EURE ISSN: 0250-7161 [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Chile

Janoshcka, Michael El nuevo modelo de la ciudad latinoamericana: fragmentación y privatización EURE, vol. XXVIII, núm. 85, diciembre, 2002 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19608502

How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org

Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161





(OQXHYRPRGHORGHODFLXGDGODWLQRDPHULFDQD IUDJPHQWDFLäQ\SULYDWL]DFLäQ Michael Janoschka1 $EVWUDFW

8UEDQ VWUXFWXUHV LQ /DWLQ $PHULFD KDYH FKDQJHG VXEVWDQWLDOO\ VLQFH WKH ILUVW DWWHPSWVWRJHQHUDOL]HWKHFLWLHVLQDPRGHOPRUHWKDQ\HDUVDJR,QIOXHQFHV RI JOREDOLVDWLRQ DQG HFRQRPLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ UHGXFHG WKH SRODUL]DWLRQ WHQGHQFLHV EHWZHHQ WKH FLXGDG ULFD DQG WKH FLXGDG SREUH ZKLOH VHJUHJDWLRQ URVH RQ D PLFUR VFDOH (VSHFLDOO\ IURP EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH ಫV W\SLFDO 1RUWK $PHULFDQ XUEDQ IRUPV VSUDZO RYHU /DWLQ $PHULFD 7KH UHVXOW LV D PRUH DQG PRUH HQFORVHG XUEDQ ODQGVFDSH D ORVV RI SXEOLF VSKHUHV DQG D FKDQJH LQ FLWL]HQVಫ KDELWV DV VKRZQ LQ WKH FDVH VWXG\ IURP 1RUGHOWD 7KH IRUPXODWLRQ RI WKLV LQQRYDWLYH PRGHO RI WKH SULYDWLVHG DQG IUDJPHQWHG /DWLQ $PHULFDQ FLW\ UHJDUGVWKHVHDVSHFWVDQGEXLOGVDFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ86WKHRULHVDQGXUEDQ GHYHORSPHQWLQ/DWLQ$PHULFD .H\ZRUGVJDWHGFRPPXQLWLHV%XHQRV$LUHV1RUGHOWDFLW\VWUXFWXUHPRGHOV 5HVXPHQ /DV HVWUXFWXUDV XUEDQDV HQ $PÚULFD /DWLQD VH WUDQVIRUPDURQ VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH GHVGHORVSULPHURVHVER]RVGHJHQHUDOL]DFLäQHQXQPRGHORKDFHDâRV(Q HVWH VHQWLGR ORV SURFHVRV GH JOREDOL]DFLäQ \ WUDQVIRUPDFLäQ HFRQäPLFD KDQ UHGXFLGR OD SRODUL]DFLäQ HQWUH OD FLXGDG ULFD \ OD FLXGDG SREUH PLHQWUDV OD VHJUHJDFLäQDXPHQWäDXQDHVFDODPX\UHGXFLGD&DEHVHâDODUTXHDSDUWLUGH ORVDâRVಪDOJXQDVIRUPDVXUEDQDVWÞSLFDVGHODFLXGDGQRUWHDPHULFDQDVH GLIXQGLHURQ HQ ODV XUEHV GHO VXEFRQWLQHQWH (O UHVXOWDGR HV XQ SDLVDMH XUEDQR FHUUDGRODSÚUGLGDGHHVIHUDVSëEOLFDV\XQDWUDQVIRUPDFLäQGHORVKÒELWRVGH ORV FLXGDGDQRV FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ HO HVWXGLR GH FDVR GH 1RUGHOWD /D IRUPXODFLäQGHHVWHLQQRYDGRUPRGHORGHFLXGDGODWLQRDPHULFDQDSULYDWL]DGD\ IUDJPHQWDGD FRQVLGHUD ORV DVSHFWRV PHQFLRQDGRV \ D OD YH] HVWDEOHFH XQ YÞQFXORHQWUHODVWHRUÞDVGH((88\HOGHVDUUROORXUEDQRHQ$PÚULFD/DWLQD

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161 3DODEUDVFODYHEDUULRVSULYDGRV%XHQRV$LUHV1RUGHOWDPRGHORVHVWUXFWXUDOHV GHFLXGDG ,QWURGXFFLäQ 'HVGHPHGLDGRVGHORVDâRVಪODVFLXGDGHVGH$PÚULFD/DWLQDVHKDQYLVWR VRPHWLGDVDXQDVHULHGHWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHV3ULQFLSDOPHQWHHVWRV FDPELRV VH GHEHQ D XQD UHGXFFLäQ HQ HO ULWPR GH FUHFLPLHQWR XUEDQR ಥ SURYRFDGR SRU OD EDMD HQ OD PLJUDFLäQ LQWHUQD GHO FDPSR D OD FLXGDGಥ \ D FLHUWDV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV \ SROÞWLFDV TXH PRGLILFDURQ ODV EDVHV GHO GHVDUUROOR XUEDQR (Q HVWH VHQWLGR ODV UHIRUPDV HFRQäPLFDV GH ORV DâRV ಪ TXH DSXQWDEDQ D FRQWUDHU HO (VWDGR PHGLDQWH SULYDWL]DFLRQHV GH HPSUHVDV SëEOLFDV \ HO GHVPDQWHODPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD VRFLDO OLPLWDURQ VHULDPHQWH OD FDSDFLGDG GH JHVWLäQ HVWDWDO /D GHFUHFLHQWH FDSDFLGDG UHGLVWULEXWLYD GHO (VWDGRVLUYLäSDUDSURIXQGL]DUPÒVODEUHFKDHQWUHULFRV\SREUHV6LWRPDPRV FRPRHMHPSORODUHJLäQPHWURSROLWDQDGH%XHQRV$LUHV\DDQWHVGHODEDQGRQR GHOVLVWHPDFDPELDULRILMR\ODFULVLVHFRQäPLFDDFWXDOHOGHORVKDELWDQWHV KDEÞDVXIULGRSÚUGLGDVUHDOHVGHLQJUHVRVHQHOëOWLPRFXDUWRGHOVLJORPLHQWUDV TXH VäOR HO TXLQWLO VXSHULRU REWXYR JDQDQFLDV &LFFROHOOD  :HOFK   (VWRV SURFHVRV GH SRODUL]DFLäQ VRFLDO VH YLHURQ UHIOHMDGRV HQ XQD QXHYD UHGLVWULEXFLäQ HVSDFLDO FDGD YH] PÒV FLXGDGDQRV EXVFDQ XQD RUJDQL]DFLäQ SULYDGD\HILFLHQWHGHVXYHFLQGDULRTXHOHVSURYHDGHORVVHUYLFLRVTXHDQWHV HUDQ SëEOLFRV (O DEDQGRQR GH OD JHVWLäQ \ FRQWURO GHO GHVDUUROOR XUEDQR SRU SDUWH GHO (VWDGR \ VX DSURSLDFLäQ SRU SDUWH GH DFWRUHV SULYDGRV GLR FRPR UHVXOWDGR OD DSDULFLäQ GH IRUPDV XUEDQDV FRPHUFLDOL]DEOHV UHGLWXDEOHV \ YDOLRVDV SDUD HO PHUFDGR (VWDV QXHYDV IRUPDV XUEDQDV HVWÒQ EÒVLFDPHQWH GLULJLGDV D ORV JDQDGRUHV GH ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV HFRQäPLFDV HV GHFLU

6KRSSLQJ 0DOOV 8UEDQ (QWHUWDLQPHQW &HQWHU HVFXHODV SULYDGDV \ FRPSOHMRV UHVLGHQFLDOHVFHUUDGRVYLJLODGRV\GHDFFHVRYHGDGRDOSëEOLFRHQJHQHUDO (Q HO ÒUHD VXEXUEDQD GH %XHQRV $LUHV DSDUHFLHURQ FRPSOHMRV GH YLYLHQGDV XQLIDPLOLDUHV OODPDGRV %DUULRV 3ULYDGRV PLHQWUDV TXH HQ OXJDUHV FHQWUDOHV VXUJLHURQ HGLILFLRV DOWRV FRPHUFLDOL]DGRV KDELWXDOPHQWH FRQ HO QRPEUH GH 7RUUHV-DUGÞQ/DWHQGHQFLDKDFLDODYLYLHQGDYLJLODGD\VHJXUDVHFRQYLUWLäHQ HO IDFWRU GHWHUPLQDQWH GHO FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD VXSHUILFLH GH OD PHWUäSROLV -DQRVFKND   6ROR HQ HO ÒUHD VXEXUEDQD VH RULJLQDURQ PÒV GH 

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161 FRPSOHMRVKDELWDFLRQDOHVGHDFFHVRUHVWULQJLGRTXHRIUHFHQHVSDFLRDPÒVGH PHGLR PLOOäQ GH SHUVRQDV -DQRVFKND D  (O SURFHVR PÒV GHVWDFDEOH SDUHFHVHUODXUEDQL]DFLäQGHÒUHDVFDGDYH]PÒVJUDQGHV\ODLQWHJUDFLäQGH IXQFLRQHV XUEDQDV GH FDGD YH] PD\RU UDQJR HQ ORV %DUULRV 3ULYDGRV (O GHVDUUROOR GH FLHUWDV ÒUHDV HQ ORV WDUGÞRV DâRV ಪ DEDUFD PLOHV GH XQLGDGHV KDELWDFLRQDOHV\WLHQHQHOWDPDâRGHFLXGDGHVSHTXHâDV-DQRVFKNDE  (QHOODSVRGHXQDGÚFDGDODHVWUXFWXUDVRFLDO\HGLOLFLDGHOHVSDFLRVXEXUEDQR GH%XHQRV$LUHVIXHPRGLILFDGDHQIRUPDLQWHJUDOJUÒILFR 

 (OSXQWRFXOPLQDQWHGHHVWHGHVDUUROORHVWÒPDUFDGRSRUHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGH 1RUGHOWD GHFODUDGD FLXGDG SULYDGD \ GHQRPLQDGD & &LXGDG 3XHEOR SRU ORV SURSLRV LQYHUVRUHV $ XQD GLVWDQFLD GH  NP GHO FHQWUR GH OD FLXGDG VH XUEDQL]D GHVGH  XQ ÒUHD GH  KHFWÒUHDV \ VH FRQVWUX\H XQD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDKDELWDFLRQDOSDUDSHUVRQDVGHDOWRVLQJUHVRVVHSDUDGDV GHOUHVWRGHODVRFLHGDGXUEDQDSRUIXHUWHVPHGLGDVGHVHJXULGDG$GHPÒVVH HQFXHQWUDQHQFRQVWUXFFLäQWRGRVORVVHUYLFLRVFRPXQHVGHXQDFLXGDGFRPR

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161 LQVWDODFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVGHHVSDUFLPLHQWRGHFRPSUDVHWF\KDVWDXQFHQWUR GHRILFLQDV-DQRVFKNDF  (VWH IHQäPHQR DXPHQWD OD FRPSHWHQFLD FRQ ORV FHQWURV FRPHUFLDOHV LQWHJUDGRVDOFDVFRXUEDQRHLQFOXVRVHGHVDUUROODXQSDUDOHOLVPRPLHQWUDVHO FDVFRFHQWUDOGH3LODUFRPXQDFRQPÒVGHEDUULRVSULYDGRV\PÒVGHO GHVXHVSDFLRSULYDWL]DGR\FHUUDGRDOSëEOLFRVHYXHOYHXQFHQWURGHDEDVWRGH ORV QDFLGRV OD QXHYD FHQWUDOLGDG HQ OD DXWRSLVWD NP   VH FRQYLHUWH HQ HO FHQWUR UHFRUULGR SDUD ORV KDELWDQWHV GH ODV XUEDQL]DFLRQHV SULYDGDV 4XHGD HQWRQFHV IXHUD GH FXHVWLäQ TXH GHVGH ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV HVSDFLDOHV HVWÒQ VXUJLHQGR QXHYDV FHQWUDOLGDGHV XUEDQDV SDUD WRGD OD DJORPHUDFLäQ GHO *UDQ %XHQRV $LUHV DXQTXH WRGDYÞD QR VH SXHGH KDEODU GH (GJH &LWLHV SRUTXH FDUHFHQPDUFDGDPHQWHGHÚ[LWRORVHGLILFLRVGHRILFLQDV (QUHVXPHQSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHORVFDPELRVHQHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRERQDHUHQVH QR VRQ XQ FDVR H[FHSFLRQDO /RV SURFHVRV GH XUEDQL]DFLäQ SULYDGD \ OD WHQGHQFLD DO DLVODPLHQWR GH FRPSOHMRV KDELWDFLRQDOHV \ FRPHUFLDOHV VH LPSXVLHURQ HQ OD PD\RUÞD GH ODV PHWUäSROLV ODWLQRDPHULFDQDV \ DëQ HQ FLXGDGHV PHGLDQDV GHO VXEFRQWLQHQWH /RV HVWXGLRV GH FDVR HPSÞULFRV HQ GLYHUVDV FLXGDGHV \ SDÞVHV PXHVWUDQ UHVXOWDGRV VLPLODUHV HO DXPHQWR PDVLYR GH EDUULRV UHVLGHQFLDOHV GH DFFHVR UHVWULQJLGR DEDUFD D ODV FDSDV GH DOWRV LQJUHVRVHQFUHFLHQWHPHGLGDDODFODVHPHGLDHLQFOXVRDODFODVHPHGLDEDMD $ SHVDU GH TXH HO IHQäPHQR %DUULR 3ULYDGR WLHQH YDULDV GÚFDGDV GH H[LVWHQFLD ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV HPSH]DURQ D GDUOH LPSRUWDQFLD UHFLÚQ GHVGH KDFH

UHODWLYDPHQWH

SRFRV

DâRV

3LRQHURV

IXHURQ

LQYHVWLJDGRUHV

QRUWHDPHULFDQRVTXHDQDOL]DEDQODWHPÒWLFD\DHQODSULPHUDPLWDGGHORVDâRV ಪDWUDYÚVGHOPHUFDGRLQPRELOLDULRHVWDGRXQLGHQVH'DYLV0F.HQ]LH  )ROGYDU\   /D H[SDQVLäQ PDVLYD GH JDWHG FRPPXQLWLHV HQ ORV ((88HVFRQVLGHUDGDHQUHODFLäQDODLQVHJXULGDGHQODVPHWUäSROLV%ODNHO\  6Q\GHU  :HKUKHLP  $PHQGROD   6LQ HPEDUJR HVWH FRQWH[WRHVSXHVWRHQWHODGHMXLFLRSRUYDULRVDXWRUHV0DVVH\*ODV]H  /RZ   GDGR TXH OD PHUPD GH OD FULPLQDOLGDG D OR ODUJR GHO ERRP HFRQäPLFR HQ ((88 GH ORV ಪ QR WUDMR XQ GHFUHFLPLHQWR GH ODV JDWHG

FRPPXQLWLHV 'HVDIRUWXQDGDPHQWH HQ OD PD\RUÞD GH ORV FDVRV ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VXHOHQ VHU SUHVHQWDGDV VLQ HYLGHQFLD HPSÞULFD D SHVDU GHO

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161 GÚILFLWGRPLQDQWHHQODLQYHVWLJDFLäQGHODLQWHUGHSHGHQFLDVRFLRHVSDFLDO\ORV HVSDFLRV LQWHUUHODFLRQDOHV GH ORV KDELWDQWHV GH ORV FRPSOHMRV KDELWDFLRQDOHV SULYDGRV 'H PDQHUD VLPLODU ORV HVWXGLRV HQ $PÚULFD /DWLQD OOHJDQ LQGXFWLYDPHQWH D FRQFOXVLRQHV VLQ HO DSR\R GH QLQJXQD HYLGHQFLD HPSÞULFD OD WHQGHQFLDDYLYLUHQFRPSOHMRVKDELWDFLRQDOHVYLJLODGRVHVH[SOLFDGDGHPDQHUD DXWRPÒWLFD FRQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD FULPLQDOLGDG &DOGHLUD  +LHUQDX[ 1LFROÒV0DUWLL3XLJ3UÚYRW6FKDSLUD'DPPHUW  (Q HO FDVR SDUWLFXODU GH %XHQRV $LUHV D SHVDU GH OD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH SXEOLFDFLRQHVVREUHHOWHPDHODYDQFHFLHQWÞILFRUHDOHVEDVWDQWHOLPLWDGR(Q JHQHUDOORVDXWRUHVVDFDQVXVFRQFOXVLRQHVVLJXLHQGRPÚWRGRVLQGXFWLYRVVLQ FRQIURQWDUODVKLSäWHVLVFRQORVGDWRVUHFRJLGRVRGLUHFWDPHQWHQRGDQQLQJXQD DFODUDFLäQ VREUH VX SURFHGHU PHWRGROäJLFR /RV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV WHäULFRV WUDEDMDQ WUDVSRODQGR LGHDV \ FRQFOXVLRQHV GH WHäULFRV QRUWHDPHULFDQRV R HXURSHRV FX\D YDOLGH] JHQHUDO HV SRVWXODGD VLQ YHULILFDFLäQ GHO FRQWH[WR HPSÞULFR SDUWLFXODU 3RFRV DXWRUHV SUHVHQWDQ HVWXGLRV FRQ HQWUHYLVWDV D H[SHUWRV R KDELWDQWHV UHDOL]DGDV SRU HOORV PLVPRV $UL]DJD D \ E  (Q HVWH VHQWLGR FRPR SULPHUD EDVH HPSÞULFD \ SXQWR GH SDUWLGD SDUD SRVWHULRUHV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HO WUDEDMR GH 6YDPSD   HV GH JUDQ XWLOLGDG DXQTXH D SHVDU GH OD DEXQGDQFLD GH GDWRV HPSÞULFRV TXHGDQ VLQ H[SOLFDU DOJXQRVDVSHFWRVPHUDPHQWHWHUULWRULDOHV\HVSDFLDOHV/RVHVWXGLRVGH&DSURQ \ \3UÚYåW6FKDSLUD\ WDPELÚQVRQëWLOHVFRPR XQDSULPHUDDSUR[LPDFLäQDOSUREOHPD(QHVWHVHQWLGRDSHVDUGHODIDOWDGH XQD UHFROHFFLäQ GH GDWRV FRPSOHWD \ GH FLHUWR GÚILFLW HPSÞULFR ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH 7KXLOOHU   VREUH ORV %DUULRV 3ULYDGRV GH 3LODU FRQVWLWX\HQ WDPELÚQ XQ DYDQFHLPSRUWDQWH /DLQYDVLäQGHODFODVHPHGLD\PHGLDDOWDHQ]RQDVKDELWXDOPHQWHSRSXODUHV FRQGXMRDXQDLQWHQVLILFDFLäQGHODVGHVLJXDOGDGHVVRFLDOHVHQHVFDODUHGXFLGD (VWH IHQäPHQR HV FRQVLGHUDGR SRU DOJXQRV DXWRUHV FRPR XQ VLJQR GH IUDJPHQWDFLäQ GHO ÒUHD XUEDQD \ GH GHVLQWHJUDFLäQ VRFLDO 7KXLOOLHU  3UÚYåW6FKDSLUD   (Q UHDOLGDG OD PXOWLSOLFDFLäQ GH FRPSOHMRV KDELWDFLRQDOHV YLJLODGRV SHUPLWH VXSRQHU TXH VH WUDWD GH XQD IRUPD GH DLVODPLHQWR TXH UHSUHVHQWD XQD QXHYD FXDOLGDG GH VHJUHJDFLäQ 6DEDWLQL &ÒFHUHV\&HUGD (OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHEDVDHQODKLSäWHVLVGHTXHHVD

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161 QXHYD FXDOLGDG GHEHUÞD UHIOHMDUVH HQ XQ GLIHUHQWH XVR GHO HVSDFLR XUEDQR (Q FDVR DILUPDWLYR TXHGDUÞD HYLGHQWH TXH ORV PRGHORV GH OD FLXGDG ODWLQRDPHULFDQD GHVDUUROODGRV D SDUWLU GH ORV HMHPSORV GH 6DQWLDJR GH &KLOH \ RWUDVFLXGDGHVGHOFRUGäQDQGLQRSRUODJHRJUDIÞDDOHPDQDKDFH XQFXDUWRGH VLJOR %ÕKU  %ÕKU  0HUWLQV  %RUVGRUI   FDUHFHUÒQ GH DFWXDOLGDG\GHEHUÒQVHUDFWXDOL]DGRVRUHHPSOD]DGRV 6LJXLHQGR XQD PHWRGRORJÞD GHGXFWLYD GLULJLGD WHäULFDPHQWH VH UHDOL]D HO SRVWHULRU DYDQFH WHäULFR PHGLDQWH PÚWRGRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLäQ HPSÞULFD \ SUHVHQWDQGRHODQÒOLVLVHPSÞULFRGHOFDVRGHHVWXGLRGH1 1RUGHOWD(QXQSULPHU SDVR VH SUHVHQWD HO VWDWXV TXDHVWLRQLV HQ ORV GHEDWHV HVSDFLDOHV \ VRFLRWHäULFRV DFWXDOHV VREUH OD WHPÒWLFD GH OD IUDJPHQWDFLäQ VRFLRHVSDFLDO RULJLQDGD HQ GHWHUPLQDGRV SURFHVRV GH WUDQVIRUPDFLäQ HFRQäPLFD \ SROÞWLFD (QHODQÒOLVLVGH HVWDGLVFXVLäQWLHQHHVSHFLDOUHOHYDQFLD OD HVWUHFKDUHODFLäQ HQWUH SURFHVRV GH IUDJPHQWDFLäQ GLIXVLäQ GH DUWHIDFWRV XUEDQRV GH DFFHVR UHVWULQJLGR \ FDPELRV VRFLRSROÞWLFRV RFXUULGRV GHVGH ORV DâRV ಪ WDQWR HQ ((88FRPRHQ$PÚULFD/DWLQD/RVSURFHVRVDQDOL]DGRVSRUQRUWHDPHULFDQRV WRPDQFRPRHMHPSORODH[WUHPDGDPHQWHVHJUHJDGD\IUDJPHQWDGDPHWUäSROLV GH/RV$QJHOHV\VHUHPRQWDQDORVWUDGLFLRQDOHVPRGHORVVRFLRHFROäJLFRVGH OD &KLFDJR 6FKRRO (OORV UHFKD]DQ VLQ HPEDUJR VXV HVWUXFWXUDV HVSDFLDOHV XQLWDULDV$OFRQWUDULRORVPRGHORVGHFLXGDGODWLQRDPHULFDQDSDUWHQDëQGHOD UHODWLYDHVWUXFWXUDKRPRJÚQHDGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRHQ$PÚULFD/DWLQD(OLQWHUÚV SULQFLSDO GHO WUDEDMR HV HO DQÒOLVLV GH ORV PRGHORV GH FLXGDG ODWLQRDPHULFDQD GHVDUUROODGRV DQWHV GH ORV FDPELRV XUEDQRHVSDFLDOHV \ VX YDOLGH] DFWXDO $O ILQDOGHOWUDEDMRWLHQHOXJDUHOGHVDUUROORDYDQ]DGRGHODWHRUÞDFRQODFRQIHFFLäQ GHXQQXHYRPRGHORSDUDODFLXGDGODWLQRDPHULFDQD 0DUFRWHäULFR (OSXQWRGHSDUWLGDGHODVUHIOH[LRQHVVREUHWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVXUEDQDVVRQORV FDPELRVVRFLDOHVRULJLQDGRVHQODFULVLVGHOVLVWHPDHFRQäPLFRIRUGLVWD\TXH HQ OD PD\RU SDUWH GHO PXQGR FRQGXMHURQ D XQD UHHVWUXFWXUDFLäQ GH FLHUWRV FRQWH[WRVHVSDFLDOHVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQODVFLXGDGHV/DWUDQVIRUPDFLäQGHOD VRFLHGDG LQGXVWULDO HQ XQD VRFLHGDG GH VHUYLFLRV SURGXMR XQD SOXUDOL]DFLäQ OD LQGXVWULD\ORVSURYHHGRUHVGHVHUYLFLRVRIUHFHQDOFRQVXPLGRUSURGXFWRVFDGD YH] PÒV GLYHUVRV TXH VXHOHQ FXEULU H[DFWDPHQWH ORV QLFKRV GH PHUFDGR /D

Eure, Pontificia Universidad de Santiago Chile, ISSN 0250-7161 FRQWUDSDUWLGD VRFLDO GH HVWH SURFHVR VH UHIOHMD HQ OD GLVROXFLäQ GH FODVHV R FDSDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV\ODWHQGHQFLDDODIRUPDFLäQGHXQDDPSOLDSOXUDOLGDGGH ÒPELWRVVRFLDOHV /D UHHVWUXFWXUDFLäQ HFRQäPLFD HVWÒ HVWUHFKDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGD DO SURFHVR LQWHUQDFLRQDO GH JOREDOL]DFLäQ GH PHUFDGRV \ HFRQRPÞDV TXH SURGXFH XQD SURIXQGD LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD HQ ORV SURFHVRV HFRQäPLFRV TXH DIHFWD D HPSUHVDV SDÞVHV SDUWLFXODUHV HWF 6DVVHQ  0DUFXVH  .UÕWNH  /RVUHTXLVLWRVGHFDOLILFDFLäQODERUDOVHSRODUL]DQFRQXQDSUHFDUL]DFLäQ GH ORV VHFWRUHV PHGLRV \ XQD FUHFLHQWH QHFHVLGDG GH WUDEDMDGRUHV DOWDPHQWH FDOLILFDGRV $ VX YH] HVWD WHQGHQFLD VH YH FRPSHQVDGD HQ HO VHFWRU WHUFLDULR FRQXQDXPHQWRGHODQHFHVLGDGGHWUDEDMDGRUHVHVFDVDPHQWHFDOLILFDGRVHQHO VHFWRUWHUFLDULR0XVWHUG 2VWHQGRUI6DVVHQ  /DH[SDQVLäQGHOPHUFDGRVHYHUHIRU]DGDSRUODSULYDWL]DFLäQGHVHFWRUHVGH VHUYLFLRV TXH DQWHULRUPHQWH HVWDEDQ SURWHJLGRV SRU VLVWHPDV HVWDWDOHV GH VHJXULGDG VRFLDO (O PHQRU JUDGR GH UHGLVWULEXFLäQ HFRQäPLFD D WUDYÚV GH VXEYHQFLRQHV GLUHFWDV R LQGLUHFWDV FRQGXFH UÒSLGDPHQWH D FRQVHFXHQFLDV HVSDFLDOHV (O PHUFDGR LQPRELOLDULR QR RIUHFH PXFKDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV GH HOHFFLäQ D ODV FODVHV GH PHQRUHV LQJUHVRV \ VH FUHD XQD GLYLVLäQ VRFLDO GHO HVSDFLRXUEDQR0DUFXVH 9DQ.HPSHQ /DFRQVHFXHQFLDGLUHFWDGHOD VHJUHJDFLäQVRFLDOHFRQäPLFD RFXOWXUDO\ODH[FOXVLäQHV ODFRQIRUPDFLäQ GH XQDFODVHEDMDXUEDQD0ROOHQNRSI &DVWHOOV $VXYH]HVWHSURFHVR HVDFRPSDâDGRSRUXQPRYLPLHQWRGHUHFOXVLäQGHFLHUWRVEDUULRVSRUSDUWHGH OD SREODFLäQ SXGLHQWH /D GLYLVLäQ HVSDFLDO FRPR VLJQR GH OD GLYLVLäQ \ GHVLQWHJUDFLäQVRFLDOVHH[SUHVDDKRUDPHGLDQWHEDUUHUDVIÞVLFDV\OLPLWDFLRQHV HQORVDFFHVRV8QDLVODPLHQWR PXWXRUHHPSOD]DHOSDWUäQ/HLWELOG SUHYLRGH ODFLXGDGDELHUWDHLQWHJUDGRUD'HHVWHPRGRVHIRUPDQLVODV IXQFLRQDOHVGH ELHQHVWDU FRQ OXJDUHV GH DOWR QLYHO GH VHUYLFLRV FRQVXPR \ YLGD QRFWXUQD