly written in Hyper Text Mark-up Language (HTML) is accessible through the Internet/other network using a web browser.

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Firewall-: A firewall is a software utility or hardware device that limits outside network access to a computer/local network by blocking the different network ports. Firewalls are a great step for helping prevent unauthorized access to a company or home network.

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Gateway: A gateway is an interconnecting device which joins two different network together they are also known as protocol converters.

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Network Router: It is a network device with interfaces in multiple networks whose task is to copy packets from one network to another.

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Network Switch: Network Switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN).

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Network Hub: A hub is a small Network Device. A hub joins multiple computers (or other network devices) together to form a single network segment. On this network segment, all computers can communicate directly with each other.

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Network Repeater: Network repeaters regenerate incoming electrical, wireless or optical signals. With physical media like Ethernet, data transmissions can only span a limited distance before the quality of the

signal degrades. Repeaters attempt to preserve signal integrity and extend the distance over which data/information can travel safely. •

Channel Capacity: It is the speed of transmission of information. Often refer as data rate in digital terminology.

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Bandwidth: The physical limitation of underlying media.

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Error-rate: Incorrect reception of information due of noise.

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Encoding: The number of levels used for signalling.

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Meta Search Engines: They automatically enters search queries into a number of other search engines and return the results

CYBERSPACE: A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, Telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. “

Evolution of Cyber-attacks in India Union Bank of India Heist (July 2016) Through a phishing email sent to an employee, hackers accessed the credentials to execute a fund transfer, swindling Union Bank of India of $171 million, Prompt action helped the bank recover almost the entire money. WANNACRY RANSOMWARE (May 2017) The global ransomware attack took its toll in India with several thousand computers getting locked down by ransom-seeking hackers. The attack also impacted systems belonging to the Andhra Pradesh police and state utilities of West Bengal DATA THEFT AT ZOMATO(May 2017)

The food tech company discovered that data, including names, email IDs and hashed passwords, of 17 million users was stolen by an ‘ethical’ hacker-who demanded the company must acknowledge its security vulnerabilities-and put up for sale on the Dark Web PETYA RANSOMWARE(June 2017) The ransomware attack made its impact felt across the world, including India, where container handling functions at a terminal operated by the Danish firm AP Moller-Maersk at Mumbai’s Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust got affected COMMON TYPES OF CYBER ATTACK 1. Malware Malware is a term used to describe malicious software, including spyware, ransomware, viruses, and worms. Malware breaches a network through a vulnerability, typically when a user clicks a dangerous link or email attachment that then installs risky software. 2. Phishing Phishing is the practice of sending fraudulent communications that appear to come from a reputable source, usually through email. The goal is to steal sensitive data like credit card and login information or to install malware on the victim’s machine. Phishing is an increasingly common cyberthreat. 3. SQL injection A Structured Query Language (SQL) injection occurs when an attacker inserts malicious code into a server that uses SQL and forces the server to reveal information it normally would not. An attacker could carry out a SQL injection simply by submitting malicious code into a vulnerable website search box.

DIGITAL INITIATIVES BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA: USB Pratirodh”, was also launched by the government which, Union IT and Electronics Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad states is aimed at controlling the unauthorised usage of removable USB storage media devices like pen drives, external hard drives and USB supported mass storage devices.

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An app called “Samvid” was also introduced. It is a desktop based Application Whitelisting solution for Windows operating system. It allows only preapproved set of executable files for execution and protects desktops from suspicious applications from running.

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M-Kavach, a device for security of Android mobile devices has also been developed. It provides protection against issues related to malware that steal personal data & credentials, misuse Wi-Fi and Bluetooth resources, lost or stolen mobile device, and spam SMSs, premium-rate SMS and unwanted / unsolicited incoming calls.

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Browser JSGuard, is a tool which serves as a browser extension which detects and defends malicious HTML & JavaScript attacks made through the web browser based on Heuristics. It alerts the user when he visits malicious web pages and provides a detailed analysis threat report of the web page.

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DIGITAL INITIATIVES IN HIGHER EDUCATION ICT AND GOVERNANCE Important Abbreviations in ICT 1.

Al – Artificial intelligence

2.

ALGOL – Algorithmic Language

3.

ARP – Address resolution Protocol

4.

ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange

5.

BINAC - Binary Automatic Computer

6.

BCC – Blind Carbon Copy

7.

BASIC - Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

8.

BIOS – Basic Input Output System

9.

Bit – Binary Digit

10. CC – Carbon Copy 11. CAD – Computer Aided Design 12. COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language 13. CD – Compact Disc 14. CRT – Cathode Ray Tube 15. CDR – Compact Disc Recordable 16. CDROM – Compact Disc Read Only Memory 17. CDRW – Compact Disc Rewritable 18. CDR/W – Compact Disk Read/Write 19. DBA – Data Base Administrator 20. DBMS – Data Base Management System 21. DNS – Domain Name System 22. DPI – Dots Per Inch 23. DRAM – Dynamic Random-Access Memory 24. DVD – Digital Video Disc/Digital Versatile Disc 25. DVDR – DVD Recordable 26. DVDROM – DVD Read Only Memory 27. DVDRW – DVD Rewritable 28. DVR – Digital Video Recorder 29. DOS – Disk Operating System 30. EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code 31. EDP – Electronic Data Processing 32. EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 33. ELM/e-Mail – Electronic Mail 34. ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer 35. EOF - End Of File 36. EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory 37. EXE – Executable 38. FAX - Far Away Xerox/ facsimile

39. FDC - Floppy Disk Controller 40. FDD - Floppy Disk Drive 41. FORTRAN - Formula Translation 42. FS - File System 43. FTP - File Transfer Protocol 44. Gb – Gigabit 45. GB – Gigabyte 46. GIF - Graphics Interchange Format 47. GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication 48. HDD - Hard Disk Drive 49. HP - Hewlett Packard 50. HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language 51. HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 52. IBM - International Business Machine 53. IM - Instant Message 54. IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol 55. ISP - Internet Service Provider 56. JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group 57. Kb – Kilobit 58. KB – Kilobyte 59. KHz – Kilohertz 60. Kbps - Kilobit Per Second 61. LCD – Liquid Crystal Display 62. LED – Light Emitting Diode 63. LPI – Lines Per Inch 64. LIS – Location Information Server 65. LSI – Large Scale Integration 66. Mb – Megabit 67. MB – Megabyte 68. MPEG – Moving Picture Experts Group

69. MMS – Multimedia Message Service 70. MICR – Magnetic Ink Character reader 71. MIPS – Million Instructions Per Second 72. NIC – Network Interface Card 73. NOS – Network Operating System 74. OCR - Optical Character Readers 75. OMR – Optical Mark Reader 76. OOP – Object Oriented Programming 77. OSS – Open Source Software 78. PAN – Personal Area Network 79. PC – Personal Computer 80. PDA - Personal Digital Assistant 81. PDF – Portable Document Format 82. POS – Point Of Sale 83. PNG - Portable Network Graphics 84. PPM – Pages Per Minute 85. PPP – Point-to-Point Protocol 86. PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory 87. PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Network 88. POST – Power On Self Test 89. PING – Packet Internet Gopher 90. RAM – Random Access Memory 91. RDBMS – Relational Data Base Management System 92. RIP – Routing Information Protocol 93. RTF – Rich Text Format 94. SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 95. SQL – Structured Query Language 96. SRAM – Static Random-Access Memory 97. SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol 98. SIM – Subscriber Identification Module

99. SD RAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory 100. SDD - Software Design Description 101. SDK - Software Development Kit

102.SDL - Storage Definition Language 103.TCP – Transmission Control Protocol 104.TB – Tera Bytes 105.UPS – Uninterrupted Power Supply 106.URI – Uniform Resource Identifier 107. URL – Uniform Resource Locator 108. USB - Universal Serial Bus 109. ULSI - Ultra Large Scale Integration 110. UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer 111. VAR – Variable 112. VGA – Video Graphics Array 113. VSNL – Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited 114. VDU – Visual Display Unit 115. VPN - Virtual Private Network 116. VRAM - Video Random Access Memory 117. VRML - Virtual Reality Modelling Language 118. Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity 119. WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network 120. WPA – Wi-Fi Protected Access 121. WWW – World Wide Web 122. WORM – Write Once Read Many 123. W3C - World Wide Web Consortium 124. WAIS - Wide Area Information Servers 125. WAN - Wide Area Network 126. XHTML – eXtensible Hyper text Markup Language 127. XML - eXtensible Markup language 128. ZB – Zeta Byte

MATHEMATICAL REASONING • Types of reasoning o Number series o Letter series o Codes and Relationships. o Mathematical Aptitude o Fraction o Time & Distance o Ratio, Proportion o Percentage o Profit and Loss o Interest and Discounting o Averages etc Extra topics frequently asked in NTA exam but not in syllabus o Direction Based Questions o Age related o Blood relation

• Number and letter series In this series of completion, we have to find out the next or wrong or the missing number/letter of the series which follows a particular pattern. Letter series usually consist of a series of small letters that follows a certain pattern. However, some letters are missing from the series. We have to choose the alternative as answer. e.g. aab – aaa - bbaAlphabet series consist of alphabets placed in a specific pattern. Sometimes we have to keep in mind the order of alphabet with their respective position. Questions : 1. In the sequence of numbers 2, 8, 26, 62, 122, 212, x, ......, the term x is:

Options: A. 302

B. 338 C. 248 D. 332 Answer: B Explanation:

In this pattern, number have a gap like 6, 18, 36, 60, 90. That is (1x6), (3x6), (6x6), (10x6), (15x6), …. So next term is (21x6) = 126. So next term = 212+126 = 338.

2. The next term in the series 5, 11, 21, 35, 53, ?, ... is A. 75 B. 90 C. 115 D. 125 Answer: A Explanation:

In this pattern, number have a gap like 6, 10, 14, 18 …etc. So next gap is 22. So next term = 53+22 = 75.

3. The next term in the series -1, 5, 15, 29, ________, … is A. 36 B. 47 C. 59 D. 63 Answer: B Explanation:

In this pattern, number have a gap like 6, 10, 14 ..etc. So next gap should be 18. So next term is 29+18 = 47

4. In the series 1, 6, 15, 28, 45 … the next term will be: A. 76 B. 56 C. 84 D. 66

5. The missing term in the series 1, 4, 27, 16, ?, 36, 343, ... is A. 30 B. 49 C. 125 D. 81

6. In the series 1, 5, 13, 25, 41, ……. the next term is A. 59 B. 63 C. 61 D. 68

7. In the series 3, 11, 23, 39, 59, ________The next term will be A. 63 B. 73 C. 83 D. 93

8. The next term in the series 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, ? is: A. 50 B. 57 C. 62 D. 72

9. The next term in the series is:

2, 5, 9, 19, 37, ? A. 80 B. 73 C. 75 D. 78

10. The next term in the series: 2, 7, 28, 63, 126, --- is A. 215 B. 245 C. 276 D. 296

11. The missing term in the series 2, 7, 24, 77, ?, 723 is A. 238 B. 432 C. 542 D. 320

12. The missing number in the series 40, 120, 60, 180, 90, ?, 135 is A. 110 B. 270 C. 105

D. 210

13. The missing number in the series: 0, 6, 24, 60, 120, ?, 336, is A. 240 B. 220 C. 280 D. 210

14. Which is the number that comes next in the following sequence? 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, _____ A. 60 B. 64 C. 72 D. 70

15. What is the number that comes next in the sequence? 2, 5, 9, 19, 37, ___ A. 76 B. 74 C. 75 D. 50

16. Find the wrong number in the sequence 125, 127, 130, 135, 142, 153, 165 A. 130 B. 142 C. 153 D. 165 17. Find the wrong number in the sequence: 52, 51, 48, 43, 34, 27, 16 A. 27 B. 34 C. 43 D. 48

18. In a certain code, PAN is written as 31 and PAR as 35, then PAT is written in the same code as A. 30 B. 37 C. 39 D. 41

19. If 5472 = 9, 6342 = 6, 7584 = 6, what is 9236? A. 2 B. 3

C. 4 D. 5

20. Find the next number in the following series: 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50, ? A. 63 B. 65 C. 67 D. 69

21. Insert the missing number in the following: 3, 8, 18, 23, 33, ?, 48 A. 37 B. 40 C. 38 D. 45

22. Find out the wrong number in the sequence. 2, 6, 15, 31, 56, 91 A. 31 B. 91 C. 56 D. 15

23. Find out the wrong number in the sequence: 582, 605, 588, 611, 634, 617, 600 A. 582 B. 605 C. 617 D. 634

24. Insert the missing number in the following series: 4

16

8

64

?

256

A. 16 B. 24 C. 32 D. 20

25. Which number is missing in the following series? 3, 5, 5, 19, 7, 41, 9, ? A. 61 B. 71 C. 79 D. 69

26. Insert the missing number: 4 : 17 : : 7 : ?

A. 48 B. 49 C. 50 D. 51

27. The next term in the series XY, ABC, FGHI, ? , ... is A. MNPQO B. MNOPQ C. PQOMN D. NMPOQ

28. The next term in the series: ABD, DGK, HMS, MTB, SBL, ________, … is: A. ZKU B. ZCA C. ZKW D. ZKU

29. The next term in the series ABD, DGK, HMS, MTB … is: A. SBL B. PSK C. RUH

D. NSA

30. The next term in the following series YEB, WFD, UHG, SKI, ? will be A. TLO B. QOL C. QLO D. GQP

31. In the series AYD, BVF, DRH, GMJ, ? the next term is A. GLK B. HLM C. LHM D. KGL

32. In the series AB, EDC, FGHI, ________? ________ OPQRST, The missing term is A. JKLMN B. JMKNL C. NMLKJ D. NMKLJ

33. The next term in the series: B2E, D5H, F12K, H27N, ? is: A. J561 B. 162Q C. Q62J D. J58Q

34. The next term in the series: AB, ED, IH, NM, --- is A. TS B. ST C. TU D. SU

35. Complete the series BB, FE, II, ML, PP: ..:........by choosing one of the following option given : A. TS B. ST C. RS D. SR

36. Find the next letter for the series YVSP ……… A. N

B. M C. O D. L

37. Find the next letter for the series MPSV..… A. X B. Y C. Z D. A

38. What will be the next term in the following? DCXW, FEVU, HGTS, ? A. AKPO B. ABYZ C. JIRQ D. LMRS

• Coding and Decoding Smart approach to solving ‘Coding-Decoding’ questions • •

•

Observe alphabets or numbers given in the question Try to find the pattern or sequence it follows. They could be in ascending or descending order, arranged in an alternate fashion and other ways as well. Figure out the rule followed by the given arrangement of alphabets/numbers/words

Basic points you need to remember before solving any question of this topic. • • •

Alphabets’ positions (A=1, B=2,……,Y=25, Z=26) Opposite position of alphabet (A=26, B=25,……, Z=1) Opposite of each alphabet (A is opposite to Z, B is opposite to Y and so on)

Here are some examples: • Letter coding:

In this type of questions, the alphabets in a word are replaced by other alphabets according to a specific rule. For instance: In a certain code, “PARKING” is written as “RYTIKLI”. How will FLOWERS be written in that code? Explanation: Find out the pattern by comparing the 1st letter of PARKING with the 1st letter of RYTIKLI. We observe that P is converted to R. R is two positions after P. Now A is converted to Y. So, we can conclude that A is two positions before Y. So, PARKING is coded as +2 and -2 alphabets in an alternate manner. Using the same logic, we can decode flowers F – (+2) – H L – (-2) – J, as so on The correct answer is ‘HJQUHPQ’. •

Number coding

In this type of questions, either numerical code values are assigned to a word or alphabetical code values are assigned to numbers. We have to analyses the code as per directions. Example: if ROPE is coded as 6281, CHAIR is coded as 73456, then it is clear that the alphabets are coded as follows ROPECHAIR

6 8 217 3 456 Questions: 39. In a certain code, LIFE is written as KMHJEGDF. How is WORD written in that code? Options: A. VXNPQSEC B. XVPNSQEC C. VXNPQSCE D. XVPNSQCE

Answer: C Explanation:

Here for L its coded as a KM (KLM, term positioned before and after). And this pattern is continuing throughout the pattern. So for W in WORD coded as VX (VWX). For O it is NP (NOP). For R it is QS (QRS). For D it is CE (CDE). So for WORD it is coded as VXNPQSCE.

40. If the code of ALLAHABAD is DPQGOIKKO, then the code of BENGULURU will be

A. ESBTBDIMF B. MBDBFEIST C. EISMBTDBF D. ESBDFBTMI

Answer: C Explanation: Letters coded in this pattern A+2 =D L+3 =P L+4 =Q A+5 =G H+6 =O A+7 =I B+8 =K A+9 =K D+10 = O So BENGALURU coded should like this B+2 =E E+3 =I N+4 =S G+5 =M A+6 =B

L+7 =T U+8 =D R+9 =B U+10 =F

41. In certain code, “COVALENT” is code as BWPDUOFM. The code of “ELEPHANT” will be: A. QMUBIADH B. QFMFUOBI C. EPHNTEAS D. MFUIQRTW

42. If A is coded as C, M as I, N as P, S as 0, I as A, P as N, E as M, 0 as E and C as S, then the code of COMPANIES will be A. SPEINMOAC B. NCPSEIOMA C. SMOPIEACN D. SEINCPAMO

43. In a particular code, HOSPITALS is coded as HSOLSAPTI. The code of BIOLOGICALS will be A. BLICOALIOSG B. BOLGICAILOS C. SBLAOILOBCG

D. BSILOALCOIG 44. In certain code, SELECTION is coded as QCJCARGML. The code of AMERICANS will be A. YKCPGAYLQ B. BNFSJDBMR C. QLYAGPCKY D. YQKLCYPAG

45. In certain code MATHURA is coded as JXQEROX. The code of HOTELS will be: A. ELIPQB B. LEQIBP C. ELQBIP D. LEBIQP

46. If STREAMERS is coded as UVTGALDQR, then KNOWLEDGE will be coded as A. MQPYLCDFD B. MPQYLDCFD C. PMYQLDFCD D. YMQPLDDFC

47. In certain code TEACHER is written as VGCEJGT. The code of CHILDREN will be

A. EKNJFTGP B. EJKNFTGP C. KNJFGTP D. None of these

48. In a certain code GALIB is represented by HBMJC. TIGER will be represented by A. UJHFS B. UHJSE C. JHUSF D. HUJSE

49. If MOHAN is represented by the code KMFYL, then COUNT will be represented by A. AMSLR B. MSLAR C. MASRL D. SAMLR

50. If HOBBY is coded as IOBY and LOBBY is coded as MOBY; then BOBBY is coded as A. BOBY

B. COBY C. DOBY D. OOBY

51. In a certain code, CLOCK is written as KCOLC. How would STEPS be written in that code? A. SPEST B. SPSET C. SPETS D. SEPTS

52. In a certain code, GAMESMAN is written as AGMEMSAN. How would DISCLOSE be written in that code? A. IDSCOLSE B. IDCSOLES C. IDSCOLES D. IDSCLOSE

• Fraction 1

2

3

2

3

4

• Proper fraction: denominator greater than numerator, eg: , ,

3

5

2

2

4

2

• Improper fraction: Numerator greater than denominator, eg: , ,

2

1

3

2

• Mixed fraction: fraction contain a whole number and a fraction, eg: 3 ,2

• For finding the greater or lesser fraction among a group, make denominator same for all the fraction and pick. • For finding fraction in between two numbers, first convert their denominator into a common one. 7

1

53. Which of the following fractions is less than 8 and greater 3? (A) (B) (C)

2 4 25 29 9 10 17

(D) 24 Answer: D Explanation: Make their denominator as same 7

21

So 8 =24 1

8

= 3 24 7

1

8

21

So, the fractions is less than 8 and greater 3 is the numbers in between 24 and 24 . So, option D is the correct answer. 54. What decimal of an hour is a second? A. .0025 B. .0256 C. .00027 D. .000126

Answer: C Explanation: One second in hour = 1/(60x60) = 1/3600 = .00027

144

55. if 0.144 = A. B. C. D.

14.4 𝑥

then, the value of x?

0.0144 1.44 14.4 144 0.0203 x 2.92

56. 0.0073 x 14.5 x 0.7 =? A. B. C. D.

.8 1.45 2.40 3.25

• Time & Distance

For calculating time and distance questions we have to know some basic equations which is explained below • • • • • •

Speed = Distance/Time Time=Distance/Speed Distance= Speed × Time x km/hr = x×5/18 m/sec x m/sec = x×18/5 km/ hr. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a:b , then the ratio of the times taken by them to cover the same distance is b : a • Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/ hr and an equal distance at y km/hr . Then, the average speed during the whole journey is 2xy/x+y km/hr 57. A person crosses a 600 m long street in 5 minutes, what is his speed in km per hour? A. 3.6 B. 7.2 C. 8.4 D. 10 Answer: B Explanation:

Speed = Distance/Time = 600m/5min 600m = .6km 5min = 5/60 hr. So Speed in km per hour = .6/ (5/60) = 7.2km/hr.

58. An aero plane covers a certain distance at a speed of 240 kmph in 5 hours. To cover the same distance in 1 hours, it must travel at a speed of: A. 300 kmph B. 360 kmph C. 600 kmph D. 1200 kmph Answer: D Explanation: Distance travelled in 5hr with 240kmph = 240 x 5 =1200km. So, speed = Distance x time = 1200 x 1 = 1200kmph.

59. A man takes 6 hours 15 minutes in walking a distance and riding back to the starting place. He could walk both ways in 7 hours 45 minutes. The time taken by him to ride both ways, is A) 4 hours B) 4 hours 30 minutes C) 4 hours 45 minutes D) 5 hours Answer: C Explanation:

He takes time for one way by walking is half of the time for two-way walking. So (7hr 45min)/2 = 465min/2.

His riding time to one side = one way riding and walking time together – one way walking time. That is 6hr 15min – (7hr 45min)/2. 375min – 465min/2 = 285min/2. So, two-way riding time = 2 x (285min/2) = 285 min. Which is equal to 4hr 45min. 60. A farmer travelled a distance of 61 km in 9 hours. He travelled partly on foot at 4 km/hr and partly on bicycle at 9 km/hr. The distance travelled on foot is? A. 14 B. 15 C. 16 D. 17 Answer: C Explanation: Let the distance travelled on foot be x km. Then, distance travelled on bicycle = (61 -x) km. x (61 -x) So, + =9 4 9 9x + 4(61 -x) = 9 x 36 5x = 80 x = 16 km. 61. In covering a distance of 30 km, Abhay takes 2 hours more than Sameer. If Abhay doubles his speed, then he would take 1 hour less than Sameer. Abhay's speed is: A. 5 kmph B. 6 kmph C. 6.25 kmph D. 7.5 kmph

62. A man complete a journey in 10 hours. He travels first half of the journey at the rate of 21 km/hr and second half at the rate of 24 km/hr. Find the total journey in km? A. B. C. D.

220 224 230 234

63. If a man can cover 12 meters in one second, how many kilometers can he cover in 3 hours 45 minutes? A. 150 B. 156 C. 162 D. 168

Ratio and proportion Ratio: o A ratio is a comparison of two quantities o A ratio is simplified the same way that a fraction is simplified. o A ratio can be inverted and still be true. Proportion and percentage:

A proportion is simply a statement that two ratios are equal. It can be written in two ways; as two equal fractions, a/b=c/d; or using a colon, a: b = c: d Questions: 64. A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio 4 : 3. If 5 litters of water is added to the mixture, the ratio becomes 4: 5. Find the quantity of alcohol in the given mixture. A. 5 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12 Answer. C Explanation: Let us assume alcohol = 4x and water =3x Now he added 5 litres of water 𝟒𝐱 𝟒 So = 𝒙

𝟑𝐱+𝟓 𝟏

𝟑𝐱+𝟓

=

𝟓

𝟓

5x=3x+5 2x=5 Quantity of alcohol=4x=2×2x=2×5=10 litter Hence the correct option is (C) 65.Salaries of Ravi and Sumit are in the ratio 2:3. If the salary of each is increased by Rs. 4000, the new ratio becomes 40:57. What is Sumit's salary? A. 32000 B. 38000 C. 48000 D. 42000 Answer: B Explanation:

Let the original salaries of Ravi and Sumit be Rs.2x and Rs.3x respectively. Then, (2x + 4000)/(3x +4000) = 40/57. ⇒ 57(2x + 4000) = 40(3x + 4000). ⇒ 6x = 68000. ⇒ 3x = 34000. ∴ Sumit's present salary = (3x + 4000) = Rs. (34000 + 4000) = Rs. 38000.

66. A bag contains 50 P, 25 P and 10 P coins in the ratio 5: 9: 4, amounting to Rs. 206. Find the number of coins of each type respectively A. 360, 160, 200 B. 160, 360, 200 C. 200, 360, 160 D. 200, 160, 300 Answer: C Explanation: let ratio be x. Hence no. of coins be 5x ,9x , 4x respectively Now given total amount = Rs.206 => (.50)(5x) + (.25)(9x) + (.10)(4x) = 206 we get x = 40 => No. of 50p coins = 200 => No. of 25p coins = 360 => No. of 10p coins = 160

Answer is 200, 360,160 67. If Rs. 782 be divided into three parts, proportional to 1/2:2/3:3/4, then the first part is?

A. B. C. D.

182 190 196 204

68. The salaries of A, B, and C are in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. The salary of B and C together is Rs. 6000. By what percent is the salary of C more than that of A? A. 100% B. 200% C. 300% D. 600% 69. Two numbers are in the ratio 2: 5. If 16 is added to both the numbers, their ratio becomes 1: 2. The numbers are: A. 16 and 40 B. 20 and 50 C. 28 and 70 D. 32 and 80 70. Two numbers are in the ration 3:5. If 9 is subtracted from the numbers, the ratio becomes 12:23. The numbers are A. 27 B. 33 C. 49 D. 55 71. If 76 is divided into four parts proportional to 7, 5, 3, 4, then the smallest part is: A. B. C. D.

12 15 16 19

PERCENTAGE Any fraction which has a denominator of 100 can be written in a special way known as percentage. There are some easy tips to solve percentage problems; o Finding 100% of a number: Remember that 100% means the whole thing, so 100% of any number is simply the number itself o Finding 50% of a number: Remember that 50% means half, so to find 50% of a number, just divide it by 2: e.g. 50% of 20 is 10 o Finding 25% of a number: Remember that 25% equals 1/4, so to find 25% of a number, divide it by 4 o Finding 10% of a number: Finding 10% of any number is the same as finding 1/10 of that number. To do this, just move the decimal point one place to the left: e.g. 10% of 30 is 3 o Finding 200%, 300%, and so on of a number: Working with percent that are multiples of 100 is easy. Just drop the two 0s and multiply by the number that’s left: e.g.200% of 7 = 2 x7 = 14. Type of Questions • Finding percentage, individual and total. • Increasing and decreasing • Data type • Comparing with 100 72. A student has to obtain 33% of the total marks to pass. He got 125 marks and failed by 40 marks. The maximum marks are: A. 500

B. 600 C. 800 D. 1000 Answer:D Explanation: Maximum mark be x Pass % = 33 Ie,

33𝑥 100

X=

= 125 + 40 = 165

165 ×100 33

= 500

73. If the price of a book is first decreased by 25% and then increased by 20%, then the net change in the price will be: A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 Answer :A Explanation: Price of book be 100 25% decreased means new price = 75 20% increased means new price = 75 x 1.2 = 90

Change in price = 100-90 = 10

74. If 20% of a = b, then b% of 20 is the same as: A. 4% of a B. 6% of a C. 8% of a D. 10% of a Answer: A Explanation: Let a be 100 20% of a = .2 x 100 = 20 =b So 20% of 20 = .2 x 20 = 4 Which is equal to 4% of a

75. A's salary is 40% of B's salary which is 25% of C's salary. What percentage of C's salary is A's salary? A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40

76. A number is decreased by 10% and then increased by 10%. The number so obtained is 10 less than the original number. What was the original number? A. 1000 B. 2000 C. 3000 D. 4000

77. If the side of the square increases by 40%, then the area of the square increases by A. 50 B. 40 C. 80 D. 96

78. Ajith spends 30% of his monthly income on food articles, 40% of the remaining on conveyance and clothes and saves 50% of the remaining. If his monthly salary is Rs. 18,400, how much money does he save every month? A. 3864 B. 4903 C. 5849 D. 6789

79. In a new budget, the price of petrol rose by 25 %. By how much percent must a person reduce his consumption so that his expenditure on it does not increase?

A. 10% B. 15% C. 20% D. 25%

80. If A's height is 40% less than that of B, how much percent B's height is more than that of A? A. 66.66% B. 76.66% C. 96.66% D. 86.66%

81. 1100 boys and 700 girls are examined in a test; 42% of the boys and 30% of the girls pass. The percentage of the total who failed is: A. 58 2

B. 62

3

C. 64 D. 67

•

Profit and Loss

Marked Price Formula (MP) This is basically labelled by shopkeepers to offer a discount to the customers in such a way that,

• •

Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price And Discount Percentage = (Discount/Marked price) x 100

Profit and Loss Formulas • •

The profit or gain is equal to the selling price minus cost price. Loss is equal to cost price minus selling price.

Profit or Gain = Selling price – Cost Price Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price The formula for the profit and loss percentage is: Profit percentage = (Profit /Cost Price) x 100 Loss percentage = (Loss / Cost price) x 100

82. What is the exact equivalent discount of three successive discounts of 10%, 15% and 20% by sale of an article? A. 35.8% B. 38.5% C. 35.5% D. 38.8% Answer: D Explanation: Let the actual price of the article be 100. Price after 1st discount = 90/100 × 100 = 90. Price after 2nd discount = 85/100 × 90 = 76.5. Price after 3rd discount = 80/100 × 76.5 = 61.2.

⇒ Discount = 100 – 61.2 = 38.8. ∴ Discount percent = 38.8/100 × 100 = 38.8% 83. A man sold a fan for Rs. 465. Find the cost price if he incurred a loss of 7%. A. 465 B. 485 C. 500 D. 510 Answer: C Explanation: CP = [100 / (100 – Loss %)] * SP Therefore, the cost price of the fan = (100/93) *465 = Rs. 500. 84. A man bought some toys at the rate of 10 for Rs. 40 and sold them at 8 for Rs. 35. Find his gain or loss percent. A. 9.375 B. 8.125 C. 7.25 D. 10.5 Answer: A Explanation: Cost price of 10 toys = Rs. 40 → CP of 1 toy = Rs. 4. Selling price of 8 toys = Rs. 35 → SP of 1 toy = Rs. 35/8

Therefore, Gain = 35/8 – 4 = 3/8. Gain percent = (3/8)/4 * 100 = 9.375% 85. A man bought two bicycles for Rs. 2500 each. If he sells one at a profit of 5%, then how much should he sell the other so that he makes a profit of 20% on the whole? A. 15 B. 35 C. 20 D. 25 86. A dealer offered a machine for sale Rs. 27500, but even if he had charged 10% less, he would have made a profit of 10%. The actual cost of the machine is A. 22000 B. 24250 C. 22500 D. 22275

87. The cost of manufacture of an article was Rs. 900. The trader wants to gain 25% after giving a discount of 10%. The marked price should be A. 1250 B. 1200

C. 1500 D. 1000

• Interest and Discounting o Simple Interest o Compound Interest Simple interest

S.I. = Principal × Rate × Time

Compound Interest

88. A sum of money at simple interest amounts to Rs. 815 in 3 years and to Rs. 854 in 4 years. The sum is: A. 650 B. 690 C. 698 D. 700

Answer: C Explanation: Given that a sum of money at simple interest amounts to Rs. 815 in 3 years and to Rs. 854 in 4 years. So, amount after 4 years = amount after 3 years + simple interest in one year Therefore, simple interest in one year =854−815=Rs. 39=854−815=Rs. 39 So simple interest for 3 years will be =39×3=117=39×3=117 Rs. The initial sum of money amounts to be Rs. 815 in three years with simple interest. Therefore, the principle is = amount - interest=815−117=698=815−117=698 Rs. Therefore, the sum is Rs.698. 89. What will be the ratio of simple interest earned by certain amount at the same rate of interest for 9 years and that for 12 years? A. 3:4 B. 2:3 C. 4:3 D. Data Inadequate Answer: B Explanation: Let the principle be P and rate of interest be R% ∴ Required ratio =(100P×R×9)(100P×R×6)=9PR6PR=96=2:3 90. Manoj’s commission is 10% on all sales up to Rs. 10,000 and 5% on all sales exceeding this. He remits Rs. 75,500 to his company after deducting his commission. The total sales will come out to be: A. Rs 78,000 B. Rs 80,000 C. Rs 85,000

D. Rs 90,000 Answer: B Explanation: Amount Manoj has remitted = Rs. 75500 Now, commission for 10,000 = 10,000 × (10/100) = Rs. 1000 Rest amount = (x – 10000) Commission on rest amount = (x – 10000) × 5/100 So, x – [1000 + (x – 10000) × 5/100] = 75500 ⇒ x – x/20 - 500 = 75500 ⇒ 19x/20 = 76000 ⇒ x = (76000 × 20)/19 = 80000 Therefore, the total sales is Rs. 80,000.

91. The simple interest on a certain sum of money for 3 years at 40 per annum is half the compound interest on Rs. 20000 for 2 years at 10% per annum. The sum invested on simple interest is: A. Rs 8750 B. Rs 1750 C. Rs 2500 D. Rs 3500

92. The simple interest on a certain sum of money at the rate of 5% p.a. for four years is Rs. 420. At what rate of interest, the same amount of interest can be received on the same sum after two and half years? A. 4% B. 6% C. 8% D. 10% 93. A trader mixes three varieties of refined oil costing Rs. 100, Rs. 40 and Rs. 60 per litre in the ratio 2:4:3 in terms of litre, and sells the mixture at Rs. 66 per litre. What percentage of profit does he make? A. 12% B. 10% C. 9% D. 8%

94. A certain principal invested at compound interest payable yearly amounts to Rs. 10816.00 in 3 years and Rs. 11248.64 in 4 years. What is the rate of interest? A. 3% B. 4% C. 4.5% D. 5.5%

95. A sum of money with compound interest becomes Rs. 2400 in one year and Rs. 3000 in two years. Find out the principal amount. A. Rs. 1900

B. Rs. 1910 C. its. 1915 D. Rs. 1920

96. A sum of Rs. 2,000 yields Rs180 which simple interest in 9 months. The annual rate of interest is A. 9 % B. 10% C. 11% D. 12%

97. A certain principal invested at compound interest payable yearly amounts to Rs. 10816.00 in 3 years and Rs. 11248.64 in 4 years. What is the rate of interest? A. 3% B. 4% C. 4.5% D. 5.5%

• Average o Mean and Average o Total Value

The average is defined as the sum total of all volumes of items divided by the total number of items. o Arithmetic average is used for all averages like; average income, average profit, average age, average marks etc. o In individual series, average = sum of observations/ number of observations.

Questions 98. The average of 7 consecutive numbers is 20. The largest of these numbers is: A. 20 B. 21 C. 22 D. 23 Answer: D Explanation: Let x be the smallest number. Then according to the given conditions, 7x+x+1+x+2+x+3+x+4+x+5+x+6=20⟹77x+21=20. ∴x+3=20⟹x=17. Largest number is x+6=23.

99. The average of five consecutive odd numbers is 61. What is the difference between the highest and lowest numbers : A. 8 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 Answer: A Explanation: Let 'a' be any odd number Given 61=5a+(a+2) +(a+4) +(a+6) +(a+8) ⇒305=5a+20. ⇒5a=285. ⇒a=57. Largest no =a+8=57+8=65. Lowest no =a=57. Difference =65−57=8.

100. The mean of four numbers a, b, c, d is 100. If C= 70, then the mean of the remaining numbers is A. 30 B. 85/2 C. 170/3

D. 110 Answer: D Explanation: The mean of four numbers a, b, c, d is 100 ⇒ (a + b + c + d)/4 = 100 ⇒ a + b + c + d = 400 ⇒ a + b + 70 + d = 400 ⇒ a + b + d = 400 - 70 = 330 Mean = 330/3 = 110

101. Anil played 8 cricket matches. The mean (average) of the runs was found to be 80. After playing four more matches, the mean of the runs of all the matches was found to be 70. The total runs made in the last four matches is A. 140 B. 240 C. 200 D. 280 Answer: C Explanation:

The formula for mean (average) is given by, 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Now, we have been given that the mean of the 8 cricket matches is 80. Hence, we have 80 =

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 8

Sum of observation = 80 x 8 Sum of observation = 640. Let the runs made in the next four matches is x. Mean of 12 matches is 70. Hence, we have 70 = 70 =

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠+𝑥 12 640+𝑥 12

640+x = 840 X = 200 The total runs made in the last four matches is 200.

102. A group of 210 students appeared in some test. The mean of 1/3rd of students is found to be 60. The mean of the remaining students is found to be 78. The mean of the whole group will be: A. 50 B. 58 C. 56 D. 72

103. The mean marks obtained by a class of 40 students is 65; The mean marks of half of the students is found to be 45. The mean marks of the remaining students is A. 50 B. 65 C. 85 D. 70 104. The average of four consecutive even numbers are 27. The largest of these numbers is: A. 28 B. 20 C. 26 D. 30 105. The average of runs of a cricket player of 10 innings was 32. How many runs must he make in his next innings so as to increase his average of runs by 4? A. 70 B. 64 C. 76 D. 68

106. The number of observations in a group is 40. The average of the first 10 members is 4.5 and the average of the remaining 30 members is 3.5. The average of the whole group is A. 2.8 B. 3 C. 3.5 D. 3.75 107. A batsman makes a score of 87 runs in the 17th inning and thus increases his average by 3. Find his average after 17th inning? A. 36 B. 39 C. 35 D. 42 108. The average weight of a class of 24 students is 35 kg. If the weight of the teacher be included, the average rises by 400 g. The weight of the teacher is: A. 45 kg B. 46 kg C. 47 kg D. 48 kg

• Direction Based For doing direction-based questions, the following steps can be followed 1. Draw the direction chart, mark North, South, West, and East. 2. Draw the direction by following the question. Use arrow mark for better understanding. 3. Mark the distances mentioned in question. 4. Calculate the answer. Questions: 109. Gopal walks 20 m North. Then he turns right and walks 30 m. Then he turns right and walks 35 m. Again, he turns left and walks 15 m. Then he again turns left and walks 15 m. The shortest distance between his original position and final one is A. 35m B. 55m C. 75m D. 45m Answer: D Explanation:

30+15 = 45

110. A postman walked 20 m straight from his office, turned right and walked 10 m. After turning left he walked 10 m and after turning right walked 20 m. He again turned right and walked 70m. How far he is from his office? A. 20m B. 30m C. 50m D. 40m Answer: C Explanation:

According to Pythagoras, ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑠 2 = 402 + 302 = 1600 + 900 = 2500 So hypotonus = √2500 = 50m

111. Anil after travelling 6 km towards East from his house realized that he has travelled in a wrong direction, he turned and travelled 12 km towards West, turned right and travelled 8 km to reach his office. The straight distance of the office from his house is: A. 10 km B. 20 km C. 30 km D. 25 km Answer: A Explanation:

According to Pythagoras, ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑠 2 = 82 + 62 = 64 + 36 = 100

So hypotonus = √100 = 10𝑘m

112. A man started walking from his house towards south. After walking 6 km, he turned to his left walked 5 Km after. Then he walked further 3 km after turning left. He then turned to his left and continued his walk for 9 km. How far is he away from his house? A. 3 km B. 6 km C. 5 km D. 7 km 113. Starting from point A, Ajit walks 14 meters towards west, he then turns to his right and walks 14 meters and then turns to his left and walks 10 meters. He again turns to his left and walks 14 meters and reaches to the point E. The shortest distance between A and E is A. 20 m B. 22 m C. 23 m D. 24 m 114. A man is facing north-west. He turns 90 degrees in the clockwise direction, then 180 degrees in the anticlockwise

direction and then another 90 degrees in the same direction. Which direction is he facing now? A. South B. South-west C. South-east D. East 115. A man walks 5 km toward south and then turns to the right. After walking 3 km he turns to the left and walks 4 km. And then he goes back 10 km straight. Now in which direction is he from the starting place? A. South-East B. North-West C. South D. West 116. Two cars start from the opposite places of a main road, 150 km apart. First car runs for 25 km and takes a right turn and then runs 15 km. It then turns left and then runs for another 25 km and then takes the direction back to reach the main road. In the meantime, due to minor break down the other car has run only 35 km along the main road. What would be the distance between two cars at this point? A. 65 km B. 75 km

C. 80 km D. 85 km 117. Rahul put his timepiece on the table in such a way that at 6 P.M. hour hand points to North. In which direction the minute hand will point at 9.15 P.M.? A. South-East B. South C. North D. West 118. Rasik walked 20 m towards north. Then he turned right and walks 30 m. Then he turns right and walks 35 m. Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Finally, he turns left and walks 15 m. In which direction and how many meters is he from the starting position? A. 15 m West B. 30 m East C. 30 m West D. 45 m East 119. K is 40 m South-West of L. If M is 40 m South-East of L, then M is in which direction of K? A. East B. West

C. North-East D. South 120. One morning after sunrise, Suresh was standing facing a pole. The shadow of the pole fell exactly to his right. To which direction was he facing? A. East B. West C. South D. Data is inadequate 121. If South-East becomes North, North-East becomes West and so on. What will West become? A. North-East B. North-West C. South-East D. South-West

• Age related Important Statements and Equations for "Problems based on Ages": •

•

• • •

If the present age is y, then n times the present age = ny. If the present age is x, then age n years later/hence = x + n. If the present age is x, then age n years ago = x – n. The ages in a ratio a: b will be ax and bx. If the current age is y, then 1/n of the age is y/n.

Questions: 122. At present, a mother is 3 times older than her son. After 5 years, the sum of their ages will be 70 years. The age of the mother after 10 years will be A. 35 B. 50 C. 55 D. 45 Answer: C Explanation:

At present, Son age = x. Mother age = 3x. After 5years, Son age = x+5. Mother age = 3x+5. (3x+5)+(x+5) = 70. 4x+ 10 = 70. 4x = 60. X = 60/4 = 15. Present Mother age = 3x = 3*15 =45. After 10 years = 55. 123. At present a person is 4 times older than his son and is 3 years older than his wife. After 3 years the age of the son will be 15 years. The age of the person's wife after 5 years will be: A. 35 B. 40 C. 50 D. 45 Answer: C Explanation: After 3years son age will be 15 means son is now 12

So, man’s age = 4x12 = 48 then, age of wife = 48-3 = 45 After 5years wife will be 50.

124. The mean of the ages of father and his son is 27 years. After 18 years, will be twice as old as his son. Their present age of son is A. 30 B. 24 C. 12 D. 20 Answer: C Explanation: Sum of age of father and son = 2 x 27 =54 At present, Age of son = x Age of father = 54 – x After 18 years, age of sun = x+18 Age of father = (54-x) +18 = 72 – x 72-x = 2(x+18) =2x +36 3x = 36

X =12 125. Anil is twice as old as Sunita. Three years ago, he was three times as old as Sunita. The present age of Anil is A. 20 B. 6 C. 12 D. 16 126. A father said his son, " I was as old as you are at present at the time of your birth. " If the father age is 38 now, the son age 5 years back was: A. 14 B. 15 C. 20 D. 16 127. The total age of A and B is 12 years more than the total age of B and C. C is how many years younger than A? A. 1O B. 12 C. 14 D.17

128. The mean of the ages of father and his son is 27 years. After 18 years, father will be twice as old as his son. Their present ages are A. 42 and 13 B. 43 and 12 C. 42 and 12. D. 43 and 13 129. In 10 years, A will be twice as old as B was 10 years ago. If A is now 9 years older than B, the present age of B is: A. 29 B. 30 C. 31 D. 28 130. The sum of the present ages of a father and his son is 60 years. Five years ago, father's age was four times the age of the son. so now the son's age will be: A. 15 B.16 C. 17 D. 18

131. The age of a man is 4 times of his son. Five years ago, the man was nine times old as his son was at that time. The present age of man is? A. 33 B. 34 C. 32 D. 35

• Relationship based

Typical relationships that used in the question of blood relationship: o Fathers or mother’s daughter- sister o Fathers or mother’s son o Fathers or mother’s sister o Fathers or mothers’ father

- brother - Aunt - grand father

o Fathers or mothers’ mother – grand mother o Brothers or sister’s son

- nephew

o Brothers or sister’s daughter – niece o Uncle’s or aunt’s son or daughter- cousin o Sister’s husband

- brother-in-law

o Brother’s wife

- sister –in-law

o Son’s wife

-

daughter- in- law o Daughter’s husband

- son-in-law

o Husband’s or wife’s sister - sister-in-law o Husband’s or wife’s brother- brother-in-law Blood relation question based on the single person Steps: 1. Consider the scenario on yourself, like mother’s daughter would be me 2. To find the answer, the sentence will be broken intois/as/was 3. Candidates can revert in the sentence form to check the answer Questions based on mixed blood relation

The questions will be solved with the help of a family tree or diagrams because there is more than one person mentioned. We can use the symbol to avoid confusion while answering the questions. Questions: 132. A is B's sister. C is B's mother. D is C's father. E is D's mother. Then, how is A related to D? A) Grandfather C) Daughter B) Grandmother D) Granddaughter Answer: D Explanation: From the information given, it can be concluded: A is B's sister and their mother is C. D is their grandfather and E is their great-grandmother. So, A is the grand-daughter of A. 133. P is the brother of Q and R. S is R's mother. T is P's father. Which of the following statements cannot be definitely true? T is Q's father C) P is S's son B) S is P's mother D) Q is T's son Answer: D Explanation:

P, Q, R are children of same parents. So, S who is R's mother and T, who is R's father will be mother and father of all three. However, it is not mentioned whether Q is male or female So, gender cannot be definitely true. So suitable option is D

134. Pointing out to a lady, a girl said, "She is the daughterin-law of the grandmother of my father's only son." How is the lady related to the girl? Sister-in-law B) Mother C) Aunt D) Can't be determined Answer: D Explanation: Girls's father's only son— Girl's brother. Daughter in law of girl’s grandmother can be their mother, or maternal uncle’s wife, i.e. aunt. So, relation cannot be determined.

135. Pointing to a person, a man said to a woman, "His mother is the only daughter of your father." How was the woman related to the person? A) Aunt C) Wife B) Mother D) Daughter 136. A girl introduced a boy as the son of' the daughter of the father of her uncle. The boy is girl’s A) Brother B) Son C) Uncle D) Son-in-law 137. There are six persons A. B, C, D, E and F. C is the sister of F. B is the brother of E's husband. D is the father

of A and grandfather of F. There are two fathers, three brothers and a mother in the group. Who is the mother? A) A B) B C) C D) E 138. In a family, there are six members A, B, C, D, E and F. A and B are married couple, A being the male member. D is the only son of C, who is the brother of A. E is the sister of D. B is the daughter-in-law of F, whose husband has died. How is E related to C? Sister C) Cousin B) Daughter D) Mother 139. A woman introduces a man as the son of the brother of her mother. How is the man, related to the woman? Nephew B) Son C) Cousin D) Uncle to Grandson 140. Mr. Rajesh, his sister, his son, and his daughter are fond of golf and often play together. The Following statements are true for all the four: (a) The best player's twin and worst player are of the opposite sex. (b) The best player and the worst player are of the same age. Assuming that both twins are members of the group of four, who is the best player?

Option:

(A)Son of Mr. Rajesh (B)Daughter of Mr. Rajesh (C)Sister of Mr. Rajesh (D)Mr. Rajesh

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

B

A

B

D

C

C

C

A

C

A

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

A

B

C

C

C

D

B

B

A

B

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

C

B

D

A

B

C

B

C

A

B

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

D

C

D

A

A

B

B

C

C

C

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

B

D

D

A

C

B

B

A

A

B

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

C

A

D

C

A

A

B

D

C

C

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

A

B

C

C

B

C

D

B

D

D

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

A

A

A

A

A

A

D

D

C

A

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

B

D

C

A

B

C

A

C

B

B

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

B

C

B

B

D

D

B

D

A

D

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

C

D

C

D

C

D

B

A

D

C

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

A

C

D

C

B

A

D

D

A

D

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

D

C

C

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

C

D

D

D

A

A

D

C

C

B