THE NEW TESTAMENT IX

THE

ORIGINAL GREEK

THE TEXT REVISED BY

BROOKE FOSS WESTCOTT,

D.D.

CANON OF PETERBOROUGH, AND REGIUS PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, CAMBRIDGE

AND

FENTON JOHN ANTHONY HORT,

D.D.

IIULSEAN PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, CAMBRIDGE

AMERICAN EDITION

with

^jn-

introduction

By PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., LL.D. PROFESSOR IN THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW YORK PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN BIBLE REVISION COMMITTEE

!

NE\V

HARPER

&

YORK

BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 1881

))-'

GENERAL CONTENTS. PAGE

Introduction to the American Edition

vii

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING ACCORDING ACCORDING ACCORDING

TO MATTHEW TO MARK TO LUKE TO JOHN

3

72

114

187

THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES

245

THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES of of of of of of of

James

317 324

Peter 1 Peter II John 1 John II John III Jude

331

336

344 345

346

THE EPISTLES OF PAUL to to to to TO TO TO TO to

the the the the the the THE the the

Romans Corinthians Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians

351 1

378

II

403

420 429 438 445

COLOSSIANS

Thessalonians Thessalonians

I

II

to the Hebrews to to to to

Timothy Timothy

h

.

452 458 462

1

484

II

491

Titus

496

Philemon

499

THE APOCALYPSE OF JOHN

503

INTRODUCTION TO THE

AMERICAN EDITION BY

PHILIP SCHAFF

CONTENTS OF THE

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. rage

Merits of the Edition

Literature

Page

vii

i.

Classes of Variations

.

Omissions

....

lviii

Additions I.

TAMENT 1.

xlii

Object of Criticism

0.

Rules of Criticism

7.

Application of the Rules

lxiv

THE PRINTED EDITIONS OF THE GREEK TEXT

Ixv

.

.

.

.

B. Cursive Manuscripts

xxxii

III.

.

The Ancient Versions

B.

Latin Versions

.

.

.

xxxvii

.

xl

.

1.

.

.

xlvi

.

.

xlviii

Armenian Version

.

Patristic Quotations A.

First Period: The Tex-

From Receptus. Erasmus and Beza to Bengel and Wetstein, tus

xlvi

...

A.D. 1516-1750 2.

F.

xlix

Ixvi

Second Period: Transition from the Textus

Receptus to the Uncial From Griesbach

xlix

Text.

Greek Fathers

1

to Laciimann, A.D. 1770-

B. Latin Fathers

li

1830 II.

lxiii

i

.

Old Egyptian, or Coptic, Versions

E. Gothic Version

xxxv

.

C. ^Ethiopic A'ersion J).

lxii

xv

A. Uncial Manuscripts

A. Syriac Versions

lxii

5.

xii

The Greek Manuscripts

lviii

....

Substitutions

SOURCES OF THE GREEK TEXT OF THE NEW TES-

lviii

THE VARIATIONS AND TEXTUAL CRITICISM

3.

.

lii

,

lii

Third Period itive Text.

lxxviii :

The Prim-

From Lach-

maxn and tlschendorf 1.

Origin of Variations

2.

Number of Variations

3.

Value of Variations

TO Westcott AND Hort, A.D. 1830-1881

.

.

.

lxxxi

liii

.

l'.ii

Index to Notation

lxxxix

INTRODUCTION TO

TIIE

AMERICAN EDITION. BY

Philip Schaff.

Merits of the Edition.

The

seventeenth day of May, 1881, marks an epoch in

New

the history of the

Testament.

It

is

the birthday

both of the purest English translation and of

purest

book which contains the inspired God's wisdom and love to mankind, and which

Greek text of that message of

the*

little

forms the highest standard of Christian faith and duty.

The coincidence

remarkable.

The

original and the matured during the same long period by harmonious, though independent, co-operation, The Editors of the Greek text were members of the English New is

translation were

Testament Company of Revisers

;

the English and Ameri-

can Revisers had the confidential use of advanced proofsheets of this edition of the

and their translation it

is

Greek text

as they proceeded,

perhaps more nearly conformed to

than to any other printed edition from Erasmus and

Beza down to Teschendorf and Treadles.

The Textus Receptus, so called, was Hnnounced to the world by the Ley den publishers in 1633, with the bold

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

viii

declaration, "

Textum ergo habes nunc ab omnibus recepto introduce the Greek Testament of Westcott and Hort with the modest assertion, Hie habes

*um"

I venture

textum It is

omnium editionum antiquissimum

purissimum..

et

based exclusively on documentary evidence, and on

the most careful comparison of

all

the ancient sources of

the text as they have been collected and

made

available

by

the indefatigable diligence of former editors, especially of

Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles. It embodies the results of the combined labours of more than a quarter of It will, of course,

a century. tions

not supersede the large edi-

which contain the whole

will take

tions of the I b(3came

critical

apparatus

;

but

rank at once among the best standard

its

it

edi-

Greek Testament.* personally acquainted with the editors and

Harrow, in 1869), and saw them afterwards repeatedly at Cambridge, London, and Peterborough. I formed such a favourable opinion of the

their

work twelve years ago

(at

value of their labours that I engaged from

them and

their

publisher (Mr. Macmillan) duplicate plates for an Ameri-

* The Saturday Review of London for notice of the Revised Version of the

May

21, 1881, in

a

New Testament, incident-

Greek edition with the remark, "The Clarendon Press volume [Archdeacon Palmer's Greek Test.] is beaually

mentio

this

Though

by the exquisite and Dr. Hort's Greek text, issued by the same 17th of May, a day to be much rethe Pitt Presj membered by Biblical critics. This last work, formed exclusively on documentary evidence, without reference to any printed text, has been long expected by scholars. It is probably the tifully printed.

this, again, is eclipsed

edition of Dr. Westcott's

m

most important contribution to Biblical learning in our generation. The Revisers it is understood, had the advantage of consulting it during &a progress of their work."

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. can edition, which,

& Brothers.*

now published by

is

is

the Messrs. Harper

This opinion ripened into conviction by con-

stant use, since 1870, of proof-sheets of this text, in

edition of Lange's " ical notes), in

as a

member

my

Commentary on John

exegetical lectures, and in

my

the best Greek and Biblical scholars of the age.

is

labours

of the Revision Committee.

Drs. Westcott and Hort are ranked in England

(educated at

my

" (see the crit-

Rugby School and

among

Dr. Hort

Trinity College, Cambridge)

Hulsean Professor of Divinity in the University of Cam-

bridge (since 1878).

He

textual history of the

Greek Testament than any other man

living.

He

pany on

all

fjLovoy£in)g

is

probably more familiar with the

exerted great influence in the Revision

matters of reading.

Com-

His. Ttvo Dissertations on

Qeog and on the Constantinopolitan Creed (1876)

evince a rare degree of patristic learning and critical acumen.

* The

letter of the Messrs.

Harper, in which they accepted

dated May 17, 1871, on the same day of the the book was published ten years afterwmich same month on wards in London. But as Westcott and Hort did not contem-

my

proposition,

is

plate a critical apparatus

below the

text, I

made subsequently

an agreement with my friend, Prof. Tischendorf, for the preparation of an American edition containing his own latest text, with a very brief digest of his critical apparatus (somewhat similar to his editio critica minor, only more condensed, and confined to the oldest readings) for the use of students; thinking that there would be room for two editions, each having its special merits.

Tischendorf actually began the work in 18T3, and sev-

were set up at Leipsic when his death, in Decemeven ber, 1874, ended his earthly labours, preventing him from I edition. preparing the Prolegomena to his eighth critical know of no scholars wdio could better carry out the plan of such an edition than Prof. Dr. Ezra Abbot in Cambridge, Mass., and Dr. Caspar Rene Gregory in Leipsic.

eral sheets

:

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. Westcott (born 1825 3ge) i"0),

is

;

educated at Trinity College, Cam-

Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge (since

and Canon of Peterborough

(since 1869).

He

is

author of several able and useful works, as a History

Canon of the New tiament ; an Introduction to the Study of the Gospels; a Commentary on the Gospel of John, which ranks Dng the best parts of the Speaker's Commentary. These

the

English Bible

;

a History of the

I

scholars have been in constant correspondence with each

)

er,

and kept a journal of

tant textual questions.

ed with so

much

their discussions of all the im-

Few works have

ever been pre-

and devotion

as this edition

labour, care,

he Greek Testament, begun in 1853 and finished in 1881. 'he Introduction

and Appendix, which the editors prom-

bo publish shortly in a separate

volume,

will contain a

exposition of the principles and results of textual m. ive

Without anticipating

their elaborate treatise,

crit-

which

not yet seen, I propose, with their consent, to fur-

the readers of this volume with such preliminary in-

i

nation as

other

is

necessary for an intelligent use of this or

critical edition of

the Greek Testament.

Literature. 'he chief authorities for the topics discussed in this in-

luction are the following ).

Jac.

Wetstein:

w orks 7

*H Kaivrj

U-rcecum editionis receptee

cum

Aia$i]Ki].

lectionibus

Novum Testamentum Am-

variantibus, etc.

Prolegomena in torn. i. pp. 1-222. fol. Griesbach: Novum Testamentum Grozce. Ed. 2da. HalaB Sax. et Lond. 1796-1806, 2 vols. 8vo. Ed. tertiam emend, et auctam cur. David Sclndz. PrsefaVol. i. Berolini, 1827.

stel.

1751-52, 2 torn.

Jo. Jac.

tiones et Prolegomena, vol.

i. pp. iii.-lvi. i.-exxvii. Also his Symbolce Critic (1785-93), with his Meletemata, and Comments rius Criticus in Textum Gro3cum N. T. (1798 and 1811). i>

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. Car. rolini,

xi

Lachmann Novum Testamentum

Greece et Latine. Bepp. v.-lvi. vol. ii. pp. iii.article in explanation and de-

:

1842-50, 8vo.

Prsefatio, vol.

i.

;

Cornp. also Lachmann's fence of his critical system, in the Studien No. IV., pp. 817-845. xxvi.

und Kritiken for 1830,

Aen. Frid. Const. Teschendorf Novum Testamentum :

Greece.

Ad antiquissimos testes denuo recensuit, appavatum criticum omni studio perfectum apposuit, commentationem isagogicam preetexuit. Editio septima, Lips. 1859, 2 vols. 8vo. Prolegomena, vol. i. pp. xiii.-cclxxviii.

The text

of this edition

is

superseded by the

The octava critica maior, Lips. 1869-72, 2 vols. gomena, which the author did not live to finish, but tio

new

edi-

Prole-

which have been prepared by Dr. Gregory, with the aid of Dr. Ezra Abbot,

now in course of publication at Leipsic. Samuel Prideaux Tregelles The Greek New Testament, edited from Ancient Authorities, with the Latin Version of Jerome, from the Codex Amiatinus. London, published in parts from 1857 to 1879, 1 vol. 4to. The 7th part (published in 1879, after the death of Dr. Tregelles) contains the Prolegomena, with Addenda are

:

and Corrigenda, compiled and edited by Rev. Dr. Hort and Rev. W. Streane. Comp. also Tregelles: Account of the Printed Text of the Greek New Testament, with Bemarks on its Eevision upon Critical Principles. London, 1854. And the first part (prepared by Tregelles) of the fourth volume of Home's Introduction to the Holy Scriptures, 10th ed. London, 1856; 14th ed. 1877; also published separately as an Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament, London, 1856, etc. Henry Alford: The Greek Testament. London, 6th ed. 1868, etc. Prolegomena, vol. i. chaps, vi. and vii. pp. 73-148. Ed. Reuss: Bibliotheca Novi Testamenti Grmci. Brunsviga?, 1872 (pp. 313). The most complete list of all the printed editions of the Greek Testament. Fr. H. Ambrose Scrivener: A Plain Introduction to the Civicism of the New Testament. London, 1861 2d ed. 1874. The best work on the subject in the English language. Comp. also his Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament, Cambridge and London, 1875. A.

;

C. E.

New

Hammond

Outlines of Textual Criticism Applied to the Oxford, 1872; 2d ed. 1876. Critical Introductions to the New Testament by Hug, :

Testament.

The

De Wette, Bleek, Reuss

(5th ed. 1874);

and several

articles

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

xii

on Bible Text in Herzog's Real-Encyk. (new ed. ii. 400-437), and Smith's Diet, of the Bible (iii. 2112-2139, Amer. ed.); an essay of Dr. Ezra Abbot in Anglo-American Bible Revision, Philadelphia, 2ded. 1879 (pp. 86-98); the third part of Edward C. Mitchell's Handbook, published by the London Religious Tract London, also Andover, 1880 (pp. 67-143). The Prolegomena to Tischendorf 's eighth critical edition, and the Introduction and Appendix of Westcott and Hort, may be referred to in advance as promising the latest and most accurate information on textual criticism applied to the New Testament. Critical

Society,

I.

SOURCES OF THE TEXT OF THE MENT. The

lost

NEW

TESTA-

original autographs* of the apostolic writings are

beyond

all

reasonable hope of discovery, and are not

even mentioned by the post-apostolic authors as being extant anywhere, or as having been seen

They

by them.f

perished, probably before the close of the

first

century,

with the brittle paper then in ordinary use (the Egyptian papyrus), like

all

other ancient writings (with the excep-

few that were accidentally preserved in Egyptian tombs and mummies, or under the lava of Vesuvius at tion of a

Herculaneum and Pompeii).

God

has not chosen to ex-

empt the Bible by a miracle from the fate of other books, but has wisely left room for the diligence and research of man, who

is

responsible for the use of

all

the facilities with-

He

in his reach for the study of the Bible.

has not pro-

vided for inspired transcribers any more than printers,

ble

nor for

infallible translators

commentators and readers.

He

inspired

any more than

infalli-

wastes no miracles.

He

* Autographa, dpxsTv~a, Ldwxeipa. f

On

the disputed passage of Tertullian,

authentic^

litter®,

who

Apostolorum, see Scrivener,

speaks of ipsa

p. 446.

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. desires free

and

eth, but the spirit giveth

and

history,

a

is

"

intelligent worshippers.

human

life."

The

as well as a divine book,

and

of Christ, to ga, as the

whom

Way,

it

reflects the

letter kill-

Bible, in its origin

be studied under this twofold aspect. tion of God's truth,

The

xiii

and must

It is the incarna-

divine-human person

bears witness as the

the Life, and the Truth.

Alpha and OmeEven if we had

room

the apostolic autographs, there would be

criticism, since they, like other ancient books,

for verbal

were written

as a continuous whole, without accents, without punctuation,

without division of sentences or words, without

titles

and subscriptions, without even the name of the author unless it was part of the text itself. In the absence of the autographs, we must depend upon copies, or secondary sources.

But these

are, fortunately,

more numerous and trustworthy for the Greek Testament than for any ancient classic. " In the variety and

far

fulness of the evidence on which

New Testament among The ies,

it rests,

the text of the

stands absolutely and unapproachably alone

ancient prose writings"

(W. and

sources of the text are threefold

H., p. 561). :

Manuscript Cop-

Ancient Versions, and Patristic Quotations. 1.

The Greek Manuscripts.

The Manuscripts, important sources. dred, counting

all

or Codices,* are the direct and most

They number now over seventeen hunclasses, and new ones may yet be dis-

* Codex, or caudex, means, originally, the trunk of a tree, stock, stem; then a block of wood split or sawn into planks, leaves, or tablets, and fastened together; hence a book, as the ancients wrote on tablets of wood smeared with wax, the leaves being laid one upon another. The Hebrew manuscripts are in rolls.

;

xiv

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

They differ in age, extent, and value. They were written between the fourth and sixteenth centuries the oldest date from the middle of the fourth century, and covered.*

rest,

of course, on

Greek or Roman

still

Few manuscripts of than the ninth or tenth

older copies.

classics are older

The Medicean MS. of Virgil is of the fourth MS. of Dion Cassius of the fifth. The oldest MSS. of ^Eschylus and Sophocles date from century.

century, the Vatican

the tenth, those of Euripides from the twelfth century. oldest complete copy of Homer is from the thirteenth

The

century, though considerable papyrus fragments have been recently discovered which may date from the fifth or sixth.

Some MSS.

cover the whole

New

Testament, some only

parts; and hence they are divided into ^ve or six classes, according as they contain the Gospels, or the Acts, or the

Catholic Epistles, or the Pauline Epistles, or the Apocalypse, or only the Scripture lessons

and Epistles (the

lectionaries).

than one of these

classes, or the

from the Gospels or Acts Those which cover more

whole

New Testament, are

numbered in the lists two, three, or more times. The Gospel MSS. are the most numerous, those of the Apocalypse the least

Some MSS. are written many errors of transcribers.

numerous.

some contain

with great care,

Most of them

* The total number of MSS. recorded by Dr. Scrivener, cluding lectionaries, is 158 uncials and 1605 cursives (p.

comp.

in-

269,

But his list is incomplete. He gives an Index of p. x.). about 1277 separate Greek MSS. of the New Testament, arranged according to the countries where they are now deposited (pp. 571He assigns 3 to Denmark, 293 to England, 238 to France, 584). 96 to Germany, 6 to Holland, 3 to Ireland, 368 to Italy, 81 to Russia, 8 to Scotland, 23 to Spain, 1 to Sweden, 14 to Switzerland, 104 to Turkey, 39 unknown. See also Edward C. Mitchell, Critical Handbook, Tables viii. ix. and x.

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

xv

give the Greek text only, a few the Latin version also

(hence called codices bilingues or Grceco-Latini),

D

(or Beza3) for the Gospels

and Acts, Cod.

tanus) for the Pauline Epistles, and Cod. for the Gospels.

They were Lower

(Claromon-

(Sangallensis)

written in the East, mostly in

Alexandria and Constantinople exception of Greece,

A

D

Cod.

e. g.

;

Italy,

for in

and

Europe (with the

Sicily) the

knowledge

of the Greek language disappeared after the fifth century till

the revival of learning in the fifteenth, and the Lat-

in Vulgate supplied the place of the

Some words

Bible.

abridged (as

$cr

Greek and Hebrew

of frequent occurrence are usually

= Seoc, kg =z Kvpioc, kt =

The MSS. are divided into two The former are written in sive.

Ir)(rovc,

izva

= irrEvjua).

classes, uncial

and cur-

large or capital letters

(litterce unciales or majusculce), the latter in small letters (litterce

minusculce) or in current hand.

The

uncial

MSS.

from the fourth to the tenth century, and hence more valuable, but were discovered and used long after Two of them, the Sinaitic and the Vatican, the cursive. are older,

date from the middle of the fourth century.

A. Uncial Manuscripts.

The

uncial

MSS.

are designated (since Wetstein, 1752),

for the sake of brevity,

alphabet (A, B, C, D,

by the

etc.),

capital letters of the Latin

with the help of Greek

letters

and the Hebrew

letter

for a

few MSS. beyond Cod.

Aleph

(a) for the Sinaitic

Z,

MS. which was discovered

last

and precedes Cod. A.* * The present usage arose from the accidental circumstance in the that the Codex Alexandrinus was designated as Cod.

A

lower margin of "Walton's Polyglot (Scrivener, loc. cit. p. 72, 2d ed.). A far better system would be to designate them in

B

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

xvi

The

and durable vellum or

uncials are written on costly

parchment, on

quarto or small folio

very rarely of three or four, columns.

pages of one or two,

The

older ones have

no division of words or sentences except for paragraphs, no accents or ornaments, and but very few pause-marks.

Hence it requires some practice to read them with ease. The date and place, which were not marked on MSS. earlier

than the tenth century, can be only approximately

ascertained from the material, the

form of

letters,

of writing, the presence or absence of the

the style

Ammonian

sec-

tions (*;£0a\cua, capitula) in the Gospels, the Eusebian Can-

ons (or tables of references to the 340,

when Eusebius

Ammonian

sections, after

died), the Euthalian sections in the

Acts and Epistles, and the stichometric divisions or lines corresponding to sentences (both introduced by

((T-lxoi)

Euthalius, tury), etc.

cir.

A.D. 458),* marks of punctuation (ninth cen-

Sometimes a second or third hand has

intro-

Hence a prima manu, marked by a *;

duced punctuation and accents or different readings. the distinction of lectiones

a secunda or

manu

(**, or 2 , or b )

;

a

tertia

manu (***

?

or

3 ,

c ).

the order of their age or value,

before A.

But the usage

which would place

in this case can as

little

B

and K

be altered as

the traditional division into chapters and verses. Mill cited the copies by abridgments of their names, e. g. Alex., Cant, Mont;

mode would now take too much space. 14 uncial MSS. of the Gospels, which he

but this

knew from taries.

A

to O,

and about 112

See his

list at

Wetstein designated

cursives, besides 24 Evangelis-

the close of the Prolegomena, pp. 220-

222.

* Afterwards these stichometric divisions were abandoned as

way to dots or other marks between the This was the beginning of punctuation.

too costly, and gave sentences.

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

Some MSS.

(as

Codd. C, P, Q, R,

Z, IS)

xvii

have been written

twice over, owing to the scarcity and costliness of parch-

ment, and are called codices \j;r]fT-oi)

new book being

the

;

palimpsests

rescripti, or

(TraXlfx-

written between the lines, or

across, or in place of the old Bible text.

Constantine the Great ordered from Eusebius, for the

churches of Constantinople, the preparation of of the Bible, to be written " on artificially

fifty

MSS.

wrought skins

by skilful calligraphists." * To judge from this fact, the number of uncials was once very large, but most of them The whole number now perished in the Middle Ages.

known

Scrivener reckons 56

than one hundred.

less

is

them only fragmentary), 14

for the Gospels (most of

for

the Acts, 6 for the Catholic Epistles, 15 for the Pauline Epistles, 5 for the Apocalypse, exclusive of the uncial lec-

which are not marked by

tionaries,

numerals,

like

MSS.

cursive

of

capitals,

all

but by Arabic Dr. Ezra

classes.f

Abbot

(in

a private letter of June 21, 1881) kindly fur-

nishes

me

with the result of his

The number

of distinct uncial

own

MSS.

of the

(not including lectionaries) at present

have for the Gospels 61 olic Epistles 7; for

Apocalypse

;

careful researches.

known

is 83.

We

for the Acts 15; for the Cath-

the Pauline Epistles 20; and for the

three or four small fragments not used

Gospels

Testament

This includes the Codex Rossanensis, and

5.

Dr. Abbot's

New

list is

by Tischendorf.

as follows

KABCDEFF GHP 347 PKLMlSrO(> bcdef a

:

bcde UVW abcdef XYZrA PQRSTT™T Qabcdefgh

A£

* Eusebius, Vita Const, tyKciTcujKEvoig

.

.

.

n2 = 61. iv. 36,

UivrrjKovra

vtto t^xvitCjv Ka\\iypd(pwv.

t Scrivener, Introd. p. 72 (2d ed. 1874).

(Twficirta

iv di(p5epaiQ

:

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

xviii

AB x AB X AB

Cath.

:

Paul:

N Apoc: X

ABB

a P° c

a

G b H(«) = 7.

G(s)

K L« P D E F F (*)

(2)

(s)

(»)

(s)

O (2) O (2) P (2) Q AB(2)CP = 5. (2)

-

act

DP E E aul

act

HH H I M M N N O O abcdef Qb (act)

act

Q

RRP

aul

3-

'

4

S T(or-T a)

r A Qabcdefgh A

The

2

paul

paul

QP aul

*

P aul

Sinaitie

gn

2

25

-

6-

-

= 20.

(2)

5* 6' 7*

EP I

b

aul

F a G G act G P aul L L act cath P aul P P cath. paul. apoc

FFP

KK

auI

cath P aul

OP O T woi T bcde U V aul

b (P aul )

-

-

W abedef X Y Z

= 83.

and the Vatican MSS. are by far the most

brief description of the best uncial

frequently quoted by

Uncials of the first

class.

fifth

They

is

it

I give a

are

century

are four ;

most

usually added

D

— two

one complete

two nearly complete (A and B), one defective

these

but

MSS. which

critics.

from the fourth, two from the (a),

-

act.

important for antiquity, completeness, and value.

(1.)

= 15.

L(«) P(«)

MSS.

of distinct

D evv

C

(2)

I

G(s) H(s) I 2 K(«) L(«) M(«)

a

R

b

Whole number a

D E(*) F

C C C

Acts: X

To

(C).

as the fifth of the great uncials,

contains only the Gospels and Acts, and has strange

peculiarities.

In the Gospels the text of C, L, Z,

£7,

and

A in Mark, is better than that of A, but in the rest of the Xew Testament A is undoubtedly, after a and B, the most of

important MS.

K of

(Aleph).

Codex Sinaiticus, formerly

Mount Sinai (hence

at St. Petersburg.

century,

is

its

name),

It dates

now

in the

Convent

in the Imperial Library

from the middle of the fourth by

written on fine parchment (13|- inches wide

14^ high), in large uncials, with four columns to a page (of 48 lines each). It has 346|- leaves. It was discovered and secured bv the indefatigable Prof. C. Tischendorf, in the Convent of St. Catharine, at the foot of Mount Sinai,

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. on the 4th of February, 1859.*

It

was published

xix

at St.

Petersburg (printed at Leipsic) at the expense of the Czar

Alexander

II.

in celebration of the first

millennium of the

Russian empire, in accurate imitation by types specially * The story of the discovery, which made Tischendorf one men I ever knew, reads like an heroic romance.

of the happiest

His three journeys from Leipsic to Mount Sinai, in pursuit of manuscript treasures, in 1844, 1853, and 1859; his first rescue of forty-three leaves of the Septuagint from a waste-basket in the Convent of St. Catharine in 1844 his final discovery of the whole Cod. Sinaiticus in 1859, with the powerful aid of the recommendation of that noble Czar who met such a terrible death at the hands of the Nihilists in 1881 his patient labor in tran;

;

scribing

it

at Cairo,

and in

its

publication at Leipsic, in connec-

tion with a great national event of the Russian empire; his con-

troversy with the Greek Simonides,

who impudently

claimed to

have written the codex on Mount Athos in 1839 and 1840

—are

all

some excusable vanity, in his Beise in den Orient (1845-46), and Aus dem Tieil. Lande (1862) his Noiitia Codicis Sinaitici (1860); the Prolegomena to his editions (1862 and 1865); and his two controversial pamphlets, Die Anfechtungen der Sinaibibel (1863), and Waffen der Finsterniss wider die Sinaibibel (1863). When, on a visit to Mount Sinai in March, 1877, I saw a copy of the magnificent four- volume edition in the convent library, and mentioned the name of Tischendorf, the sub-prior kindled up in indignation and called him a thief, who had stolen their greatest treasure on the pretext of a temporary loan; and when I reminded him of the large reward of the Emperor of Russia, who had furnished a new silver shrine for the coffin of St. Catharine, he admitted it reluctantly; but remarked that they did not want the silver, but the manuscript the manuscript which these monks could not read, and w^ere at one time ready to throw into the fire! After long delays, the MS. was formally presented to the Czar in 1869 by the new prior, archbishop Kallistratos, and the monks of the Convents of St. Catharine and Cairo. See Tischendorf, Die Sinaibibel (1871), p. 91. told

by

himself, not without

;

—

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

xx cast, in

four folio volumes.*

The New Testament was

also

separately edited by Tischendorf in smaller type in quarto (Leipsic, 1863), in four

columns; and an octavo edition in

ordinary type (ibid. 1865).

Dr. Scrivener has published a

" Full Collation of the Sinaitic

New Testament"

of the

Codex X

is

MS. with the Received Text

(2d ed. 1867).

the most complete, and also (with the ex-

ception, perhaps, of the Vatican MS.) the oldest, or, at all

events, one of the

found and used.

two

oldest MSS., although

Tischendorf

calls it

"

it

was

uncialium solus integer omniumque antiquissimusP assigns

to the age of Eusebius the historian,

and thinks

340 ; fifty

it

it

not improbable that

copies which Constantine

it

had ordered

who

by the Emperor

was one of the to be prepared

Sinai,

Justinian to the Convent of

which he founded.f

Europam

it

was

Mount

It contains large portions of

* Bibliorum Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus^ gustissimis Imperatoris

He

died in

for the churches of Constantinople in 331, and that sent

last

omnium codicum

AlexandH II,

Auspiciis au-

ex tenebris protraxit in

ad iuvandas atque illustrandas sacras litteras edidit Const antinus Tischendorf. Petropoli, MDCCCLXII. The first volume contains the dedication to the Emperor (dated transtulit

Lips, ^-j^jr 1862), the Prolegomena, Notes later hands,

and twenty-one

on the corrections by

plates (in fac-simile); vols. iL

and

the Greek Testament (134J leaves), the Epistle of Barnabas (foil. 135-141), and a part of the iii.

contain the Septuagint; vol.

Pastor Hermse

(foil.

142-148).

iv.

Copies of this rare and costly

edition are in the Astor Library, the

Lenox Library, the Union

Theological Seminary, New York, at Cambridge, Andover, and in other libraries of America. f Tischendorf 's edition of the English New Test,, Leips. 1869, After a more careful inspection of the Vatican MS. in p. xii. 1866, he has somewhat modified his view of the priority of the

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

xxi

the Old Testament in the Septuagint Version (199 leaves),

New

and the whole

Testament, without any omission, to-

gether with the Epistle of Barnabas,

in Greek,

all

and a

Hennas in Greek (147^- leaves). It is by numerous corrections made by the

part of the Pastor

much

disfigured

original scribes or several later writers, especially one of

the fourth century (K able,

),

whose emendations

and one of the seventh (a

Vaticanus

m

for vwg, in

John

in

a

Acts xx. 28

c

;

i.

18;

vii.

uted very

vi.

13)

it

Tim.

16),

and

Mark

taken in adultery

Old Latin Version;

supports other witnesses.

much towards

Seog

for Kvpiov, iii.

the end of

;

woman

53-viii. 11), in part, also, the

but sometimes

Beov

t))v eKKkr^aiav tov

o g ecpavepwSri for Sfo'c, in 1

9-20); the passage of the

(John

confirms Cod.

characteristic readings (as jjiovoyev^g

omissions, as the doxology (Matt. (xvi.

It often

).

are very valu-

It

has contrib-

the settlement of the text, and

stimulated the progress of the revision

movement

in

Eng-

land, in connection with Tischendorf s Tauchnitz edition

of

King James's Version (1869), which

gives in foot-notes

the chief readings of the three great uncials

Tischendorf

first

8,

B, and A.

copied the Sinaitic MS., with the help

MS., and assigns them both to the middle of the fourth century, maintaining even that one of the scribes of K (who wrote six leaves, and whom he designates D) wrote the New Testament part of B. Compare the learned and very able essay of Dr. Ezra Abbot (against Mr. Burgon) " Comparative Antiquity of the Sinaitic and Vatican MSS.," in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. x. (1872), pp. 189-200. Gebhardt, in Herzog's Real-Encyklopadie (new ed.), vol. ii. p. 414, pronounces Burgon's attempt to prove the higher antiquity of the Vatican MS. by fifty to one hundred years an Sinaitic over the Vatican

entire failure.

:

INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

xxii

of Coptic scribes, at Cairo

Professor showed

As

prepared. fallible,

some

me

and from

;

this copy,

which the

at Leipsic, the printed editions

were

neither Teschendorf nor his scribes were inerrors

may have

crept

ful cases, a resort to the original

so that, in doubt-

in,

MS.

in St.

Petersburg

is

necessary.

Tregelles has inspected

tions of

have been photographed, and real fac-similes

it

Considerable por-

it.

and

are given in Teschendorf's three editions,

in Scrivener's

also, in his book on the Last Mark, gives an exact fac-simile of a page, Petersburg, which shows the last two columns xvi. 8) and the first two columns of Luke.

Introduction.

Mr. Burgon,

Twelve Verses of taken at

St.

Mark

(to

of

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