SDCA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

RESEARCH COMPENDIUM Volume 1, 2022 ISSN: 2980-5007

SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

SDCA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

RESEARCH COMPENDIUM Volume 1, 2022 ISSN: 2980-5007

SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium is published annually by St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High School Department. This serves as an avenue and outlet for the publication of completed research work and research studies of senior high school students as a culminating output for their research journey with their stay in the institution. This volume showcases student researches for the academic year 2021-2022.

Published by: St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High School GD2, St. Dominic Complex, St. Dominic College of Asia Emilio Aguinaldo Highway, Bacoor City, Cavite, 4102 Contact Number: (+63) 0998-551-7972 Telephone Number: 417-7322 loc 206 Webpage: www.stdominiccollege.edu.ph Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

EDITORIAL BOARD SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022 Emilio Aguinaldo Highway, Bacoor City, Cavite, 4102

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Anacay, Felicity

ASSOCIATE EDITORS Burdeos, Rhon Ermertson Cham, Gerdine Peters Gatdula, Seanne Bjorne Pascua, Faith

GRADE 11 AREA GRADE 12 AREA COORDINATORS COORDINATORS Cada, Louis Gabriel Campos, Macy Kahlef Dimayuga, Hannah Mae Villacampa, Aaliyah Guenn

Eusebio, Andrei Nickolei Nicolas, Breivan Timothy Rirao, Aaliyah Phoemela Tsukamoto, Aya

COPY EDITORS LAYOUT ARTISTS Castillo, Christine Marie Chua, Anne Mikaela Filoteo, Mary Emmanuely Mendoza, Keziah

Agustin, Austina Jane Garcia, Hayley Marie Masapol, Pia Pasumbal, Leannce

SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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EDITORIAL BOARD CHAIRPERSON Mr. Mark P. Vacunawa Academic Coordinator - Research

VICE CHAIR Ms. Karen T. Cervantes Leadership Development Coordinator - SHS

RESEARCH ADVISERS Mr. Mike Aaron V. Carcole Academic Coordinator - ABM & TVL Ms. Ana Liza S. Magnata Student Discipline Coordinator - Grade 12

CONSULTANTS Mr. Jaspher P. Dailisan Academic Coordinator - STEM Ms. Jozelle Anne R. Domingo Academic Coordinator - HUMSS Ms. Purielad Mylene R. Santos Assistant Principal - SHS Ms. Valerie H. Insigne Principal

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

ABOUT THE

COMPENDIUM St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High School values the importance of research to its students to widen their knowledge about different concepts and fields of study in line with their chosen strand: Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM), Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), and Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS), as well as the Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) track. During the academic year 2021-2022, the institution’s senior high school students have written research manuscripts related to their field of interest to provide new knowledge and answer research gaps that can be helpful in the continuous developments in their chosen field of study. The St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High School 2022 Research Compendium is a publication that compiles these researches, including the best research manuscripts representing each strand and the research abstracts of the graduating class of 2021-2022. Moreover, this publication also compiles the working research titles of grade 11 students, who continuously work to provide new significant information to their chosen fields of study. Through this compendium, the institution and its student researchers aim to share different findings and recommendations with a large audience of researchers. It aims to serve as a reference for the research of others to continuously contribute to the advancements in different fields of study such as accounting, business, health science, engineering, social science, and technical-vocational practices.

SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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ST. DOMINIC COLLEGE OF ASIA RESEARCH COMPENDIUM 2022 EDITION

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Editorial Board

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About the Compendium

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Table of Contents

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Message from the Vice President for Research,

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Extension, & Linkages/ Vice President for



Academic Affairs



Message from the Research Development

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Office



Message from the Principal

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Message from the Assistant Principal

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Message from the Research Coordinator

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Message from the Research Advisers

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Message from the Academic Coordinators

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Message from the Editor-in-Chief

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ABM Research Projects Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

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Introduction

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Literature Review

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Methodology

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Results

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Conclusion

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References

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ABM Research Abstracts PR1 Working Research Titles

92 105

HUMSS Research Projects Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

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Introduction

107

Literature Review

111

Methodology

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Compendium Information

ST. DOMINIC COLLEGE OF ASIA RESEARCH COMPENDIUM 2022 EDITION

Results

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Conclusion

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References

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HUMSS Research Abstracts

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PR1 Working Titles

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Projects Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

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Introduction

137

Literature Review

144

Methodology

151

Results

157

Conclusion

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References

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STEM Engr./ICT Research Abstracts

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PR1 Working Research Titles

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STEM Health Science Research Projects Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

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Introduction

190

Literature Review

196

Methodology

204

Results

208

Conclusion

222

References

226

STEM HS Research Abstracts

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PR1 Working Research Titles

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

ST. DOMINIC COLLEGE OF ASIA RESEARCH COMPENDIUM 2022 EDITION

TVL Research Projects Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

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Introduction

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Literature Review

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Methodology

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Results

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Conclusion

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References

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TVL-HE Research Abstracts

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PR1 Working Research Titles

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Dominican Researchers' Experiences and

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Encouragements

Documentation International Virtual Multidisciplinary Research Conference Winners

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Senior High School Research Expo A.Y. 2021-2022

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Senior High School Research Colloquium A.Y. 2021-2022 School's Vision-Mission Statement

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

MESSAGES Greetings! Not everybody loves research. Completing research work is an uphill battle, particularly for very young researchers. Specific competencies must be honed and constantly practiced. But with nurturance and continuous guidance, a reluctant researcher can be transformed into a patient and committed researcher. Consequently, research outputs become a reality. This could be one of the contexts in which the Senior High Research Compendium emanated. The SHS Research Compendium showcases the untiring toil and collaboration between the Dominican teachers and the students. I hope this is just the beginning of developing genuine research culture and research productivity between teachers and students. We look forward to seeing the research compendium annually. Congratulations!

Dr. Nilda W. Balsicas

Vice-President for Research, Extension, and Linkages / Vice President for Academic Affairs

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MESSAGES It is my pleasure to express my sincere gratitude to St. Dominic College of Asia – Senior High School and all the senior high school student researchers who worked hard to complete their research studies in different disciplines. Research is not an easy task to do, but it allows our creative side to be more productive in what we observe, in what we do, and in what we explore. Research is making things possible. It is to provide the people to achieve the knowledge, skills, and values despite our diversity. As both a student and a human, research allows us to see and learn new ideas with new opportunities and new perspectives. Therefore, we find new information that we think could be helpful not only to the lives of the people, but also to the community as well to move forward into this next generation. Through this, research drives us to share things in different areas and to bridge the gap between those who see things in a brighter world and those who cannot. I am grateful to the students, especially the team who successfully made this Senior High School Research Compendium. Indeed, this Compendium will be a remarkable one so that everyone can encourage discussions and share groundbreaking knowledge, research, and skills for all. May God bless us all and stay healthy in this time of pandemic!

Dr. Belinda A. Liwanag

Research Development Officer Office of the Vice President for Research, Extension, and Linkages

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

MESSAGES This research compendium is the culmination of one of the SHS's goals for a long time. Since research is an integral part of the SHS curriculum, you are expected to develop your analytical and critical thinking abilities through your research subjects as a Dominican ACHIEVER. American anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston asserts, "Research formalizes curiosity. It is purposeful poking and probing." I hope that as you conduct this research, you will have an open mind on the things that are truly important for a brighter future. Let me take this opportunity to send my felicitations to the following individuals who make this research compendium possible. To all Dominican students who worked hard and dedicated their time to make a good research output for it to be published in this compendium. To the Research Compendium Editorial Board who persistently collaborated, collated works, and communicated for this compendium. To all research advisers and to Mr. Mark P. Vacunawa, the Academic Coordinator, for your dedication and commitment to impart knowledge to our Dominican students for them to be good researchers. To Ms. Purielad Mylene R. Santos, the Senior High School Assistant Principal, for her untiring guidance to our teachers and students in creating this project. To Dr. Nilda W. Balsicas, our dear Vice President for Academics and Research, Extension and Linkages for her unwavering support in this kind of endeavor to our young Dominican ACHIEVERs. I hope that this publication will be beneficial to all and be put into action.

Valerie H. Insigne Principal

Basic Education and Senior High School

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MESSAGES “Everything is theoretically impossible until it is done.” - Robert A. Heinlein Having a research compendium was just a dream we had a few years back, and now this idea is being realized. For one, it is possible since the senior high school curriculum is embedded with not one but three research subjects which permits for meaningful collaboration and enrichment of critical thinking skills by no less than our Dominican students. Certainly, it was possible as the link and gap between the idea and its realization included complex processes and assiduous efforts of the Grade 12 students since their 11th year. Research transcends academic subjects and tasks — it is an attitude. Continuously investigating for answers, making decisions, and implementing ethical practices may be learned or developed through it. Coincidentally, the same set of skills and values that our Dominican ACHIEVERS are expected to uphold. I would also like to take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to the core individuals of this project: To Mr. Mark P. Vacunawa, the proactive Academic Coordinator of Research for his vision and putting all ideas into work. To all the research advisers, for guiding our student researchers and bringing out the best in them. To Ms. Valerie H. Insigne, our dear principal, for her unceasing support. And to the committee members of this compendium and students for your hard work, accomplishments, and impressive outputs. May this publication spread valuable information and awareness and serve as an attestation that ideas are powerful once put into actions.

Purielad Mylene R. Santos Assistant Principal

Senior High School

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

MESSAGES Research work presents the deliberate and diligent gathering and analysis of information in order to expand or improve our knowledge and grasp of a subject matter or topic of interest. With the onset of the 21st century, skills such as research have been placed into limelight not only on workforces and workplaces but also in the academe. St. Dominic College of Asia had been fervent in upholding competence in all aspects of academic and learning as part of its endeavor and core values. Every Dominicans is an ACHIEVER. As such, the senior high school as requisitioned by the Department of Education power competencies, have offered three research courses and have integrated collaborative research tasks with most of the subjects. With this the Senior High School Department have been imbibing the culture of research with the students. With the primary objective of contributing to the institution’s advocacy in boosting the research culture among its students and in helping the school to evolve as a knowledge reservoir in the globalized world, this edition of the research compendium was materialized. As a research teacher, adviser, and the academic coordinator for research, I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude to the individuals who helped in this project: To all the Dominican senior high school student researchers who conducted all researches included in this compendium. To the Student Editorial Board of this compendium who have been diligent and who have worked hard in collaborating and communicating with the team. To all research advisers and teachers for guiding and willfully extended time, effort, and understanding during consultations and giving instructions. To Ms. Purielad Mylene R. Santos, the Assistant Principal for Senior High School, who have been guiding and meaningful insights for this compendium and with all research endevours. To Ms. Valerie H. Insigne, the school principal, for her never ending support. I hope this compendium will yield and enhance knowledge and understanding of various concepts, subject matter, and topic of interests.

Mark P. Vacunawa

Academic Coordinator Academic and Purposeful Writing, ICT, and Robotics SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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MESSAGES Research is an intimidating subject. This is one of the subjects, if not the particular subject that students would like to avoid at all costs. But as it is one of the required subjects to undergo, students would nevertheless have to face it one way or another. From the first meetings to the initial consultations, and from the countless hours students spent obtaining references for their literature reviews to the actual nervewracking research defense, I must say those are among the most challenging things the students would have. In any case, overcoming those challenges proves not only one's academic prowess but also the strength of their character. This research compendium is a collection of student research, a product of hard work and well-thought research outputs that are relevant and timely. This compendium contains topics that are not unique but, more importantly, may provide new knowledge to its readers. The information on this compendium's pages encapsulates hundreds of hours worth of data. We have only touched on the basics of research, and the iceberg is still profound. I hope you have the mindset that research is part of our lives. I hope you appreciate that while research is not easy, it is also essential in many ways. And lastly, I hope that you realize that research proves the world is vast, that there are many things that we do not know, and that we are small compared to everything that happens in our universe. But at the end of it all, everything that you do matters. No journey is a waste, including your research journey.

Mike Aaron V. Carcole Research Adviser, Senior High School

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

MESSAGES Congratulations on achieving a milestone in your academic journey as you finish your Senior High School. Being able to accomplish a research paper, given all the uncertainties and difficulties of our present time, you were able to produce an original written work. You all made it despite all the difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic surely challenged all of you but did not hinder you, dear students from contributing something useful and significant to our society. You were able to recognize your potential to create and innovate new ways of resolving problems through research, even if you were initially unsure and scared of the demands of this academic activity. For sure, research has trained you to become more inquisitive and curious about your surroundings. It has taught you one valuable lesson: everything starts with a question and ends with an answer. The future belongs to the curious, and that is all of you. You have successfully conquered the research stigma and have proven to yourselves how insightful and capable you are. I hope that all the learnings you gained will be of great help in any endeavor you choose and make you a better member of society in the future. Once again, congratulations!

Ana Liza S. Magnata Research Adviser, Senior High School

Finding out things is appropriate if it is concluded through research. As a famous quote from Zora Neale Hurston, "Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose". As intellectual and rational learners, we must remember that an opinion needs to be validated by corresponding data and proper research. Despite the vast information we have nowadays, gaps still need to be filled in. We can execute and prove ideas with credibility and clear understanding through thorough research. Curiosity is at its tail end when research begins.

Karen T. Cervantes Research Adviser, Senior High School

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MESSAGES First, I want to extend my warmest felicitations to all of you for a successful and fruitful academic year. Congratulations on completing your school amid a global pandemic. Kudos for working hard to finish your research papers and compendium despite all hardships, difficulties, and challenges. Over the years, our department has been committed to promoting quality education, as we actively participate in different research projects, presentations, conferences, and colloquiums. I believe that you are already equipped with enough knowledge and competencies for a more challenging journey. I think this compendium will become a valuable instrument for promoting collaboration, research findings, and insights for other research students, especially in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. I want to extend my sincerest congratulations and best wishes for the success of each one of you. Dream new dreams, embark on who you are, embrace life passionately, and keep reaching for the stars. Shine brightly, everyone. I hope that you will continue your endeavor and interest in contributing to the scientific community and encourage other students to conduct God bless you all!

Jaspher P. Dailisan

Academic Coordinator Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

MESSAGES According to Merriam Webster, research is 'a systematic search for the truth and facts about something.’ A search for meaningful information can improve the way we think and live. One must delve a little deeper and wiser on steps and questions to provide discoveries that, in due time, will benefit everyone. Despite our battle with Covid-19, SDCA still promotes education beyond borders. The institution ensures that quality education is given this pandemic and its primary mission over the years. From your Practical Research 1 and 2 subjects, eventually 3Is; indeed, I witnessed your dedication and desire to improve how one must think and live through your meaningful studies. I know you experienced difficulties along the process, but look at you now! We are not dubious about letting you leave the institution, for we know that you are equipped with the much-needed knowledge and experiences that life entails. As a Dominican, I am proud to say that the students of SDCA this Academic Year 2021-2022 encompass the core of the institution; Service-oriented individuals, Dynamic citizens, Competent researchers, and Accountable future leaders. Kudos! With that, kindly continue your passion for promoting and creating meaningful research studies. Continue to join and share your presentations locally and internationally. Continue to develop and help the progress of knowledge through scientific processes, theories, concepts, and ideas. Continue to be the hope of the future generation. Never stop learning. In this year’s Research Compendium, I am sending everyone my warmest regards and praise. Each of you deserves a standing ovation. Once more, CONGRATULATIONS!

Jozelle Anne R. Domingo Academic Coordinator Humanities and Social Sciences

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MESSAGES One of the horrors in one’s academic journey is research. But looking deeper at the purpose of research, it is very beneficial not only for the students to graduate but also for everyone interested in the field they studied. It can serve as a building block to future researchers’ works to further improve a concept or idea. I’ve been doing research for six years as a part of the curriculum. I experienced breakdowns because of it; frustrations and anxiousness were present along the way. But the thought of helping others through our work, especially if the research is practical, helped me keep going and enjoy my research journey. Research advisers always check our progress and guide us throughout this journey. My fear of making mistakes in writing also lessened because they taught me that it is normal to make mistakes as long as we replace them with an improvement. Do not be intimidated to start, continue, and finish your research; it will indeed bear fruit at the end of the road that everyone can enjoy. This compendium consists of well-thought research manuscripts that aim to help people. Researchers like you can make those as a guide and reference in your research study. Who knows if you can write and produce a research study that can get recognition for its purpose and help in the community? Hopefully, through this compendium, your inner researchers can be inspired and motivated to continue what the Dominican researchers have started. To continue to value the importance and help research studies can bring to all possible beneficiaries. After all, every one of us aims for the best for our society.

Felicity B. Anacay

Editor-in-Chief 2022 Research Compendium

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ABM Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

Online Live Selling vs. Online Selling: A Comparative Study Influencing Customer Engagement and Profitability Rhon Ermertson G. Burdeos and Jeriel U. Orantes

Abstract Throughout the years, the business industry has undertaken a rapid evolution due to continuous digital innovation, trends and fads in the industry, and ever-changing customer behavior. But the most noticeable, unexpected, and abrupt transformation in the industry was during the most catastrophic health crisis in recent history—the COVID-19 pandemic. A massive paradigm shift was observed during this time, where traditional retailers transitioned to the online space to become online retailers. As a result, e-commerce became fiercer and demanding more than ever, as the competition between existing shopping channels such as online selling and new emerging channels such as online live selling continued to grow. Literature and studies revealed the characteristics of these two online shopping channels. This study aims to identify the differences between online live selling and online selling and whether their differences influence profitability and customer engagement. In relation to the theoretical and conceptual framework, together with the literature review, a survey form via Google Forms was made and distributed among online live sellers, online sellers, and e-customers residing in Imus City and Bacoor City. A total sample size of 385 participants was asked to answer the survey form. Results revealed that online live selling and online selling differ in many factors, but there is no evidence that the differences influence customer engagement and profitability. However, this is still debatable since the researchers experienced a shortage of the number of target participants. Nevertheless, the researchers concluded that there is a difference between online live selling and online selling. Keywords: online live selling, online selling, customer engagement, profitability, e-commerce Introduction “People shop and learn in a whole new way compared to just a few years ago, so marketers need to adapt or risk extinction” (Halligan, n.d., as cited by Francia, 2013). In this time of uncertainty, every business must indeed learn how to exponentially change the way they sell and offer their products and services and even reshape the system of their business operations. Cliché as it may sound, but businesses have to adapt and SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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embrace the new, risky, and demanding business environment Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought to slowly recover from their losses and for them to persevere, thrive, and survive. Despite the slow economic activity, COVID-19 has boosted the growth of e-commerce and accelerated digital transformation (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2021). It stimulated transformational change in the way consumers purchase products and services and even the approach and style of many sellers towards offering their products to increase customer engagement and profitability. As consumers increasingly engage in online commerce, marketing strategies are continually changing, and many businesses are quickly shifting from a traditional to an online space. The ecommerce industry becomes more crowded, resulting in a more fierce and demanding competition and price war between existing and new businesses. With that, it is important to understand the difference of each online business regarding the cruciality of their approach and style towards profitability and customer engagement. Background of the Study As the most catastrophic health crisis in recent history, COVID-19, brought many problems and difficulties; many opportunities still arose that paved the way for many businesses to find their new space, leading to a more engaging, sustainable, and profitable business future. According to LaFleur (2020), many businesses were ill-equipped to deal with the new restrictions and shutdowns, but they found ways to cope and make the transition to the online space. With the help of the power and widespread connection of the internet, retailers started to embrace new marketing strategies that could easily capture consumer attention and keep their business competitive and innovative. This situation opened an opportunity for e-commerce, a globally popular shopping platform that transforms and improves customers’ shopping experience and saves businesses from taking the bankruptcy route. According to the Department of Trade and Industry (2020), approximately 90,000 businesses, micro small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), shut down their operations as the COVID19 continuously caused difficulties among business owners in the Philippines. With that, the Philippine economy sharply dropped to 33.4%, which is very far from a healthy economic status that ranges from 2% to 3%. Various private consumption and fixed investment collapsed amid a weak labor market and suppressed sentiment (Focus Economics, 2020). On a different note, it is expected that the Philippine economy will gradually rise to start this year 2021 to 2022, assuming a containment of the virus domestically through a series of lockdowns, implementation of 20

SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

strict health protocols, and with more robust domestic activity bolstered by more significant consumer and business confidence and the public investment momentum (The World Bank, 2021). On the contrary, many businesses are still on the margin between surviving and adversely losing. According to the Department of Trade and Industries (2021), despite the lifting of the enhanced community quarantine and the opening of the economy, some of the MSMEs have remained unable to thrive. Their financial capacity is still unstable and unfit to sustain their operation. With that, the sales of many enterprises have taken a downward turn, and worse, many retailers are falling apart, trying to adapt to the new challenges brought by the pandemic. Despite these concerns, digital innovation continues to progress and develop, transforming both the business industry and today’s consumers into digital natives. Currently, the rise of new technological solutions has been made by various retailers to keep their business operating in spite of the pandemic. New digital marketing strategies have emerged and thrived. The internet and the emerging effective marketing strategies have given business owners wider access to quickly shift from a conventional physical shop to an online market. According to Goldman (n.d.), in 2020, e-commerce grew by leaps and bounds during the pandemic by 33.6%, projecting approximately $800 billion in sales. While it is also estimated that ecommerce will still grow by 13.7% more, reaching $900 billion in sales. The e-commerce industry proliferates more than ever, unlike during preCOVID (Lorenciana, 2021). In line with this, social media has become the key platform and a stage for e-retailers to develop an experience and leverage information kept on social networking sites to improve user experience among potential consumers, aside from independent online stores (Paquette, 2013). According to Walker-Ford (2021), Facebook has been the most helpful platform for many sellers, considering that there are 80 million businesses on the said platform. While Instagram is on the second spot as a valuable platform for commercial posts, having 130 million monthly clicks with business-related posts. In terms of independent online shops, Shopee is on top of the online space and is considered the most popular independent online store in the Philippines, with around 54.6 million monthly web visitors. In comparison, Lazada is the second customer choice, with about 38.3 million monthly visitors (Statista, 2021). Along with the rise of e-commerce and the usability of social media platforms and independent online shops, one of the most visible trends in e-commerce is the unprecedented usage of mobile devices. In 2021, smartphones accounted for almost 70 percent of all retail website visits worldwide, although desktop and tablet visits generated higher conversion SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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rates in 2020 (Statista, 2021). According to Johnson (2021), as of January 2021, there were 4.66 billion active internet users worldwide, which takes up 59.5% of the world’s population and has approximately 3.6 billion users of smartphones (O’Dea, 2021). In comparison, Law (2021) said that there would be 2.41 billion global digital buyers in 2021. These factors give many doors of opportunities for a great deal of business owners to offer their products and services faster than ever. Since the evolution of social media heavily influences the people of today, many retailers are targeting customers in the cyber world to gain more sales and reach more potential customers. Chaffey (2021) stated that there had been significant changes in social media usage during the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown period—an increase in online and digital activities. Stevanovic (2021) added that 48% of companies expand their reach to new potential buyers as a benefit of social sales. More than 50% of revenue across major industries is generated through social media platforms and the active engagement of e-consumers (digital consumers). As a result of a more accessible internet and the continuous growth of digital consumers, together with the proliferation of e-commerce, online live selling rose in the online market while giving a different approach among its customers despite the competition in the online space that has now become more demanding due to strong and big competitors in the industry like those well-established online shops. According to Lunn (2020), shopping via live streams started with TV channels where new products were demonstrated in a live broadcast, and where the audience members were encouraged to get their phone and place an order. But with the advancement of the internet, live stream selling was brought to the online market, which now provides an opportunity for customers to interact with e-retailers in real-time and obtain more authentic and concrete information on online products (Zhang et al., 2019). According to Dudarenok (2020), China’s live-streaming platform sales generated RMB 433.8 billion ($62 billion) in 2019 and are expected to double in 2020. On the other hand, online shops are considered native in the online market compared to online live selling, for its earliest form started in 1979 and was invented by Michael Aldrich (Donszem, 2020). Over the past years, online shops or selling proliferated and were patronized by many consumers, making a giant global leap and becoming the top of the online market, triggered by COVID-19 (Thomas, 2015). Despite these two channels contributing a lot to the growing trend of e-commerce, the fact remains that their selling approach, profitability, and customer engagement significantly differ from each other. As Lunn (2020) mentioned, live stream selling does more than showcasing or posting a product, which an online shop usually does.

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SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

With all of these said and facts laid down, this paper seeks to compare how online live selling and online selling differ. This study will allow the researchers to know if the different selling approaches and styles of these two channels significantly affect and cause changes to their profitability and customer engagement while also understanding and considering its influence on other business-related factors such as growth, customer behavior, and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, this research may be of help to online live sellers and online shop sellers to understand the cruciality of their selling approaches and marketing styles and its influence on their profitability and customer engagement. This study will help them identify what changes they must make and actions to take to keep up with the demanding industry of e-commerce and put their business to a new different level for them to persevere, thrive, and survive, especially in this time. Lastly, this study will be conducted online since the risk of COVID19 is still prevalent, and the restrictions prohibit people from leaving the comfort of their homes unless needed. Statement of the Problem Currently, many sellers fully embrace the digital world of E-commerce. However, the increasing trend of online businesses with different styles and approaches leads to a more competitive online market. According to Scalefast (2018), e-commerce is a fiercely competitive market with an ever-demanding customer base. Thus, this study aims to identify the differences between online live selling and online selling and its influences on profitability and customer engagement. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What makes online live selling and online selling differ from each other despite operating both online? 2. What are the differences between online live selling and online selling in terms of: a. Selling approach and style? b. Platform used? c. Strategies? d. Customer satisfaction? e. Growth? f. Interactivity 3. What are the differences in profitability and customer engagement between online live selling and online selling?

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4. From different perspectives, what are the differences between online live selling and online selling? a. Customers b. Online Live seller c. Online Seller Research Hypothesis The researchers hypothesize that there is a difference between the independent variables of this study, namely online live selling and online selling, and that its differences influence the businesses’ profitability and customer engagement. Significance of the Study The findings of the study are geared towards identifying the differences between online live selling and online selling and their significant influences on profitability and customer engagement. With that, this research can be of substantial help to the online live sellers and online sellers in strengthening their operations despite the crowded and demanding environment of e-commerce. Moreover, this study can help them understand the cruciality of their selling approaches and styles to the different aspects of their business and boost their competitiveness through recommendations on transforming their operations into a more suitable and adaptable business in the innovated industry of online space, together with the challenges brought by the pandemic. Having that goal said, this research could be of importance and helpful to the following individuals/ groups: Online Live Sellers and Online Shop Sellers. The results and findings in this research will enable them to assess and evaluate the condition of their own business about the various factors affecting their growth and sales. This will also help them improve their business operation in many different ways, developing more unique approaches in selling their products—integrating practical, wise, and effective strategies to remain competitive and to increase profits and customer engagement. Moreover, the recommendations presented in this study will allow them to get ideas and formulate strategies and techniques they can use in order for them to make their customers feel that live streaming selling or online selling is a great and convenient experience in purchasing products and services. Emerging E-retailers. The information presented in this study will enable them to understand what industry or path they are taking and

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identify what approach and style they are implementing when they start operating their business. As early as now, through this research study, they will be able to see the differences between online live selling and online selling and its varying profitability and customer engagement. From this, they can do something beneficial for their own business to lessen the challenges and struggles they face in today’s current situation and into the tough business competition brought by different e-retailers. Customers. The ideas and information presented in this study can enlighten and help them understand their integral role in businesses’ sales and growth. Since they are the ones who avail products and services, the state of development of a particular business relies upon them. Moreover, they will be able to know how their purchase intention or behavior changes with the styles and approaches that an online live seller or online seller uses. Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) Students. The information in this study will enrich their understanding of how each business operating on varying platforms can cause a considerable difference and demanding competition when it comes to its sales and growth. This study will also boost academic knowledge, not only for the ABM students but also for the other students across different strands, about how the same channel business with different approaches and styles influences profitability and customer engagement. Moreover, this study can inform especially teenage student consumers or Millennials that their frequent and strong engagement among online markets can contribute positively to the growth and sustainability of an online-based business. Lastly, this will help them better understand how business works and the difficulties encountered among business owners since they are in the strand concentrating on foundational concepts in corporate operations, financial management, and business management. St. Dominic College of Asia. This study can serve as a basis for various teaching and non-teaching professionals in the institution to expand their own and students’ horizons, specifically about e-commerce and various factors affecting business growth and sales. Moreover, this can help pose awareness about how every member of the institution can contribute to either the growth or stagnancy of a digital business. Future Researchers. All the information presented in this research may be used as reference material in conducting new and future studies or testing and assessing the validity of other related works’ findings and results. This study will also serve as a cross-reference for future SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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researchers to give them an overview or background about the differences between online live selling and online selling and their influences on profitability and customer engagement. Scope and Delimitations of the Study This study is conducted primarily for the purpose of understanding and identifying the differences between online live selling and online selling and their influence on profitability and customer engagement. This study seeks to know the cruciality of influence of their selling approaches and styles on their profitability and customer engagement. Therefore, this study will not go beyond tackling the significant relationship between these two online business formats. Furthermore, this research may be of help to online live sellers and online shop sellers, and even on emerging e-retailers to identify what changes and actions they must take to keep up with the demanding industry of e-commerce and put their business to a new different level for them to persevere, thrive, and survive, especially in this time. The researchers focused on e-retailers in Imus and Bacoor City as the subject of the study. Furthermore, this research used a comparative research design, a non-experimental design, since it focuses on identifying and understanding the differences of the given set of variables. The independent variables in the study are Online live selling and Online selling. In contrast, the dependent variables that the researchers measured are the profitability and customer engagement of the said online formats. Since this study is Quantitative in nature, the researchers used a research instrument that quantifies the responses of the selected respondents into numerical data or value. Data collection is done virtually as the imposed COVID-19 safety protocols prohibit the researchers from leaving the comfort of their homes and having physical contact with the selected samples. Data were collected using a researcher-made survey for the selected online live sellers and online sellers. Afterwards, researchers developed an analysis and assessment procedure where the information gathered was synthesized and evaluated. Moreover, since this is a semestral study, a span of two and a half months is the time allotted for the researchers to complete the research. Lastly, this study is only limited to the e-retailers who only utilize the format of online live selling and online selling and will not dive deeply into other types or formats existing in the e-commerce industry.

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Theoretical Framework This research integrated four main theories, which enabled the researchers to formulate a figure that will clearly illustrate the differences between online live selling and online selling and its influence on customer engagement and profitability. The following theories are The Impact of the Live Streaming on Perceived Trust and Engagement Intention Framework whose proponent is Apiradee Wongkitrungrueng, Consumer’s Purchase Intention in Livestream Ecommerce Model developed by Hsu and Chang, Mean-Ends Chain of Lifestyle Theory proposed by Chen et al., and Framework on Factors Influence Customer Engagement in S-Commerce established by Busalim et al. Figure 1 The Impact of Live Streaming on Perceived Trust and Engagement Intention Framework

Note. This model was proposed to identify the relationship between the mentioned perceived values (hedonic, symbolic, utilitarian) and perceived trust. In which perceived trust was also indicated to determine whether it positively affects customer engagement. From “Facebook Live and Apparel Shopping: A Case from the World’s Social-Commerce Leader,” by A. Wongkitrungrueng, 2017, Global Fashion Management Conference. Copyright 2017 ResearchGate GmbH. Apiradee Wongkitrungrueng mentioned in her study that live streaming selling is expected to influence the perceived hedonic (perceived enjoyment), symbolic (perceived innovativeness), and utilitarian (authenticity and responsiveness) perceived values directly (Wongkitrungrueng, 2017). In turn, this effect can contribute to an increase n customers’ perceived trust in live sellers, as well as their desire to engage with them. (Wongkitrungrueng, 2017). According to Chiu et al. (2009), as cited by Wongkitrungrueng, this perceived trust of customers can create positive feelings towards live sellers, boosting customers’ SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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intention to revisit and purchase, which indicates good customer engagement and may cause an increase in sales. This idea has been emphasized in the study of Zhang et al. (2019), in which they stated that positive interaction between live sellers and customers could promote sales growth. Moving forward, this framework of Apiradee Wongkitrungrueng leads to a connection to the Consumer’s Purchase Intention in Livestream Ecommerce Model developed by Hsu and Chang. Figure 2 Customer's Purchase Intention in Livestream Ecommerce Model

Note. This model was produced to hypothesize if perceived interactivity, seller credibility, and conformity affect customer purchase intention, which these three factors are proven to affect purchase intention. From “A Study of Consumers Purchasing Factors through Facebook Online Live Streaming: Taking Sales of Clothing for Example,” by H. Y. Hsu and W. S. Chang, 2019, The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences. Copyright 2020 The International Academic Forum (IAFOR). In this model, Hsin Yin Hsu and Wen Shan Chang proved their hypothesis that perceived interactivity, seller credibility, and conformity have a direct influence on the customer’s purchase intention on online live selling (Hsu & Chang, 2019). They emphasized that live sellers’ interactivity can supply customers with enough real-time information about the product they are selling, which also raises the likelihood of customers making a purchase (Hsu & Chang, 2019). Also, they stated that credibility not only increases purchase intention but also builds trust between the seller and the customer, which substantially decreases the transaction’s complexity and uncertainty (Hsu & Chang, 2019). Lastly, they added that consumers’ purchase intention increases due to the presence of other customers’ views and opinions (Hsu & Chang, 2019). In which, the idea of consumer’s opinion and attitude affected by other’s action or opinion is defined by Hsin Yin Hsu and Wen Shan Chang as 28

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‘conformity’ (Hsu & Chang, 2019).As cited in Hsu and Chang’s study, consumers who want to gain the group’s acceptance and expectation would mimic thoughts or behaviors similar to those in the group (Wilkie, 1994 & Macinnis, 1997). Moreover, their study somehow proved some theorized factors, specifically the hedonic and utilitarian values, in the Apiradee Wongkitrungrueng proposed framework. This is because hedonic value focuses on the enjoyment factor which is related to interactivity, while utilitarian value emphasizes authenticity and responsiveness which relates to the seller’s credibility.

On a different note, the theory Mean-Ends Chain of Lifestyle by Chen et al. proposed that there are two major barriers that negatively affect consumers’ purchase intention— product uncertainty and lifestyle fit uncertainty. Figure 3 Mean-Ends Chain of Lifestyle Theory

Note. This theoretical model highlights that personal value guides consumers’ choices of products. The product’s consuming experience is one of the most crucial factors in their purchasing decision. People buy a product for the benefits of the product rather than for the product’s sake. From “The Influence of E-Commerce Live Streaming on Lifestyle Fit Uncertainty and Online Purchase Intention of Experience Products,” by Z. Chen, R. Cenfetelli, & I. Benbasat, 2019, Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 5081- 5090. Copyright 2016 Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). According to Chen et al. (2019), The Mean-Ends Chain of Lifestyle Theory emphasizes the personal value guidelines that influence consumer product selection. Wherein this theory was rooted in Jonathan Gutman’s study A Means-End Chain Model Based on Consumer Categorization Processes (1982), in which he defined that Means-end Theory argues that SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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people seek out products and services, not for their own sake, but because they believe them to lead to self-relevant consequences that in turn allow them to attain their life values. Thus, Chen et al.’s theory similarly follows Gutnman’s idea that lifestyle is a driving force on a consumer’s purchase decision, which refers to a specific pattern of individual behaviors to meet one’s unfilled needs and further realize one’s life values (Chen et al., 2019). This is why in this idea, product characteristics, consumption experience, and life values information are required so that consumers can determine whether product attributes provide a good consumption experience that aids in the realization of their ideal life states. As cited in the study of Chen et al., Information Asymmetry Perspective stated that consumers would feel uncertain in their decision-making if they lack the necessary information about a particular product or service (Chen et al., 2019). This lifestyle-driven decision making and certainty regarding customer purchase intention resulted in the barriers to lifestyle fit uncertainty and product uncertainty, which is caused either by imperfect information of the seller or the product itself. These two were defined as the degree to which consumers cannot assess whether the consumption experiences of product attributes match their life values (Chen et al., 2019). With that, lifestyle fit uncertainty and product uncertainty have been major barriers that inhibit customers from buying online, which must be avoided to avoid a negative impact on the business’s customer engagement and profitability. On the other hand, Busalim et al.’s framework focuses on a broader spectrum of the e-commerce industry. It dives deeper into other factors that influence online selling’s customer engagement and sales growth. However, despite widening the cover of their study, it still boils down to the idea that the relational dimension is still playing a vital role in increasing customer engagement and profitability. In fact, the study serves as the connection of all the presented theories and frameworks earlier as it traverses behavioral, psychological, social, technical, and motivational factors. It also introduces another factor that can serve as the intermediary of the differences between online live selling and online selling and its influence on profitability and customer engagement.

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Figure 4 Framework on Factors Influence Customer Engagement in S-Commerce

Note. This framework was used to illustrate and summarize the different antecedents or factors that influence customer engagement in social commerce. From “Factors influencing customer engagement in social commerce websites: A systematic literature review,” by A. H. Busalim, A. R. C. Hussin, & N. A. Iahad, 2018, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 14(2), 1-14. Copyright 2019 Universidad de Talca – Chile. In Busalim et al.’s study, customer engagement is defined into different perspectives. In a behavioral concept, It is described as a customer’s readiness to work cooperatively with the company and other customers in the exchange of knowledge and information-sharing process. (Busalim et al., 2018). From a psychological standpoint, it is defined as a psychological condition that emerges as a result of using an interactive platform (Busalim et al., 2018). These two perspectives showed that customer engagement, a bridge towards profitability, is affected by the cognitive, emotional, transactional, and non-transactional factors between the seller and the customer. Moreover, Busalim et al.’s framework emphasized that social, technical, and motivational factors drive engagement among customers towards e-commerce more than the emotional and psychological concepts. It is mentioned in the study that there is a need to establish trust, commitment, and satisfaction in a buyerseller relationship, which can be achieved when users are able to generate content, share shopping experiences with others, and send post-shopping messages in a dynamic setting (Busalim et al., 2018). Also, there must be a clear understanding of why customers need to purchase or shop, and with

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this, customer engagement can be strengthened. According to Sarkar and Das (2017), a dynamic environment and interaction is clear evidence of innovativeness in new technology exemplified by the online channels, which positively impacted customers’ purchase intention and experience for it gives a unique way and environment of shopping. Lastly, the framework also includes mediators, which act as a generative process by allowing the independent focal variable to influence the dependent variable of interest.

Conceptual Framework Figure 5 A Proposed Original Model on the Differences between Online Live selling and Online selling and its influence on Customer Engagement and Profitability

The conceptual framework formulated by the researchers of the study was rooted in all the theories and models presented in the theoretical framework section. All of the valuable factors stated in Consumer’s Purchase Intention in Livestream Ecommerce Model by Hsu and Chang (2019), and The Impact of the Live Streaming on Perceived Trust and Engagement Intention Framework by Apiradee Wongkitrungrueng (2017) is used by the researchers to identify the factors that make online live 32

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selling different from online selling, which has seen to have a direct influence on customer engagement and profitability. On the other hand, Framework on Factors Influence Customer Engagement in S-Commerce by Busalim et al. (2018) is solely used to identify significant factors that differentiate online selling from online live selling and influence customer engagement and profitability. Since the framework of Busalim et al. (2018) does not focus on real-time selling, it helps the researchers to only utilize its given factors to online selling, which provides a clear view on the differences between the study’s independent variables, as well as to some similarities they have. Moreover, using the same framework, the role of mediators is integrated into the model since the researchers found out that there are external factors that act as an intermediary between the differences of online live selling and online selling to its influence on customer engagement and profitability directly. In which, these mediators help to boost and generate a positive impact on customer engagement and profitability. Lastly, the researchers maximized the Mean-Ends Chain of Lifestyle Theory by Chen et al. (2019) to describe two major barriers that hinder and negatively affect the positive influence of independent variables’ antecedents or differentiating factors on customer engagement and profitability.

Literature Review This section summarizes the relevant literature and studies that the researchers used to support the research’s claim and importance, as well as to help researchers and readers to be familiarized with information that is connected and similar to the current study. Moreover, this section highlighted and divided different relevant information by using thematic organization. There are six themes presented in this section that define the significant variables in the study and elaborate and expound the research topic. As this section provides background information and recent development of the study’s subject, this will help and guide the researchers in conducting the entire research and adding valuable knowledge to the beneficiaries of this research. Furthermore, since this research focuses only on identifying and understanding the differences between online live selling and online selling and its influence on profitability and customer engagement, these will not be reviewed on the unrelated and broader range of business concepts and will be only referred to as appropriate. Online Live Selling: The New Retail Trend. Back in the day, video marketing innovation did not get that far in the industry. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, online purchasing, and live social video consumption grew in popularity. Online Live Selling, also known as live SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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video streaming, began to emerge before the pandemic, but until now, it is still thriving and becoming more popular than ever. As many retailers embrace the new digital marketing strategies to provide more authentic information to their customers, online live selling is one of the channels they maximize to offer their products and services before their customers virtually. In which, this gives them a significant advantage to reach a higher rate of customer engagement while earning at the comfort of their home. This is comparatively new or called by many as an “infant” in this generation. It is characterized as a subset of e-commerce that includes realtime social interaction, which is unique to live streaming, and it is booming in China but still thriving in other nations. (Cai & Wohn, 2019). According to Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut (2018), live streaming commerce has three different types: (1) commercial live streaming platforms (e.g., TIK TOK), (2) e-commerce sites, marketplaces (e.g., Tmall), or mobile apps with live streaming features, and (3) social networking sites (e.g., Facebook Live) that add live streaming elements to assist selling. Live streaming selling is a subgenre of e-commerce known as “S-commerce,” which leverages social media to facilitate online transactions and improve buying experience (Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut, 2018). As defined by Zhang et al. (2019), The term “online live selling” refers to real-time web broadcasts that facilitate consumer and business-to-business contact, an innovative way to capture consumer attention and keep their products and services competitive. The study even added that customers are happy with online live sellers’ service since eretailers show detailed information about their latest products (Zhang et al., 2019). With the help of live streaming selling, e-retailers can face and interact with their customers while maximizing the advantage in product presentation, time cost, shopping experience, and sales logic (Lee and Chen, 2019). According to Wang and Wu (2019), live streaming product demonstration by the seller and synchronous users interaction through live streaming facilities create spatial communication immediacy, making the viewers be in-the-moment and not behind-the-screen. Customers interested in a particular product could easily ask questions, and the seller can answer the inquiries right away in real-time. The capacity of live streaming selling to offer genuine human interaction, allowing clients to acquire more specific product information, makes it distinctive (Zhang et al., 2019). Online live selling has been adopted to the e-commerce industry incredibly as it provides and integrates new shopping experiences with prospective customers. It moves away from the traditional online selling methods. Qian (2021) emphasized that live

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streaming commerce is a new evolving platform from conventional ecommerce. Traditional online selling communication methods such as text and images are more static in nature than online live selling’s real-time information through broadcast video and audio, which is much richer than text and images (Chen et al., 2019). According to Chen et al. (2019), the interactive features of online live selling provide immense product information in a short period, making customer decision-making quicker and invoking repurchase intention. Interactivity is a significant feature of the live streaming commerce environment since it encourages users to participate in discussions and transactions (Kang et al., 2020).

Lunn (2020) stated that customers nowadays are becoming more receptive to shopping or purchasing products via live video streams. He emphasized and defined that this channel is a tried and tested method for retailers and brands to increase sales and revenues. Siu (2021) added that online live selling is a highly interactive channel for customers. Products can range from a fashion show to celebrities reviewing their favorite product, encouraging viewers to purchase the same item in real-time. This was justified by Buy it Live (2020), stating that live video selling is a form of business that can heighten engagement in multiple ways. According to Storyly (2020), most online live sellers are celebrities or micro-influencers with a large fan base to increase engagement and be converted into customers. On the other hand, Greenwald (2020) stated that pandemic lockdowns highly developed and propelled the explosive growth of online live selling. Live video selling projected 1 trillion dollars in 2020, up from $862 billion in 2019. This statement was supported by Ma (2021), as it emphasized that live streaming commerce has experienced rapid growth, especially in China, after COVID-19. Live streaming selling has received significant attention as one of the newest solutions to boost sales (Qian, 2021). According to Chen et al. (2019), there is a projected 21.8% increase in online sales volume after many e-retailers adopt the online live selling method. While 36KR (2020) indicated that the average return rate in online live selling sales is 30% to 50%, which means 10 to 15 percentages higher than conventional e-commerce. However, Qian (2021) further stated that the competition in online live commerce is getting more demanding and may lead to traffic war sooner or later, in which the average revenue earnings will drop down. It is essential to understand the customer behavior and experience in the virtual environment in a deeper context to develop customer loyalty and a sustainable profitability rate (Qian, 2021).

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Online Selling: The Conventional E-commerce. Before the world experienced the most catastrophic health crisis in recent history, COVID19, online selling was already proliferating across the internet with the help of technology by transforming different online business transactions into an infinite marketplace where the shopping experience becomes more convenient and efficient for both e-retailers and customers. Aside from digital transformation, the pandemic became the quickest route for many online shops to become a prominent necessity among customers since the risk of transmission of the virus is very fast and detrimental (Arreola, 2020). The Philippines is the best example to show how the pandemic boosted the trend of online selling. According to Ledesma (2020), the Philippines ranked low in e-commerce, unlike any other Southeast Asian country such as Malaysia and Singapore, since Filipinos are not savvy in ecommerce. However, the pandemic accelerated the country’s shift to an online economy. According to Arreola (2020), in April 2020, there was a noticeable increase in online shopping activity among Filipinos by 28%. While in November 2020, the country experienced the highest growth in shopping app utilization by 53% and 57% for online spending (Ledesma, 2020). According to Business Queensland (2017), online selling is defined as the most useful and profitable way to offer a product or service. It is electronic commerce (e-commerce) that transmits data or funds through an electronic network, primarily the internet, which can be in the form of business-tobusiness (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), or consumer-to-business (C2B) (Chai et al., 2020). According to Hasbullah et al. (2016), online shopping is one of the business channels with different demands of customers. On the other hand, Fuscaldo (2020) emphasized that you will need more than a website and product photographs; you will need passion, skill, and marketing strategies to succeed at selling online. Since online selling can be seen everywhere online, e-consumers are able to visit and make purchases from online stores in the comfort of their homes (Solis, n.d.). As the number of online shops increases, so does the competition. According to Amanah and Harahap (2018), every online company uses various sales methods to entice customers to make purchases with their business. They are competing for consumer attention in order to gain a larger market share in the e-commerce industry. It is really a fact that e-commerce brought revolutionary challenges to many businesses (Doan, 2020).

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Furthermore, Market Business News (2021) clarified that online shopping is not only limited to the concept of purchase because searching for a product online can be considered as online shopping already, which means that customers may be engaged but not convert their engagement into a purchase. The article added that online shopping or selling has been in the business industry for around 25 years already, and it has grown its popularity significantly (Market Business News, 2021). Online selling, a growing area of digital marketing, became an essential medium for sales and marketing transactions, and the emergence of e-commerce paved the way for the popularity of online selling (Nartea et al., 2019). Conversely, the New World Encyclopedia (2020) stated that despite the attention that online shops get, the fact remains that it cannot replace the retail store shopping experience since there are still many customers who are uncomfortable purchasing online and are not likely to change their attitudes towards online shops. Nartea et al. (2019) mentioned in their study that a high percentage of Filipino buyers are not satisfied with online shopping. As Secretaria et al. (2021) stated in their research, Philippine ecommerce still has many things to improve on, and that it has to expand to meet the customer’s standards. Despite all this, online selling is still performing well in the industry, and it is noticeable with their projected sales. According to Goldman (n.d.), in 2020, e-commerce grew by leaps and bounds during the pandemic by 33.6%, projecting approximately $800 billion in sales. While it is also estimated that e-commerce will still grow by 13.7% more, reaching $900 billion in sales. As of July 2021, global e-commerce sales totaled $4.28 trillion US dollars, with revenues expected to rise to 5.4 trillion US dollars in 2022 (Statista, 2021). Due to these big denominations, every business owner in the Philippines who operates their business online is encouraged to register their business on the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and pay taxes (Arreola, 2020). This is in accordance with the Bureau of Internal Revenue’s (BIR) issuance of Revenue Memorandum Circular (RMC) No. 60-2020 entitled “Obligations of Persons Conducting Business Transactions Through any Forms of Electronic Media and Notice to Unregistered Businesses” (Arreola, 2020). Customer Engagement and Profitability. Clarabridge (n.d.) defines customer engagement as the emotional connection between the seller and the customer, which fully engaged customers can equate to 23% more revenue than average. Briglia (2020) emphasized that customer engagement is never about keeping customers satisfied before buying. It must be throughout the purchase journey to develop a stronger connection SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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with them to build loyalty and trust (Briglia, 2020). On the other hand, the ability of a business to make a profit is characterized as profitability (Grimsley, 2021). Without profitability, the company will not survive in the long run, for nothing can sustain the business operation anymore (Johanns and Hofstrand, 2019). With all of these said and facts laid down, these two concepts are essential to ensure the growth of the business and must be carefully understood to determine how it can positively increase. These two ideas are interrelated with one another in the very sense that having strong customer engagement can boost sales, which can help the business to increase the rate of profitability to help the business survive and thrive in the long run. According to Tater (2020), 84% of companies that focus on improving their customer engagement have an increase in their revenue. Zhang et al. (2019) mentioned in their study that allowing customers to acquire precise product information can boost customer engagement and increase online purchase intention. Also, it is seen that live streaming selling enhances customer engagement and experience, which leads to satisfying the customers and positively affecting repurchase intention that boosts and contributes to profit growth (Qian, 2021). Meanwhile, Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut (2018) found in their study that only the symbolic value, present in online live selling, has a stronger impact on customer engagement than trust. The symbolic value customers perceive in the products offered by the e-retailer affects them to exhibit a high level of engagement (Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut, 2018). In online selling, the sellers must give importance to the quality of their websites because websites that excel at customer service have a considerable advantage when it comes to driving online sales (Hasbullah et al., 2016).

Furthermore, Vivek et al. (2018) emphasized that right and well-thoughtout marketing strategies can reduce inconvenience and encourage customers to participate more actively in online transactions, resulting in increased sales. Hasbullah et al. (2016) added that customer engagement and profitability lie in the attitudes shown by the e-retailers, especially when customers are the youth. Today’s modern consumers are found to be receptive and savvy in purchasing for they consider security, mode of payment convenience, fast transaction, price and values, return or exchange rules, website reputation, online reviews and feedback, good customer service, and low shipping charges (Fandialan et al., 2019). According to Kumar and Pansari (2016), as cited in the study of Vivek et al. (2018), emotional connection is the crucial advantage to maximize customer engagement as a competitive edge among competitors and to satisfy customers.

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From the study conducted by Wang and Wu (2019), they concluded that product interactivity, communication immediacy, and peer cues are the three engagement mechanisms that are useful for online businesses to develop their approaches to engage potential consumers and increase projected sales effectively. Online Generation: The Digital Natives. The development of the internet in the 20th century had a huge impact on globalization. The internet paved the way not only to the surge of various technological devices but also to the rise of different popular internet platforms, specifically the social media platform. With this, it is no surprise why the modern generation is now called the “digital natives” since many individuals nowadays are comfortable with the latesttechnology and can easily navigate technicalities on the internet from an early age. According to Johnson (2021), as of January 2021, there were 4.66 billion active internet users worldwide, which takes up 59.5% of the world’s population and has approximately 3.6 billion users of smartphones (O’Dea, 2021). These factors give many doors of opportunities for many business owners to offer their products and services faster than ever. Since the evolution of social media heavily influences the people of today, many retailers are targeting customers in the cyber world to gain more sales and reach more potential customers. Chaffey (2021) stated that there had been significant changes in social media usage during the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown period— an increase in online and digital activities. Stevanovic (2021) added that 48% of companies expand their reach to new potential buyers as a benefit of social sales. More than 50% of revenue across major industries is generated through the aid of social media platforms and for the active engagement of e-consumer (digital consumers). According to Fandialan et al. (2019), online selling exponentially changes customers’ behavior in this current generation. Nartea et al. (2019) explained that many customers are not joining the online shopping craze, but there are still those who do not want to maximize the innovations of online stores. However, in the Philippines, some choose not to participate in the ‘craze’ since Filipino customers are known to be cautious in terms of purchasing products (Fandialan, 2019). According to Singh and Meshram’s (2016) study, they have concluded that this generation, especially Generation Y or the Millennials, finds online shopping more convenient than visiting physical stores.

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On a different note, unwanted technical difficulties are observed when consumers are trying to purchase products online. Even the complexity and accessibility of online markets hinder many customers from availing products efficiently and conveniently. In Isswani and Dipti’s (2019) study, 57% of their participants agreed that technology advancements lead to complexities. They added that this complexity to access effortless and efficient purchases significantly affects the time spent availing products online (Isswani & Dipti, 2019). On the other hand, technological devices are becoming the center of lives in today’s generation. According to Szymanski and Stanislawski (2018), it can be assumed that the future will be dominated by smartphones, especially among young people. The trend of various applications and tools supporting shopping in the e-commerce sector is becoming more engaging. The study concluded that when consumers become more native with modern mobile solutions efficiently, revolutionized shopping experience will severely affect traditional retailing. Many businesses are shifting from the online channel as this generation demands a convenient shopping experience, and their purchase pattern and behavior are continuously changing. Although some retailers rejected the new digital and practical strategies, many e-retailers effectively utilize the suitable technologies to increase their competitive advantage among other businesses by customizing products and shopping experiences (Cao, 2018). The marketplace has become much more fierce and competitive, and this increased competition has resulted in a greater marketing focus on exchange with the customer’s satisfaction (Ivana & Are, 2021). This generation, the early adopters of technology, will be the business industry’s innovators worldwide. Purchasing behavior and patterns exemplified by today’s generation will be magnified in the coming generations as they will follow the lead of today’s adoption of technology and shopping patterns. New shopping experience trends, which drive sales, will dominate the retail world and create something very different from what we have now (Morgan, 2019).

Product Reviews: To Buy or Not to Buy?. Customers’ preferences, intentions, and behavior in buying a particular product offered by a retailer are not just affected by how they see or want it. In this modern age, where there is a proliferation of technological devices and of the internet, other customers’ personal opinions, suggestions, and experiences significantly affect other personal preferences. That is why product reviews done by different customers who avail and experience a particular product are significant in many people’s purchase intentions in both online and offline channels or stores. Barthwal (2020) stated that customer opinions or

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feedback on a product are referredto as product reviews. He emphasized that online businesses put up a review section to rate and review the product they purchased or ask their customers through private messages and ask them, “how is the product?”. Users produce this type of product information based on their own personal usage experience. (Mangold & Smith, 2011). According to Barbosa (2016), the shopping experience is better when customers have adequate information about the product they are curious about or want to buy. That is why peer reviews, price comparisons, and product details are the best and edge of online live selling than traditional retailing when it comes to attracting customers. Information across the internet and available in every online market is more detailed and filled with relevant information that a customer needs. As cited in the study of Chen et al. (2019), Information Asymmetry Perspective stated that consumers would feel uncertain in their decisionmaking if they lack the necessary information about a particular product or service. It is mentioned that lifestyle fit uncertainty and product uncertainty have been major barriers that inhibit customers from buying online (Chen et al., 2019). Barbosa (2016) added that customers always end up looking for sufficient information online just to decide on a purchase. Mangold and Smith (2011) concluded in their study that readily information or reviews among E-retailers products and services might enable customers to discern the quality and value of the product they want. This may place a more significant reward on the e-retailers’ side since this can result in higher sales and customer engagement. However, Isswani and Dipti (2019) mentioned in their study that the information given online may not be correct and appropriate or might not be suited to others’ preferences, which may affect the customers’ online buying. Sometimes, reviews online lure customers into buying the product or what others call “clickbait.” This can dissatisfy the customer who experiences this situation and all the customers while making them more afraid and hesitant to avail products and services online. Product reviews or adequate information for a particular product play a significant role in customer purchase decisions (Ivana & Are, 2021). Experiences, opinions, and suggestions on a specific product shared with other curious and potential customers help predict and view the product and services offered by the online live seller or traditional fixed shop retailer. Furthermore, for modern customers, product reviews and other consumer-generated content (CGC) is more influential (Fabiano, 2018).

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The more information and value a business owner can offer, the easier it is to gain preference in the shopper’s mind. Mangold and Smith (2011) stated that product reviews, without a question, have contributed to a power shift in the marketplace. With a few phrases posted on online review platforms, consumers can impact thousands of buying decisions. Customer reviews are becoming more reliant on their information-seeking activity as these new venues become more visible. Positive reviews can convert a consumer from “not buying” to “buying” because the review helps reassure the consumer that the product or company is of good quality. Conversely, negative reviews can adversely affect a purchase. All eretailers should not take product reviews given by their valued customers for granted. Verified and honest reviews can help every business owner gain trust and loyalty with potential customers. Customer engagement, sales, revenues, and business growth can affect how product reviews and information are shared and presented with potential customers.

Shopping Experience: Satisfied or Unsatisfied? Before the pandemic, it has been seen already how the customers made online markets as their shelter in purchasing their desired products and services. They preferred jumping from one online shop to another at the comfort of their home rather than going from one physical store to many other stores to avail the product they want at the most ideal rate. According to Barbosa (2019), as consumers become more contextualized, connected, and have constant access to different platforms and information, they become more intricate before making their purchases. Consumers will go through the steps of recognizing the product they want to buy, gathering information about it, evaluating it, purchasing it, and providing feedback (Rahim et al., 2016). This means that people will buy a product after conducting preliminary research on the product to ensure that it satisfies their needs and desires. More than that, the invention of mobile devices greatly impacted the behavior and preferences of customers in this era. Since e-commerce is going hand-in-hand with the digital era, customers are much more engaged in availing desirable products and services in the online channel. Law (2021) states that there will be roughly 2.14 billion digital buyers in 2021 worldwide, and this number will still grow over the years and is expected to continue surging in the future. E-commerce is currently the fastest-growing segment of the business industry (Jayalakshmi & Subramanian, 2017). Builder Fly (2020) stated that as consumers increase their mobile adaptivity, the more web traffic it generates for e-commerce sales. As the world continues to urbanize, the greater propensity to shop online. 42

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According to Cai and Wohn (2019), customers could benefit from more extensive and reliable information provided by online live selling to assist them to make better selections. However, customers still do not prefer to shop online because it is hard to get the desired product they want, even in current shopping sites to provide details of products and model images. According to Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut (2018), live streaming selling’s real-time nature provides customers with helpful, fun, and meaningful purchasing experiences that overcome the disadvantages of traditional online shopping. Online live selling provides hedonic (perceived enjoyment), symbolic (perceived innovativeness), and utilitarian (authenticity and responsiveness) values to reduce psychological distance and encourage customers to be more engaged (Wongkitrungrueng, 2017). On the other hand, customers find online selling more time-efficient since they just have to search on the internet for the product they want and it will instantly show up on their search. Online shopping allows consumers to buy, access other alternatives, and place an order for goods and services faster and more conveniently and with a comparative lowest price. Adeo Group (2021) stated that e-commerce websites make purchasing products and services online a breeze. Customers can place orders in a relatively short period of time without having to leave their homes or offices, making the procedure incredibly quick. Customers can also shop from a variety of shops without having to physically go around.

However, there are still lots of pitfalls that the online markets need to work on. According to Singh and Meshram (2016), individual data security is the top issue for a few buyers on online channels. Most customers wish to maintain a technological distance from spam and online marketing because of supplying contact data to an online vendor. Annually, up to 32.4 percent of successful threats are experienced by the industry (Varghese, 2020). Psychological remoteness also has an impact on people’s decisions, evaluations, and behaviors. This apparent uncertainty stems from online shoppers’ aversion to engaging in high-risk transactions, which may lead to lower buy intent (Zhang et al., 2019). According to Atienza and Tabuena (2021), many Filipinos have been reported to have fallen victim to “bogus” sellers and scammers who only accepted their money but did not deliver the goods, and these scams sometimes happen on their most trusted online platforms. Despite the passage of the Philippine Anti-Cyber Crime Law of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175) and other laws governing e-commerce and online conduct, the reality remains that the long arm of the law finds it difficult to seek justice against victims of online criminal perpetrators who hide behind anonymity SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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(Secretaria et al., 2021). According to the findings of Secretaria et al.’s (2021) study, 45.5 percent of internet scam victims are concerned about their safety. The fact that these internet scammers and terrible offenders have personal and confidential information entrusted to them out of trust and confidence fuels the fear of shopping online. These issues are also the reason why the uncertainty rate in e-commerce is getting higher. Moreover, it has been seen as well how customers find it unsatisfying that most online markets do not show the total cost for a particular product. For example, extra expenses are frequently not noticeable until the last stride in the checkout procedure. According to Thomsen (2021), 53% of online consumers abandoned their carts for hidden charges or unexpected extra costs. According to Amanah and Harahap (2018), customers will be willing to spend a high price if they believe that the product will provide them with an outstanding level of satisfaction. In contrast, if a customer is dissatisfied with a low-quality product, they will not buy the product at a high cost. However, Secretaria et al. (2021) concluded that there is a kind of optimism that through vigilance and the application of basic strategies of double-checking and cross-comparison of sellers, one can still find satisfying purchases through legitimate online transactions. Qian (2021) stated that the price rate is the most potent factor that predicts and boosts consumer satisfaction. On the other hand, customers are less likely to participate in a business if the price is unreasonable (Qian 2021).

On the contrary, Arora and Chopra (2016) highlighted that online shopping is very user interactive. It is highly friendly and attractive for successful purchases of potential customers. However, Wait (2019) emphasized that online channels do not offer interpersonal communication or instant gratification. This is why developing trust between e-retailers and customers is essential because it can ease interactions between sellers and customers (Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut, 2018). According to Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut (2018), trust can lead to positive thoughts toward an online vendor, improving the likelihood of returning to the site and making a purchase, which the customer’s belief in or desire to rely on the other party’s competence and performance is classed as “cognitive trust,” and “affective trust,” also known as emotional, interpersonal, or relational trust. Lastly, discounts became one of a retailer’s sales marketing methods for attracting more customers. It gives a buyer a sense of financial gain and an incentive to buy a specific product. According to Saleh (n.d.), more than 64% of customers wait for discounts before purchasing a product, and more than 59 percent look for coupon codes before purchasing. This just

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means that discounts are a successful strategy that a retailer, online and offline channel, can use to gain more profit. According to Singh and Meshram (2016), e-commerce increases customer engagement because of attractive incentives, big discounts, and enticing promos. E-customers find this factor satisfying to their shopping since they will spend less money while they are in the comfort of their homes. Nartea et al. (2019) stated that consumers are more likely to browse online stores that feature discount coupons and comparable offerings. The study also concluded that sales promotion is the primary factor that the customers take into account when purchasing on the internet (Nartea et al., 2019). Given all these concepts and facts laid down, the researchers were able to synthesize all the related studies into six different themes focusing on various ideas; namely, Online Live Selling: The New Retail Trend, Online Selling: The Conventional E-commerce, Customer Engagement and Profitability, Online Generation: The Digital Natives, Product Reviews: To Buy or Not to Buy?, and Shopping Experience: Satisfied or Unsatisfied?. Most of the ideas found by the researchers are traversing on how the different styles and approach of online live selling and online selling affects their business’ customer engagement and profitability. The studies integrated into this research give valuable ideas and concepts about how an online retailer can positively increase their sales and customer engagement and what things an e-retailer must avoid and work on to ensure business growth. Moreover, the related studies provided differences and similarities between online live selling and online selling, which is significant for this study since it will help the researchers understand and identify what sets the independent variables apart. Most importantly, the researchers found several local studies or papers that mainly focus on the Philippines, giving diverse inputs for research focus. Indeed, online live selling and online selling are different from each other despite the fact that both of these online channels are under electronic commerce or e-commerce. These two platforms have their own approach and style on how to boost customer engagement and profitability. In addition, it is vital to understand today’s customers, the digital natives, to maximize the right strategy for a positive result. As Sarkar and Das (2017) emphasized, they are one of the key drivers of the market. So satisfying them is essential to ensure good customer engagement and convert it into a purchase for better profitability. However, it is still a must for every eretailers to maximize their transaction mediators (conformity, SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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social presence, relationship quality) properly to lessen the negative influence of the major barriers (lifestyle fit uncertainty and product uncertainty) on customer engagement and profitability. Methodology This section shall discuss the available and applicable methods used in response to the research problem in the statement of the problem section, which is directed towards the aim of the study—understanding and identifying the differences between online live selling and online selling and its influence on customer engagement and profitability. This part of the research provides and presents an outline of the research methodology —the design of the present study, particularly the research methods, techniques, and procedures to be used, how the subjects are chosen, how the sample size is determined, the instrument to be used, and the statistical tool utilized to analyze the data gathered successfully. Moreover, this section elaborates on how the study was conducted despite the limitations present from the beginning until the last writing stage of the research, especially the researchers’ work on this under the pandemic. Research Design This study that will be done and conducted by the researchers is a quantitative study in nature, since all data obtained from the selected respondents will be quantified into a numerical value using a systematic process that requires statistical analysis. In which, the specific type of quantitative research design that will be used in this research is a nonexperimental comparative approach. According to Coccia and Benati (2018), a comparative study is an investigation to evaluate and analyze specific facts/phenomenons to draw inferences about the causation and/or association of factors that are either similar or different. In which, this is supported by valid reasons (Adiyia and Ashton, 2017). This particular approach was chosen because the study’s primary objective is to compare the two given variables to identify whether a causative relationship exists. Specifically, the study aims to understand and identify the differences between online live selling and online selling and its influence on customer engagement and profitability. Furthermore, it is non-experimental since no variables will be controlled and will undergo a treatment or an intervention. This study’s independent variables are online live selling and online selling, while the dependent variables are customer engagement and profitability.

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Research Locale The study will be conducted in Imus City, the Most Competitive Component City in CALABARZON, and second in the country in Economic Dynamism as recognized by the National Competitiveness Council (NCC), and Bacoor City, the first capital of the Revolutionary Government under General Emilio Aguinaldo. These two chosen cities are situated in Region IV-A, CALABARZON in Luzon. The researchers choose this specific area because they believe that these cities comprise a large population where the researchers can freely choose from. Moreover, the chosen location is the most convenient setting for the researchers to select the subjects, determine the sample size, and gather the needed data since the surge of COVID-19 is still prevalent and the restrictions are still in effect. To specify the sample size, it was determined that the total population of Imus and Bacoor as of 2021 is 1,257,913. Wherein, Imus City has a total population of 553,579 while Bacoor City has 704,334 (World Population Review, 2021; UN World Urbanization Prospects, 2018). Considering the formula presented in Figure 6 below, the researchers arrived at a sample size of 385 respondents based on the rounded-up answer of 384.04 since it is not possible to survey a 0.04 respondent.

Figure 6 Sample Size Formula

This study will be utilizing the stratified probability sampling method, specifically disproportionate stratified random sampling. According to Sage Publication (n.d.), disproportionate stratified sampling is a process in which the proportion of elements sampled from each stratum in the total population is not proportionate, and population elements are not given an equal chance to be part of the sample. This is primarily used to identify key similarities and differences between strata and when subgroups vastly differ in size. Since Cai & Wohn (2019) stated that live streaming selling is flourishing but still thriving, this sampling method will be most suitable for the study since it will help the researchers determine how many

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samples will be taken from each strata considering their expected population. The sample size determined by the population and formula will be divided disproportionately into three (3) different groups: online live sellers, online sellers, and e-customers. There are certain numbers of people per group who will be randomly selected from their respective groups to participate in the study.

Table 1 Disproportionate Stratified Sampling

Specifically, the samples of the respondents must possess the following criteria made by the researchers, which are as follows: The online live sellers must be (a) a bona fide resident in any barangays, municipalities, or cities situated in the City of Imus and Bacoor; (b) a legal Philippine citizen or a Filipino; (c) a seller who solely offer products through live video streaming (any social media platform); (d) does not own any physical stores/ online shops. On the other hand, the online sellers must be (a) a bona fide resident in any barangays, municipalities, or cities situated in the City of Imus and Bacoor; (b) a legal Philippine citizen or a Filipino; (c) a seller who solely offer products through online selling with no real-time interaction (any social media platform/ shopping application); (d) an online seller who solely uses text and images for selling. Lastly, the e-customers must be (a) a bona fide resident in any barangays, municipalities, or cities situated in the City of Imus and Bacoor; (b) a legal Philippine citizen or a Filipino; (c) from ages 18- 45 years old or older, since active Filipino online shoppers fall under this age bracket (Masigan, 2020); (d) experienced buyers from both selling platforms (online live selling and online selling). These criteria will serve as a standard in determining who are the qualified and most suitable samples for the study. In this way, the researchers will avoid defeating the purpose of the research and will be able to give credible and reliable information.

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Research Instrument The research instrument that the researchers choose to utilize for this study is a survey questionnaire. Wherein, this will be composed of closeended questions aligned to the needs and aims of the study to properly address the research problems. Also, the chosen respondents will be answering the same formulated survey questions since these were all fixed and were established in a way where the researchers can obtain or quantify all the data collected in a numerical value. In line with this, the Likert scale, specifically a five-point Likert scale, is also integrated with the survey questions to identify the degree of their opinions, experiences, and perceptions toward the given set of questions quantitatively. According to McLeod (2019), a five-point (or seven-point) Likert scale allows people to express how strongly they agree or disagree with a given proposition. Its purpose is to determine the respondents’ attitudes, beliefs, or perceptions, and they choose from a list of possible replies to a specific question or statement; where the typical responses include “strongly agree,” “agree,” “neutral,” “disagree” and “strongly disagree.” (Jamieson, 2017). Furthermore, the survey questions that will be utilized in this study are based on the synthesized information from the review of related literature, the study’s frameworks, and other observable and related factors of today. Most importantly, all the questions are designed according to the presented research questions. With regards to the validity and reliability of the information in this research, a review of related literature will serve as the supporting data to all the study’s claims. All synthesized literature in this research is included in the references section of this paper. Lastly, to ensure reliability and validity with the instruments utilized, the researchers will exercise caution by carefully checking and reviewing the questions. The researchers will make sure that no irrelevant information or question will be included for this may affect the entire purpose of the study. To avoid errors and misinterpretations, proofreading will be done by the researchers before the final survey. Data Gathering Procedure Since the prescribed communication letter and consent form are not applicable to the researchers’ study, a modified consent form was made by the researchers’ Research Coordinator. This modified consent was examined and signed by the research advisers and school authorities to get permission to commence and distribute the survey questionnaires with the chosen respondents. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Due to the pandemic, the researchers utilized Google Forms in gathering responses from the participants. With that, the researchers allotted vigorous time, effort, and cooperation in formulating their survey questionnaires so as to serve their intended respondents. Moreover, the researchers will make use of the social media platforms such as Facebook and Messenger to distribute Google Forms. With that, the survey will be answered online, and it will require them to provide their email accounts. This is to ensure that when the researchers experience unwanted circumstances with the answers of a particular respondent, they can easily reach them out at their convenience. At the beginning of the survey questionnaire, a consent form will be included so that the respondents will be fully aware of the purpose of the research and the survey, and that their answers will be solely used for academic purposes. Before they can proceed with answering the sets of questions, it is a must for them to agree on the Data Privacy Act agreement, which explains that all collected information from them will be handled with the utmost confidentiality. Additionally, the first part of the survey will be demographic questions to be followed by questions related and valuable in answering the research questions and in achieving research objectives. Data Analysis After the researchers collected all the needed data for the study, the data analysis is followed. The data analysis will be used to provide a valid and reliable database on the differences between online live selling and online selling and its influence on customer engagement and profitability. In this study, the researchers make use of inferential and descriptive statistics mainly to compare, describe, analyze, and interpret the data collected. Specifically, inferential statistics will help the researchers identify and understand the differences between the independent variables of the study, while descriptive statistics will help to describe the extracted comparison between the independent variables. Moreover, the researchers will utilize the following methods: percentage, average weighted mean, and t-tests. The percentage will help the researchers compute the frequency counts and percentage distribution of the study’s variables regarding the personal information of the respondents. On the other hand, the summation of overall data or average weighted mean will be useful in analyzing responses from respondents that follow the Likert scale but do not correspond to Spearman’s rank. This is utilized to figure out where the majority of respondents fall on the scale. Lastly, the t-test statistics will be

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majority of respondents fall on the scale. Lastly, the t-test statistics will be used to assess, understand, and identify the differences between the independent variables: online live selling and online selling. Furthermore, the results of the analysis will be restricted within the scope and limitations mentioned in the study and will end with disproving or proving the stated hypothesis. Below are the following formulas of the mentioned methods that will be used in interpreting the data effectively.

Percentage

Weighted Mean

Independent Groups t-Test

Results This section of the research summarized and synthesized all the data collected using the statistical treatment discussed in the previous chapter in order to ensure that the conclusion in the next chapter is done scientifically. Also, the statistical treatment used will significantly help in proving or disproving the hypothesis of the study and in answering the research questions. Lastly, Results contain graphical and tabular summaries of the data, while further interpretations between the variables are presented in the Discussion. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Demographic Profile of the Respondents Generally, the chosen participants of the study are online live sellers, online sellers, and e-customers residing in Imus City and Bacoor City. As presented in the previously, the total population of Imus and Bacoor as of 2021 is 1,257,913. Imus City has a total population of 553,579 while Bacoor City has 704,334. A sample size of 385 is calculated using the sample size formula presented and explained in the Methodology, Research Locale section.

Figure 7 Selling Approach and Style of Online Live Seller and Online Seller

As shown in Figure 7, 77.78% or a total of 14 participants answered that they use image and text as their selling approach and style, while 22.22% or four respondents answered real-time (live virtually) as their selling approach. Figure 8 Platform Utilized by E-retailers

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Figure 8 depicts the platform used by e-retailers in selling their products. Out of 18 responses, 15 participants answered Facebook, one participant answered Instagram, one participant answered Shopee, and another one participant answered Twitter. From this figure of result, both online live sellers and online sellers mostly use Facebook to sell their products.

Figure 9 Strategies Utilized by E-retailers

Note. Respondents provided multiple answers to this survey question. Figure 9 shows that 45.45% or a total of 10 participants answered Sales and Discounts, while 22.73% or five respondents answered Graphic Advertisement. On the other hand, 18.18% or four respondents answered Live Product Demonstration, 9.09% or two respondents answered Video Advertisement, and only 4.55% or one participant answered Actual Photo Posting. In this figure, the majority of online live sellers utilized live product demonstration, while online sellers mostly used sales discounts.

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Table 2 E-Customer Satisfaction on Online Live Selling and Online Selling

Table 2 summarizes the respondent’s satisfaction with online live selling and online selling. On e-customer’s satisfaction with online live selling, 18 respondents answered satisfied, 10 respondents answered very satisfied, nine respondents answered neutral, and three answered unsatisfied. On the other hand, when it comes to online selling, 21 respondents answered satisfied, 16 respondents very satisfied, and three respondents answered neutral. From this figure of result, the majority of e-customers are satisfied with the shopping experience on online selling channels. Figure 10 Growth of Online Live Selling and Online Selling

Figure 10 shows that eight respondents strongly agree that online selling is growing bigger, faster, and steadily than online live selling, while seven respondents agree. On the other hand, three respondents answered neutral.

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Figure 11 Interactivity of Online Live Selling and Online Selling

In Figure 11, among 40 respondents, 55% or 22 participants answered online live selling, while 45% or 18 respondents answered online selling. From this figure of result, online live selling is seen to be more interactive than online selling. To further review Research Question 3: What are the differences in profitability and customer engagement between online live selling and online selling? Here are the figures of the results.

Figure 12 Annual Revenue and Expenses of E-retailers

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Figure 12 summarizes the annual revenue and expenses of e-retailers. Among 18 e-retailers, six participants earn ₱15,000 and above, while five participants earn ₱1,000-5,000. The remaining seven participants are distributed among none yet, ₱6,000-10,000, and ₱10,000-15,000 with the following data: four participants do not have annual revenue yet, two participants earn ₱6,000-10,000, and one participant earns ₱10,00015,000. On the other hand, with regards to expenses, five respondents answered ₱15,000 and above, four respondents answered ₱1,000-5,000, and another four respondents answered none. Meanwhile, three respondents answered ₱10,000-15,000, and two respondents answered ₱6,000-10,000. Figure 13 Involvement of E-customers on Online Live Selling in terms of Time Spent (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007)

Figure 14 shows that 15 participants answered more than 25 minutes, while 11 participants answered 20 to 25 minutes. The remaining 14 participants are distributed among 15 to 20 minutes, less than 10 minutes, and 10 to 15 minutes with the following data: nine participants answered 5 to 20 minutes, four participants answered less than 10 minutes, and one participant answered 10 to 15 minutes.

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Figure 14 Involvement of E-customers on Online Selling in terms of Time Spent (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007)

Figure 15 Involvement of E-customers on Online Live Selling in terms of Frequency of Visit (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007) (1=Never, 5=Always)

Among 40 respondents, 14 respondents answered rarely, while 11 respondents answered sometimes. On the other hand, eight respondents answered often, and seven respondents answered never.

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Figure 16 Involvement of E-customers on Online Selling in terms of Frequency of Visit (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007) (1=Never, 5=Always)

Out of 40 participants, 19 participants answered always, while 11 participants answered often. On the other hand, nine participants answered sometimes, and only one participant answered rarely. Table 3 Interaction of E-customers on Online Live Selling (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007) (1=Never, 5=Always)

Table 3 depicts the frequency of interaction of e-customers on online live selling. In terms of live comments, 15 respondents answered never, totaling a percentage of 37.50%, while 10 respondents answered sometimes, totaling a percentage of 25%. On the other hand, nine respondents answered often, totaling a percentage of 22.50%, four respondents answered rarely, totaling a percentage of 10%, and only two respondents answered always, totaling a

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percentage of 5%. With regards to interaction with sellers and other viewers, 16 respondents answered never, totaling a percentage of 40%, and nine respondents answered rarely, totaling a percentage of 22.50%. Meanwhile, eight respondents answered often, totaling a percentage of 20%, and only seven respondents answered sometimes, totaling a percentage of 17.50%.

Table 4 IInteraction of E-customers on Online Selling (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007) (1=Never, 5=Always)

Table 4 shows the interaction of e-customers on online selling. In terms of comments, 25% or ten respondents answered always, and another 25% or ten respondents answered often. Meanwhile, 20% or eight respondents answered sometimes, 15% or six respondents answered rarely, and another 15% or six respondents answered never. On the other hand, with regards to interaction with the seller and other customers, 35% or 14 respondents answered often, and 27.50% or 11 respondents answered sometimes. Meanwhile, 15% or six respondents answered rarely, 12.50% or five respondents answered always, and only 10% or four respondents answered never.

In the first statement shown in Table 5, 19 participants answered never, and eight participants answered sometimes. Meanwhile, seven participants answered rarely, four participants answered always, and only two participants answered often. In the second statement, 11 participants answered sometimes, and another 11 participants answered often. On the other hand, nine participants answered never, five participants answered always, and only four participants answered rarely.

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Table 5 Intimacy of E-customers on Online Live Selling (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007) (1=Never, 5=Always)

Table 6 Intimacy of E-customers on Online Selling (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007) (1=Never, 5=Always)

Table 6’s first statement shows that 13 participants answered sometimes, and ten participants answered always. Meanwhile, eight participants answered often, five participants answered never, and only four participants answered rarely. In the second statement of the figure, 14 participants answered often, and 13 participants answered sometimes. On the other hand, 11 participants answered always, while only two participants answered rarely.

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Figure 17 Influence of E-customers on Online Live Selling (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007) (0= not at all likely, 10= very likely)

As shown in Figure 17, there are eight participants rated 8, and there are also eight participants who rated 7. Meanwhile, four participants rated 5, and another four participants rated 3. The remaining 16 participants are distributed among 10, 9, 6, 4, 2, 1, and 0 with the following data: three participants rated 6, three participants rated 4, three participants rated 0, two participants rated 10, two participants rated 9, two participants rated 1, and only one participant rated 2. Figure 18 Influence of E-customers on Online Selling (Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement, 2007) (0= not at all likely, 10= very likely)

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Figure 18 depicts how likely customers will recommend online selling to their friends, family, classmates, and others. Out of 40 responses, 14 participants rated 10, and 10 participants rated 9. Meanwhile, seven participants rated 8, three participants rated 7, another three participants rated 6, two participants rated 5, and only one participant rated 1. To further discuss Research Question 4: From different perspectives, what are the differences between online live selling and online selling? a. Customers b. Online Live Seller c. Online Seller, Here are the figures of results. Figure 19 Credible and Reliable Shopping Channel on E-customers’ Perspective

Figure 19 shows that 27 participants answered online live selling, totaling a percentage of 67.50%, while only 13 participants answered online selling, totaling a percentage of 32.50%.

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Figure 20 Authentic and Responsive Shopping Channel on E-customers’ Perspective

As shown in Figure 20, 30 participants answered online live selling as more authentic and responsive, while only 10 participants answered online selling. Figure 21 Innovative Shopping Channel on E-customers’ Perspective

Figure 21 summarizes the respondent’s perspective on the differences between online live selling and online selling. It is noticeable that most of the responses are leaning towards the choice “agree.” With that, it suggests that respondents agree to all statements in Table 7. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Table 7 Differences Between Online Live Selling and Online Selling from Ecustomers’ Perspective

The table above depicts the respondent’s perspective on the characteristics of online live selling. It is noticeable that most of the responses are leaning towards the choices “agree” and “strongly agree.” With that, it clearly implies that respondents agree or strongly agree to all statements in Table 8.

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Table 8 Characteristics of Online Live Selling from E-retailers’ Perspective

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Table 9 Characteristics of Online Selling from E-retailers’ Perspective

As shown in Table 9, it is noticeable that most of the responses are leaning towards the choice “strongly agree.” With that, it can be said that respondents strongly agree with all statements in Figure 12.1. Discussions With all the figures of results laid down, here are the further analyses and interpretations of all the data gathered. As shown above, the participants’ demographic profile was collected, and it summarizes that: 1. The majority of e-retailers are females, occupying 83.33%% of the pie chart, while male respondents are on 16.67% mark. 2. The majority of retailers’ age is 18-24 years old with 72.22%. 3. Most of the e-retailers are residing in Bacoor City, totaling a percentage of 55.56%.

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4. Most of them have been operating their business for less than a year (55.56%) and are doing a merchandising business (66.67%), suggesting that many e-retailers are relatively new in the online business industry or e-commerce. 5. The top 3 products they offer or sell are Food (28.58%), Clothes (23.81%), and Accessories (19.05%). 6. Most of them utilize mobile phones (77.78%) to sell their products and accept e-wallet (77.78%) as a payment method. 7. The majority of e-customers are females, totaling a percentage of 82.50%, while males are on the 17.50% mark. 8. The majority of e-customers’ age is also 18-24 years old, occupying 87.50% of the pie chart. 9. Most e-customers are also residing in Bacoor City with 57.65%. 10. Most e-customers are shopping online once a month (35%) and more than thrice a month (35%), with 95% of them using mobile phones. 11. While most e-retailers accept e-wallet, 65% of the e-customers preferred cash on delivery (COD). 12. Lastly, e-customers’ top 2 influences in online shopping are their friends (50%) and families (32.50%). The first research question of this study aims to identify the differences between online live selling and online selling despite operating both online. In which, this can be addressed by simply answering the second research question. Specifically, the second research question focuses on knowing the differences between the study’s variables in terms of a.) Selling Approach and Style, b.) Platform used, c.) Strategies, d.) Customer satisfaction, e.) Growth, and f.) Interactivity. With the survey question “The approach and style I use in selling are,” it was found that the 14 participants who are online sellers utilize image and text. In comparison, the four participants who are online live sellers utilize real-time (live virtually) (See Figure 7). This supported Chen et al. (2019) mentioned in their paper that traditional selling communication methods utilize text and images while online live selling uses a real-time approach. Zhang et al. (2019) also characterized “online live selling” as real-time web broadcasts facilitating consumer and business-to-business contact. It was also emphasized in Cai and Wohn’s (2019) study that online live

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selling’s real-time social interaction is one of its unique characteristics. Given that online sellers indeed utilize image and text approach and style and online live sellers use real-time, it can be inferred that there is a difference between online live selling and online selling despite operating online. Moreover, with the survey question “What primary platform does your business utilize?” It was found out that 83.33% of the sample size utilized Facebook to offer their products (See Figure 8), which suggests that this platform is working effectively on their businesses. This supported Walker-Ford’s (2021) statement that Facebook has been the most helpful platform for many sellers. Also, Paquette (2013) is indeed right that social media has become the key platform and a stage for e-retailers to develop an experience and leverage information kept on social networking sites to improve user experience among potential consumers. Meanwhile, it is seen on the results that both online live sellers and online sellers mostly use this platform, which can infer that these two shopping channels do not differ in the platform utilized to offer products. Furthermore, based on the survey question designed for these research questions “The business strategy I use to increase customer engagement and sales is/are,” 45.45% of the participants answered Sales Discounts (See Figure 9). The majority of participants who utilize sales discounts are online sellers. Online live sellers use this as well, but based on the result, they mainly use live product demonstration. It can be said that online sellers utilize sales discounts since most customers are enticed by it. As stated by Saleh (n.d.), more than 64% of customers wait for discounts before purchasing a product, which suggests that the more online sellers use sales discounts, the more customers and earnings they can get. On the other hand, live sellers utilize live product demonstrations because it can give them a competitive advantage. According to Zhang et al. (2019), customers are happy with online live sellers’ service since they show detailed information about their products. In addition, with the survey question “Please rate how satisfied are you with your overall shopping experience in online selling/online live selling?” It was found that e-customers are satisfied in online selling compared to online live selling since the weighted mean of e-customer satisfaction is 4.33, while online live selling is only 3.88, See Table 10.

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Table 10 Weighted Mean of E-Customer Satisfaction on Online Live Selling and Online Selling

This result contradicts Nartea et al. 's (2019) statement mentioned in their study that a high percentage of Filipino buyers are not satisfied with online shopping. One reason e-customers are satisfied with online selling is that it is time-efficient. As stated by Adeo Group (2021), e-commerce websites make purchasing products and services online a breeze. On the other hand, on the survey question “Online Selling is growing bigger, faster, and steadily because it is considered a digital native industry in the e-commerce or a business that rises earlier than online live selling,” eight respondents answered “strongly agree,” seven respondents answered “agree,” and three respondents answered “neutral” (See Figure 10). This result suggests that in terms of growth, online selling is much more competitive than online live selling. This supported Cai and Wohn’s (2019) statement in their study that the numbers of online live selling are still few because it is still flourishing and thriving in our country. Also, Qian (2021) emphasized that live streaming commerce is a new evolving platform from conventional e-commerce, which can be another reason why online live selling is a little behind online selling. Lastly, regarding the survey question “Which channel is more interactive?” It is found that online live selling is more interactive than online selling after 55% of respondents answered online live selling and 45% to online selling (See Figure 11). This result contradicts the statement of Arora and Chopra (2016) in their study that online shopping is very user interactive. On the other hand, this result is supported by the study of Kang et al. (2020), as it highlighted that interactivity is a significant feature of the live streaming commerce environment since it encourages users to participate in discussions and transactions. Moreover, having said that online live selling is interactive, this supports the Conceptual Framework this study formulated.

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In answering the third research question, researchers formulated survey questions to specifically collect data regarding online live selling and online selling profitability and customer engagement. In Figure 10.5, the result of the survey question “What are your business’ total annual revenue and annual expenses?” found out that online sellers make more revenue than online live sellers as the highest revenue answered is ₱630,000,compared to the ₱200,000 revenue answered by an online live seller respondent. Even if the annual expenses are subtracted from the annual revenue, online selling still projects a higher profitability rate. This result refutes Chen et al.’s (2019) projection in their study that there is a projected 21.8% increase in online sales volume after many e-retailers adopt the online live selling method. With regards to customer engagement, researchers utilize Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement (2007), which measure the level of engagement of online customers on different components such as involvement, interaction, intimacy, and influence. In the Involvement factor, it covers the survey questions “How long do you spend watching an online live selling?” and “How do you often visit and watch an online live selling?” In Figure 13, most of the e-customers, totaling a percentage of 57.50%, spent less than 10 minutes on online live selling. On the other hand, the majority of e-customers, totaling a percentage of 37.50%, spend more than 25 minutes on online selling (See Figure 14). When it comes to the frequency of visits, it is noticeable that ecustomers rarely visit online live selling (See Figure 10.8). Meanwhile, ecustomers lean to the choice “always” regarding online selling visits (See Figure 16). In the Involvement factor, it can be inferred that e-customers have higher involvement in online selling than in online live selling based on the results. On the other hand, the Interaction factor covers the survey questions regarding commenting and interaction with the seller and other customers. In Table 3, it can be seen that respondents’ answers are leaning to choose “never.” Meanwhile, in Table 4, it is noticeable that respondents’ answers lean towards the choice “often.” However, in terms of the Interaction factor, online selling is still way higher than online live selling. After computing the weighted mean, it is seen that online selling has a higher calculated weighted mean than online live selling. Online selling has a total of 6.55 weighted mean, while online live selling only scored 4.66. See Table 11 and Table 12.

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Table 11 Weighted Mean of E-Customer Interaction on Online Live Selling

Table 12 Weighted Mean of E-Customer Interaction on Online Selling

Furthermore, in terms of Intimacy, it covers the survey questions regarding feedback or reviews. As shown in Table 5 regarding online live selling, respondents’ answers on giving product reviews/opinions on social media lean towards the choice “never,” while the respondents’ answers on expression reviews/opinions on friends, families, and classmates lean on the choice “sometimes” and “often.” Conversely, in Table 6 regarding online selling, respondents’ answers on the first statement lean to the choice “sometimes,” while respondents’ answers on the second statement lean to the choice “often.” After calculating the weighted mean of each figure, it is found out that online selling also has a higher Intimacy factor than online live selling. Online selling scored a total of 7.20, while online live selling scored 5.11. See Table 13 and Table 14. In terms of Influence, it simply measures the likelihood of e-customers to recommend online live selling or online selling. E-customers will rate from 1 to 10 (1= not at all likely, 10= very likely).Their responses will be computed using Net Promoter Score (NPS) scale, which was developed by Fred Reichheld at Bain and Company in 2003. All computed scores that lie between 0-6 are called “Detractors,” which means e-customers are unsatisfied. When it marks between 7-8, it is called “Passives” or the satisfied but unenthusiastic e-customers. Lastly, when scores are on 9-10, it is called “Promoters” or loyal e-customers. In computing the NPS, the .

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total number of Promoters will be subtracted from the total number of Detractors. Table 13 Weighted Mean of E-Customer Intimacy on Online Live Selling

Table 14 Weighted Mean of E-Customer Intimacy on Online Selling

In Figure 17, showing their likelihood to recommend online live selling, it is noticeable that there are 20 responses for rating 0-6, a total of 16 responses for rating 7-8, and only four responses for rating 9-10. After calculating the NPS of Figure 17, a score of -16 is obtained (See Table 15). Table 15 NPS Result of Figure 17

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On the other hand, in Figure 11.5, showing their likelihood to recommend online selling, there are 24 responses for rating 9-10, a total of 10 responses for rating 7-8, and only six responses for rating 9-10. After calculating the NPS of Figure 11.4, a score of 18 is obtained (See Figure 16.1). Table 16 NPS Result of Figure 18

From the computed NPS scores of online live selling and online selling, it is clear that online selling is likely to be recommended by e-customers. Among all the factors in Haven’s Four Components of Engagement (2007), it is noticeable that online selling scored high among involvement, interaction, intimacy, and influence. This suggests that online selling has a higher customer engagement rate than online live selling. The last research question seeks to identify the differences between online live selling from the perspective of the online live seller, online seller, and e-customer. In the survey question “Which channel is more credible and reliable to shop with?” the majority of e-customers answered online live selling, totaling a percentage of 67.50% (See Figure 19). This strongly supports the Theoretical Framework that this study leans on. According to Consumer’s Purchase Intention in Livestream Ecommerce Model, due to live sellers’ interactivity, it supplies customers with enough real-time information about the product they are selling, which builds their credibility and reliability to the customers (Hsu & Chang, 2019). The framework also emphasized that this credibility and reliability factor increases customer trust, which helps to decrease transaction complexity and uncertainty. Moreover, this result also strengthens the Conceptual Framework of this study. In connection with the survey question “Which channel is more authentic and responsive?” most e-customers again answered online live selling, occupying 75% of the pie chart (See Figure 11.7). This result supports another Theoretical Framework in this study. According to The Impact of the Live Streaming on Perceived Trust and Engagement Intention Framework, one of the perceived values influenced by online live selling is

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the utilitarian values which focus on authenticity and responsiveness (Wongkitrungrueng, 2017). It is also emphasized by Wongkitrungrueng (2017) that utilitarian perceived values are one of the important factors that help reduce psychological distance and encourage customers to be more engaged. In addition, this result contributes as well to the Conceptual Framework of this research. In Figure 21, the results of the survey question “Which channel is more innovative?” found out that online selling is perceived as innovative by ecustomers. This result disproves Zhang et al. 's (2019) emphasis on their study that online live selling is the innovative way to capture consumer attention and remain competitive in the industry. This result can also suggest that online selling is a dynamic environment since it is one of the clear evidence of innovativeness in new technology, as mentioned in the study of Sarkar and Das (2017). Furthermore, as shown in Table 7, it is evident that most of the responses are leaning towards the choice “agree,” which implies that all the respondents “agree” to the given statements. In statement 1, in the perspective of e-customers, most respondents agree that online live selling is interactive, which was mentioned already in the first and second research question discussions. In the second statement, e-customers agree that online selling is more user-friendly than online live selling. This supported what Arora and Chopra (2016) highlighted in their study, which stated that online selling is highly friendly and attractive for successful purchases of potential customers. In the third statement, most of the participants agree that uncertainties are lessened in online live selling. This was supported by the study of Wongkitrungrueng (2017) as it stated that as online live selling provides hedonic (perceived enjoyment), symbolic (perceived innovativeness), and utilitarian (authenticity and responsiveness) values, it reduces psychological distance or uncertainties and encourages customers to be more engaged. In the fourth statement, ecustomers agree that communication is easier in online live selling. This supports Zhang et al. 's (2019) statement that customers interested in a particular product could easily ask questions in online live selling, and the seller can answer the inquiries right away in real-time.

Meanwhile, in the fifth statement, the majority of respondents agree that online selling is safer in terms of transactions than online live selling. This result can contribute to the findings of Secretaria et al.’s (2021) study that despite 45.5 percent of internet scam victims being concerned about their safety, there are still e-customers who feel safe in online shopping. For the sixth statement regarding online live sellers being honest and trustful, most e-customers have answered neutral. This result might be due 74

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to e-customers’ bad online live selling experiences. As stated by Briglia (2020), to build trust and loyalty, you must keep them satisfied not only before buying but throughout the purchase journey. Another reason ecustomers perceive that live sellers are not honest is negative reviews. Fabiano (2018) stated that modern customers, product reviews, and other consumer-generated content (CGC) are influential. The last statement, online live selling is more dynamic than online selling, is agreed by the majority of e-customers. However, Sarkar and Das (2017) mentioned that a dynamic environment is clear evidence of innovativeness, and from the results in Figure 11.8, online live selling is not perceived as a dynamic shopping channel. Table 17 Weighted Mean of Table 8

Table 17 depicts all the computed weighted mean on each statement in Table 8.

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Table 18 Weighted Mean of Table 9

Table 18 summarizes all the computed weighted mean on each statement in Table 9. Table 19 A Table of the Detailed Summary of the Independent T-test Analysis

The table is the detailed summary of the t-test analysis done on the computed weighted means of the participants’ responses (See Table 17 and Table 18). It is apparent that the t- value calculated was -0.49 (rounded off). Since the obtained t-value is inside the critical value or acceptance region, which is 2.12 (rounded off), then it can be said that there is a difference between online live selling and online selling. However, there is no evidence that the differences between the study’s variables influence customer engagement and profitability. Hence, the hypothesis statement of this study is rejected.

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Conclusion This section of the research presents and briefly discusses the summary of the gathered results, a conclusion of the findings, and the limitations encountered by the researchers during the implementation of the methodological section of this study that are mentioned for reference and transparency. Furthermore, the researchers’ recommendations for future researchers who will continue this study or conduct research relevant to the topic will be discussed in this chapter. Summary Based on the research questions mentioned in the general problem, it is now valid to state that each was answered and analyzed. With that, the study summarizes that: 1. Online Live Selling and Online Selling differ in their selling approach and style, strategies utilized, customer satisfaction, growth and population, and interactivity. Meanwhile, these two shopping channels do not differ from the platform they use to sell their products. 2. The differences between Online Live Selling and Online Selling in terms of: Selling Approach and Style: online live sellers utilize real-time (Live virtually), while online sellers maximize image and text. Platform used: both of these two shopping channels utilize Facebook. Strategies: online sellers mostly use sales discounts while online live sellers use live product demonstrations. Customer satisfaction: e-customers are more satisfied with the online shopping experience than in online live selling. Growth: online selling is growing bigger, faster, and steadily in the industry compared to online live selling, which is still few because it is still flourishing and thriving. Interactivity: online live selling is more interactive than online selling.

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3. Online selling makes a good profit or has a higher profitability rate than online live selling. Meanwhile, online selling still has a higher customer engagement rate than online live selling. 4. From the perspective of e-customers, online live selling possesses the following characteristics: credibility, reliability, authenticity, and responsiveness, while they believe that online selling is innovative and convenient. Meanwhile, from the perspective of e-retailers, the two shopping channels differ in their credibility, interactivity, authenticity, responsiveness, innovativeness, safety, customer-seller relationship, variety of products, product cost, and enjoyment. Conclusion Due to the continuous digital transformation and the uncertainties that the COVID-19 had brought to the world, a transformational change in the business industry was stimulated. A massive paradigm shift was made by many retailers, from being a traditional seller to an online seller. This study made it evident that the e-commerce industry proliferated more than ever, which paved the way for online live selling to rise in the online space along with online selling, the globally patronized shopping channel, and the top of the online market. In connection, numerous studies have been conducted, discussing the characteristics of online live selling and online selling. However, the sole purpose of this study is to identify the differences between online live selling and online selling despite operating both online. As Lunn (2020) highlighted, live stream selling does more than what an online shop usually does, which suggests that there is really a difference between the study’s variables. In relation to the data gathered and results discussed, the study made it apparent and recognized that online live selling and online selling differ from each other. However, despite the proven differences between online live selling and online selling, the study found out that these differences between the variables do not influence customer engagement and profitability. This contradicts Zhang et al. ’s (2019) statement in their research that the characteristic of online live selling of having precise product information can boost customer engagement and increase online purchase intention. Also, this refutes Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut’s (2018) findings that the symbolic value, which is a unique characteristic of online selling, has an impact on customer engagement. Lastly, this shows no support on Hasbullah et al. ’s (2016) statement that customer engagement and profitability lie or depend on e-retailers. Therefore, this concludes that even though online live selling and online selling differ, it cannot be equated that it influences customer engagement and profitability. 78

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Furthermore, it is significant in this study that online selling has higher profitability and customer engagement rate than online live selling. In Figure 10.5, it is evident that online sellers make a higher amount of revenue as the highest revenue answered is ₱630,000. Compared to the ₱200,000 revenue answered by an online live seller respondent. Therefore, this refutes 36KR’s (2020) projection that the average return rate in online live selling sales is 30% to 50%, 10 to 15 percentages higher than conventional e-commerce. Meanwhile, from Haven’s Four Components Of Engagement (2007), it is noticeable that in terms of online selling channels, e-customers’ scored high among all components of engagement —involvement, interaction, intimacy, and influence. Thus, it can be concluded that they are more engaged in online selling than in online live selling. In connection to the theories which this study leans on, only the Consumer’s Purchase Intention in Livestream Ecommerce Model developed by Hsu and Chang, Mean-Ends Chain of Lifestyle Theory proposed by Chen et al., and Framework on Factors Influence Customer Engagement in S-Commerce established by Busalim et al. complemented the result of the data gathering. However, The Impact of the Live Streaming on Perceived Trust and Engagement Intention Framework, whose proponent is Apiradee Wongkitrungrueng, does not support the overall result of this study. Based on this framework, it is stated that symbolic value (perceived innovativeness) is a characteristic of online live selling. However, the majority of the e-customer participants, totaling a percentage of 60%, perceived that online selling is more innovative than online live selling. On the other hand, most of the findings and data analysis of this study demonstrate no support or link to the conceptual framework formulated. This is after it is found out that the symbolic value is not a unique characteristic of online live selling, but rather it is online selling’s characteristic. Also, there is no evidence that the differences between the study’s variables influence customer engagement and profitability. Moreover, despite the Mean-Ends Chain of Lifestyle Theory by Chen et al. (2019) describing that there are two major barriers that hinder and negatively affect the positive influence of independent variables’ antecedents or differentiating factors on customer engagement and profitability, no results in this study can support this. In connection, there are no results as well that can reveal that the mentioned mediators act as a generative process that allows the independent focal variables to influence the dependent variable of interest. Therefore, it can be concluded that the conceptual framework made cannot be considered accurate for the entire results of the study. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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However, since there is a shortage from the number of target participants, these results cannot be deemed statistically accurate for the population. On the contrary, the findings of this study could still be of great use to further enhance e-retailers’ businesses. This will help them identify what changes they must make and actions to take to keep up with the demanding industry of e-commerce and put their business to a new different level for them to persevere, thrive, and survive, especially in this time of the pandemic. Specifically, considering that live streaming selling is flourishing and thriving in the Philippines, online live sellers can use the data presented in this study to act strategically to navigate e-commerce well and become more competitive despite many online shops being patronized by e-customers. Limitations In the whole duration of the research process, there were limitations or difficulties that the researchers encountered. One of which is the creation of survey questions. During the survey questions making, there were minor misalignments experienced. The first survey questions made were not aligned with the research objectives. Thus, the researchers quickly addressed this to avoid further problems. Moreover, there were changes made in the study’s research questions since the researchers noticed that the questions are aligned to a qualitative research design instead of a quantitative research design. The researchers immediately consulted this problem to their research adviser and made the necessary changes. Finally, during the inception of the data gathering procedure, the researchers experienced a shortage from the number of target participants. As shown in Figure 7 of the Research Locale, a sample size of 385 is expected to answer the survey questionnaire made, which is divided into three subgroups: 39 online live sellers, 154 online sellers, and 192 ecustomers. However, only a total of 58 participants answered the Google Form, where there were only 40 e-customers, 14 online sellers, and four online live sellers who answered the survey. Therefore, it can be assumed that the findings in this study cannot represent the whole population but only to the respondents of the study. It should be emphasized that the results could have varied or could have been different if the required number of responses had been obtained.

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Recommendations Due to the limitations or difficulties experienced during the implementation of the methodological section of this study, the researchers were not able to come up with a highly accurate quantitative research. Therefore, for the future researchers who will continue this study or conduct research relevant to the topic, the researchers suggest that: 1. If the pandemic has finally ended and personal interaction is allowed, it is best that future researchers commence the data gathering procedure faceto-face and through paper. This is to ensure that the calculated sample size will be achieved. Also, this will allow future researchers to find willing participants and have full control over monitoring whether participants answer or not answer the survey questions. 2. An online survey is still recommended, especially if future researchers lack funds for a printed survey to gather data. Also, the utilization of Google Forms will allow future researchers to tabulate the data or the results easily. But, it is highly advised to give extra time and effort on survey distribution and on looking for a willing participant since some qualified participants might ignore the survey. 3. Future researchers must ensure that their research questions are aligned to their study’s research design and type of research to avoid issues in gathering results to address the research questions. Also, survey questions must be aligned to the research objectives to ensure the accuracy of results. 4. Future researchers look for more evidence to validate if the differences between online live selling and online selling do not really influence customer engagement and profitability. This is to make sure if Hasbullah et al. (2016) is right in their statement that customer engagement and profitability lie or depend on e-retailers. 5. Moreover, future researchers may also conduct this study using a qualitative research design and with different sampling methods. They can focus on understanding why participants choose to offer products through online live selling and not through online selling, vice-versa. 6. The researchers suggest that future researchers conduct a study focusing on uncertainties perceived by the customers on online live selling and online selling. The lens of their research can focus on the differences of perceived uncertainties of customers on online live selling and online selling, or if there is a significant relationship between the perceived uncertainties of customers on customer engagement and profitability of online live selling and online selling. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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7. Furthermore, future researchers can also focus on the presence of mediators such as conformity, social presence, and relationship quality. They can look for more valid mediators of online live selling and online selling and study whether it has an effect or no effect on customer engagement and profitability of online live sellers and online sellers. 8. Moreover, future researchers may consider conducting the same study but in time that the pandemic has finally ended for more timely and relevant research. Also, this is to evaluate and test whether the results of the current study will remain the same even after the pandemic. 9. Finally, researchers suggest that future researchers utilize different theories as their study’s theoretical framework to perceive this study from a different angle or see other feasible and substantial topics. References 36KR. (2020). China live streaming commerce industry report. https://pdf. dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202012041436556022_1.pdf?1607092275 000.pdf Adeo Group. (2021). What are the benefits of E-commerce to the customer ?https://www.adeogroup.co.uk/ecommerce-benefits/ Adiyia, M. & Ashton, W. (20178). Comparative Research. Rural Development Institute, Brandon University,1-8. https://www. brandonu.ca/rdi/files/2017/07/RDI-Comparative-Research.pdf Amanah, D. & Harahap, D. A. (2018). Comparing Prices and Service Quality on Lazada and Tokopedia in Indonesia. International Journal of Latest Engineering and Management Research (IJLEMR), 3(9), 19-24. Arora, M. & Chopra, A. B. (2016). Impact of online live selling on physical retail in India. International Journal of Research in IT and Management (IJRIM), 6(10), 57-68. Arreola, R. H. S. (2020). The “New Normal” of Increased Online Business Transactions, and Revisiting Revenue Memorandum Circular No. 55-2013. https://home.kpmg/ph/en/home/insights/2020/07/ the-new-normal-of-increased-online-business-transactions.html

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Atienza, M. A., & Tabuena, A. C. (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Managerial Accounting and Its Adjustments in Financial Markets. International Journal of Business, Technology and Organizational Behavior (IJBTOB), 1(4), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.52218/IJBTOB.V1I4.109 Barbosa, D. (2016). Digital in-store shopping. U. Porto Journal of Engineering, 2(1), 44- 48. DOI:10.24840/2183-6493_002.001_ 0005 Barthwal, M. (2020). Why Product Reviews are important in ecommerce? https://www.knowband.com/blog/ecommerce-blog/productreviews-importance/ Briglia, C. (2020). Why customer engagement is important. https://www. gartner.com/en/digital-markets/insights/why-customerengagement-is-important Builderfly. (2020). What are the different reasons for the growth of ecommerce? https://www.builderfly.com/what-are-the-differentreasons-for-the-growth-of-ecommerce Busalim, A. H., Hussin, A. R. C., & Iahad, N.A. (2019). Factors influencing customer engagement in social commerce websites: A systematic literature review. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 14(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.406 7/S0718-18762019000200102 Business Queensland. (2017). Selling online. https://www.business.qld.gov.au/ starting-business/internet-start-ups/online-basics/selling Buy it Live. (2020). Live sales vs. Wall drop sales. https://support.buyitlive. co/knowledge-center/live-sales-vs-social-sales/ Cai, J. & Wohn, D. Y. (2019). Live Streaming Commerce: Uses and gratifications approach to understanding consumers’ motivations. (PDF) Live Streaming Commerce: Uses and Gratifications Approach to Understanding Consumers’ Motivations (researchgate.net) Cao, H. (2018). The growth of e-commerce and its impact on the fast fashion retailers. Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences. https://www.theseus.fi/ bitstream/handle/10024/148582/Cao_Hien.pdf? sequence=%202&is Allowed=y

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Chaffey, D. (2021). Global social media research summary 2021. https:// www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-mediastrategy/new-global-social-media-research/ Chai, W., Holak, B., & Cole, B. (2020). What is e-commerce?. https:// searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/e-commerce Chen, C., Hu, Y., Lu, Y., & Hong, Y. (2019). Everyone Can Be a Star: Quantifying Grassroots Online Sellers’ Live Streaming Effects on Product Sales. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 4493- 4498. http://hdl.handle.net/ 10125/59887 Chen, Z., Cenfetelli, R., & Benbasat, I. (2019). The Influence of E-Commerce Live Streaming on Lifestyle Fit Uncertainty and Online Purchase Intention of Experience Products. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 5081- 5090. DOI: 10.24251/HICSS.2019.610 City Government of Bacoor. (n.d.) About Bacoor. https://bacoor.gov.ph/ City Government of Imus. (n.d.) About Imus City. https://imus.gov.ph/ Clarabridge. (n.d.) What is customer engagement?. https://www. clarabridge.com/customer-experience-dictionary/customerengagement/ Coccia, M. & Benati, I. (2018). Comparative Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_1197-1 Department of Trade and Industry. (2021). MSME Week 2021 to recognize outstanding entrep. https://www.dti.gov.ph/regions/region-11/ region-11-news/msme-week-2021-to-recognize-outstandingentrep/ Doan, T. T. T. (2020). Factors affecting online purchase intention: A study of Vietnam online customers. Management Science Letters, 10, 2337- 2342. DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.3.001 Dudarenok, A. (2020). Livestreaming in China: Only for sales or is there brand value? https://technode.com/2020/06/12/livestreaming-inchina-only-for-sales-or-is-there-brand-value/

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Fabiano, V. (2018). Report: Half of in-store purchases start with online customer reviews. https://www.bazaarvoice.com/blog/onlinecustomer-reviews-offlinepurchase/ Fandialan, F. B. S., Milan, J. E. B., & Alusen, M. L. V. (2019). An Analysis of Consumer Satisfaction in Laguna on Online Selling: Basis for a Marketing Strategy for Lazada. LPU-Laguna Journal of Business and Accountancy, 3(2), 48-55. Focus Economic. (2020). Philippines Economic Outlook. https://www. focus-economics.com/countries/philippines Francia, B. (2013). Marketers Need To Adapt Or Risk Extinction. https:// www.benfrancia.com/entrepreneurship-and-motivation/marketersneed-to-adapt-or-risk-extinction/#:~:text=According%20to %20Brian%20Halligan%2C%20%E2%80%9CPeople,generation %20and%20ours%20very%20differently Fuscaldo, D. (2020). How to start selling online. https://www.business newsdaily.com/15861-how-to-sell-online.html Goldman, S. (n.d.) Post-pandemic e-commerce: The unstoppable growth of online shopping. https://www.the-future-of-commerce.com/ 2021/08/03/post-pandemic-e-commerce/ Greenwald, M. (2020). Live streaming e-commerce is the rage in China. Is the U.S. next? https://www.forbes.com/sites/michellegreenwald/ 2020/12/10/live-streaming-e-commerce-is-the-rage-in-china-isthe-us-next/?sh=61c9f66b6535 Grimsley, S. (2021). What is profitability? – Definition & Analysis. https:// study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-profitability-definitionanalysis-quiz.html Gutman, J. (1982). A Means-End Chain Model Based on Consumer Categorization Processes. Journal of Marketing, 46(2), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.2307/3203341 Hasbullah, N.A., Osman, A., Abdullah, S., Salahuddin, S.N., Ramlee, N.F., & Soha, H.M. (2016). The Relationship of Attitude, Subjective Norm and Website Usability on Consumer Intention to Purchase Online: An Evidence of Malaysian Youth. Economics and finance, 35, 493-502. DOI: 10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00061-7

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Hsu, H. Y. & Chang, W. S. (2019). A study of consumers purchasing factors through Facebook Online Live Streaming: Taking sales of clothing for example. http://25qt511nswfi49iayd31ch80-wpengine. netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/acss2019/ACSS2019_ 50466.pdf Isswani, M. & Dipti, C. (2019). Research on Online Market Vs Offline Market. National Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering Technology and Management. Advance online publication. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/338527543_Research_on_Online_ Market_Vs_Offline_Market Ivana, P. & Are, R. L. (2021). The Impact of User Generated Content (Online Review) Towards The Intention to Purchase on E-commerce. ADI International Conference Series, 3(1), 425–442. https://adijournal. org/index.php/conferenceseries/article/view/37 Jamieson, S. (2017). Likert scale. https://www.britannica.com/topic/LikertScale Jayalakshmi, M. & Subramanian, C. (2017). The impact of online shopping upon retail trade business. http://www.aarhat.com/amierj/wpcontent/ uploads/2017/12/oct_nov_2017_07.pd Johanns, A. M. & Hofstrand, D. (2019). Understanding profitability. https:// www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/html/c3-24.html Johnson, J. (2021). Global digital population as of January 2021. https:// www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/ Kang, K., Lu, J., Guo, L., & Li, W. The dynamic effect of interactivity on customer engagement behavior through tie strength: Evidence from live streaming commerce platforms. International Journal Information Management, 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt. 2020.102251 LaFleur, K. (2020). The pandemic forced businesses to move online — it’s time for fundraising to also go digital. https://www.forbes.com/ sites/forbestechcouncil/2020/12/14/the-pandemic-forcedbusinesses-to-move-online---its-time-for-fundraising-to-also-godigital/?sh=7cc502895232

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Law, T. J. (2021). 19 Powerful Ecommerce statistics that will guide your strategy in 2021. https://www.oberlo.com.ph/blog/ecommercestatistics Ledesma, J. (2020). Online selling fuels economic activity during pandemic. https://www.pna.gov.ph/opinion/pieces/372-online-selling-fuelseconomic-activity-during-pandemic Lee, C. H. & Chen, C. W. Impulse buying behaviors in Live Streaming Commerce based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response Framework. Information, 12, 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060241 Lorenciana, C. (2021). More businesses shift to online space amid pandemic. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1129187 Lunn, S. (2020). Live selling: The new retail trend shaping the future of ecommerce. https://www.thedrum.com/profile/grabyo/news/liveselling-the-new-retail-trend-shaping-the-future-of-e-commerce Ma, Y. (2021). To shop or not: Understanding Chinese consumers’ livestream shopping intentions from the perspectives of uses and gratifications, perceived network size, perceptions of digital celebrities, and shopping orientations. The Service Industries Journal, 29(4), 503-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101562 Mangold, W.G. & Smith., K.T. (2011). Selling to Millennials with online reviews. BusinessHorizons, 55(2), 141-153. https://www.research gate.net/publication/251550795_Selling_to_Millennia%27s_ with_online_reviews Market Business News. (2021). Online shopping – definition and meaning. https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/online-shoppingdefinition-meaning/ Masigan, A. (2020). The state of e-commerce in the Philippines. https://www. bworldonline.com/the-state-of-e-commerce-in-the-philippines/ McLeod, S. (2019). Likert Scale Definition, Examples and Analysis. https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-scale.html Morgan, B. (2019). What is the future of shopping experiences? https://www. forbes.com/sites/blakemorgan/2019/07/25/what-is-the-future-ofshopping-experience/?sh=713916e36c1c

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Nartea, M. A., Santos, J. J. M., & Goyenechea, A. G. (2019). Exploring the Characteristics of Millennials in Online Buying Behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(4), 1-9. New World Encyclopedia. (2020). Online shopping. https://www.newworld encyclopedia.org/entry/Online_shopping O’Dea, S. (2021). Number of smartphone users worldwide from 2016 to 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphoneusers-worldwide/ Official Gazette. (2021). Department of Trade and Industry. https://www.official gazette.gov.ph/section/briefing-room/department-of-trade-andindustry/#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20Trade%20and, rights%20and%20responsibilities%20of%20consumers Paquette, H. (2013). Social Media as a Marketing Tool: A Literature Review. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:// scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1001&context=tmd_ major_papers Qian, M. (2021). Understanding customer experience and repurchase intention in live streaming shopping: An empirical study in China. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/69056 Qualtrics. (n.d.). What is Net Promoter Score (NPS)? Definition & Examples. https://www.qualtrics.com/au/experience-management/customer/ net-promoter-score/ Rahim, A., Safin, S. Z., Kheng, L. K., Abas, N., & Ali, S. M. (2016). Factors influencing purchasing intention of smartphone among university student. Elsevier, 37, 245- 253. Doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(16) 30121-6 Sage Publication. (n.d.). Choosing the type of Probability Sampling. https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/40803_ 5.pdf Saleh, K. (n.d.). How discounts affect online consumer buying behavior [infographic]. https://www.invespcro.com/blog/how-discounts-affect-online-consumerbuyingbehavior/ Sarkar, R. & Das, S. (2017). Online Shopping vs Offline Shopping: A comparative study. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 3(1), 57- 68. 88

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Scalefast. (2018). 9 Tools to give your ecommerce company the competitive edge. https://www.scalefast.com/blog/9-tools-to-give-yourecommerce-company-the-competitive-edge/ Secretaria, N. M., Aranas, A. G. L., Pacubas, C. Y., & Bithay, L. L. (2021). Trust and purchase intention on online shops amid COVID 19 pandemic: As basis for regulatory policy. EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review-Peer Reviewed Journal, 9(9), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra8480 Singh A. & Meshram J., N. (2016). The study of impact of online shopping on conventional shopping methods by today’s youth with respect to clothing and accessories. J. Advances in Bus. Management, 2(3), 149-153. DOI: 10.14260/jadbm/2016/35 Siu, E. (2021). What is live stream shopping? https://www.singlegrain.com/ web%20trends/what-is-live-stream-shopping/ Solis, K. T. (n.d.). What is online shopping?. https://www.easytechjunkie. com/what-is-online-shopping.htm Statista. (2021). Most popular B2C e-commerce sites in the Philippines as of 1st quarter 2021, by monthly web visits. https://www.statista.com/ statistics/993273/philippines-major-b2c-ecommerce-sites/ Statista. (2021). Retail e-commerce sales worldwide from 2014 to 2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/379046/worldwide-retail-ecommerce-sales/ Stevanovic, I. (2021). 23 social selling statistics you need to know in 2021. https://www.smallbizgenius.net/by-the-numbers/social-selling-statistics/ #gref Storyly. (2020). How is Live Streaming Changing E-commerce?. https://storyly.io/ how-is-live-streaming-changing-e-commerce/ Szymanski, G. & Stanislawski, R. (2018). Research online – Purchase offline – A Phenomenon among the young generation in the e-commerce sector. International Scientific Publications, 12(1), 185-192. Tater, M. (2020). Why is customer engagement important and valuable?. https://www.entrepreneurshiplife.com/why-is-customer-engagementimportant-and-valuable/

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The World Bank. (2021). The World Bank in the Philippines. https://www. worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/overview Thomas, J. (2015). The history of online shopping. https://purple.ai/blogs/ the-history-of-online-shopping/ Thomsen, R.B. (2021). 19 E-commerce statistics you can use to inform your marketing strategy (2021). https://sleeknote.com/blog/e-commercestatistics Varghese, J. (2020). 10 E-commerce security threats that are getting stronger by the day! https://www.getastra.com/blog/knowledge-base/ecommercesecurity-threats/ Vivek, S., Beatty, S., & Melanie, H. (2018). If You Build It Right, They Will Engage: A Study of Antecedent Conditions of Customer Engagement. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61 985-9_2 Wait, M. (2019). The rivalry between online and direct selling – Is there a winner? Acta Commercii, 19(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v1 9i1.679 Walker-Ford, M. (2021). The 8 Best Social Media Platforms to Market Your Business in 2021 [Infographic].https://www.socialmediatoday.com/ news/the-8-best-social-media-platforms-to-market-your-businessin-2021-infograp/595834/ Wang, X. & Wu, D. (2019). Understanding User Engagement Mechanisms on a Live Streaming Platform. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 334365243_Understanding_User_Engagement_Mechanisms_on_a_ Live_Streaming_Platform Wongkitrungrueng, A. & Assarut, N. (2018). The role of live streaming in building consumer trust and engagement with social commerce sellers. Journal of Business Research, 117, 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jbusres.2018.08.032 Wongkitrungrueng, A. (2017). Facebook Live and Apparel Shopping A Case From The Worlds Socialcommerce Leader. Global Fashion Management Conference. DOI:10.15444/GFMC017.03.01.03 World Population Review. (2021). Bacoor Population 2021. https://world populationreview.com/world-cities/bacoor-population

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World Population Review. (2021). Imus Population 2021. https://world populationreview.com/world-cities/imus-population Zhang, M., Qin, F., Wang, G. A., Luo, C. (2019). The impact of live video streaming on online purchase intention. The Service Industries Journal, 20(9-10), 18-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1576642

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ABM Research Abstracts Influence of Location in the Profitability of Sari-sari Stores in Bacoor Angelika Mae Arellano and Katrine Cleiane Micabani

Sari-sari stores are very common in the Philippines. It is usually located near or in their own house which makes it accessible to the customers that are within the neighborhood. However, as it is one of the most common ways to gain income and profit, the number of sari-sari stores are continuously increasing, and so does the competition especially if the competing stores are within the same community. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to recognize the influence of location on the profitability of sari-sari stores in Bacoor. In order to accomplish this objective, the study was conducted using a quantitative research design, particularly a correlational explanatory research. An online survey was utilized which involved 31 sari-sari store owners in Barangay Mambog 3 in the City of Bacoor. The results have shown that a busy place increased the profit of the sari-sari stores. In addition, nearby stores could affect consumer’s purchasing decisions leading to an impact on the stores’ profitability. Moreover, the results have also shown that sari-sari stores can still maximize their profits without assessment of the location’s chances in lessening or heightening their expenses. With this, the study concluded that the leading choice to make and take into account for the sari-sari store owners would be a location situated within a busy place to be able to maximize their profit despite market competition and expenses. Keywords: location, profitability, retail shop, sari-sari store

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ABM Research Abstracts Influence of Digital Marketing Advertising on Increasing Sales Revenues of Small Businesses in Imus Chiena Bel Guevarra and Althea Louise Tungala

Digital marketing advertising is in constant evolution in society today. It provides a technique to advertise things online therefore making the concept of digital marketing very popular in the business sector. Consequently, small business owners benefit from digital marketing advertising since it allows them to promote their products for free and reach a larger audience. This study aims to look at how digital marketing advertising can help small businesses in Imus Cavite in increasing their sales profits. The researchers utilized Google forms to create a survey form and the responses of 114 people were gathered to gain a thorough understanding of the current research. The findings show that digital marketing helps small enterprises in increasing sales and profit. Thus, small business owners can benefit from digital marketing promotion because it can help increase their revenues through cost-effective and convenient easy ways of marketing their products. Keywords: Digital Marketing Advertising, small business, sales revenue

The Relationship of Having Bank Accounts to the Financial Management of Grade 12 Students Angela Gayle Bautista and Symone Joy Cortez

With the rising will of young consumers to spend money on their wants and necessities during COVID 19 in the Philippines, it is significant to examine their financial management and their purchasing power. As money is required in purchasing online and offline, bank accounts offer convenience for the consumers in terms of security and earning interest. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between having bank accounts and the behavior of young consumers in managing finances. A valid response of 72 Grade 12 Students of St. Dominic College of Asia participated in this empirical study via Google Forms. The analysis of the gathered data showed a relationship between the two variables revealing that students having bank accounts is moderately negatively correlated with the students’ financial management. With these findings, the researchers recommend that bank organizations create, propagate, or disseminate a youth-friendly awareness of its benefits and effects especially to the management of their finances, since most students have positive effects on their financial literacy with the use of bank accounts. Keywords: bank, financial management, savings, students, financial literacy

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ABM Research Abstracts ATM Cards: A Descriptive Study on Benefits and Risks as a Payment Method in Online Shopping

Trisha Nicole Azcueta and Hannah Mae Dimayuga

In the face of the current global pandemic, consumers have become progressively more accustomed and familiar to online transactions, which led to the increasing popularity of online shopping and bank cards, such as ATMs, that have become one of the primarily used cashless payment methods. The implementation of ATM cards supplied shoppers with convenience and offered security and control over personal finances in a safe digital environment. Consequently, the minimal risks provided involve an influence on online shopping behavior. The study aims to identify the benefits and risks of using ATM cards as a medium of payment in online shopping, in which factors are derived from the theoretical framework, conceptual framework, and related literature. In connection with the objectives of the study, data were gathered from 49 senior high school students from a private school in Bacoor City, Cavite, through purposive sampling. An online survey questionnaire was designed and disseminated through Google Forms in order to quantitatively analyze the participants’ responses. The results demonstrated that even with the awareness that online shoppers have regarding the benefits and risks that ATM cards contribute to online shopping, they would still prefer making purchases online with the utilization of said payment method. In conclusion, the benefits had positive influences, while risks had negative influences on the online buying behavior of consumers using ATM cards. Hence, there is a need to investigate more in order to further improve and contribute in the field of the study, as this topic still needs adequate investigation and understanding. Keywords: ATM card, benefits, online shopping, payment option, Ris

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ABM Research Abstracts The Influence of Advertising Cosmetics and Product Recommendations in TikTok on Gen Z’s Purchasing Decisions June Ritz Adan and Khaili Jaraoh Angelus Bayan

Through the years, social media has become a huge part of the growing business industry. Advertising became easy as businesses can reach their target market in just a click. This research investigates the influence of TikTok cosmetic advertising on the purchasing decisions of Gen Z consumers, which could help businesspeople approach consumers with the best strategy in promoting, selling, and advertising their cosmetic products, considering the company's best interests as it can pave the way for the product's success. The study will be in the form of a non-experimental quantitative approach with a correlational design to identify, analyze, and describe the influence of advertising and recommending cosmetics on TikTok when it comes to the decision making of Gen-Z consumers in purchasing cosmetic products. In conclusion, TikTok has the capability of influencing the purchasing decision of Gen-Z's when it comes to advertising and recommendations but it's either a hit or a miss. The factor that influenced Gen Z's purchase decision the most was evaluating the comments on the videos, which was far superior than the other considerations. Informative videos were the most influential type of video according to the respondents as it grabbed their attention and convinced them more than the other types of videos presented. Lastly, majority of the students responded willing to advertise cosmetics on TikTok. Keywords: TikTok, advertisements, recommendations, business Gen Z

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ABM Research Abstracts Factors Influencing GCash Use in the Pandemic of the Senior High School Students in Bacoor Simone Alaiza Ignacio and April Anne Paningbatan

Online banking is one of the most advanced and commonly used platforms in terms of technological innovation in finances. It is growing more popular as a method of transaction and payment in today’s modern days. GCash is one of the mobile wallet platforms that many people use nowadays, including teenagers, on which the study focuses. This study aims to ascertain how the effect of the current pandemic influences senior high schoolers' GCash usage. It would determine the factors that affect their usage of GCash during the pandemic and how the platform benefits them. This study involved the senior high school students of St. Dominic College of Asia for the school year 2021-2022. With regards to gathering the data, an online survey was created through the use of Google Forms with a total of 114 respondents have displayed willful participation in answering the survey. After the survey was conducted, the data that the survey obtained was then tabulated and examined. It was found that GCash usage among senior high school students had been significantly impacted by the pandemic. Consequently, there is a strong relationship between GCash usage of senior high school students and the time of the current pandemic. Keywords: GCash, senior high school students, pandemic

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ABM Research Abstracts Impulsive Buying Behavior: The Influence of Shopee Flash Sales Towards Gen Z's Buying Decision Michelle Lenly de Leon and Dane Roxanne Gamboa

This study provides an in-depth and empirical insight of Gen Z's impulsive shopping behavior on the online shopping platform of Shopee. The constant evolution of the internet that led to the growing practice of virtual purchasing has directly impacted the perception of Gen Zs in marketshopping activities. Instead of making purchases through traditional means, Gen Zs prefer to make them online, exposing them to flash sales, and online promotional deals. The phenomena of an impulsive shopping behavior on online shopping platforms were quantified in this study utilizing a correlational technique, and using the Shopee platform as the study’s independent variable. This study seeks to understand how Shopee flash sales influence Gen Z’s impulsive buying behavior. Therefore, an online survey to fill the gap of the research was created and disseminated to the Senior High School students of St. Dominic College of Asia, gathering a total of 121 responses. In conclusion, this study revealed that all of the factors and processes involved in this study demonstrated that there was no strong correlation between Shopee flash sales and the impulsive purchasing behavior of Generation Z. Keywords: Gen Zs, Shopee, impulsive behavior, online

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ABM Research Abstracts Influence of Shopee Voucher Campaigns on Consuming Behavior of Adolescents Firenze Sedric Decena and Denise Aemie San Gaspar

Although Shopee is one of the most used E-commerce platforms, users of the site rapidly increased when the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, with most of these users comprising adolescents. "Shopee-Budol" is a term coined about purchasing above their means due to Voucher Availabilities that Shopee offers. This tackles how Shopee Voucher Campaigns influence the consuming behavior of adolescents. An online survey based on the study's literature review and conceptual and theoretical frameworks through Google forms has been formulated. A total of 178 students from the St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High School Department who had experience using Shopee, were the respondents. Results demonstrated that Shopee Voucher Campaigns have an average influence on adolescents' consuming behavior. This clearly shows a moderate correlation between the independent and dependent variables. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between the Shopee Voucher Campaigns and adolescents' consuming behavior. The e-commerce companies could use the findings to further produce better voucher options suitable for adolescents, considering they are a large percentage of consumers. Keywords: adolescents, consuming behavior, voucher campaigns, Shopee

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ABM Research Abstracts Consumer Satisfaction with Shopping on the Go: Lazada vs. Facebook Marketplace Samantha Boledo and Christine Marie Castillo

In today’s modern and digital age, commerce or conducting exchange of goods and services has leveled up into a platform adapting to contemporary day’s technology, widely recognized as e-commerce or online shopping. Platforms designed to carry out these transactions emerged and multiplied, creating a variety of sites with similar purposes yet differing provisions of consumer satisfaction. Hence, this study investigates two of the widely known platforms for online shopping, Lazada and Facebook Marketplace. These two independent variables are compared according to the perception, experience, and satisfaction of different online consumers. Gathered data was extracted from 161 senior high school students of St. Dominic College of Asia and collected through the use of questionnaires or close-ended surveys created through Google Forms. Upon analysis of data and the discussion of results, presented data shows that most students used and preferred Lazada for shopping online. This preference seemed to relate to the attributes of a shopping platform that help shape the quality of a consumer’s experience. Consequently, significant differences were found between the two platforms where consumer satisfaction with Lazada was revealed to be higher than of Facebook’s, similarly with the consumer’s shop of recommendation, the intention of use, and the quality of shopping experience that inclined more towards the platform of Lazada. Keywords: online shopping, consumer satisfaction, shopping platforms, online consumers

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ABM Research Abstracts A Correlational Study on Teenager’s Preference on Fast Food Products during Pandemic Edrix Francisco and Art Nymrah Tiamzon

COVID-19 had gradually changed the lifestyle of almost everyone in the world, especially for those countries who had been greatly affected by these negative effects. Having it called the “new normal, new lifestyle,” and such, one of the parts that can be considered affected by it is the businesses and industry of fast food. Healthy nutrition has become more necessary during this season. The rise of online activities in terms of businesses had also emerged during this pandemic, slightly defining changes in the consumers’ preferences. On this kind of matter, this study evaluates the choices and lifestyle of teenager-aged tier customers in terms of eating fast food. The research itself aims to make awareness of nutritional information about fast food, know the benefits of pandemic in these kind of businesses, learn about the teenagers' lifestyle and preferred choices on prices, quality of the food, brand choices and such, and knowing if the pandemic has changed the lifestyle on their behavior of buying fast food. Results show that most of the respondents did not actually change much of their lifestyle in terms of fast food. The graphs and results showed that there is a weak correlation between changes in their buying habits before and during the pandemic. Although, there is a slight increase of respondents that are unsure of their buying habits during the pandemic. Nevertheless, the study still concluded the result of a weak relationship between the changes in teenagers’ lifestyle in fast food and the emergence of the pandemic. Keywords: fast food, bad effects, nutrition, teenagers, pandemic

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ABM Research Abstracts Influence of Facebook Advertisements on Impulse Buying Decisions of Grade 12 Students Felicity Anacay, Juliana Arabella Montaño, and Nila Maedeleine Tenorio

Nowadays, the number of users on different social media platforms has increased because of the pandemic. It allows everyone to communicate and build virtual connections. Businesses also utilize these platforms to market their product to their target audience. Additionally, Facebook is considered the most used platform at this time. With this, the researchers focused on studying the influence of Facebook advertisements on the impulse buying decisions of grade 12 students. This study also aimed to know the factor that mostly affects impulse buying among grade 12 students and determine the satisfaction level of grade 12 students after such purchase behavior. The data gathering process was through Google Forms sent to the sample in St. Dominic College of Asia. The researchers have closely monitored the respondents' nationality because only Filipino respondents are needed to maintain validity for this research. The findings have shown that the impact-of-money factor was mostly affecting the consumers' impulse buying behavior caused by their innate Filipino shopping culture. Advertisements were also proven to have a moderate positive correlation with the impulse buying of the respondents. Lastly, this study proved that the majority of grade 12 students encounter the gray area between satisfaction and dissatisfaction upon evaluating their purchase. With these findings, it can be concluded that advertisements can indeed influence impulse buying decisions of teenage consumers alongside some factors in line with the Filipino shopping culture of the respondents. Thus, businesses are also encouraged to utilize different social media platforms, especially Facebook, to communicate their product efficiently. Keywords: social media, Facebook advertisements, impulse buying, Filipino shopping culture

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ABM Research Abstracts The Relationship of Buyer’s Feedback and Unplanned Purchasing Decision of Gen Z Consumers Jermaine Adriane Abella and Nicole Ashley Bautista

Different online shopping methods and platforms arose and became a trend that led to a lot of consumers, specifically Gen Zs nowadays, to purchase from different shopping applications without hesitating when looking at a product’s actual feedback from other buyers whether it is a good review or bad. Thus, this study aims to determine the relationship of Shopee products ratings and reviews on the unplanned purchasing decisions of Gen Z consumers. Researchers hypothesize that there is a strong connection between the buyer’s feedback and the immediate purchase of Gen Z Consumers. With the support of related literature and the survey that was conducted through Google Forms with 177 Senior High School students from St. Dominic College of Asia, the result have shown that there is a weak but positive relationship between the unplanned purchasing decisions of Gen Zs and the ratings and reviews from the online shopping application. In conclusion, there are possible reasons for the impulsiveness of a Gen Z consumer such as rates and reviews, emotion-driven feedback, and feeling wise and safe. Moreover, Gen Zs are shown to be influenced by the rates and reviews of a product even if they have differences in social status. Keywords: online shopping, rates and reviews, Generation Z, purchasing decision

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ABM Research Abstracts Piquing Interest: The Influence of Non-skippable YouTube Advertisement on the Buying Behavior of Grade 12 Students Breivan Timothy Nicolas and Christian Jeco Tenorio

Majority of literature and research have focused on skippable advertisements, as this type of advertising is believed to reduce the chances of irritating consumers due to its skip button feature. However, if consumers continue to skip every skippable advertisement that appears before their desired video, the effectiveness of the advertisement format will be put into question. Hence, this study focuses on non-skippable YouTube advertisements where it specifically studies the consumers’ reactions to this type of advertising, the factors that encourage consumers to watch the entire duration of the advertisement, and the relationship between non-skippable YouTube advertisements and a consumers' buying behavior. The study was conducted at a private school in Bacoor, Cavite, with a sample size of 124 senior high school students. Due to the current pandemic, the study utilized Google Forms to serve as an online survey questionnaire and was sent to the selected students through their school emails. Using Pearson's correlation analysis, it was revealed that there is a positive weak relationship between the students’ buying behavior and nonskippable YouTube advertisements. Despite the positive results, the relationship between the variables remains weak. Based on the students' responses on the survey, it could be concluded that the reason for the weak correlation is the lack of entertainment (such as a creative storyline), which frequently leads to consumer irritation. Keywords: YouTube, advertising, non-skippable, buying behavior

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ABM Research Abstracts Adult Consumer's Decision Making in Purchasing Essentials towards COVID-19 Pandemic in Bacoor, Cavite Austina Jane Agustin and Shara Mariel Gusi

People have been compelled to change some of their practices into new ones as a response to the pandemic, such as the "new normal," whereby they must adjust to the circumstance. Consumer’s purchasing behavior has been affected such as their buying schemes due to social constraints, as well as their priority, and approach to the products and their behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the pandemic and consumer purchasing behavior. This also aimed to introduce the idea of shopping online as a substitute for in-store buying. Taking 29 adult consumers as our respondents from a particular street in Bacoor, Cavite, researchers was able to obtained data through the use of online surveys. According to the findings, the majority of them agree that the pandemic has changed their shopping behavior, as they have reduced their spending and concentrated on acquiring necessities which supports the study from Prachi Sharma (2020) which mentions that consumers' buying behavior has been influenced in such a manner that they prioritize the essentials such as food and safety items due to fear of the virus. With the support of the research findings, it has also been discovered that the pandemic led them to knowing the idea of online shopping. However, even though customers find online shopping to be convenient, they still prefer in-store purchasing before and during the pandemic. Keywords: pandemic, consumer purchasing, safety protocols

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e-commerce,

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ABM PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

A Quantitative Research:

Unpacking the Consumer's Role: Student's Shopping Habits and Perception towards Fast Fashion

Determining the Effectivity of TikTok Advertisements on Influencing the Consumers' Online Purchasing

A Qualitative Research:

A Qualitative Research:

Researchers: Angelica Dilao Gia Willane Gawaran Angeline Geronimo

Experiences of ABM Students in Online Learning at St. Dominic College of Asia Researchers: John Froi Pelimiano Ryx Sebastian Alao Dale Geneluis Velez

Researchers: Maria Katrina Rito Jelaine Angel San Jose

The Significance of Using Networking Platforms in Advertising towards Growth and Production of Startup Business Researchers: Sharmaine Angela Bicomong Kashly Ann Fernandez Aleyana Tan

A Qualitative Research:

The Monetary Evolution: Benefits of CryptocurrencyMoney in the Digital Economy Researchers: Sofia Bianca Arcala Mark Anthony Camino Jan Lara Eloise Ogena

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ABM PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

Influence of Modern Marketing Strategies in Social Media as a Means to Attract Consumers Researcher: Jhin Axzel Camama

A Quantitative Research:

Feasibility of Non-Fungible Tokens for Work Transactions in Filipino Digital Artists Researchers: John Benedict Bautista Sandra Ysabel Datu

A Qualitative Research:

Influence of Ethical Advertising in Promoting the Product Researchers: Eizen Egloso Carl Andrei Buco

A Qualitative Research:

Feasibility of Using Facebook Live to Enhance Customer's Buying Habit on Local Fashion Apparel Brands Researchers: Rasheed Kent Alfonso Mitch Lyza Gonzales Haerin Yesha Khyle Park

A Qualitative Research:

The Color Concept: The Influence of Color in the Food Business Industry in Bulacan Researcher: Estephanie Gem Centeno

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HUMSS Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

Racism of Cluelessness: Daily Use of Slurs and Derogatory of the Oppressed in the Students’ Lives Macy Kahlef SJ. Campos and Hannah Joy S. Pagaduan

Abstract This research covers the terms, expressions, and words that people these days use especially under the pandemic the country is currently facing and everyone could only communicate through social media platforms and on the internet. This research was conducted to find out if the students who use terms, expressions, and words, especially under the African American Vernacular English (AAVE) know what they mean and where they originate from. The study is conducted in quantitative data in an online setting using descriptive analysis to come up with the results. The results from the study demonstrated that students ages ranging from 11 to 15 started using terms, words, and expressions from the internet. The students do not have prior knowledge on the expressions they are using but are willing to make sure and always look up the terms they use; there were 74 students who are unaware of the meaning and would not use AAVE and 53 students who are aware of the meaning and would still use AAVE. AAVE is often used for catching up with the trends and inclusion of a variety of new words, where students use it even if they know the meaning and ensure that they use it in the right context to avoid culturally appropriating words. Keywords: slurs, derogatory, racism, vernacular, social media

Introduction This research dives deep into the knowledge of students with slurs and derogatory terms that they encounter through their daily lives. This research is to identify if the students know the real meaning and history of each word; they use what they encounter on the internet and in real life to remain relevant, or make it seem that they catch up with the new internet language, especially in this new normal setting in the pandemic where students are mostly using social media as a form of news and communication with other students.

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Background of the Study Trend arises anytime due to accessible social media that exposes people to new and different kinds of things every day, which some can also construct and form an attachment to other new words that come from the internet. This also includes words that contain deeper history which people of the minority are acclaimed into. Most of the time people tend to form an attachment that causes daily use of these words from the internet and some music that is currently trending among the community (DiFranco, n.d.). Intentions carry racism undertones as culture recognizes language as part of it. Once a language is used intentionally, racism is recognized (American Association for Applied Linguistics, 2019). The frequent use of derogatory and slur expressions may seem normalized to society due to the accessibility of social media, making it easier to interact with another person of another race which can also develop cyber-racism, internalized racism or homophobia, and discrimination against other oppressed communities (Australian Human Rights Commission, n.d.). Slurring terms, in particular, drew the attention of a diverse group of academics, including philosophers of language, ethics, psychologists, and linguists. Slurs and descriptors are coreferential expressions with the same extension, and thereby have the same meaning or content; they are inconsistent and empirical data, and an alternative account according to Croom (2015). Slurs are disparaging slurs that attack individuals and groups based on their membership in a specific category, known as the “target class.” Slurs are frequently directed at someone based on their race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and other factors. Another common misconception regarding slurs is that they are among the most insulting of all verbal utterances. The racial insult n-word, for example, is widely regarded as “one of the most racially repulsive phrases in the language” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2014), while in an article written by Cherry Wilson (2020), the slurs are the “filthiest, dirtiest, nastiest word in the English language.” Statement of the Problem This research aimed to identify how frequent slurs and derogatory expressions are used by Senior High students of St. Dominic College of Asia and if students know the real meaning of the terms and still use it, or use the words unknowingly without the knowledge of the meaning of those expressions.

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Research Questions These research questions sought to find the answers that can solidify the researcher’s claims in this study and support the study in providing a path throughout the research. 1. When did the students start using African American Vernacular English (AAVE) expressions? 2. How did students have prior knowledge about the term they were using? 3. How many students are using AAVE terms that are aware of the meaning, and not aware of the meaning? Significance of the Study With the conduct of this research, it can offer information that can help the students to be more careful on the terms they pick up on the trends on the internet or their friends. Students. Learn the true meaning of the expressions they are using and have a careful mindset once the students know the real meaning and history of the terms they were carelessly using. Oppressed Communities. Gain benefits as people are getting educated about the terms they should not use to avoid the normalization of using oppressed terms that were used to refer to them as something that is harmful to their community. Future Researchers. Gain benefits in the study as it covers language barrier’s appropriation which includes deeper and secluded topics about underlying racism in language statements. Researchers can expound and include different language and cultural barriers people have encountered. Scope and Delimitations of the Study This study focused on the expressions people, mostly the younger generations, use. The researchers want to know how often the students, who grew up with easy technology in touch, use slurs, derogatory, and AAVE-included words, and see if they know the meaning of the words they are saying. Appropriated insults can be encountered in a variety of social circumstances and through a variety of media. An appropriated slur, for example, ching chong (slur to Chinese people), could be among friends at a social gathering, by musicians with the lyrics and songs, or by performers on television or in movies. It will focus on students enrolled in St. Dominic College of Asia, Senior High School Unit, Grade 11 to 12 in

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the academic year of 2021-2022. The study discusses racism’s underlying consequences on youth’s development, as well as their awareness of society's current issues, as well as the toll it takes on racially disenfranchised families and communities. The impact of appropriated slurs will almost certainly be mediated by the social context and the speakers of these expressions by presented data and results of the study and statistical analysis and implications. Conceptual Framework The main concept of the study is to identify the population of students from Senior High School who use African American Vernacular English, slurs, and derogatory terms as expressions and communicators in their daily lives. Social Media can be a home of bullying and harassment, especially to women and oppressed communities; most of the time, this ends up as an assertive attitude to force the standard and stereotype of the society into the community. Which goes as far as calling them gendered insults and derogatory slurs, such as “slut,” “whore,” and other sexist words that come from misogyny (Felmlee et al., 2019). Homophobic remarks can also be recalled when the phrase, “you are gay” is used as an insult or is received as a negative connotation by the society, as gays or LGBTQIA+ is known as people who goes farther from the norm where opposite sex is the only ones who can make a relationship and build a family. “No homo” can also be known as a homophobic remark as it gives off the meaning of being perceived as gay over showing affection to the same sex (Kibirige et al., 2013). African American Vernacular English is also often seen and used on various social media platforms as new trendy words, where it originally came from the black community and is called Blaccent or Black Accent (Hofmann-Kuroda, 2018). Though slurs are known to refer to something offensive, it becomes something different when referred to a certain group of people as a cracker or a palmed colored person. It is not as offensive as ching chong, which is a term used to refer to people in Asia, where most people of color reside. This term turned into a derogatory slur as it somehow refers to the eyes of the people or when people say this word, they do an action such as pulling their eyes back (Sinclair & New York University Department of Linguistics, 2017). These studies correlate with each other as the use of slurs and derogatory terms has been prevalent throughout the years. The people involved in the community where words are misused or used to insult can be something harmful to the people under the community especially now

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that these words are mostly encountered as a new trend and is seen in different social media platforms as stan language which covers the true meaning under the problematic terms. Students can pick up and use it as an expression and a communicative language to their peers as social media can easily be accessed and has become prevalent due to the new normalwhere most of the students are using the internet and social media as a communication method (Benberry, 2020). Figure 1 IPO Model of the Use of Slurs and Derogatory Terms by the Students

In our day-to-day lives, social media plays a significant role. One post and click on social media have a wide range of effects on people through scrolling. When the pandemic happened and the new normal began, people spent too much time using gadgets, and young children use gadgets and could see these terms and expressions on the internet. With this, it can lead to bullying, depression, and anxiety. On the internet, abusive language is directed at people and races online. These negative types of terms or messages through the network make users interact (Rodis &Francisco, 2018). According to the Zenerations (2021), African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is spoken by the members of the Black community often gets referred to as “Gen Z slang,” “internet lingo (language),” or stan language. As trendy as AAVE sounds, it is not something that only came up in the 21st Century, it originated to the slavery that black people experienced under the United States.

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From the article written by The Feminuity Team (2021), words like ‘lit’, ‘woke’, ‘hella’, ‘asf’, and ‘outta pocket’ are examples of AAVE or Black Vernacular English (BVE) as not only Africans are Black people. These terms often get misused and overly emphasized in posts, memes, and graphic interchange format (GIF) as these words are used by people on the internet that are not a part of the community. It is considered as harmful when trended as real people in a community speaks it, due to the widely used Standard English, people who speak AAVE gets denied in job interviews, stores, and other facilities in either workforce or in school (African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs, 2022). In the study of Laing (2021), resulted to white participants scoring higher on acceptability in appropriated language. In addition, the LGBT participants scoring higher in terms of acceptance, then scored lower in appropriation. In conclusion, those who are not part of the LGBT and POC community are most likely to view LGBT slang and AAVE appropriation as acceptable. The New Normal was introduced to the people as an alternative to faceto-face classes and social gatherings to prevent the rapid multiplication of the COVID-19 virus. In this situation, the students are stuck with their gadgets as it is mostly used for online classes which causes them to have easier access to social media where many different people coexist with different trends occurring at different times of the year such as terms from social media, newly released songs, and trending videos from different platforms (Wonderopolis, 2019). Salih (2019) conducted a research study on how language bias impacts students and their motivation. Which seeks into the teacher’s readiness in learning various languages to provide quality education to a diverse community of students in the school. The results show that though the student’s perception of speaking AAVE language in class as one of the motivations and can impact achievements in the school, the majority of the teacher’s perception is that AAVE should not be allowed in the class and that they prefer Standard English as one of the ways to teach children. This shows relevancy in this study as AAVE is not something that people can take lightly and as a trend only, as it affects the learning and the student’s motivation in learning.

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As the media and government authorities progressively blame Asians for the spread of the pandemic virus, numerous Asian Americans have reported racial slurs, unfair workplace firing, physical assault, and other incidents since January 2020. Worry and fear about the epidemic, racist actions, like hate crimes and prejudice are all directed at Asians. The Asian population in the United States has become the target of discrimination and racist slurs (Lopez et al., 2017). Lenhart et al. (2016) defined online harassment as an unwelcome, problematic digital contact, which is a common occurrence in society that manifests itself in a variety of forms including cyberbullying, hate speech, and online aggression. Women have been accused of being bullied and harassed on social media sites in several instances. Twitter is one of the well-known platforms and it has the ability to expand well beyond its intended audience. Several studies (Chatzakou et al.2017) looked at online harassment on Twitter, where racist, sexist, and homophobic posts are easily accessible to the general public at all hours of the day. Users tweet these words and phrases that include insults to someone’s appearance (e.g., “ugly”), intellect (e.g., “dumb”), sexual experience (e.g., “promiscuous”), and mental stability (e.g., “mad” or “crazy”); Twitter users post almost 13, 000 bullying-related remarks. On the other hand, online hostility has a substantial, harmful impact. According to Sterner and Felmlee (2017), the basis of simple searches for various defamatory slurs and insults (e.g., “nigger”, “whore”, “faggot”), prior study reveals that it takes an average of 24 seconds to 1.5 minutes to locate the first insulting, hostile tweets. In an aggressive message, for example, calling a woman a “bitch” means that she is not complying with the expectations that she should be pleasant. A woman being labeled a “whore” or “slut” indicates that she has deviated significantly from sexual inexperience. Labeling a woman a “cunt”, - according to one urban dictionary, is one of the most disliked words in the English language - it implies that she has no good features or qualities. From 2016 through the beginning of 2019, the researchers collected data from Twitter for two and a half years. Users were limited to tweets of 140 characters or less for much of this time (before the change in Twitter policies). Prior to data collection, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) gave its clearance to the study of Lenhart. In two stages, researchers gathered Twitter posts. First, they scraped recent tweets containing specified terms using keyword searches using the software NodeXL. Following these leads, the researchers spent two and a half years examining trends of sexist and misogynistic language on Twitter, tracking both current events and individual insults and racial slurs. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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These searches gathered almost 50,000 tweets in total, with a concentration on common terms like (“bitch”, “cunt”, “slut”, and “whore”). These four terms are also commonly used swear words on Twitter. This reflects the negative connotations and meanings of slurs when referred to certain communities, especially the minority. It is widely used due to the normalized outlook of people in today’s society, but still, it does not remove the negative and offensive connotation. Smokoski (2016) studied the mocking and misuse of African American Vernacular English, also known as AAVE. The objectives were to investigate or examine different social media platforms on how they use AAVE in posts as captions, to talk to other people, or the general usage of it in their daily lives, and how it can result in the harmful contribution to the Black community. According to her data analysis, the features of AAVE from the posts are distinguished as she had studied; some words had been deleted or redacted by a letter, the vocalization and stress to words, and transposition of letters (consonants). The stylization of the features evident such as: Turning ‘ing’ to ‘ang’ (thing to thang) - 6% Instances of 8 Fricative stopping (this - dis) - 30.5% Instances of 41 Redaction of ‘r’ to words (gangsta) - 12.7% Instances of 17 Elision (errday) - 6.7% Instances of 9 Furthermore, AAVE is grammatically used in the following instances: Zero copula (U da thuggest) - 15% and Instances of 20 Uninflected copula and habitual ‘be’ (I be in the zone) - 12% and Instances of 16; 4.5% Instances of 6 Nonstandard past tense inflection (nails did) - 3% and Instances of 4 Uninflected third person singular (she luvit) - 2.2% and Instances of 3 The study’s conclusion is that mocking of AAVE is used intentionally in a manner mostly by non-black people to communicate on social media platforms and to add a new variety of slang and trend words on the internet, though it can equate to culture appropriation and misuse of language to the members of the Black Community. Research gaps that can be studied are the use of AAVE by teenagers with the knowledge that they have, either they knew the meaning of the word and still continued to use it and the unconscious use of the language as picked up from the internet knowing it was slang or trendy language that arose from different trending patterns from different social media platforms. Overall, these literatures were shown as something that is

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relevant in solidifying the claims and supporting the research questions that the researchers have presented, especially the second research question which asks about the student’s prior knowledge of the words and term’s meanings. The researchers aim to provide facts and data to support the claims made in this study relating to the targeted students to answer the research questions. By the help of gathering data that is proper for the study’s research design and by using the proper instrument, the researchers can successfully achieve answers that can support and solidify claims in the study. Research Design The research design used by this study is descriptive by nature as this study focused on the usage and knowledge of AAVE, slurs, and derogatory expressions in their day-to-day conversations with their family, peers, and the people that are involved in their life. A descriptive research design is suitable for the study as it is designed to describe a popularity and gather data that fits a target population of the study to support the facts presented in the study (Child Care & Early Education Research Connections, 2021), which is found in this study, which seeks to identify the population of students who use slurs, AAVE, and derogatory terms in their daily lives. Sampling Procedure The sampling procedure used in this study is probability type of sampling, specifically, it used a stratified random sampling that is defined as a targeted group gets divided into subgroups in which each participant in the subgroup can get selected randomly. Table 1 Stratified Sampling Method to Achieve the Amount of Participants

The study used this sampling method as it seeks a subgroup of students from Senior High School, Grade 11 and 12 in St. Dominic College of Asia which has a total population of 327 students. As shown in Figure 2, SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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to achieve an ideal number of students from both Grade 11 and 12 to participate in the research. The researchers took 64 students from Grade 11, from a total population of 145 students from all strands, and 101 students from Grade 12 drawn from a total population of 182 students. Research Instrument For gathering data, the researchers used the necessary instruments that fit the quantitative research study. Scaled responses and checklists in questionnaire form were provided by the researchers with proper and understandable questions to avoid misunderstandings in terms of answering the questionnaires. This instrument contributes to the success of the study of the gathered data to support the facts in the research. The survey instrument was presented through Google Forms and was distributed to student leaders per grade with the content of the instrument asking about their basic knowledge concerning AAVE and how they evaluate and research unknown words they see. Data Gathering Procedure The researchers utilized the use of a communication letter to seek permission to proceed with the conduct of research and the survey procedures. Together with that are the consent forms to assure the respondents’ privacy and make sure that there is proof that participants agreed to answer the questionnaire given by the researchers. After the communication letter gets approved, the researchers can proceed to give out questionnaires with the consent letter attached to them. The researchers distributed the survey forms by Google Forms and carefully monitored the number of students answering the questionnaire, and if the desired number of participants answered from both Grade 11 and Grade 12. When the desired number of participants had been obtained, the researchers moved on to data analysis. Data Analysis Procedure After gathering data, the researchers proceeded into analyzing the data achieved from the data gathering procedures. The kind of statistical treatment that is employed in this study is descriptive statistics, which presents the gathered data in a summarized form together with charts that show the generalized answer of the participants in each question, and then categorize it into each research question the researchers provided to see if the data gathering by the researchers gave results that can solidify facts and support the claims.

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Results Figure 2 Pie Chart Presentation for when did the participant start to have access to social media

Table 2 Tabular presentation for the 3rd question in the survey asking what age the participants started using terms from the internet.

Shown from the table above are 103 participants and when they started using words, expressions, and terms that can be seen in the internet, while only 16 participants started at the age ranging from 16 to 20 years old. This answers the first research question which is, “When did the students start using those expressions?” From Figure 2, ages ranging from 6 – 10 years old, which are 87 students, started to have access to social media. Table 3 Four-Point Likert Scale

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Table 4. Tabular presentation for the 7th – 11th questions in the survey.

Table 4 shows that most participants always search for the meaning and make sure that they use expressions correctly. Their mean lines up with the scale of 4 in the statistical limit ranging from 3.26 to 4.00. Table 5 Tabular presentation for the 12th question in the survey asking if they know what AAVE is.

The table above shows the responses of the participants about knowing what African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is. The majority of the participants (81) answered yes, while 77 answered they do not know what AAVE is.

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Table 6 Tabular presentation for the 13th question in the survey

From Table 6, it is represented there the frequency of AAVE terms and expressions used by the students. The highest is “Period/t”, where its frequency is at 55, while “Out of pocket” is at 8. Figure 3 Pie Chart Presentation for how often they use AAVE terms.

From the figure above, 40 of the participants answered that they sometimes use AAVE when conversing or expressing themselves while 8 participants answered never. Only 89 out of 159 participants were able to answer this question as this survey question pertains to students who have previous knowledge about AAVE.

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Figure 4 Pie chart presentation of the 15th question in the survey.

The figure above represents the answers of the participants in the survey where they were asked about their usage of words that are inculcated in the AAVE spectrum. A total of 74 participants answered no because they are not interested in using AAVE and just normally use English the way they were taught to, 53 participants answered yes in their usage as even if they knew the meaning, they would be careful in using it when talking to people or posting in social media. While 4 participants were unsure since they had little knowledge and did not know when to use it in context. Discussion This research was made to identify when the students started using terms from the internet, did they use it with proper knowledge, and the number of students in senior high school from St. Dominic College of Asia. Research question one seeks to identify when the students started using expressions, terms, and words that came from the internet. From the survey, students started to use those at the age ranging from 11 – 15 years old from Table 2, and they started to have access to the internet at the age range of 6 – 10 years old. Research question two identifies if the student had prior knowledge about the internet terms they encounter which is mostly identified as the AAVE according to Zenarations (2021) where AAVE’s real meaning gets overturned by internet slang and Gen Z language. From the results of the survey, the participants answered that they sometimes see unfamiliar words on the internet but when using it, they always make sure they are using the words correctly and in context which relates to the results of the use of AAVE unknowingly. The participants sometimes catch up with trendy words to avoid getting left behind, from Smokoski’s (2016) study, they looked into different social media platforms to identify if people who trends, which resulted to people using 120

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AAVE as internet slang to add a new variety of sound in their posts and conversations that relate to the respondent’s answers where AAVE is often used to entertainment and catching up with the trends. Research question three aspires to look for the number of students who were aware and unaware of the terms, words, and expressions. 74 of the participants answered no, 53 answered yes, and 31 answered sometimes or depending on the situation. These results showed that despite the meaning under AAVE getting overturned by internet slang and Gen Z language, there are still students willing to use the language. Though the majority answered “No” after learning about AAVE and its history. These results relate to the study of Smokoski (2016) which stated that AAVE’s intentional use on social media platforms is to add variety of slangs and trendy words on the internet resulting in students who know the meaning yet still use AAVE. Conclusion To summarize the findings in the study, students start to use words, terms, and expression at ages 11 – 15 years old, the students do not have any prior knowledge of the unfamiliar words but makes sure to search up the meaning to avoid misuse and to fit the context; there are 7 students who know and are aware of the meaning and will not use the terms, and 53 students who know the terms and would still use it. This results in the student’s use of AAVE coming up with adding a variety of slang and trend words on the internet. Referring to Smokoski’s findings, implications show that the participants who do not know the meaning of a word from the internet search it up with the intention of using it in different social media platforms. The limitations this study faced are that the design would have been better if the survey questions were more appropriate to the research questions to avoid confusion for the researcher, this was not addressed because of time constraints. If more time is given, the study can be analyzed deeper using the statistical treatment and prevent the use of confusing statistical treatment. The study can be explained better, and have more connected review of related literature in the study. These limitations exist due to the lack of time and participants the researchers had.

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The researcher’s recommendations are to choose more specific terms, words, and expressions to use for the study to avoid difficult variations of responses from the participants. The researchers would also recommend a qualitative kind of research on the topic to uncover deeper reasons behind their decision when using the terms they see on the internet and social media platforms. This research can be quite limited as this study’s scope is on the population of the students and not about what goes on their minds when they use AAVE, slurs, and derogatory terms. References African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs. (2022, January 19). Center for American Progress. https://www .americanprogress.org/article/african-americans-face-systematicobstacles-getting-good-jobs/ American Association for Applied Linguistics. (2019, December 9). Language, Mockery and Racism: The Case of Mock Spanish American Association For Applied Linguistics. https://www.aaal. org/news/language-mockery-and-racism-the-case-of-mock-spanish Ashwell, L. (2016). Gendered Slurs. Social Theory and Practice, 42(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract201642213 Australian Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). Examples of Racist Material on the Internet | Australian Human Rights Commission. https:// humanrights.gov.au/our-work/publications/examples-racist-material -internet Benberry, I. (2020, August 23). Dear Non-Black People, AAVE Is Not “Stan” or “Internet Culture.” Study Breaks. https://studybreaks. com/thoughts/aave-not-stan-culture/ Bolinger, R. J. (2020). Contested Slurs. Grazer Philosophische Studien, 97(1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1163/18756735-09701003 Budiman, A., & Ruiz, N. G. (2021). Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. Pew Research Center. https:// www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asianamericans/

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Cepollaro, B. (2017). Slurs as the Shortcut of Discrimination. Rivista Di Estetica, 64, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.4000/estetica.2063 Child Care & Early Education Research Connections. (n.d.). Descriptive Research Studies | Research Connections. Researchconnetions. Org. https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/studydesign-and-analysis/descriptive-research-studies Croom, A. M. (2015). The semantics of slurs: A refutation of coreferentialism. Ampersand, 2, 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. amper. 2015.01.001 Croucher, S. M. (2020). Prejudice Toward Asian Americans in the Covid19 Pandemic: The Effects of Social Media Use in the United States. Frontiers. https://internal-journal.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/f comm. 2020.00039/full#B25 DiFranco, R. (n.d.). Pejorative Language | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm. edu/ pejorati/ Felmlee, D., Inara Rodis, P., & Zhang, A. (2019). Sexist Slurs: Reinforcing Feminine Stereotypes Online. Sex Roles, 83(1–2), 16– 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01095-z Felmlee, D., Rodis, P. I., & Francisco, S. C. (2018). What a B!tch!: Cyber Aggression Toward Women of Color | Emerald Insight. Emerald Insight. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S152 9-212620180000026008/full/html Felmlee, D., DellaPosta, D., Rodis, P. I., & Matthews, S. A. (2020). SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class research journals. SAGE Journals. https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent#bibr202378023120948711 Hofmann-Kuroda, L. (2018, February 19). Dear Non-Black AsianAmericans: We Need to Stop Appropriating AAVE. Wear Your Voice. https://www.wearyourvoicemag.com/non-black-asianamericans-we-need-to-stop-appropriating-aave/

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Laing, R. E. (2021). Who Said it First?: Linguistic Appropriation Of Slang Terms Within the Popular Lexicon. Milner Library. https://ir.library. illinoisstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2386&context=etd Lenhart, A., Ybarra, M., Zickuhr, K., & Price-Feeney, M. (2016). Online Harassment, Digital Abuse, and Cyberstalking in America. Data & Society Research Institute. https://www.datasociety.net/pubs/oh/ Online_ Harassment_2016.pdf Salih, S. S. (2019). African American Vernacular English and the Achievement Gap: How Teacher Perception Impacts Instruction and Student Motivation. OhioLINK. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/ rws_etd/ send_file/send accession=findlay1564758333725021&disposition =in line Sinclair, S. & New York University Department of Linguistics. (2017). You can’t say that! A Semantic and Historical Analysis of Nigger and Nigga. NYU Arts & Science. https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/ linguistics/documents/Sinclair%20Thesis%202017.pdf Smokoski, H. (2016). Voicing the Other: Mock AAVE on Social Media. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/view content.cgi?article=1706&context=gc_etds The Feminuity Team. (2021). Using Black Vernacular English (BVE) as a Non-Black Person Is Appropriation. Feminuity. https://www.feminuity. org/blog-posts/using-bve-as-a-non-black-person-is-appropriation Wilson, C. (2020, October 5). N-word: The troubled history of the racial slur. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-53749800 Wonderopolis. (2019). Where Do Slang Words Come From? https:// wonderopolis.org/wonder/where-do-slang-words-come-from#:%7E: text=Over%20the%20past%20couple%20of,creative%20ways%20to %20express%20themselves. Zenerations. (2021). Dear Gen Z, AAVE is not “Internet Slang.” ZENERATIONS. https://zenerations.org/2021/02/10/dear-gen-z-aaveis-not-internet-slang/

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Absence of a Dedicated Philippine History Course on the Nationalistic Character of Filipino Senior High School Students Jeff Floyd Ebeo and John Verlan Barbon The educational system in the Philippines has undergone significant transformations since the Department of Education implemented the K to 12 curriculum in 2012 (College of Avalon, 2013). Integration of the K to 12 curriculum allows students to enter the workforce after high school or prepare them for college. However, although it was designed to assist recent high school graduates, the curriculum, as mentioned earlier, failed to reinstate Philippine history as a dedicated academic subject. Therefore, this study aims to determine the nationalistic character development of Filipino senior high school students amidst the absence of a dedicated Philippine history course. It involved 30 Humanities and Social Science (HUMSS) students given a survey questionnaire since they have a particular subject in the Discipline of Social Science. The data showed the nationalistic character of students amidst the absence of a dedicated Philippine history course. The findings indicated that the absence of a Philippine history course has a detrimental effect on the students' nationalistic character. However, despite not being a part of the curriculum, students are still determined to study Philippine history. Finally, the study also indicated that the absence of a dedicated Philippine history course leads to a struggle against networked disinformation. It may cause historical distortion and revision of what may be an infamous past that affects youth and future generations. Keywords: senior high school, national identity, nationalistic character, absence of history course

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Accessibility of Inclusive Tourism Services for Travelers and Tourists in Tagaytay City Cyrus Crisostomo, Sky de los Santos, and Leannce Pasumbal Inclusive tourism has been a significant part of the tourism industry for many years. Its purpose was to give access to individuals with physical or mental differences called “Persons with Disabilities” or simply “PWDs.” Inclusive tourism has since been used and applied worldwide to provide equal service to everyone regardless of disability, age, or physical limitations. Although inclusive tourism has been a significant and vital part of the tourism industry and has done a lot to assist and aid PWDs, not all can be the same when discussing quality. This study aims to discuss the impact of inclusive tourism in Tagaytay City. It also includes insights from PWDs who have been to Tagaytay City. Surveys are the main instrument for data collection to retrieve the data and insights easier. A total of 21 PWD volunteers took part in the survey and once the data was collected, it was used beneficially in the research by comparing the results statistically and having the final conclusions. The findings of this research show that accessible inclusive tourism is evident but needs more improvement. The results and findings of this research were beneficial because they helped them understand the state of tourism in Tagaytay based on the respondents’ opinions and experiences; it was also beneficial to the researchers because it helps them improve their future research. Keywords: tourism, inclusive tourism, PWDs, Tagaytay City, advantages, sustainability

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Use of Social Media: Evaluating the Influence of Social Media in being Politically Inclined Rhealyn Joy Bonsato and Arisa Gubalane Social Media plays a big role in politics. Based on an article from Murse (2019), politicians are using social media to promote their common goods, and there are numerous benefits in doing so. Due to COVID-19, social media have been incredibly useful mostly in the upcoming election. Politicians, for the most part, are given every advantage in order to promote and influence people. However, people realize how important social media is in times of pandemic. In line with the upcoming election, debates and political conversations arise via different social media sites, most commonly on Facebook and Twitter. This study tackled the efficacy of social media in terms of political power and how it contributes to strengthening it. In hopes of understanding the effectiveness of social media posting in strengthening political power; a quantitative research approach was applied during the data collection procedure. The study was conducted, with the help of 18 senior high school teachers of St. Dominic College of Asia. Results demonstrated that most of the senior high school teachers that are included in the study had different ways of using their social media accounts. This clearly shows that social media posting may or may not be effective in terms of strengthening political power. However, people post a lot of politics-inclined posts. The efficacy of social media posting is still debatable since the researchers have not acquired the target number of respondents. Nonetheless, the researchers concluded that social media posting can be effective in terms of strengthening political power. Keywords: social media, posting, politics

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Senior High School Students’ Acceptability of the LGBT Community towards Gender Inclusivity Christann Mosi Chaim Paringit, Lyra Jane Riosa, and Pariza Joy Villanueva The study determined the acceptability of students towards LGBT and how they can exhibit gender inclusivity. The research determined the students’ awareness of gender inclusivity. A total of 45% LGBT students are prone to bullying and discrimination inside the school because of their gender identity (The Guardian, 2019). The data was gathered using a checklist and scaled responses questionnaires. Descriptive was the type of statistical treatment that was used. Findings stated that school policies that show gender equality is one of the factors that help the community to acquire gender inclusivity. Most of the participants stated that people must always respect LGBT in school, public places, and the workplace with a mean of 3.93. Participants stated that using the preferred pronoun of an individual promotes gender inclusivity which is also aligned to the observation of National LGBT Health Educational Center; they stated that health care staff should use the preferred pronouns of the client to express inclusivity. Majority of the students are aware of different sexual orientations and gender identities, additionally, they know particular practices that show gender inclusivity. Students can express gender inclusivity by using preferred pronoun of an LGBT and applying non-discriminatory languages. Findings also suggest that it is relevant that schools and municipalities must implement policies to protect the rights and the safety of LGBT people. Lastly, the data showed that LGBT community is very much likely to be accepted by most SDCA students since the mean of their acceptability are ranging from 2.85 to 3.82. Keywords: gender inclusivity, gender equality, LGBT, acceptability, discrimination

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Factors that Affect the Attention Span of Students in Online Class Hroesha Bianca Casalme, Christian Paul Mendoza, and Keziah Mendoza Gaining students' attention span between face-to-face and online classes is vastly different as there are various factors that one needs to take note of. This study focuses on four factors that students deem important during online classes that were not an issue before; Internet availability, environment, schedule of tasks, and media accessibility. This is to determine what aspects of learning the students can focus on to absorb material more efficiently. The researchers have used a questionnaire to determine how much a certain factor affects their attention span, how frequently it happens, and what factor distracts them the most in online classes. For the Internet availability, although it affects students’ attention, the waning of attention only happens the moment they get disconnected, but after a few minutes, they are able to get back to the discussion. With the environmental distractions, since most students have their own study space, most environmental distractions are kept to the minimum. For the schedule of tasks, the majority of students procrastinate on their performance tasks, making them work on their projects in online classes. And for media accessibility, almost half of the students admitted that they check their phones during discussions, and it is mostly used for communication purposes. These findings indicate that students are most distracted by their phones, followed by their environment, Internet availability, and lastly, their schedule of tasks. Keywords: attention span, Internet, availability, environment, schedule of tasks, media accessibility

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HUMSS Research Abstracts School Hours vs. Household Chores: Time Management of Students Amidst Pandemic in Online Distance Learning Justine Jessy Cruz and Erika Nichole Ouano This research paper focused on the time management of senior high school students in the HUMSS strand of St. Dominic College of Asia. It aimed to discover how students manage their time between their homework and household chores while in an online learning environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The researchers conducted the study to analyze if students are managing their time wisely, along with what factors contribute to it. It serves as a basis for various groups of people in terms of how the new normal set-up of education can affect students' time management, and what strategies can be implemented to alleviate the imbalance that is present within their respective households. This descriptive quantitative study used a close-ended, multiple-choice survey, which was handed out to the consenting respondents in senior high school through the Google Form application. The researchers discovered through the significant data obtained that students struggle due to consistent expectations toward them regarding the household chores assigned to them, thus resulting in feelings of inadequacy and not having enough time to do their school work. The COVID-19 Pandemic and online class setting significantly lowered the students' ability to manage and balance their time. The research concluded that the imbalance in students' time and the inability to manage, address, and solve it leads to severely negative consequences. If left unacknowledged, it will continue to affect everyone that is part of this "New Normal," regardless of their status within the system. Keywords: time management, COVID-19, online learning

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Existence of Political Dynasty in the Philippines and it Relation to Young Voter's Preferences Mae Clarabelle David and December Lily Tejano A correlational study that focuses on the youth's influences on the persisting political dynasty in the Philippines. The possible underlying reasons why the political dynasty is present up until the year 2022 were the popularity of the political figures, ideal governance, weak political parties, family background, and familial influence. Including the historical roots of the political dynasty, today's modern display of power to understand the cause of disinformation to people in addition, as relevant as the perpetuation of political families, youth have valid roles in the society. The youth of today are the inheritors of the land of tomorrow; in the face of several present day difficulties, they are bonding together, educating themselves, and pushing to be heard. The youth seems to be growing more determined to have a say in their future. Voting lies on the constituents that have different beliefs and trust in a specific candidate in which they express their thoughts and engage in political discussions online through social media to grasp more information about politics; youth voters are politically active. This concludes that young voters have different perspectives on political dynasty in which they see it as an imbalance of exercising democracy in electing a candidate. Other new faces in politics should be given a chance to lead in a country/community to have new leaders and ideas in making the country progressive and have solutions to the persisting conflicts in the country, but political power depends on the commitment of a leader. Keywords: youth, elitism, dynasty, voting

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Shorter Online Class Hour on the Well-being of Filipino Grade 12 Students Pia Rebecca Anyayahan

The study tackled the phenomena of shorter online class hours, focusing on how and what factors that impacted the well-being of Filipino grade 12 students. Surveys were used as the research instrument for data gathering and were distributed to 54 senior high school students of St. Dominic College of Asia. Results demonstrated that shorter class hours have various effects on students' well-being. The findings also show that students' physical and social well-being is currently in a good state. Additionally, the study found that the length of students' classes causes mostly negative consequences on the students' well-being. At the same time, positive impacts are identified in terms of their social well-being. Finally, time, energy, and availability are the identified factors brought by shorter online classes that contribute to students' well-being. Keywords: online classes, well-being, Filipino grade 12 students

Contribution of Speech Anxiety on the Academic Performance of the Students in an Online Setting Chrishyne Joy Mercado and Giezel Faith Pascua In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, educational systems have adopted an online learning system to continue students’ education. Although learning has taken a new form, speech anxiety is still evident in students’ presentations and affects their speech delivery. This study tackled the contribution of speech anxiety to students’ academic performance online setting. An online survey questionnaire was distributed in order to collect the data used for this research. A stratified random sampling method was used to determine the sample from the population. Results show that majority of the respondents always feel speech anxiety when speaking in an online class and the leading cause for this is their fear of being judged. Although they experience speech anxiety, it did not negatively affect their general average in the subject areas of 21st Century Literature of the Philippines and the World, Reading and Writing, and Oral Communication which normally requires a lot of speaking. Findings also revealed that having rapid heartbeats is the most common feeling that students experience in relation to speech anxiety. The researchers concluded that the Grade 12 students are also conscious about their speech delivery and not just their physical appearance but even though they experience speech anxiety, they still received a passing grade in the subject areas included in this research. Keywords: speech anxiety, online class, academic performance 132

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Korean Pop Culture among Senior High School Students: An Assessment of Cultural Prowess from Adolescent Screenings Aira Claire Salem and Ashley Zenarosa Korean Pop Culture has spread its influence across Asia from country to country until it reached different parts of the globe. According to Bersabe (2017), the rise of K-pop culture in the Philippines has been observed by the Filipino community during the early 2000s. This results in the localization of K-pop culture for the daily consumption of the people. Moreover, this study comprehended the influence of Korean culture and the effects of the K-pop community towards the students. It also observes the psychological effects on the mental and emotional state. Surveys were conducted as the research instrument for concrete data collection. It was distributed to 25 senior high school students of grade 12 from the Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) strand of St. Dominic College of Asia. Results showed that Korean pop culture-related activities are done in less than an hour per day but despite that it has an effect on the students’ emotional behavior and mental health. It was also derived that it is not a hindrance towards their studies and changes could be observed in the students’ personalities and attitudes. Furthermore, it indicated that cultural prowess is evident in the senior high school students as K-pop contributes greatly to their mental and emotional well-being, behavior, physical and emotional response, and way of thinking. Keywords: Korean Pop Culture, influence, students, K-Pop community, effects

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HUMSS Research Abstracts Significance of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Grade 11 Students' Personal Growth and Development Charlene de Castro and Hazel Lyne Macarubbo During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals are advised to stay indoors and practice health protocols to control the spread of COVID-19 virus. Hence, the researchers intended to analyze the distinctive changes in Grade 11 Senior High School students’ personal growth and development by identifying the significance of the COVID-19 pandemic on their behaviors and attitudes. This study uses a quantitative research approach that utilizes a descriptive research design. The respondents are the Grade 11 Senior High School students from St. Dominic College of Asia; the researchers used an online close-ended survey that was sent through Google Forms, which contained questions about their perceptions about changes in their attitudes and behavior, as well as factors associated with those perceptions. Results showed that there were changes that occurred in one’s social and emotional aspects, that external factors may trigger one’s improvement of personal growth and development, and the respondents have learned and used some emotional and social coping mechanisms to cope during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the Grade 11 Senior High School students may identify factors that contribute to their personal growth and development and determine and improve one’s coping mechanisms as this will assist them when another pandemic occurs in the future. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, middle and late adolescence, personal growth and development

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HUMSS PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

Perception of Teenagers about Having Online Class During COVID-19 Pandemic Researcher: Akia Cassandra Jamin Garcia

A Qualitative Research:

LGBT+ Representation in Today's Media and Its Significance to the Community Researcher: Maria Rossette Angeline Maranon Pablo

A Qualitative Research:

Diving Deep into Oneself: A Descriptive Analysis of Student's Self-Esteem Using Rosenberg Scale in St. Dominic College of Asia Researcher: Ayumi Mamangon Sato

A Qualitative-and-Quantitative Research

Effects of the Pandemic in the Relationships of the Students Researcher: Grace Andrei Espulgar Herrera

A Quantitative Research:

Earning Income Through Axie Infinity Over Academic Focus: Which Do Students Prioritize More? Researcher: Allan Hannah Macaraig Quevedo

A Quantitative Research:

The State of Hybrid Learning to Senior High School Students

Researcher: Mary Catherine Batobalamos Siodo

A Quantitative Research:

A Comparative Study: Student's Perception on the Differences between Working Individually and by Group Researcher: Joannes Sarenas Diaz

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HUMSS PR1 Working Titles A Quantitative Research:

A Qualitative Research:

Generation-X vs. GenerationZ: Selected Bacoor Respondents' Understanding of Slang Words and Their Differences

Party Identification and Personality-Based Politics: Young Filipinos in Our Current Political Environment

A Quantitative Research:

A Qualitative Research:

Researchers: Ysan Tato Dagdagan Rhyzza Loraine Linde Sy

A Comparison on the Factors that Determine Junior High School Students' Preparedness in the Face to Face Classes

Researchers: Ralph Iannuel Sumadia Lim Judeah Lourdes Maghilum Salut

A Qualitative Research:

The Significance of Facebook and Twitter in Choosing College Courses

Researcher: Keana Denise Latorre Aniciete

Researcher: Jose Gabriel Calunsag de Guzman

Descriptive Analysis on Students Online PerformanceBased Outputs

Researcher: Julianne Mae Brazos Alarcado

A Quantitative Research:

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Academic Performances of Senior High School Students of St. Dominic College of Asia Researcher: Mary Karlreyn Eightria de Guzman

A Quantitative Research:

The Effects of Drinking Coffee to the Alertness of Teenagers Researcher: John Axel Paredes Pancho

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STEM Engineering / ICT Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

Technical Factors Influencing Smartphone Cybersecurity Awareness among Mobile Users John Lloyd E. Dela Cuesta and John Ephraim T. Barba

Abstract The continuous adoption and evolution of smartphones for storing, accessing, and retrieving information has posed security and privacy threats in cyberspace. Scholarly works revealed that smartphone users’ awareness is generally low. Hence, users’ awareness is vital in understanding, coping, and mitigating the detrimental implications of these threats. This study aims to describe and identify the influence of technical factors involving threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures on student smartphone cybersecurity awareness. In fulfillment, the researchers administered a non-experimental descriptive research design with an online survey questionnaire to acquire data. The online survey questionnaire contains 12 close-ended questions formulated from past studies and conceptual frameworks. Sequentially, it was disseminated to a sample of 97 out of the initial 134 students gathered through simple random sampling. The findings indicate that the students’ smartphone cybersecurity awareness is moderate, which was derived from the technical factors that were identically moderate. Therefore, these findings suggest that the progression of knowledge about the technical factors that lead to increased awareness occurs due to its contradiction with preceding studies. This study’s findings promote an individual’s safety in cyberspace due to the distinguished threats. Furthermore, cybersecurity organizations can construct different methods based on this study that leads to healthier cyberspace on a global scale. Keywords: smartphones, student smartphone cybersecurity awareness, technical factors, threat familiarity, cybersecurity measures Introduction Stéphane Nappo (2020) once stated, “It takes 20 years to build a reputation and a few minutes of cyber-incident to ruin it.” Nevertheless, cybersecurity awareness prevents these incidents from occurring. The succeeding parts features the background of the study, statement of the problem, research questions, significance of the study, scope, delimitations, and conceptual framework which are necessary to expound on the research objectives.

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Background of the Study Smartphones have continuously evolved and exponentially grown throughout time due to technological progression. According to O’Dea (2021), the number of global smartphone users has reached 6.055 billion in 2020, and it is projected to elevate to 7.336 billion in 2025. Consequently, the adoption of smartphones has caused immense user reliance on diverse functions. Additionally, the network within cyberspace has expanded, which poses concerns about smartphone cybersecurity. Smartphone cybersecurity is defined as the process of defending smartphones from malicious attacks (Kaspersky, 2021); this publisher also added that in smartphones, the components involved in cybersecurity are network security, application security, information security, and operational security. However, cybersecurity threats arise due to the technological vulnerabilities of smartphones and their users upon interaction. Hackers emerged and assembled malware to breach and compromise data; identically, they exploited the user’s lack of technical capability in familiarizing, recognizing, and dealing with the threat. Cybersecurity measures in dealing with menace provide protection and increase safe activities in the digital ecosystem (Alharbi & Tassaddiq, 2021). Smartphone users store a massive amount of data and information on their smartphones, attracting hackers to execute malicious acts to bypass cybersecurity and acquire unauthorized access for financial gain (Susanto, 2021). Concerning this, Alsaleh et al. (2017) stated that these data are being accessed by leading users to install malicious applications from unknown application marketplaces. A recent statistical study by Kaspersky (2020) tallied 5.68 million malicious packages embedded within the applications upon the installation process. As a result, cybersecurity failure transpires, which posts concerns among smartphone users. Cybersecurity failure is ranked as the fourth most severe perceived threat in the world (World Economic Forum, 2021). According to Hacker News (2021), human error was a major element that contributed to 95% of cybersecurity breaches which involve a lack of awareness and capabilities to deal with cybersecurity threats. Additionally, cybersecurity threats have become sophisticated, wherein they are being hidden through illegitimate network traffic payloads (Jaccard & Nepal, 2014). The prevalent smartphone cybersecurity threats include data leakage, phishing attacks, and spyware; users should be familiarized with each function to avoid further contact (Kaspersky, 2021). Similarly, Nelson

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(2021) added that malware from malicious applications is also emerging, wherein the hackers present the application as beneficial. However, it contains viruses that can detrimentally influence smartphone users’ cybersecurity. As a response, smartphone cybersecurity awareness is a crucial component in withstanding cybersecurity threats. According to Allam et al. (2014), smartphone cybersecurity awareness is the knowledge and behavior among users upon accessing, processing, and storing data and information on smartphones. Various studies have identified the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of smartphone users in different locales. One of which is according to Das and Khan (2016), the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of their sample obtained from Qatar shopping malls was low, with a mean of 2.75 out of the maximum of 6. The researchers also declared several factors that drove this outcome. One of which is that advanced mobile services for protection were too expensive, and only large organizations had the superior capability to purchase them. Another factor mentioned was the security behaviors of smartphone users. They were indifferent to fundamental security practices such as updating mobile applications and installing thirdparty applications from the application marketplaces. Contrarily, research from Thailand concluded that students within their sample exhibit moderate smartphone cybersecurity awareness in terms of security practices and behavior. From the findings, the participants showed the most profound concern about the cybersecurity threats from application installations and providing permissions to the said application (Calderwood & Popova, 2019). They also stated that humans are the weak link within the cybersecurity chain on a global scale. They proposed that the government should mandate cybersecurity awareness in all aspects of society. Hence, the economy of cyberspace will be sustainable and free from cybersecurity threats. With all these studies, smartphone cybersecurity awareness was determined based on security knowledge and behaviors. However, they have not sufficiently explored threat familiarity in the knowledge variable, which may be essential in determining smartphone cybersecurity awareness. Subsequently, this paper seeks to describe the influence of technical factors, including the threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures of users on smartphone cybersecurity awareness. Furthermore, the results may assist the student smartphone users and general smartphone users to avert smartphone cybersecurity incidents.

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Statement of the Problem Latest studies presents the emergence of smartphone cybersecurity threats such as data leakage, phishing, spyware, and malware. On the other hand, there are also scholarly articles tackling factors that influence smartphone cybersecurity awareness. Therefore, this study aims to describe the influence of technical factors, comprised of threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures, on the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of student smartphone users. Specifically, this paper investigates to answer the following research questions: 1. Which cybersecurity threat is the most familiar to student smartphone users? 2. How often do student smartphone users practice cybersecurity measures in the following: a. File encryption? b. Operating system updates? c. Authentication procedures? d. End-User License Agreement? 3. What is the average smartphone security awareness level of student smartphone users? Significance of the Study Identifying and describing the technical factors influencing smartphone cybersecurity awareness will be valuable to the following beneficiaries: Smartphone Users. This study benefits the student smartphone users and general smartphone users by elevating their awareness regarding diverse threats that can harm their smartphone cybersecurity. They would learn to carry out effective measures to safeguard their data and information stored on their smartphone. Cybersecurity Organizations. This study benefits cybersecurity organizations such as Main Source 365 Tech LLC, HackFleet, Bluedog Security Monitoring, etc. This research will benefit them by imparting the rampant threats that are detrimental to cybersecurity. Thus, it diminishes the difficulty in dealing with these cybersecurity threats, and it assists them in employing suitable security measures. Smartphone Manufacturers. This study benefits smartphone manufacturers such as Apple, Samsung, OPPO, and many more. This study benefit them through dispensing the cybersecurity threats that can exploit the user’s data and information. Moreover, they can utilize the 140

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study’s findings in refining security-related aspects of a smartphone to protect cybersecurity. Smartphone Application Developers. This study benefits smartphone application developers by presenting the occurring cybersecurity threats. Hence, they can tailor the application in a way wherein the hackers have a more challenging time attaining unauthorized access to breach the users’ data. Educational Institutions. This study benefits educational institutions by being a basis for identifying the smartphone cybersecurity of students. As a result, these educational institutions can instruct the students about the technical factors which influence smartphone cybersecurity awareness. Future Researchers. This study benefits future researchers by being a credible source that can be utilized in conducting similar research. This serves as a guide that future researchers can follow in formulating new information relevant to the study. The Researchers Themselves. This study benefits the researchers themselves through expanding their knowledge regarding the technical factors influencing smartphone cybersecurity awareness among student smartphone users. Scope and Delimitations of the Study The coverage of this study is pointed toward describing the influence of technical factors on the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of smartphone users. The researchers gathered a sample from the population of STEM students in St. Dominic College of Asia. Moreover, the researchers utilized a survey with close-ended questions to gather data. The independent variable of this paper is the technical factors, namely: threat familiarity and security measures. The threat familiarity was limited to four threats: data leakage, phishing attacks, spyware, and malware. On the other hand, the security measures was limited to four: file encryption, operating system updates, authentication procedures, and end-user agreements. Meanwhile, the dependent variable was the cybersecurity awareness of student smartphone users.

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Conceptual/Theoretical Framework Figure 1 Cybersecurity Awareness Model

Note. This model was produced by Chandarman and Niekerk in 2017, summarizing the technical factors that influence cybersecurity awareness. From “Students’ Cybersecurity Awareness at a Private Tertiary Educational Institution,” by Chandarman and Niekerk, 2017, The African Journal of Information and Communication, 20, p. 139. Copyright 2017 by AJIC foundation. As shown in Figure 1, three elements establish actual skills and behaviors in cybersecurity; these elements include cybersecurity knowledge, self-perception skills, and cybersecurity attitudes. Consequently, cybersecurity awareness is influenced by actual skills and behavior. According to Chandarman and Niekerk (2017), the cybersecurity awareness model can be utilized to explain users’ security measures based on their skills and behavior in dealing with cybersecurity threats. This model is based on a prior theory, "Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior" (Ajzen, 1985, p. 24), wherein it stated that an individual’s behavior, together with decisions, influences the cognitive capacity to be aware of their environment. Moreover, the authors of the cybersecurity awareness model considered preceding studies regarding cybersecurity awareness to formulate the established variables in the model. Figure 2 Security Behavior Model

Note. This model was produced by Jeske and Schaik in 2017, identifying cybersecurity experience and threat familiarity as determinants for security behavior. From “Familiarity with Internet Threats: Beyond Awareness,”

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by Jeske and Schaik, 2017, Computers & Security, 66, p. 131. Copyright 2017 by Elsevier company. As shown in Figure 2, cybersecurity experience is presented as the primary factor essential in dictating threat familiarity. Cybersecurity experience was defined as the knowledge that the users gain upon adopting devices that expose them to cybersecurity threats. Upon exposure to threats, the user develops threat familiarity. Consequently, Jeske and Schaik (2017) said that the extent of familiarity with cybersecurity threats is an indicator of security behaviors or measures of users in cyberspace. Threat familiarity is vital in detecting distinctive cybersecurity threats that should be appropriately dealt with to dismiss their detrimental implications (Anderson et al., 2016). In relation to this, Kurkovsky and Syta (2010) stated that users’ ignorance of cybersecurity threats elevates the likelihood of being infected with the threats since the sense of urgency is low. Figure 3 IV-DV Model for the Technical Factors Influencing Smartphone Cybersecurity Awareness

Note. Figure 3 illustrates the IV-DV model for the technical factors influencing smartphone cybersecurity awareness. The researchers adopted the cybersecurity awareness model and security behavior model to construct a conceptual framework. As shown in figure 2, the independent variable is technical factors, wherein it contains two elements, namely: threat familiarity and cybersecurity awareness. In terms of threat familiarity, predetermined threats was considered in eliciting the degree of the student smartphone users’ threat familiarity. These threats include malware, phishing, data leakage, and spyware. In terms of cybersecurity measures, four measures are indicated: file encryption, operating system updates, authentication procedures, and End-User License Agreement (EULA). Consequently, the independent variable was utilized to determine its influence on the dependent variable, which is smartphone cybersecurity awareness.

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The growth of technology has led to the creation of smartphones that each individual uses in everyday life. As smartphones mature throughout the years, their computing and storage capacities expand (Susanto, 2021). As a result, more smartphone features demand cybersecurity awareness influenced by technical factors such as threat recognition and cybersecurity measures (Koyuncu, 2019). Subsequently, an abundance of literature from 2017 to 2021. This section aims to utilize existing relevant studies to explain the imperative variables and justify the research questions in the context of this research. Threat Familiarity According to Koyuncu and Pusatli (2019), the main idea about this subject is that smartphone users’ security awareness is low due to the numerous vulnerabilities that surface from the users’ security measures. The researchers investigated the prevalent cybersecurity threats, and the protective measures smartphone users administer to prevent data compromisation. Additionally, smartphones are the main targets of hackers. A lack of user awareness boosts smartphone users’ vulnerability (European Network and Information Security Agency, 2018). Identically, Watson and Zheng (2017) examined user awareness in terms of cybersecurity recommendations. They revealed that users that have a deficiency in technology familiarity are inclined towards ignoring critical security measures. Consequently, the researchers proposed processes to enhance cybersecurity awareness by adopting smartphones. Cyberspace safety is dependent on the users' understanding of the threats and their suitable preventive measures. Therefore, user awareness should be elevated by educating the users about the dangers of cybersecurity (Marketi & Bernik, 2017). According to Gkioulos et al. (2017), smartphones are prone to malware constructed to steal banking credentials. Similarly, malware is also present upon a user’s installation of an application from a marketplace. The application developers produce an End-User License Agreement that notifies the user about the application’s access upon authorization. However, this lacks pertinent information about possible security threats exploited by hackers (Li & Clark, 2018). Koyuncu and Pusatli (2019) say that the collective awareness of the participants was not at a satisfactory level and required improvement. Spyware is often overlooked due to its hidden state that can be entangled within applications. Nevertheless, the group that was trained for smartphone cybersecurity tallied a high smartphone cybersecurity

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awareness. Therefore, it indicates that education and threat familiarity are significant in cybersecurity. Furthermore, the researchers deduced that the improper measures of smartphone users continue over the years, with no noticeable increase in their smartphone cybersecurity awareness level. Another idea by Calderwood and Popova (2018) is that the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of Thailand students is moderate since they have a framework that elevates skills necessary for cybersecurity. The researchers scrutinized the knowledge and preventive measures of Thailand student smartphone users concerning cybersecurity threats. The authors also tackled four smartphone cybersecurity threats based on the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA). Thailand is a developing country that aims to boost cybersecurity awareness in cyberspace. This country is planning a structure to heighten the capability of smartphone users to fend off cybersecurity threats (Tagert, 2017). Zitouni and Agueh (2018) stated that In-built cybersecurity mechanisms are evolving and becoming more compelling. These security mechanisms should be turned on after obtaining a smartphone. Consequently, the human aspect should be studied by evaluating cybersecurity knowledge about the diverse types of threats and the security measures of the users. According to ENISA (2017), the emerging threats include data leakage, unauthorized disclosure of data, phishing attacks, and spyware. ENISA (2017) described the implications of these threats. First, data leakage was identified as the most severe threat since 97% of smartphone users’ data is saved inside the smartphone. Contrarily, unauthorized disclosure of data was the second threat determined wherein it occurs when applications gain excessive personal information without the user’s knowledge. Next, phishing was the third threat that transpires through the hacker’s manner of collecting user credentials, including credit card numbers and passwords. It is mainly executed by delivering fake applications which are installed and run by the user. Fourth, spyware is performed through recording, stealing, and transmitting data from the users through third-party applications from an unknown marketplace. Spyware is appraised to be the least familiar due to its secretive and hidden nature (ENISA, 2017). In conclusion, Calderwood and Popova (2018) say that student smartphone users have a moderate smartphone cybersecurity awareness due to their threat familiarity and preventive measures. Specifically, data leakage was the most familiar threat since students value their private and confidential information. Nevertheless, the threat wherein the students

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were most unfamiliar with was phishing. From the survey, 82% of the students click on emails that are phishing attacks. Subsequently, the authors suggest that education and training should be proliferated to fill the gaps in the students’ knowledge. Cybersecurity Measures The third writer Susanto (2021), states that the cybersecurity measures of Generation Z should be evaluated since they reflect the majority of technologically literate smartphone users. The researcher inspected the cybersecurity awareness of the participants by analyzing their security practices and emerging threats in cyberspace. According to Leu et al. (2017), one of smartphone users’ security measures is using PIN locks and passwords for authentication purposes. This procedure guarantees that the user is the only one who can access one’s data. Moreover, it prevents external entities from entering the smartphone. On top of this, smartphone users should regularly update their operating systems to avoid malware on their devices. Thiruvaazhi and Arthi (2019) stated that a hacker who has successfully acquired access to a smartphone would prosecute further malware that can extract the user’s data. The hacker may also opt to sell the victim’s confidential data for financial gain. The third author concludes that the smartphone cybersecurity awareness level of Generation Z users is relatively low. 43% of smartphone users do not constantly change their passwords for authentication procedures. Regarding the End-User License Agreement, 56.1% of the participants do not read it before downloading an application. Apart from this, more than 50% of the participants saved confidential data on their smartphones. A fourth source, Kadëna (2018), states that her sample’s smartphone security practice in Albania is inadequate in combating cybersecurity threats since they lack familiarity with cybersecurity measures. The author also examined the level of smartphone cybersecurity awareness in her sample. According to Rader and Wash (2017), users that do not have adequate education concerning cybersecurity tend to fail in making decisions within cyberspace. The same authors argued that individuals do not execute operating system updates since it is time-consuming and it is optional. Similarly, the user’s willingness to practice security measures conveys a pivotal role in their safety (Larose et al., 2017). The user’s decision to download an application is based on one’s concern regarding malware (Wash, 2017). The Lazarus Alliance (2017) argued that the limited 146

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smartphone security awareness is due to the failure to incorporate extensive cybersecurity education into curriculums. Albanian smartphone users do not pay ample attention to their security. The result asserted that a great deal of confidential data was stored inside her sample’s smartphones without any encryption. Furthermore, most of the sample was negligent in inputting passwords into their phone as an authentication procedure. Yet another idea by Amita et al. (2020) is that it is essential to evaluate the security practices among undergraduate business students at a local regional public university to uplift awareness and lessen cybercrimes originating from cybersecurity threats. The researchers also sought to grasp the level of awareness amongst their sample through their security behaviors. The ease of use of mobile technology has fueled broad adoption. Nevertheless, such exhaustive use has severe repercussions for user security (Zonounoz, 2019). According to Kelly (2017), 97% of the students from her sample utilized their smartphones primarily for academic applications. College students were complacent while using their smartphones. For instance, they have routinely installed applications from unknown repositories, which exposes their devices to malware and other cybersecurity threats (Kim, 2017). Multiple researchers have administered survey instruments and interpreted the collected data to accurately distinguish college students’ smartphone security practices and determine the effectiveness of these practices, including an evaluation of trust and security practices before application installation (Chin et al., 2018). Mylonas et al. (2017) carried out a survey wherein they concluded that the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of their sample was low because they blindly trusted the applications without reading their End-User License Agreement, which includes privacy settings and permissions. In conclusion, Amita et al. (2020) say that 91.8% of smartphone users require passwords as an authentication procedure before entering their devices. With passwords, hackers will have an extra challenging time breaching data. Regarding the frequency of file encryption, 14% of the sample stated they “always” practice it; 11% responded “often,” while 15% answered “never.” Overall, smartphone cybersecurity is high in authentication procedures. Nonetheless, it is low in terms of file encryption due to its complexity, and the sample was confident that their files were safe whether there was encryption or not. Smartphone Cybersecurity Awareness According to Ali et al. (2019), the main idea about this subject is that the general smartphone users’ privacy and security awareness are low because SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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not all individuals within the general scope are trained and educated in cybersecurity measures and threats. They also analyzed the arising cybersecurity threat called malware, which is detrimental to the users’ pertinent data. The smartphone cybersecurity and privacy awareness level of users in Africa is low due to their high trust in third-party applications (Ophoff & Robinson, 2017). Cybersecurity measures are required to mitigate the disadvantageous implications of cybersecurity threats. One measure that needs to be carried out is the continuous update of the smartphone’s operating system. This measure protects files and fortifies the security and protection level of the user and the files they store (Muslukhov et al., 2017). Similarly, Zaidi et al. (2018) stated that authentication procedures could be attained through three methods, namely: passwords, personal codes, and fingerprints. On the other hand, there are arising smartphone cybersecurity threats. One of them is malware embedded within applications to terminate an operating system (Alani, 2017). These authors conclude that the general public is unaware of their smartphone cybersecurity and privacy. They discovered that 50% of smartphone users exhibited a 9.49% security awareness level. Furthermore, they said that the smartphone is advancing as new technologies emerge. However, the threats also increase due to the added vulnerabilities of the smartphone. Another idea by Amin et al. (2021) is that the smartphone cybersecurity and privacy awareness of users in Indonesia are below average because they are non-compliant with suitable behaviors based on existing literature. The authors examined the security behaviors of their sample upon smartphone utilization. Smartphone users neglect to defend their devices because there is a lack of awareness about the appropriate security measures that should be instilled against cybersecurity threats (Maulana, 2020). The same author added that it is the user’s primary responsibility to defend personal data by storing them in a secure environment. In terms of security behaviors, Roesener (2017) says that users have dominantly used authentication procedures such as face recognition, fingerprint identification, and password. Nonetheless, these are not adequate in safeguarding the privacy and security of a smartphone user due to the wide network of smartphones (Yildirim, 2018). According to Roesner (2018), the network of smartphones in Indonesia is 338.2 million. Consequently, cybersecurity threats increase, which demands firm security precautions. In conclusion, Amin et al. (2021) say their sample had a low cybersecurity awareness level, wherein they obtained an average of 23%. 148

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In terms of security behavior, 47% of smartphone users downloaded applications from unrecognized marketplaces. For authentication procedures, 27% of the sample employed fingerprints as the primary way to access their smartphones. Another idea by Cranfield et al. (2020) states that the level of smartphone cybersecurity awareness of higher education students at Welsh University in the United Kingdom is low because of their attitudes and cybersecurity practices. Moreover, the authors emphasized the role of cybersecurity knowledge in optimizing smartphone cybersecurity awareness. The principal component influencing smartphone cybersecurity awareness is cybersecurity practices (Baillette et al., 2018). Subsequently, key industries and disciplines, like education, must restructure their operations considering the cybersecurity of their constituents because of the various cybersecurity challenges that smartphones will unfold (Xu et al., 2018). The Welsh Government established an educational curriculum through a Digital Competence Framework. This framework encompasses an obligatory commitment between children from the age of 3 to 16. The principal aim of the framework is to proliferate skills to children thriving within cyberspace (Penphrase, 2018). Contrarily, the Welsh Government (2019) asserted that smartphone users dominantly utilize smartphones for communication purposes wherein they install applications from marketplaces that require data access. In conclusion, Cranfield et al. (2020) say that the level of smartphone cybersecurity awareness among their sample was limited. For the perception variable, the researchers found that 93% of their sample felt that communication and navigation applications were valuable. Hence, they permitted multiple applications. In terms of cybersecurity practices, 65% of the participants knew how to invoke file encryption. Besides, their demographics concluded that participants equipped with formal cybersecurity education were more inclined toward smartphone cybersecurity awareness. Another reference is by Adebiaye and Ajani (2018) which state that the smartphone security awareness of college students is above average due to their level of knowledge of their security practices towards cybersecurity threats. Also, dissected the distinct security measures that college students lacked and rarely practiced in terms of frequency. According to Adibiaye (2017), smartphone users in America do not implement sufficient security measures since a substantial portion do not SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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integrate authentication procedures on their smartphones. They do not establish passwords and lock screen patterns upon using their smartphones. Therefore, their smartphone security awareness is low. Another article by Ellada (2017) supports this idea, wherein she stated that data theft is best averted by setting a strong password. In addition, the same author mentioned that file encryption is crucial in protecting data, wherein the user is required to input a code for access to a file. File encryption may be done in several ways, namely: login credentials, account numbers, and other data identification processes. This concludes that 68.9% of the authors’ sample established passwords along with lock screen patterns. This finding implies that the smartphone security awareness of their sample was above average because it tallied a mean of 3.39 out of 5. However, 35.4% of the sample enforced file encryption least frequently. Thus, guidance and training should be regulated to alleviate the harmful implications of cybersecurity threats. Lastly, another idea from Alharbi and Tassaddiq (2021) is that students’ level of awareness at Majmaah University is limited concerning smartphone cybersecurity and cybercrimes since programs that seek to strengthen cybersecurity measures are scarce. The researchers conducted this study to refine information exchange and ease accessing information and communication, knowledge concerning cybersecurity. Cybersecurity programs are needed, especially for people who lack knowledge concerning cybersecurity. Following this, Al-Janabi and AlShourbaji (2017) performed a survey on Middle Eastern security awareness in educational settings, focusing on academic employees, researchers, and students. The authors discovered that contributors from the Middle East lacked a fundamental grasp of the necessity of cybersecurity. Consequentially, a comprehensive security management plan should be devised to heighten cybersecurity; all administrators and users should get security training for cybersecurity awareness. Slusky and Partow-Navid (2018) investigated the findings of a security assessment for a group of students at the College of Business and Economics at California State University, Los Angeles, USA. They observed that the significant problem with cybersecurity awareness is not a lack of necessary knowledge, as one might expect, but pupils’ approach to dealing with this information in real-world circumstances. The findings were intended to help the university expand its curriculum, including additional information security training. In conclusion, Alharbi and Tassaddiq (2021) say that academic institutions should operate regular security awareness and training 150

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workshops to ensure that all users can detect the most common cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities. The researchers also stated that cybersecurity awareness and training programs for students should be included due to their study’s statistical implications. Moreover, cybersecurity awareness should be manifested in a security management plan, and top executives together with managers should strongly support it. With all being stated, the researchers found three main ideas about smartphone cybersecurity awareness. First, smartphone cybersecurity awareness is relatively low based on the mentioned pieces of literature. However, awareness level varies based on the knowledge and cybersecurity threat familiarity of the user. The second main idea is that there are different cybersecurity measures that smartphone users adopt to alleviate data theft and unauthorized access to data. The measures include file encryption, operating system updates, authentication procedures, and End-User License Agreement (EULA). Lastly, threat familiarity is vital in constructing a solid foundation for the protection of data and information. There are various outgoing cybersecurity threats within cyberspace; this involves malware, phishing, data leakage, and spyware. The ideas are similar and different in many aspects. First, smartphone cybersecurity awareness is different from the other two ideas since it focuses on the entire cognition of the user on the dangers of smartphone usage, while the second idea, which is the cybersecurity measures are essential in dealing with activities in cyberspace. It is the behavior of the user in interacting with divergent cybersecurity threats. Third, threat familiarity diminishes the probability of a smartphone user getting trapped inside the clutch of a cybersecurity threat since the user is knowledgeable on how the specific threat works. On the other hand, threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures are the same in the sense that they are both required to describe and determine the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of users. With the determined cybersecurity awareness, users will learn to appraise their skills and devise approaches to safeguard their data effectively. Methodology This features the specific methods that the researchers adopted to fulfill the objectives of the study. Additionally, this section seeks to supply justification and a description of the selected methods that was administered. The methodology was organized and divided into five section namely: research design, research locale, research instrument, data gathering procedure, and data analysis. All of which are requisite in developing the answers to the research questions. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Research Design This study integrated a non-experimental quantitative research approach with a descriptive research design. According to Paladino and Hill (2020), a non-experimental quantitative research approach is fitted for studies that lack intervention in variables. Moreover, this research approach focuses on gathering and examining numerical data from a sample to discover patterns and averages that are generalizable to a population (Bhandari, 2020). This research design is the most appropriate since the researchers will not manipulate any variable within the study. Besides, this study quantifies STEM students’ average smartphone cybersecurity awareness by providing measurable parameters that the participants answered. The descriptive research design is utilized for studies that intend to describe the samples’ characteristics and behavior of a distinct population (McCombes, 2019). This design also aimed to impart a description regarding variables to explain a phenomenon or field being studied (Davis, 2021). This research design is the most suitable because it aligns with the study’s objective, which is to describe the influence of technical factors, comprised of threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures of users on smartphone cybersecurity awareness. In the context of the study, the independent variable technical factors: threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures, were the two elements required to describe the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of STEM students. Research Locale The researchers will conduct the study at St. Dominic College of Asia, a private educational institution located in Bacoor, Cavite. This locale is selected due to its sufficient population of student smartphone users, wherein a sample size can be obtained. According to Andrade (2020), a sufficient sample size assists in yielding an accurate outcome. It maximizes the resources and time frame established in a study (Cleave, 2021). Subsequently, the sample can be utilized for generalizing a larger population (Allen, 2017).

Figure 4 Krejcie and Morgan Formula for Acquiring the Sample Size from a Population

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Note. This formula was produced by Krejcie and Morgan in 1970, providing a formula to compute the required sample size from a population. From “Determining Sample Size for Research Activities,” by Krejcie and Morgan, 1970, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), p. 607. Copyright 2021 by SAGE publications. The sample that was used in the study originates from the target population of 204 grade 11 and 12 STEM students in the senior high school department of St. Dominic College of Asia. According to Wickr (2021), STEM students are appropriate when it comes to smartphone cybersecurity awareness since they gain the knowledge and skills required to defend smartphones from all types of cybersecurity threats. Having them as a sample drives cybersecurity awareness in various aspects such as in schools and homes. In extracting the sample size, the researchers utilized the Krejcie and Morgan Formula. Johnson and Shoulders (2019) stated that the Krejcie and Morgan Formula is widely employed and cited by researchers in determining the sample size from a finite and defined population. As shown in Figure 4, the required sample size is attained by substituting the total population in the formula. Upon substituting 204 as the population size, the researchers were able to gain a sample size of 134. Therefore, there were 134 STEM students that were engaged in the study. In terms of the sampling method, a probability simple random sampling method was incorporated into the study. Thomas (2020) stated that the simple random sampling method is a classification of probability sampling technique, wherein there is a process of choosing a sample from an entire list of individuals in a population through means of random selection. This method denotes that every participant has an equal opportunity of being picked, which prevents biases (Taherdoost, 2016). Hence, researchers implementing the simple random sampling method have elevated reliability and validity in their study (Thomas, 2020). This sampling method is the most appropriate since this study is quantitative, which means that objectivity through randomization in selecting the sample should be applied.

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Regarding the demographic characteristics, the age of the sample ranged from 16 to 19 years old. Conversely, the genders: male and female. The participants were not be obliged to provide their socioeconomic status since the study is solely focused on smartphone cybersecurity awareness. Research Instrument The research instrument that was regulated in this study was a survey questionnaire infused with close-ended questions. According to Hellevik (2019), survey questionnaires are extensively utilized in quantitative research; wherein there are a set of prebuilt options from which a participant can choose. Similarly, McLeod (2018) said that survey questionnaires effectively identifying a sample's behaviors, preferences, and attributes. This is the most fitted instrument since the study revolves around describing the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of STEM students, which is derived from the sample’s threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures. These two technical factors are directly equivalent to the behavior and attributes of a sample. Within the survey questionnaire, a Likert scale will be present. Bhandari (2020) stated that the Likert scale is a scale that seeks to rate and evaluate a participant’s attitudes and behaviors towards a discrete subject matter. With this study’s context, the researchers will adopt the Likert scale from the study of Koyuncu and Pusatli (2019) along with the study of Calderwood and Popova (2018). Additionally, the Likert scale from the study of Das and Khan (2016). With the Likert scale from Koyuncu and Pusatli (2019), the main parameter rated was the frequency of practicing cybersecurity measures in cyberspace. They established a 5-point Likert scale that had five options to choose from, namely: always, often, sometimes, rarely, and never. In terms of reliability, it was distinguished through Cronbach’s alpha, wherein the total values are above 0.7, which signifies that it is reliable. Concerning validity, the parameters included measured the relevant items that the researchers intended to quantify. On the other hand, the Likert scale from Calderwood and Popova (2018) focused on the threat familiarity of their sample. Thus, a 5-point Likert scale that contained five options was formulated. The options were: extremely familiar, moderately familiar, somewhat familiar, slightly familiar, or not at all familiar. For reliability, the researchers elicited similar outcomes with studies that utilized the same instrument. Regarding validity, the researchers utilized the correct items to measure what is meant to be measured.

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Contrarily, the Likert scale from Das and Khan (2016) centered on the overall cybersecurity awareness of their sample. A 5-point Likert scale was composed that involved five options to select a response from, namely: extremely aware, moderately aware, somewhat aware, slightly aware, and not at all aware. With regards to reliability, the researchers yielded identical results with studies that administered a similar instrument. For validity, the researchers included questionnaire items that were fundamental in measuring the items that were initially designated to be measured. Having briefly described the Likert scales, the researchers adopted them because they are pertinent to satisfy the study’s objectives. Adopting these three Likert scales will allow the researchers to adequately and properly measure the variables encompassed within Figure 2, which was the conceptual framework. In respect of reliability, the researchers will ensure that the items in the survey questionnaire are consistent with similar instruments. With reference to validity, the researchers will only set survey questionnaire items aligned with what is intended to be measured in the study. Data Gathering Procedure To obtain the necessary data that the study needs, the researchers wrote a letter to the discipline coordinator to gain authorized access to the population list of STEM students in the senior high school department. Then, a communication letter was sent for approval in conducting the study. Upon approval, the researcher proceeded with composing the consent form for the participant’s confidentiality. This consent form also instills correct ethics in this research. After finishing the previously mentioned steps, a survey questionnaire made with Google Forms will be transmitted to the sample calculated using the sampling method through Gmail or Facebook. Before the survey questionnaire items, a participant consent form was displayed and answered to indicate the participant’s willingness to participate in the study. Next, the survey participants progressed toward answering the survey questionnaire items. Lastly, the researchers expressed their gratitude and appreciation for the time and effort that the participant spent in relaying significant information through the message in the survey questionnaire’s end section.

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Data Analysis This study’s data was sorted, analyzed, and interpreted by incorporating descriptive statistics. According to Hayes (2021), descriptive statistics enable data summarization and organization, resulting in a clearer understanding of the data due to its more manageable bits. In this study, there were three main types of descriptive statistical treatment. First is the percentage, which helped in the demographics of the sample. The second is the central tendency, including the mean, median, and mode. Lastly, the range of each number assigned in the 5-point Likert scale was utilized to interpret the data. For the percentage, it is imperative because it plays a role in consolidating the demographics of the sample. The percentage is a numerical value divided by 100; it is usually expressed with a percent sign (Cuemath, 2021). In descriptive research, the percentage provides a clear description of the individuals who participated in the study (Price et al., 2021). This statistical treatment was selected due to its efficiency. Besides, it can exhibit the data in a simple manner that could be deciphered. With reference to central tendency, it was composed of three elements, namely: mean, median, and mode. The central tendency permits researchers to identify the numerical point of a data set (Allen, 2017). The mean was derived by getting the sum of all numerical values and dividing them by the total elements within the data set; it is also commonly referred to as the average (Wei, 2021). The median was acquired by getting the middle value of a data set (Tenny & Hoffman, 2021). Conversely, the mode was gained by determining which number appears most often (Jorgensen, 2018). This statistical treatment is chosen due to its relevance to the research questions established. The research questions are centered on average and frequency. Hence, this statistical treatment is required to institute answers to the research questions. With respect to the range of the 5-point Likert scale, a numerical value was assigned to each option. The numerical values were 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. To get the range of each numerical value, the highest numerical value was be subtracted from the lowest numerical value. After subtracting, the resulting value was divided by the given numerical value. Undergoing this process outcomes to the following ranges: 1 = 1.00–1.80, 2 = 1.81–2.60, 3 = 2.61–3.40, 4 = 3.41–4.20, 5 = 4.21–5.00. These ranges are crucial because this was utilized for interpreting the gathered data. This statistical treatment is selected since it is connected to the research instrument. Furthermore, this assisted the researchers in interpreting and presenting the data accurately. 156

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Results This section features the accumulated results from the distributed survey questionnaire. The data are presented through textual, tabular, and graphical summaries to support and illustrate the findings. Additionally, this section is divided into four quadrants, namely: the demographic profile of the participants in terms of age along with gender, the result that answers the first research question, the result that answers the second research question, and the result that answers the third research question. Table 1 Smartphone Cybersecurity Threat Familiarity

Note. Table 1 indicates the smartphone cybersecurity threat familiarity of student smartphone users. The mean is interpreted through the following range: 1.00 – 1.80 = not at all familiar, 1.81 – 2.60 = slightly familiar, 2.61 – 3.40 = somewhat familiar, 3.41 – 4.20 = moderately familiar, 4.21 – 5.00 = extremely familiar. As exhibited in Table 1, data leakage is the most familiar cybersecurity threat to student smartphone users with a mean of 4.24 out of 5, along with a median and mode of 4 and 5, respectively, which corresponds to “extremely familiar.” Conversely, spyware is the least familiar cybersecurity threat among the sample with a mean of 3.99 out of 5, a median of 4, and a mode of 5, corresponding to “moderately familiar.”

Table 2 Smartphone Cybersecurity Measures

Note. Table 2 reveals the smartphone cybersecurity measures of student smartphone users. The mean is interpreted through the following range: 1.00 – 1.80 = never, 1.81 – 2.60 = rarely, 2.61 – 3.40 = sometimes, 3.41 – 4.20 = often, 4.21 – 5.00 = always. As projected in Table 2, authentication procedures are the most often practiced smartphone cybersecurity measure in the sample with a tallied mean of 4.84 out of 5, together with a median and mode of 5, which aligns SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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with “always.” Subsequently, operating system updates came second in terms of “how often?” since it garnered a mean of 4.26, while the third often employed cybersecurity measure is the file encryption which has a mean of 3.63. Contrarily, the least often executed smartphone cybersecurity measure is the End-User License Agreement, with a calculated mean of 3.24 out of 5, which equates to “sometimes.” Table 3 Smartphone Cybersecurity Awareness

Note. Table 3 reveals the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of student smartphone users. The mean is interpreted through the following range: 1.00 – 1.80 = not all aware, 1.81 – 2.60 = slightly aware, 2.61 – 3.40 = somewhat aware, 3.41 – 4.20 = moderately aware, 4.21 – 5.00 = extremely aware.

As encapsulated in Table 3, the overall student smartphone users’ average smartphone security awareness level is moderate. This is evident due to the computed mean of all items 9 – 12 in the survey questionnaire, which yielded 3.96 out of 5, together with a median of 3.91 and a mode of 3.85. Furthermore, through utilizing the given range, 3.96 falls within the verbal interpretation: “moderately aware.” Discussion Various pieces of literature from the literature review are utilized in this section to identify agreements and disagreements between them and the presented findings from the previous section. Besides, this portion is arranged and categorized into three segments, namely: answer to the first research question, answer to the second research question, and answer to the third research question. The first research objective was intended to determine the most and least familiar smartphone cybersecurity threat among student smartphone users. Regarding the most familiar smartphone cybersecurity threat, it was deduced that data leakage is the most familiar, as shown in Table 1. This outcome was derived by calculating the mean of each cybersecurity threat. Applying this computation to the variable “data leakage,” a value of 4.24 158

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out of 5 with a median of 4 and a mode of 5 was obtained. This result supplements the findings of Calderwood and Popova (2018), wherein data leakage is the most familiar cybersecurity threat observed by their sample of students, which transpires due to their confidential and private information. Moreover, the second research aim sought to pinpoint “How often do student smartphone users practice cybersecurity measures?” This was divided into four different parameters, with each one being a smartphone cybersecurity measure. This included: file encryption, operating system updates, authentication procedures, and End-User License Agreement (EULA). To interpret and analyze each parameter, the mean of each was tallied. With reference to file encryption, its frequency corresponded with “often” due to the derived mean of 3.63 out of 5, with a median of 4 and a mode of 5, as reflected in Table 2. This result refutes the research of Amita et al. (2020) that concluded only 11% of their population “often” practice file encryption since its complexity is different in contrast with the other smartphone cybersecurity measures. With respect to the operating system updates, its occurrence was equated with “always” through the garnered mean of 4.26 out of 5, with a median and mode of 5, as demonstrated in Table 2. This outcome contradicts the study of Rader and Wash (2017), which states that their sample did not perform operating system updates since it is time-consuming and optional. Concerning the authentication procedures, its “how often?” parameter was aligned with “always” since it has a mean of 4.84 out of 5, along with a median and mode of 5, as shown in Table 2. This finding reinforces the study of Amita et al. (2020), which infer that 91.8% of their sample implemented authentication procedures in their smartphones for the purpose of securing data and averting hackers. Contrarily, this study’s result contravenes the research of Kadëna (2018), which argues that her sample exuded negligence in administering authentication procedures, especially on passwords. Regarding the End-User License Agreement, its frequency landed on “sometimes” because of the yielded mean of 3.24 out of 5, together with a median and mode of 3, as illustrated by Table 2. This result aligns with the scholarly work of Susanto (2021), wherein 56.1% of his sample do not read and comprehend the End-User License Agreement before installing an application, which leads to unauthorized access to essential data and information. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Lastly, the third research objective pursued to distinguish the average smartphone security awareness level of student smartphone users. As evident in Table 3, the average smartphone security awareness level of the sample is “moderate,” based on the calculated mean of all items that stemmed from the two variables in the first and second research questions, which involve: threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures. By computing the data, it will generate a mean of 3.96 out of 5, a median of 3.91, and a mode of 3.85. Sequentially, this mean was interpreted in conjunction with the denoted range that specifically returned a verbal interpretation of “moderately aware.” This result stages a disagreement with the research of Ali et al. (2019), which infer that half of their sample has a smartphone cybersecurity awareness level of 9.49% which translated to a low awareness level. Similarly, this study’s result contradicts the scholarly work of Amin et al. (2021), which deduced that their sample’s awareness level was low since the computed average was less than 30%. Another contravening study by Adebiaye and Ajani (2018) argues that their sample’s awareness level was limited. Thus, smartphone cybersecurity awareness was low as well. On the contrary, the result for this research question relates to the scholarly work of Calderwood and Popova (2018), wherein it concluded that theri sample had a moderate awareness level due to their knowledge and familiarity of cybersecurity threats, together with the execution of cybersecurity measures in the cyberspace. Conclusion This features a condensed description of this study’s major findings. Subsequently, a brief restatement regarding the study’s results is employed for the purpose of generalizing, deducing, and inferring. Along with this, the implications of these results are developed and discussed in the scope of practical, theoretical, and methodological aspects. This section also contains the limitations encountered in the span of this study. Lastly, recommendations are constructed to suggest a course of action that future researchers can undertake to address this study’s limitations. The major findings of the study, with each number corresponding to a research question, are the following: 1. The most familiar smartphone cybersecurity threat to student smartphone users is data leakage. 2. The succeeding findings correspond to the “how often?” question for practicing cybersecurity measures: a. File encryption is often practiced. b. Operating system updates are always practiced. 160

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c. Authentication procedures are always practiced. d. End-User License Agreement (EULA) is sometimes practiced. 3. The average smartphone cybersecurity awareness of student smartphone users is moderate.

From the first chapter, this study’s general problem statement was stated, which is the emergence of smartphone cybersecurity threats such as data leakage, phishing, spyware, and malware in cyberspace. To investigate this phenomenon, the influence of technical factors involving threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures on the student smartphone users were described to grasp and discover the average smartphone security awareness level of student smartphone users. Based on the denoted findings, the student smartphone security awareness level is moderate, which implies that the two variables called threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures are identically moderate. Therefore, these results indicate the progression of knowledge regarding cybersecurity threats throughout time since it opposes several existing scholarly works that dominantly deduced that smartphone cybersecurity awareness of students is low overall. Additionally, smartphone cybersecurity awareness can be improved since the obtained mean does not fall under the “extremely aware” parameter. The End-User License Agreement is the leading factor that hinders awareness because it is not read and ignored by most of the participants. In terms of practical implications, the results of this study can lead to a safe activity within cyberspace due to the determined threats and cybersecurity measures. Utilizing the findings of this study can further develop effective and efficient methods how to avert being victimized by cybersecurity threats. Besides, the student smartphone user’s awareness outcomes to protection at an individual scale; nevertheless, it suggests that the collective awareness of these students can contribute to and impact the larger scale within cyberspace. For theoretical implications, the findings of this study serve as a supplement to existing models. One model that this study supports is the Chandarman and Niekerk (2017) “Cybersecurity Model” because this study’s findings were derived from the cybersecurity measures and skills of the sample. In relation, this study also complements the model of Jeske and Schaik (2017) called the “Security Behavior Model,” since threat familiarity was utilized as the determinant in examining the smartphone cybersecurity awareness of student smartphone users.

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With reference to methodological implications, the pursuit and completion of this research were enabled due to the descriptive research design. This research design aided in gathering the appropriate data necessary to accomplish this study’s aim. Consequently, a descriptive research design is suitable in the context of the research since the variables were descriptive in nature. Limitations Throughout the duration of the study, several limitations emerged. One of which is the time constraints. During the data gathering, a certain period of weeks was established. Thus, the target number of participants was not achieved. To maximize this time frame, the researchers attempted to extend the initial deadline for the collection of survey questionnaires to meet the target sample. However, it was unsuccessful, and a few participants included in the target sample did not participate in the study. Another limitation is the proximity of the researchers to the participants. The survey questionnaires were distributed through online mediums via Gmail and Facebook. This manner of distribution caused some of the constituents of the target sample to ignore the researchers. In adapting to this limitation, the researchers attempted to contact them through different mediums of communication aside from Gmail and Facebook. In connection with the proximity, an insufficient sample size transpired. Initially, the researchers computed a sample size of 134 within the target population of STEM students. In this study, the researchers only acquired 97 responses. Therefore, the data cannot generalize the population of STEM students. Moreover, it is only applicable to the participants that engaged in the study. Nevertheless, the outcome can be different if the initial sample size were attained. Recommendations This study revealed the average smartphone cybersecurity awareness of student smartphone users. With the advancement of this study, the researchers pondered about the distinct aspects in which the research can be investigated and how the limitations can be effectively addressed. As a result, the researchers recommend the following course of action: 1. In terms of time constraints, future researchers should establish the time frame from the onset to avoid incomplete participants. In this manner, more time will be allocated to gathering the data. Thus, there is a greater 162

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probability of attaining the target sample size. 2. Physical data gathering via paper-based survey questionnaires should be distributed by future researchers. With this occurring, the researchers have a way of personally communicating and interacting with the participants, which allows the researcher to have more control in evaluating and managing the response rate. 3. Future researchers should acquire a sufficient sample size by employing a real-time monitoring online survey tool to prevent scarcity and incompletion of participants, which can impact the generalizability of the research. 4. Based on the findings, students should continue familiarizing themselves with cybersecurity threats and execute cybersecurity measures to further enhance smartphone cybersecurity awareness. Furthermore, this can promote healthy cyberspace. 5. From this study, future researchers can conduct comparative research through utilizing the variables: threat familiarity and cybersecurity measures. With these variables, it can be compared through a wide range of parameters such as age, gender, and educational attainment. 6. Lastly, future researchers can investigate this study’s subject matter through experimental procedures, wherein they can gather subjects and expose them to diverse types of cybersecurity threats and observe how they will administer different cybersecurity measures. References Adebiaye, R., & Ajani, T. (2020). Information technology usage: Quantitative analysis of smartphone security awareness and practices among undergraduate students in the United States. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research. 5(3), 270–284. https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i3.2018.201 Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Action Control, 11–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2 Alharbi, T., & Tassaddiq, A. (2021). Assessment of cybersecurity awareness among students of Majmaah University. Big Data and Cognitive Computing. 5(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc5020023

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Ali, N., Rahman, L., & Jahan, I. (2019). Security and privacy awareness: A survey for Smartphone User. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10(9), 483–488. https://doi.org/ 10.14569/ijacsa.2019.0100964 Allam, S., Flowerday, S. V., & Flowerday, E. (2014). Smartphone Information Security Awareness: A victim of operational pressures. Computers & Security, 42, 56–65. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cose.20 14.01.005 Allen, M. (2017). Measures of central tendency. Sage Research Methods. https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-ofcommunication-research-methods/i8503.xml. Allen, M. (2017). Population/Sample. Sage Research Methods. https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-ofcommunication-research-methods/i10949.xml. Alsaleh, M., Alomar, N., & Alarifi, A. (2017). Smartphone users: Understanding how security mechanisms are perceived and new persuasive methods. PLOS ONE. 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0173284 Amin, M., Tasmil, Herman, Bahrawi, Alam, N., Dhahir, D. F., & Hadiyat, Y. D. (2021). Security and privacy awareness of smartphone users in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1882/1/012134 Andrade, C. (2020). Sample size and its importance in research. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 42(1), 102–103. https://doi.org/10. 4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_504_19 Bhandari, P. (2020, July 3). Designing and analyzing Likert Scales. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/likert-scale/. Bhandari, P. (2020, June 12). An introduction to quantitative research. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/. Calderwood, F., & Popova, I. (2018). Smartphone cyber security awareness in developing countries: A case of Thailand. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783-030-05198-3_7 164

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Chandarman, R., & Van Niekerk, B. (2017). Students’ cybersecurity awareness at a private tertiary educational institution. The African Journal of Information and Communication, 20, 133–155. https:// doi.org/10.23962/10539/23572 Chebyshev, V. (2021, March 1). Mobile malware evolution 2020. Secure List. https://securelist.com/mobile-malware-evolution-2020/101029/. Chin, A. G., Little, P., & Jones, B. H. (2020). An analysis of smartphone security practices among undergraduate business students at a regional public university. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 16(1), 44–61. https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/5/2/23/htm Cleave, P. (2021, October 14). The importance of sample size. SmartSurvey. https://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/blog/importance-ofsample-size. Cranfield, D. J., Venter, I. M., Blignaut, R. J., & Renaud, K. (2020). Smartphone security awareness, perceptions and practices: A welsh higher education case study. INTED2020 Proceedings. https:// doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.0891 Cuemath. (2021). Percentage - examples: How to calculate percentage? Cuemath. https://www.cuemath.com/commercial-math/percentages/ Das, A., & Khan, H. U. (2016). Security behaviors of smartphone users. Information & Computer Security. 24(1), 116–134. https://doi.org/10. 1108/ics-04-2015-0018 Davis, B. (2021, May 31). Home. MVOrganizing. https://www. mvorganizing.org/what-is-the-primary-purpose-of-descriptive -research/. Hayes, A. (2021, October 22). Descriptive statistics definition. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/descriptive_ statistics.asp. Hellevik, O. (2019, March 13). Questionnaire surveys. Forskningsetikk. https://www.forskningsetikk.no/en/resources/the-research-ethicslibrary/methods/questionnaire-surveys/.

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Jang-Jaccard, J., & Nepal, S. (2014). A survey of emerging threats in cybersecurity. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 80(5), 973– 993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2014.02.005 Jeske, D., & van Schaik, P. (2017). Familiarity with internet threats: Beyond awareness. Computers & Security, 66, 129–141. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2017.01.010 Johnson, D., & Shoulders, C. (2019). Beyond magic words and symbols: Rethinking common practices in quantitative research. Journal of Agricultural Education. 60(3), 291–303. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae. 2019.03291 Jorgensen, A. S. (2019, March 2). Definition of mean, median & mode. Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/definition-mean-median-mode-54397 10.html. Kadëna, E. (2018). Smartphone security awareness and practices of users in Albania. Journal of Awareness. 3(5), 81–94. https://doi.org/10. 26809/joa.2018548618 Kaspersky. (2021, April 26). Top 7 mobile security threats in 2020. https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/threats/top-seven-mobile -security-threats-smart-phones-tablets-and-mobile-internet-devices -what-the-future-has-in-store. Kaspersky. (2021, August 23). What is cyber security? https://www. kaspersky.com/resource-center/definitions/what-is-cyber-security. Koyuncu, M., & Pusatli, T. (2019). Security awareness level of smartphone users: An exploratory case study. Mobile Information Systems. 2019, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2786913 Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 30 (3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 McCombes, S. (2019, May 15). Descriptive research. Scribbr. https:// www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/. Mcleod, S. (2018). Questionnaire: Definition, examples, design and types. SimplyPsychology. https://www.simplypsychology. org/questionnaires.html. 166

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Mcleod, S. (2019). Likert scale definition, examples and analysis. SimplyPsychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-scale. html. Nappo, S. (2020). Stephane Nappo Quotes. Goodreads. https://www. goodreads.com/author/quotes/19698507.Stephane_Nappo. Nelson, B. (2021, June 30). Top security threats of smartphones (2021). Reader’s Digest. https://www.rd.com/article/mobile-security-threats/. O’Dea, S. (2021, September 10). Smartphones - Statistics & Facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/#dossier Summary__chapter5. Paladino, A., & Hill, M. (2020). Quantitative Non-Experimental. University of Poenix Research Hub. https://research.phoenix. edu/content/research-methodology-group/quantitative-nonexperimental. Price, P. C., Jhangiani, R., Chiang, I. A., Leighton, D. C., & Cuttler, C. (2017, August 21). Research Methods in Psychology - Analyzing the Data. Pressbooks. https://opentext.wsu.edu/carriecuttler/chapter/ analyzing-the-data/. Susanto, H. (2021). Revealing cyber threat of smart mobile devices within Digital Ecosystem: User information security awareness. Data Integrity and Quality. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95752 Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling technique for research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2 139/ssrn.3205035 Tenny, S., & Hoffman, M. R. (2021, September 21). Median. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/NBK470533/. The Hacker News. (2021, February 4). Why human error is #1 cyber security threat to businesses in 2021. https://thehackernews.com/2021/ 02/why-human-error-is-1-cyber-security.html.

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Thomas, L. (2020, August 28). An introduction to simple random sampling. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/simplerandom-sampling/#:~:text=Simple%20random%20sampling%20is% 20a,possible%20of%20this%20random%20subset. Todd, D. (2021, January 25). World economic forum: Cybersecurity failure among top 4 highest risks. Cybersecurity Conferences & News. https://www.secureworld.io/industry-news/wef-cybersecurity-highrisk. Wei, J. (2021, January 15). Statistical Mean. Techopedia. https://www. techopedia.com/definition/26136/statistical-mean. Wickr. (2021, February 19). The future of cybersecurity depends on STEM education. Wickr. https://wickr.com/the-future-of-cybersecuritydepends-on-stem-education/

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Factors that Architecture Students Prioritize in Design and Style Making: A Descriptive Study Andrei Nickolei Eusebio, Mary Emmanuely Filoteo, and Mary Pauline Manuel According to Article 1723 of the Philippines Civil Code, all parties involved in the construction of infrastructure would be liable for damages and reparations if the structure collapsed from defects fifteen years after its completion. With this, multiple factors influence the style of architecture and their different prioritizations among architects. This study follows a quantitative, non-experimental design, utilizing descriptive methods to determine significant factors in design and style making. Fourth-year graduating architecture students from UP Mindanao were surveyed regarding these topics. As per the results, geography and climate are the most influential factors in procuring style and design, as 89.3% and 78.6% of the population, respectively, agreed that these two always influence the style and design of the architecture. The study also identified that culture and aesthetics are placed in a neutral prioritization. 46.4% of the population agreed that their influence is always present. Religion placed last with only 42.9% of the population agreeing. Considering the limitations, the researchers suggest that future researchers should prepare survey questions ahead of time to prevent any changes that would lead to further difficulties. Aside from that, conducting a face-to-face survey is recommended to secure data reliability. Moreover, consider executing the research in a broader field and or focusing on specific factors that can contribute to the expansion of the topic of architecture. Keywords: architect, style and design, sustainable architecture, factors of architecture

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts mBlock Block-Based Programming as Chatbot Software for Information Kiosk Gerdine Peters Cham, Terrence Wade Estrada, and Joshua Valerio mBlock, a block-based programming platform, is tested in creating a chatbot-related program that answers some FAQs associated with St. Dominic College of Asia. The chatbot redirects users to the institution’s different virtual office links through quick response (QR) codes. A total of 184 respondents participated in the experiment from a population of 352 students, faculty members, and administrators of St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High School Department. The respondents accessed the product, chatbot, by logging in to the mail account made solely for this research through the mBlock programming website and followed the procedures written inside the post-assessment survey questionnaire. Based on the results of the post-assessment survey questionnaire, the chatbot performed well and got a positive response from more than 50% of the respondents. Similarly, it emphasizes the significance, timeliness, and relevance of answers derived by the chatbot users. In conclusion, the features of mBlock's block-based programming are sufficient to construct a program script for chatbots. Young aspiring newbies in programming can use mBlock software to develop simple scripts such as chatbots. Nevertheless, by investigating mBlock's advanced features, the chatbot software script can still be improved in order to build a more convenient, accessible, efficient, and easy-to-understand chatbot. Keywords: chatbot, block-based programming, information kiosk, mblock, programming

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Correlation of Using Anti-Radiation Glasses During Online Class and Online Gaming Ryan Ken Casem and Shaine Khyle Gadingan The COVID-19 pandemic was the cause why the anti-radiation glasses industry grew more extensive than it used to be. Online classes and gaming online have become the alternatives to face-to-face activities. This study aims to determine the relationship between using anti-radiation glasses during online schooling and online gaming. The related literature for this study agrees that anti-radiation glasses prevent vision problems people might acquire for a long time of facing their electronic devices, associating it to the students’ usage of anti-radiation glasses during online class and online gaming. An online survey form via Google Forms was designed and disseminated via Google Mail to 40 senior high school students at St. Dominic College of Asia. By analyzing the results, a small but positive correlation between using anti-radiation glasses during online classes and online gaming is present. In conclusion, it may be a small-scale correlation, but there is still a significant relationship between using antiradiation glasses during online classes and online gaming. It would be helpful not just for students but for everyone if there were more investigations into this topic. Keywords: anti-radiation glasses, online class, online gaming, students, gamers

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Factors to Consider on Choosing Materials for Contemporary Buildings Carl Angelo Generoso, Jeci Soriano, and Juliana Requinta

Material selection for a contemporary building is one of the prominent factors that can affect its firmness. Choosing the appropriate material for this type of building is essential as it can make or break the structure. With that point, considering only the aesthetic appeal of the building may compromise its firm foundation. The study's goal is to determine which of the following factors influences material selection in modern construction, specifically the material's integrity, availability, and aesthetic appeal. In this research, engineers were surveyed to gather accurate data regarding the study's topic. This research was limited to specified questions and a lesser number of respondents. Keywords: integrity, aesthetic, availabillity

A Descriptive Investigation of Learners’ and Educators’ Ratings for Google Meet Features Earl Justine de Leon, Jairus Miguel Ilacio, and Angelo Gabriel Nuñez Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all activities, including teaching and learning, are now conducted entirely online from the comfort of one's own home. As a result, the usage of online-based platforms is the common solution to ensure that the learning process runs smoothly at this time. Google Meet, a video communication service, is one application that can be used. This study aims to explain the use of Google Meet in the learning process of identifying and describing the performance and functions of Google Meet in terms of its interactivity, security properties, and privacy properties. This research uses quantitative research with descriptive methods, where the research results are obtained through observation and interviews, which are then analyzed by describing them. The respondents involved in this research are the senior high school STEM students and the respective senior high school teachers of St. Dominic College of Asia. The result of the study found that Google Meet is a secure platform, protecting the users’ security and privacy properties as it supports learning-related features necessary for video conferencing. However, since the target number of responses was not achieved, this research cannot conclude that Google Meet is an interactive and secured platform for senior high school STEM students and senior high school teachers. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, online learning, rations, video conferencing platform 172

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts The Relationship Between the Use of Technology in Building Design and The Architects' Preference to One Hailey Marie Antoinette Garcia and Hannah Nicolette Villanueva As the world continues to progress in terms of technology, a great number of business establishments have implemented IT in their strategies, structures, and management processes and ensure that their employees meet the requirements and training to operate these systems. This can also be applied to the construction industry, where firms continuously use systems in their building designs, improving work ethic in the structural adaptation of IT in the management processes of multiple firms. This study aims to determine and assess the influence of IT usage and its efficacy related to architects' choices for building design equipment. This includes the portfolio value of their projects, the reliability and accuracy of the systems they operate, and the cost and productivity benefits received from IT investment. Keywords: IT, CAD systems, multimedia software, adapted strategies

A Comparative Analysis Between Traditional vs. Digital Drawing and its Convenience in Terms of the Time of Pandemic Carmela Cassandra Costales Art gives us a way to express something we cannot comprehend or explain. We may use art to share views, thoughts, and dreams that would be difficult to convey in any other way. This study aims to analyze traditional and digital art and determine how convenient it is nowadays. Digital art uses advanced technology to create visual art. Meanwhile, traditional art is made using any existing handed-down medium. Selected grade 11 and grade 12 STEM engineering students from St. Dominic College of Asia are the participants of the said investigation. The survey questionnaire is made via Google Forms and will be disseminated to the selected participants. Based on the results, digital and traditional art have their own set of benefits and drawbacks. The results show that the respondents had their own opinions and perspectives on the two mediums. Keywords: art, drawing, digital art, traditional art, technology, convenience

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts An Evaluation of Gadgets on Online Academic Classes to Grade 12 Diana Dela Paz This study was carried out to know the differences between the devices used for online classes and what is the most recommendable device to use. The researcher saw through the help of other studies and articles that a lot of students are failing their online classes due to the incompetency of their devices. These respondents came from grade 12 STEM specialized in Engineering and ICT from St. Dominic College of Asia. Conducted from September 2021 to May 2022 in the provinces of Cavite, Philippines. After the formation of the research questions and their approval, with the help of an online survey through google forms, given through email. 76.4% of the respondents use cell phones, 11% use tablets, and 98.6% use laptops. Research states that laptops and desktops are the most recommendable device for online classes, according to the respondents backed up by the researcher’s found studies. Keywords: gadgets, online devices, online classes, senior high school

Advantages of Automated Sensored Traffic Lights to Normal Traffic Lights: A Descriptive Study John Azriel Borja and Zean McLean Dinoy Traffic is one of the unavoidable problems, especially in areas with large populations like Bacoor, Cavite. To make a solution to this problem traffic lights are made. Over the years, due to the increasing population, traffic occurrence increased. This study aims to discuss the advantages of using automated sensored traffic lights. To gather the data, the researchers made a close-ended questionnaire using Google forms, and the respondents were all Senior High school students from St. Dominic College of Asia. After that, the researchers quantitatively analyzed their responses to the questionnaire to obtain results. Results demonstrated that traffic congestion affects a person’s well-being and that the majority of the respondents think that it is better to change the regular traffic lights with automated sensored traffic lights because it is more cost-efficient and is better at handling traffic and prioritizing lanes and vehicles. Therefore, the researchers concluded that Automated Sensored traffic lights are more effective in handling traffic and prioritizing lanes and vehicles. Keywords: automated, unavoidable, prioritizing

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Comparison of Production, Maintenance, Deployment, and Performance between Road Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Wind Turbines Louis Gabriel Cada and Rolan Lei Ramirez The continuous innovation of new technologies brings an increasing need for electricity. The current major energy source, fossil fuels, causes damage to the environment and is known to be non-renewable. Its supply is projected to be depleted in 70 years. Immediate action regarding the worldwide implementation of renewable energy harvesting has to be done. In choosing a sustainable renewable energy source, wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal, and other renewable energy sources must be compared. In this study, road piezoelectric energy harvesting and turbine wind energy harvesting is compared in the factors of production, maintenance, deployment, and performance. This study aimed to assess how the rising technology of piezoelectric energy compares to the tested wind energy harvesting and to determine which factors are advantageous and disadvantageous between the said energy sources. A Google Forms survey is given to senior high school STEM students in St. Dominic College of Asia. A sample size of 134 students selected as participants of the study. Based on the results, it is concluded that road piezoelectric energy harvesting is more advantageous in the areas of production, maintenance, and deployment, whereas turbine wind energy harvesting is still superior in terms of performance. Overall, road piezoelectric harvesting is preferred, even when considering the geography of Bacoor, Cavite. It is concluded that the awareness of renewable energy sources does not affect the participants’ preferences. Road piezoelectric energy harvesting is a more suitable renewable energy source that can be a suitable candidate for global renewable energy harvesting expansion. Keywords: renewable energy, road piezoelectric energy, piezoelectric transducers, offshore wind energy, wind turbine

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts The Effects of Different Types of Drinking Water on the Growth of Bokchoy Benzhen Anne Colminas and Michelle Salvatierra Some people love Bokchoy, also known as “pechay”, thus the researchers showed how to regrow Bokchoy only using water and what effect drinking water has on Bokchoy growth. The different types of drinking water was used in the experiment, such as mineral water, distilled water, flavored water, and tap water. Four treatments were filled with the same amount of water, and the same cut off the base of the Bokchoy was followed by two tests for each water. For six days, they were watered with their respective treatments. Mineral water was used for treatment 1, while distilled water was used for treatment 2, then flavored water was used for treatment 3, and tap water was used for treatment 4. This study aimed to seek if different drinking water can affect the growth of Bokchoy or it may harm the plant. Based on the information gathered, it can be concluded that the different kinds of drinking water used to aid Bokchoy growth affected its growth. However, The flavored water treatment was the tiniest and most harmful. The growth of distilled water and tap water is normal. In this case, besides mineral water, tap water can also be used because it has an excellent outcome from the experiment and is available everywhere. Keywords: Bok Choy, mineral water, distilled water, flavored water, tap water

Users' Perception on the Difference of Biometrics and Passwords Authentication on Mobile Phones Mark John Lar and Yasmine Leigh Billones This study explored and understands the comparison between passwordbased and biometric authentication based on the user's preferences in their devices. The graph and percentages gathered from surveys will be used to assess the user's preference and choice between password-based and biometric authentication in their devices. This study also included statistics and graphs from users' preferences gathered from our survey, which included questions demanding their preferences with authentications. When comparing the degree of security between the password-based and biometric authentication, the data revealed the best authentication that matches the user's desires. Keywords: authentication, password-based, biometric, devices, security 176

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Sustainability Outcomes of Eco-Friendly and Non-Eco-Friendly Products in the Rooms of STEM Students Faith Ann Bautista and Mary Cris Espina Sustainable eco-friendly products are products that help the environment and lessen pollution. And are getting known in the society today, especially in Generation Z. Non-eco-friendly products are the products that the people are used to, which increases the risk to the environment. This study aims to know the difference between these kinds of products and which is more sustainable to use in the rooms of STEM Students. The researchers came up with three research questions. The first research question is to know Which of the products are more likely to be used by STEM students, the second is to know which of the products reduced more heat in the rooms of STEM students, and the last question is to know if there is a difference and similarities between using eco-friendly and noneco-friendly products in terms of the STEM students’ well-being. The researchers used a close-ended survey questionnaire through Google Forms answered by the selected participants in the Senior High School Department of St. Dominic College of Asia. Afterward, the data analysis was conducted, and the results have shown that even though non-ecofriendly products are commonly produced, most of them are becoming more aware of eco-friendly products, and they are beginning to utilize them, which benefits not only the environment but also human health. The majority of the participants concluded that using eco-friendly products helps improve their mental and physical health, which gives them a positive outlook on life. Lastly, students are likely to use eco-friendly products and confirm that it helps in reducing more heat than non-ecofriendly products. Keywords: sustainable, eco-friendly products, non-eco-friendly products, Generation Z

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts A Comparative Analysis of Agricultural Productions Between Modern Agricultural Machineries and Old Farm Tools and Equipment Jean Venuel Garcia and Mark Rheiven Castillo In today's generation, the development of modern technology in agricultural farming changes the life of farmers when it comes to agricultural production. It increases the productivity and effectiveness of using machines in farming. It also maximizes the efficiency of laborers in managing and utilizing the use of modern agricultural machinery and old farm tools and equipment. This study aimed to know the differences, similarities, and limitations of the farmers in using modern agricultural machines and old farm tools and equipment that can help to resolve problems in the efficiency of agricultural production. In gathering the data results of the study, the researchers used an online survey questionnaire, Google Forms. A total of 40 respondents from the sample population of Farmers in Oas, Albay will be answering the survey questionnaire. According to the gathered results, modern agricultural machinery is usually used by the farmers in farming, which increases their work productivity, and the old farm tools and equipment provide a sufficient quantity of resources in agricultural production. The researchers concluded that modern agricultural machinery develops sustainability in agricultural production, and old farm tools and equipment are cheaper in terms of expenses compared to using machines. Keywords: modern agricultural machineries, old farm tools and equipment, agricultural production

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts A Comparative Research in Scaffolding: The Substitution of Bamboo from Steel Alben Oyos Dioso & Carl Kevin Munar

The scaffolding material of the Philippines is an example of how corporations cause an economic crisis by producing steel products for construction purposes. Through this method, millions of natural resources are laid out to create common construction materials for scaffolding purposes. This study aimed to identify the use of bamboo and its application to real-life scaffolding nationwide that can be a substitute for the standard type of steel. Professionals with an architectural or engineering background that can guarantee crucial information that can further support the claim for bamboo through experience and expertise are the respondents of the study. Unfortunately, limited respondents are surveyed due to certain restrictions. Results show that though hesitant, professionals accept and agree to use bamboo as a substitute for steel. Therefore, the researcher concluded that bamboo is a given material that can both be an accessible and safe material to produce. As well as lessen the use of natural resources. Keywords: scaffolding, natural resources, scaffolding material, bamboo, steel

Decision-Making of Grade 12 Students in Terms of Financial Instability Due to Pandemic in Pursuing Aeronautical Engineering Rujem Encela Jr. and Uriel Khen Sagalan This study aimed to know how financial problems affect the decisionmaking of grade 12 students who are currently planning to take aeronautical engineering for college. For the research respondents, the researchers surveyed thirty (30) Grade 12 students from Lilienthal of the Philippine Air Transport and Training Services (PATTS) who are currently planning to pursue aeronautical engineering for college. Most of the student’s decision-making was affected because of financial problems caused by the pandemic. Upon analyzing the data, financial instability is the common reason why students reconsider their preferred college course. Most students plan to take a part-time job to support their academic plans, while some plan to stop or drop out of school in the meantime. Keywords: decision-making, COVID-19 pandemic, grade 12 students SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Influence of UI Design to User's Preference on Different Applications Ken Hary Montañez UI Design pertains to the look and feel of any application. It encompasses not only the appearance of the said application but also its interactivity. The first study regarding UI design dates back to 1995 when researchers Kurosu and Kashimura tested 26 variations of ATM UI and asked 206 participants to rate them based on aesthetic appeal and ease of use. They found a strong correlation between their participants’ ratings of perceived ease of use and aesthetic appeal, and thus the Aesthetic Usability Effect theory was born. In this study, the same paradox was used to determine whether the same connotation "Users will perceive attractive products as more usable despite lacking in some areas" applies to applications that are seldomly used in the present. For the purpose of gathering relevant data, 34 participants who have experience in using Google Meet, MS Teams, and Zoom were gathered to participate in the study. Evident similarities were found in their choice of application when asked which one they preferred out of the three. A strong correlation was found between the participants' preferences and the influence of UI design. The researcher was able to conclude that there was a positive correlation between UI Design and the user’s preference when it comes to choosing between multiple apps that perform the same function. Keywords: UI design, usage rate, application, user preference, ease of navigation

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Comparative Analysis of Interpersonal Communication in Traditional and Digital Workplace Heinrich Timothy Jamito and Alvin Gabriel Manabat Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the restriction of physical contact forced the majority of capable schools to continue teaching via online learning with students and teachers using a digital workplace instead. The change in the medium of communication may have caused individuals to communicate differently online where most of them were used to conduct interpersonal communication face-to-face. Interpersonal communication is an important process where individuals can focus on each other and exchange different kinds of information efficiently. This study aimed to determine the differences in how grade 12 students perform interpersonal communication in an online, digital workplace compared to a traditional face-to-face environment. An online survey questionnaire via Google Forms was disseminated to grade 12 students of St. Dominic College of Asia Basic Education located in Bacoor, Cavite. A total of 110 students were asked to answer the survey form. The researchers used descriptive statistical treatment to analyze the gathered data. Results indicate that there is indeed a significant difference in how the students do interpersonal communication online and offline. The majority of the students found better clarity and understanding in communication in an offline environment while establishing communication was seen to be much easier in an online environment. Keywords: face-to-face, traditional, digital

interpersonal

communication,

workplace,

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Evaluating Graduating Students (Civil Engineer) of FEU Manila on Developing Earthquake Resistant-Building for Minimizing the Hazards of Calamities Grachard Calubiran and Gabrielle Cordero Years before now, the field of earthquake engineering has existed in our country. There have been significant contributions to the seismic safety of several important structures in any country with the help of engineers. Engineers' lack of awareness of the provisions that must be applied in designing earthquake-resistant buildings has resulted in less desirable results for common structures after previous earthquakes. And with the fact that disasters are not avoidable completely, earthquake-resistant buildings are being built nowadays. Thus, civil engineers were contributing to disaster management in building planning. This research focuses on how engineering students develop an earthquake-resistant building to lessen the damage caused by the calamities. Survey questionnaires will be passed to 2nd-year civil engineers as their responses will be used in the study. Through this, the researcher will know how the engineering students develop earthquake-resistant buildings to minimize the hazard of calamities, especially the earthquake, and their crucial role. The descriptive method was implemented in this study. Keywords: earthquake, earthquake-resistant building, hazards

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Metal or Shingle: A Comparative Study About Roofing Materials of Residential Houses in Philippines Kgyll Angelo Bajon, Jabez Emmanuel Belmonte, and Angel Kimberly Robles

Over time, various types of roofing materials have emerged globally. In the Philippines, there are two famously known types of roofing, metal roofing, and asphalt shingle roofing, which are prominently used in residential houses in the Philippines. Thus, this comparative study aimed to identify the qualities of two roofing materials, namely metal, and asphalt shingles to determine which is better to use for residential housing. The study only includes the design in terms of its cost, sustainability, and quality, it also focused on the knowledge of engineers between Metal and Asphalt Shingle roof designs. In view of the frameworks and related literature of this study, an online survey through Google Form is given to the professional engineers in Wee Community Developments, Inc. (WeeComm). Based on the result and analysis of data, metal roofing is better than asphalt shingles in terms of overall pricing and durability. However, both metal roofing and asphalt shingle roofing are widely available in the roofing industry and market in the Philippines. The researchers recommend that other factors that might interfere with the main variables of the study should be considered by future researchers. Keywords: roofing materials, metal roofing, asphalt shingle roofing, professional engineers

The Difference Between Contemporary Architectural Design and Modern Architectural Design Angelie Nichole Arandia and Pearl Kaila Encallado

This paper aimed to differentiate the difference between contemporary and modern architectural design. This research used a comparative approach. With this research design, the researchers can easily distinguish its differences. Estimates of 30 to 50 architectural students were surveyed for the study, there is no specific locale. Based on the survey, contemporary architectural design is more eco-friendly than modern architectural design because of its materials. The majority of the respondents find contemporary architectural design more appealing, sustainable, and firm and chose it over modern architectural design. Keywords: architectural design, contemporary architectural design, modern architectural design SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Quantitative Analysis on the Success Rate of Sustainable Materials used in Buildings Dayne Marc Alfaro and Paulene Vargas Sustainable materials imply the use of recyclable and environmentally advantageous materials in constructing infrastructure, and the goal of sustainable materials is to reduce the industry's environmental impact. Knowing how dependable and successful sustainable materials are in the construction business benefit not only the construction sector but also the environment. The research aimed to identify and analyze the success rate of sustainable building materials. Based on the conceptual/theoretical framework, an online survey form was created using Google Forms and sent to the selected participants via online platforms. Purposive sampling was implemented in this research. As per the results, the majority of respondents say that commercialized materials are more durable than sustainable materials. Most of the respondents use sustainable materials and agree that buying or using sustainable materials can help the construction industry. Also, most respondents would utilize sustainable materials rather than commercialized materials. In conclusion, the researchers found that commercialized materials have a higher success rate than sustainable materials. Although, the respondents acknowledge that different usage of sustainable materials may have different results in terms of success rate. Keywords: sustainability, sustainable materials, construction industry, success rate, eco-friendly

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts Relation of Families' Decision in Purchasing Electric Vehicle Towards Environmental Concerns and Social Influence Reugene de Ocampo and Chester Rumbaoa To what extent do these aspects influence whether or not a consumer chooses to purchase an electric vehicle? Finding out why people buy and use electric cars can be done using this type of research. The research aimed to learn all about electric vehicles, from their benefits and applications to their origins and problems. Based on their observations, customers will be able to discern the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles. Selection-induced changes in an organism's form or function make it more likely to survive and reproduce in its ecosystem and the process of reshaping something to better fit a new context. Electric cars are better for the environment than gasoline-powered vehicles since they emit fewer greenhouse gasses and pollute the environment less. The experts and the researchers, as well, recommend that future researchers shall dig into this issue further. Keywords: families purchasing cards, electric vehicles in the future, impact of electric vehicles

A Descriptive Research for Implementing Sustainability in the Building Sector Mark Joffrey Cabriel The paper proposes a conceptual framework for implementing sustainability concepts into practice in the construction industry. The tactics and methods applied in building infrastructure affect its life span and firmness. Furthermore, many studies in the review of related literature concur that the building's sustainability is linked to its construction process. The framework would make it feasible for design firms to have such a good compromise among economical, societal, and environmental concerns, going to change the way main contractors conceive about facts they use when appraising construction projects and thus aiding the building industry's resilience. Keywords: sustainability, implementation, building sector

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STEM Engineering / ICT Research Abstracts A Descriptive Research of Time-Tracking Applications on Monitoring Screen Time for Students’ Academic Productivity Erick Jeisler Cortes and Abigail Mencias This research focused on the time tracking applications used for monitoring screen time for students’ academic productivity. Screen time is the amount of time spent using a device with a screen, including a smartphone, computer, etc. (Oxford, n.d). Moreover, this study mainly tackled the effects of utilizing time-tracking applications on the learner’s academic productivity. This study is a quantitative study, with its respondents coming from the grade 12 STEM students from St. Dominic College of Asia. Due to the present pandemic, the survey was disseminated online through Google Forms. The researchers found that 67.7% of the participants had their grades increased while using the time tracking application. Aside from this, the research also found that 80.6% of the participants had their productivity increased in terms of academics. To sum it up, there are both negative and positive effects of using time-tracking applications. There is no significant difference in results among the different time-tracking applications that were used. Lastly, time-tracking applications can be beneficial to a student’s academic performance and productivity. Keywords: time-tracking applications, student productivity

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STEM Engineering / ICT PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

EcoPhones of Tomorrow: Perspective of Filipino Cell Phone Users on Biodegradable Cellular Phone Researchers: Hans Gabriel Dolot Bill Clifford Quilor

A Qualitative Research:

The Collected Views and Perspective of Drivers in the Philippines in Regards to SelfDriving Technology for Vehicles Researcher: Miguelle Mikee Perez

A Qualitative Research:

The Impact of Playing Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) to the Social Growth of Adolescents Researchers: Sydney Andrei Pascual Pamela Grace Ballola

A Quantitative Research:

Never-Ending Dispute: Apple vs. Android Researchers: Piero Maranan Kevin Benitez

A Qualitative Research:

The Perception of Medical Practitioners on 3D Printing and Its Significance to Surgical Education Researchers: Enreich Daniel Ramos Cyrizz Naomi Tu

A Qualitative Research:

Public Perception and Awareness of Netizens Regarding the Treatment of Their Data Researcher: Lorenz Miguel Arroyo

A Qualitative Research:

Digital Textbooks: Students' Perspective and Its Significant Impact as Academic Source of Information Researcher: Earl Tristan Magtira

A Qualitative Research:

The Internet's Influence: Is What You See is What You Act On?

Researchers: Bernardo Miguel Madrozo Ayanna Vianca Cueto

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STEM Engineering / ICT PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

The Experiences Encountered by Architect Students in an Online Learning Environment Researcher: Lance Gabriel Acosta

A Qualitative Research:

Online Game's Economic Status: The Rise and Fall of Axie Infinity Mobile Game Researchers: John Harvin Abuel Joshua Aaron Alcala Jancent Caldez

A Qualitative Research:

The Value and Significance of Preserving and Restoring Architectural Heritage of the Philippines Researchers: Laurence Alcaraz Dan Aiken Archivido John Paul Balantucas

A Quantitative Research:

Correlation Between Learners' Level of Pragmatic Approach on Evaluating Online Information Reliability Researcher: Chynna Gayle Dizon

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A Quantitative Research:

Efficiency of Decentralized Finance Dissimilarity Between Centralized Finance as Transaction Currencies Researchers: Brent Vincent Jesalva Edwinson Clyde Obligado A Quantitative Research:

Desktop vs. Laptop: A Descriptive Analysis on the Students' Learning Experience During Online Class Researcher: Lorenz Liu Leovonchiong A Quantitative Research:

Perception of the Senior High School Students of St. Dominic College of Asia in Using Augmented Reality in Education Researcher: Justine Nicol Lagajino

A Quantitative Research:

Only the Young: Exploring Social Media Activism by St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High Students Researcher: Russel Andrew Palcoto

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STEM Engineering / ICT PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

Student Employment: Experiences of High School Students Working Part-Time While Studying Researcher: Sebastian Clyde Llosa

A Qualitative Research:

Investigating the Impact of Online Learning on Students' Academic Performance of Grade 11 Senior High School Students Researcher: Howell Ivan Ortega

A Quantitative Research:

Future Software Engineers' Getting Ready for Software Programming

Researcher: Marielle Anne Cayetano

A Qualitative Research:

The Potential of Loofah as Lost Circulation Material (LCM) in Water-Based Drilling Mud Researcher: Michelle Anne Javier

A Quantitative Research:

Social Media's Impact on the Academic Performance of St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High School Students in the Virtual Learning Researcher: Yiannis Pedrozo

A Qualitative Research:

The Degree of Security of Internet Commerce Against Modern Hackers and Technology

Researcher: Crystal Rayne C. de Leon

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STEM Health Science Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

Attitudes, Knowledge about Antibiotic Resistance and Consumption of Antibiotics among Senior High School Students of St. Dominic College of Asia Denrick Josh M. Macapagal and Rushene Lei S. Nato

Abstract Antibiotic resistance is a crisis that threatens modern medicine due to the continuous weakening of the efficacy of antibiotics against dangerous pathogens. However, apart from finding the causes of antibiotic resistance, studies have also noted that individual contribution through awareness, knowledge, and appropriate antibiotic use remains a viable solution in the fight against antibiotic resistance. Current research seeks to describe the knowledge and attitudes about antibiotic resistance and the antibiotic consumption of senior high school students. Due to limited resources, an online survey based on related literature, especially from the WHO, was disseminated among 182 respondents chosen through stratified sampling employed by this study. Investigation of the information gathered showed that senior high students had recognized and were concerned about antibiotic resistance, but most had significant misunderstandings and misconceptions. That is why enhancing and raising the students' knowledge and understanding of antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic use is critical to dealing with the gaps in knowledge and awareness of the target population about antibiotics and resistance. Future research should also broaden the scope of this study by using various demographic variables to work out correlations present within the problem of antibiotic resistance. Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, antibiotic resistance, antibiotic use, senior high school students Introduction Antibiotics are a marvel of medicine that has saved many lives. However, antibiotic resistance has risen from microorganisms from overconsumption and improper use. Like the former U.S. CDC Director Tom Frieden once said, “If we use antibiotics when not needed, we may not have them when they are most needed.”

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Background of the Study Ever since the creation of antibiotics, the evolution of bacteria to oppose it had also begun. During their birth, antibiotics did not guarantee to continuously serve their purpose of fighting bacterial infections (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019). Hence, the arms race between human innovation and the evolution of bacteria. Before everything else, understanding what antibiotics and antibiotic resistance are necessary for conducting this study. According to Felman (2019), antibiotics are medications that help in either directly attacking the bacteria or stopping the bacterial infection from multiplying or spreading. In other words, antibiotics are drugs that disrupt the cellular processes of bacteria that help them thrive and continue their multiplication. On the other hand, antibiotic resistance is the evolutionary response of the microorganism humans have been fighting. According to Morier (2021), antibiotic resistance is developed either from mutation or the transfer of genetic material. Moreover, they said that the transfer of genetic material is the more common way for resistance to develop among bacteria, as they can undergo gene transfer more openly. A pre-antibiotic period could be an inevitable future if antibiotic resistance persists in our modern society. Nevertheless, why does antibiotic resistance continue? According to Aslam et al. (2018), antimicrobial resistance persists because of improper use and the unavailability of new antibiotics. However, why does misuse continue to drive antibiotic resistance? It is because of the evolution and mutation of bacteria. According to Richardson (2017), bacteria evolve because of the exposure to inadequate amounts of the drug meant to dispose of them. They also stated that the spread of resistance among bacteria is possible by transferring resistance-conferring genes. Hence, wherever high concentrations of bacteria are present, like in hospitals, there is also a high possibility of spreading and increasing antibiotic resistance (Almagor et al., 2018). However, what affects the misuse of antibiotics among consumers? Saleem et al. (2019) stated that antibiotic misuse has also been affected by misconceptions, poor physician-patient relationships, and incorrect diagnoses. Presently, with the pandemic, antibiotic resistance continues in the background. According to Toro-Alzate et al. (2021), access and improper use of antibiotics increase partly because of misinformation, burdened healthcare systems, and financial hardships during the pandemic. Miranda et al. (2020) support this, as they stated that countless unreported cases of

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antibiotic consumption had occurred. Moreover, their article reported that underestimating this issue may advance the next global health crisis from antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Evidence from Martin et al. (2020) study shows that 76% of the physicians surveyed agreed there was a decrease in the antimicrobial stewardship of local programs during the pandemic. Focusing on the pandemic may be the priority currently, but the results of decreasing antibiotic stewardship in healthcare should not be left unnoticed (Rawson et al., 2020). In summary, the relationship of this study lies in the presence of antibiotic misuse and antibiotic resistance among consumers. Hence, this study aims to identify and describe the issue in its target population of senior high school students. Studying the attitudes and knowledge of senior high school students about antibiotic resistance could give a glimpse of the student's awareness of this global issue. Moreover, collecting data on the antibiotic consumption of senior high school students could help understand what is necessary to educate and change the usage of antibiotics among students and their families concerning antibiotic resistance. The problem lies in the pandemic acting as a new variable in the battle between antibiotics and bacterial infections. Hence, they need to conduct this study to understand and learn about the problem from the perspective of senior high school students, as they are consumers of antibiotics. Antibiotics are powerful medicines, but they are not invincible. As such, it is also the role of consumers to understand the benefits and risks of using antibiotics. Statement of the Problem This study aims to describe the attitudes, knowledge about antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic consumption of senior high school students in St. Dominic College of Asia. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1. How regularly do students or family members use/buy antibiotics? 2. What percentage of students or family members bought antibiotics with a doctor’s prescription? 3. What percentage of students use antibiotics appropriately? 4. What percentage of students are aware of antibiotic resistance? And those who do not? 5. What is the belief of students on the impact of antibiotic resistance?

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Significance of the Study Antibiotic resistance is a significant crisis recognized by the WHO and the CDC, which have already implemented and formulated guidelines for the public to begin combatting its development. Following their mission, determining students' awareness, knowledge, and attitudes about antibiotic resistance is beneficial to extending their goals to specific target populations. As these are the goals of this study, the following are the beneficiaries of this research. Senior High School Students. As they are the study's target population, they would benefit from the data that would be collected because it would help them become more aware of antibiotic resistance and how their consumption of antibiotics could affect the issue presented. Educational Institutions. As this study aims to study senior high school students, academic institutions benefit from this research because they would learn how they could affect their students' awareness of antibiotic resistance and their consumption of antibiotics through education. Healthcare Institutions. They benefited from this study as they could learn what to utilize to enhance the knowledge of the public, specifically the students, about antibiotics. They have the primary role of combating antibiotic resistance and recommending the proper use of antibiotics. Parents. As they are the guardians of the target population of this study, they are also indirectly involved in the study. They benefit from this study because it would help them understand the awareness of their children about antibiotic resistance and how they instruct them about the proper consumption of antibiotics. Future Researchers. The replicability of research is a component that must be present in every research. This study aims to describe senior high school students' attitudes, knowledge about antibiotic resistance, and their consumption of antibiotics. Future researchers could further expand their study to involve a larger population and include other variables like gender, financial capability, and exposure to health care in their studies. Scope and Delimitations of the Study This research does not aim to find the correlation between antibiotic consumption, attitudes, and knowledge about the issue of antibiotic resistance. Nor is a causal relationship between antibiotic consumption and resistance. However, it does seek to study and describe the variables

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mentioned above to build evidence and gather data on the variables among senior high school students. Moreover, the aims of the variables of the study are as follows: the attitude variable seeks to describe the beliefs/opinions of senior high school students on antibiotic resistance. While the knowledge variable aims to know the basic knowledge that senior high school students have about antibiotics/antibacterial and antibiotic resistance. Lastly, the consumption variable focuses on the usual reasoning for antibiotic use and their frequency of use. This research is a cross-sectional study that employed a descriptive research design and descriptive statistics for studying, presenting, and concluding the data gathered. Moreover, the research would use a sample size formula and stratified random sampling to determine the senior high school participants from St. Dominic College of Asia. The required demographic factors for this study are gender, age, and grade level. This requirement is to ensure that participants are within the target population of this study. Theoretical Framework The foundation of this study began from two main theories presented in previous research, entitled "Towards a Dynamic Theory of Antibiotic Resistance" and "Economics of Antibiotic Resistance: A Theory of Optimal Use". These studies proposed a framework for the influence of antibiotic use on the development of antibiotic resistance. The Dynamic Theory of Antibiotic Resistance proposed by Homer et al. (2000) presents a model depicting the causal relationship between antibiotic use and the propagation of resistance among the subsets of a bacterial population. Specifically, Homer et al. (2000) studied the propagation of resistance among pneumococcal bacteria against the antibiotic named beta-lactams. They had found that antibiotic use can help disrupt the proliferation of the population of bacteria that are presently susceptible. However, when a mutation happens naturally among the bacterial population, enough resistance could go against the antibiotics present. Then it would result in the survival and proliferation of immediately resistant bacteria. In other words, antibiotic use could counterintuitively help the bacterial population by allowing resistance to develop and giving space for the resistant bacteria to proliferate. This theory supports and explains why bacteria can survive through mutation or acquiring antibiotic-resistant traits. Moreover, this related to the study by 194

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Aslam et al. (2018), where they stated that improper use of antibiotics could aid in the persistence of antibiotic resistance. Laxminarayan and Brown (2001), on the other hand, present the Theory of Optimal Use, which states that the optimal timing of the use of antibiotics depends on the rate at which resistance develops and its pharmaceutical costs. Furthermore, they also presented that this study looked at the economic angle of the model of antibiotic resistance, thereby concluding that more effective antibiotics will be used first before those that are less effective. Their results relate to the fact that exposing bacteria/pathogens to inadequate amounts of antibiotics could aid them in developing resistance (Richardson, 2017). That is why the misuse of antibiotics from misinformation, the struggling health care system, and financial hardships, continue to contribute to the development of resistance (Toro-Alzate et al., 2021). Furthermore, with the world facing a pandemic, countless cases of antibiotic consumption continue (Miranda et al., 2020). Conceptual Framework Figure 1 IPO Model of Attitudes, and Knowledge of SHS on Antibiotic Resistance, and Antibiotic Consumption

Based on the Dynamic Theory of Antibiotic Resistance, antibiotic use could influence the proliferation of antibiotic resistance (Homer et al., 2000). This theory served as the foundation for the subsets under the consumption variable, as seen in Figure 1. However, as this is a descriptive research design, the causal relationship between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance among students is not the focus. Instead, this study SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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would focus on the following variables presented in the input section of Figure 1. with senior high school students as the target population. Specifically, the Dynamic Theory of Antibiotic Resistance is related to the three variables in this study because the connection between antibiotic use and resistance is the foundation for the problem studied by this research. On the other hand, as stated in the Theory of Optimal Use, more effective antibiotics are the primary medication before using fewer effective drugs (Laxminarayan and Brown, 2001). This result served as the foundation for the subsets under the knowledge and attitudes variables. Understanding the knowledge and the attitudes of senior high school students towards antibiotic resistance could serve as the foundation for proper measures to educate and improve how students approach the issue of the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. Specifically, this theory is related to the knowledge and attitudes variables because awareness and the beliefs of a population on the issue of antibiotic resistance are related to knowing how to use antibiotics appropriately. This is supported by Hill et al. (2017), who stated that antibiotic knowledge is not the only factor that influences antibiotic decision-making but also their beliefs on the impact or concern about the influence of antibiotic resistance. At the onset of the pandemic, the world and the medical field suffered a heavy blow from enemies they could not even see. However, another villain lurks in the shadows of COVID-19. Their current state, presence, development, and resistance are unknown as we balance ourselves in our current tightrope. But research and studies are amassing as we prepare to face this new challenge. Antibiotic Resistance Crisis Antibiotics, ever since their creation, have always been essential in medicine and in treating bacterial infections. However, history has repeatedly proven that no power could ever last forever. So, as the onset of using antibiotics as a medication for public use against bacterial pathogens, they too had been building resistance against it. Martens and Demain (2017) had said that the proliferation of antibiotic resistance had already begun while the development of novel antibiotics had declined. Moreover, Li and Webster (2017) stated that the development of antibiotic resistance had already cost the United States of America billions of dollars and incurred millions of infections and thousands of deaths.

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The development of antibiotic resistance is no longer a minor threat to human beings. Furthermore, the CDC recognized the threat of antibiotic resistance by classifying the presence of multiple bacterial pathogens according to their threat levels (Martens & Demain, 2017). The classification involves urgent threats like the Clostridium difficile. Another category involves serious threats like multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as Acinetobacter. Moreover, the CDC also included threats like Group A streptococcus. Compounding the resistance issue is the problem with the slower pace of antibiotic development. Martens and Demain (2017) said that slow production lies in the increased costs, lack of adequate support, and bad returns of investments. Another perspective on this resistance issue is specifically related to the medical industry. As surgical procedures have their risks and vulnerabilities to bacterial infections, antibiotic resistance only incremented the risks involved in surgical operations, like implants. According to Li and Webster (2017), several cases of orthopedic implants have incurred instances of bacterial infections, wherein the bacteria had developed resistance against antibiotics. They further stated that some of the most common bacterial infections among orthopedic implants like the S. aureus and S. epidermidis have also developed antibiotic resistance. Hence, the occurrence of less-than-optimal patient development or outcomes after their orthopedic implant procedures. Antibiotic resistance has enhanced the threat of bacterial infections and made surgical procedures and postoperative care increasingly difficult for patients and physicians. And a primary factor that influences its potentiation is the use of antibiotics (Aslam et al., 2018). Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic resistance proliferates because of numerous reasons. However, Almagor et al. (2018) used an agent-based model consisting of patients and health care workers. They used this model to examine the impact of antibiotic use on the transmission of resistance and the capability of stewardship interventions in restricting the spread of resistance in hospital settings. Moreover, in their results, it was shown that there is a connection between antibiotic use and the transmission of resistance among bacterial populations. Furthermore, they determined that qualifications such as the bacterium's rate of development and the density of antibiotic use are the determinants of the impact of antibiotic use on antibiotic resistance (Almagor et al., 2018).

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Another idea by Aslam et al. (2018) noted that different studies had revealed that 30% - 50% of cases are inappropriate for treatment indications, choice of agents, and the duration of antibiotic therapy. Moreover, they had cited a study by van Boeckel et al. that projected antibiotic consumption would have a 67% rise by 2030. However, the current pandemic, that figure may have been inaccurate now, as the cases of antibiotic consumption continue to rise. Furthermore, Saleem et al. (2019) cited a glaring lack of regulation in many countries. It means that antibiotics are available over the counter at any pharmacy without any prescription. They also included other related literature about physicians who tend to overprescribe antibiotics, which contributes to the overuse of antibiotics. Moreover, Saleem et al. (2019) stated that over prescription could be due to the desire of physicians to satisfy their patients and deal with their fears about other related complications. Ashiru-Oredope et al. (2019) support the influence of physicians in increasing improper use of antibiotics in their study. During their research, they found different notable results. One of the results includes that only 55% of the participants who had prescribed antibiotics would continue to advise their patients about proper antibiotic use and management. Moreover, 43% of participants agreed to prescribe antibiotics that were inessential in fear of other complications among their patients. On the other hand, the review of Mittal et al. (2020) viewed the crisis from a more biological standpoint. They cited the study released by the Indian Council of Medical Research that employed the aid of 207 Indian people. Furthermore, the demographic requirement for the 207 participants involved not having taken an antibiotic in a month and having no chronic illness. Through the course of the study, the stool sample of the participants was examined and analyzed. Their findings revealed that 66% of the target population had antibiotic-resistant bacteria located in their digestive tracts. Thus, they concluded that antimicrobial resistance had enhanced pathogenic microbes all over the globe. Looking at the antibiotic resistance crisis, it is as if there is nothing people can do. According to Saleem et al. (2019), with the presence of antibiotic resistance and with human beings continuing to rely on antibiotics, antibiotic resistance would continue. However, there is still something we can do to reverse the impact of this growing resistance. Aslam et al. (2018) stated that proper antibiotic use and infection spread control are needed to counteract the effect of antibiotic resistance.

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Furthermore, other ways are to establish different tracking levels, biosurveillance, response, and prevention methods of AMR pathogens. Saleem et al. (2019) further stated that we could avoid the threat of antibiotic resistance through global efforts of educating patients, vaccination, and reduction and optimization of use. Moreover, AshiruOredope et al. (2019) further stated that innovative and revolutionary approaches are imperative to change necessary behaviors about antibiotic use and prescription. Public Knowledge and Attitude towards Antibiotic Resistance Studying the connection between antibiotic use and the development of antibiotic resistance is a foothold to start combatting the survival of dangerous pathogens with resistance to our antibiotics. One of the ways we can optimize antibiotic use is to enhance the knowledge and awareness of the general population about antibiotics and resistance. According to Waaseth et al. (2019), understanding antibiotic resistance and use are necessary to respond to improper use of antibiotics and the proliferation of resistance among bacterial populations. In their research, Waaseth et al. (2019) conducted a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire that tackled variables related to knowledge about antibiotics and resistance. Their results show that among 877 participants, a high percentage of them were highly knowledgeable about antibiotics and resistance. Moreover, having a background in healthcare and a higher level of education were positively associated with antibiotic knowledge. On the other hand, negatively related demographics involve early age and the male gender. Adding to the importance of public knowledge about antibiotic use and its influence on antibiotic resistance is a study conducted by Hjaj Alenazi et al. (2020). Their research involved understanding the levels of knowledge among the general Saudi public located in the northern regions of Saudi Arabia. Some notable results in their study show that only 44% of the population believed that antibiotic resistance means that bacteria had developed resistance against antibiotics. And only 42% of them were aware of the difficulty and challenges involved in eliminating the presence of antibiotic resistance (Hjaj Alenazi et al., 2020). Another research comparable to the previous study was by Michaelidou et al. (2020), wherein they sought to understand the level of knowledge of the public of Cyprus on antibiotic use and resistance. Their results showed gaps in understanding about the development of antibiotic resistance and the appropriate use of antibiotics for bacterial infections. Specifically, they reported that one-third of the 614 respondents mistook treating viral infections with antibiotics, 70.7% lacked knowledge about the SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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development of antibiotic resistance, and 47% failed to recognize their position in decreasing the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, Hill (2017) states a connection between antibiotic resistance knowledge and concern in decision-making and antibiotic use. Their most notable result involved discovering that past inappropriate antibiotic behaviors could potentially predict or influence future behaviors. Moreover, they also reported that knowing antibiotic resistance is not a direct method to increase concern and decrease inappropriate antibiotic use in the public. Hence, they advised that public health campaigns should also prioritize public awareness and belief on the effect and impact of antibiotic resistance on medicine and future treatments with antibiotics. Another study by Barchitta et al. (2021) reported that there is still a need to increase knowledge about resistance and antibiotic use among healthcare workers. Awareness and recognition of their duty were significantly present in only a cluster of their study's participants. Among these studies, it is explicit that there are numerous gaps in knowledge about antibiotic use and resistance among the public and healthcare workers. That is why the development of education and concern is essential among countries with high antibiotic consumption to combat antibiotic resistance and optimize antibiotic use. One probable solution is the research from Mathew et al. (2019) proposed a communication strategy to help spread awareness of the antibiotic resistance crisis among the public. They stated that spreading awareness should initially be done among specific groups, potentially governmental bodies, and healthcare authorities. The next target is the public, and putting measures to change behavior related to antibiotics would be the last phase of the strategy. Furthermore, they stated that this conceptual plan could only be possible through these domains, adequate awareness, strong regulation, proper incentives, and an enabling social structure. Antibiotic Stewardship The development of antibiotic resistance has been the issue in our judgment to prescribe and use antibiotics. However, according to Saleem et al. (2019), education and optimization are only some of the opportunities we must reverse or decrease the impact of antibiotic resistance. The study of Charani and Holmes (2019) supports the conclusion of Saleem et al. (2019). As they stated in their research, improving antibiotic use in hospitals could help us address the growing issue of antibiotic resistance. Moreover, they noted that this would be

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possible by studying the cultural differences and context within healthcare that influence antibiotic decision-making. Specifically, Charani and Holmes (2019) noted that cultural differences could affect the shared knowledge within healthcare, primarily among the patients, which in turn causes variances in patient care and their outcomes. Another problem is preserving antibiotics for future use versus using them in the present (Charani & Holmes, 2019). They noted several reasons why healthcare professionals tend to prioritize the treatment of patients over thinking of future consequences. One of the reasons is the misalignment of goals between the physicians who prescribe antibiotics and the core of antibiotic stewardship. Charani and Holmes (2019) concluded that to optimize antibiotic use and change prescription behaviors, it is necessary to understand and study the cultural differences, context, and factors that affect how physicians prescribe antibiotics and their behavior towards antibiotics. Another reference by Laws et al. (2019) states that another potential solution for the problem of antibiotic resistance is the development of ARBs or antibiotic resistance breakers, which try to make resistant bacteria susceptible again to antibiotics. Laws et al. (2019) focused on significant ARBs with the capability to enhance the efficacy of antibiotics by attacking the bacterial mechanisms of resistance. These include modifyingenzyme inhibitors, membrane permeabilized, and efflux pump inhibitors. They concluded that future development on ARBs should focus on their methodology by enhancing the toxicological profiles of other ARBs, usage of de novo techniques, and many more. Furthermore, they stated that further research in this promising field of therapy is worthwhile in our goal to prolong the lifespans of our antibiotics. Martens and Demain (2017) also showed another aspect of antibiotic stewardship. They reiterated that antibiotic resistance had already begun while the development of new antibiotics had declined. However, hope is within sight with the continuation of the production of new antibiotics. Martens and Demain (2017) stated that much better economic incentives and other potential solutions could revive the production of better and effective novel antibiotics. However, a pandemic suddenly struck the world. Antibiotic Resistance Continuation While the world cripples out of the deadly and despairing effects of the pandemic. Antimicrobial resistance continues to proliferate in the SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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background as numerous administrations of antimicrobials had been undergone in the entire world (Miranda et al., 2020). Furthermore, Miranda et al. (2020) stated numerous examples, statistics, and other literature that accounts for the percentage of use of different drugs in fighting the COVID-19 virus. One notable related literature included in their review is Chen et al. (2019), which states that 71% of COVID-19 patients had some form of antibiotic treatment. Furthermore, patients were either treated with one or a combination of different antibiotics. Another point of view in understanding the continuation of antimicrobial resistance in the pandemic is the study by Toro et al. (2021) looked through the lenses of social science to perceive the relationship between COVID-19 and AMR, or antimicrobial resistance. Specifically, their review aimed to study published social science papers that researched and gathered data on the social relationship between COVID-19 and AMR. Toro et al. (2021) reviewed 23 pieces of literature that had passed their selection criteria. The pandemic affected the prescription behaviors of healthcare workers. Telemedicine has influenced the increase of antibiotic prescriptions due to the limits of proper diagnosis and communication between physicians and patients, on the other hand misinformation had affected the escalation of antibiotic use during the pandemic. Lack of accurate information and low public awareness during the pandemic has driven the usage of antibiotics such as azithromycin. But it is proven that antibiotics are ineffective against viral respiratory infections like COVID19. Furthermore, according to Rawson et al. (2020), changes in the healthcare system occurred during the pandemic. Yet, it is still a gamble on the overall consequences of these changes in the world that included were the increased cases of antimicrobial therapy for patients suspected of respiratory problems and the frequent occurrence of telemedicine during the pandemic. Potential impacts for these cases, involved the increasing potency of antimicrobial resistance and the rates of prescribing antimicrobial treatment to ensure the safety of patients. Among the healthcare worker participants, 76% of them agreed that stewardship programs had decreased significantly during the pandemic. Furthermore, there had been an increase in antimicrobial use during the pandemic. Specifically, they stated that broad-spectrum agents and

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multiple had increased. In addition, they noted that adherence to antimicrobial prescription guidelines had decreased. It was because of difficulties in diagnosing and treating subsequent bacterial infections among COVID-19 patients. However, it is still possible to manage antimicrobial resistance. Miranda et al. (2020) stated that global multifaceted and coordinated efforts are the hope in fighting against the growing threats of antimicrobial resistance. Toro et al. (2021) also noted probable solutions to address the issue of AMR. These include control of misinformation through proper health communication approaches to spread accurate information to the public. Another solution is the implementation of better infection control strategies to inhibit the proliferation of AMR through antimicrobial stewardship and other measures. Knowledge and Attitude in Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Consumption Upon reviewing prior studies, numerous obvious connections and patterns emerged that related antibiotic resistance with antibiotic use and the knowledge and attitudes of people towards the issue. Results show that the development of antibiotic resistance was due to several causal factors such as drug misuse and overuse. Furthermore, the causes and impacts of various antibiotics used by consumers were the focus of this study. The relationship between antibiotic resistance and the circling global disease, COVID-19, was also reviewed. The development of antimicrobial resistance continues to develop during this pandemic. The occurrence of resistant bacterial infections has led to numerous hospitalizations, which causes the slower pace of the production of new antibiotics. However, resolutions blossomed in the related pieces of literature. One of them is developing an antibiotic resistance breaker, as it tries to make resistant bacteria susceptible again to antibiotics. Enhancing antibiotic use in hospitals can also help overcome the said issues. Resolutions coming from individuals are possible through sufficient knowledge about antibiotics and their use. By having knowledge and awareness about antibiotics and resistance, people could aid by lessening the improper use and overuse of antibiotics. To sum it up, knowing vital information about antibiotic use and its relation to the development of resistance is key to spreading awareness among the public about the threat of this global issue.

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The ideas given are diverse; they can be different and similar to each other. Drug misuse, COVID-19 association, potential solutions, and the significance of knowledge are evident differences that circle the studies included. These things influence and target contrasting audiences and beneficiaries. Moreover, they also tackle different perspectives and sides of the spectrum of this global issue. However, similarities occur as it strives for the same goal. Minimizing antibiotic resistance is the central topic that unites these related studies. Furthermore, it is essential to include that these studies serve as building blocks for new research to fill the knowledge gaps in previous studies. The role of future and current research in this topic is to learn more about the gap that the pandemic had created. One of those gaps includes the idea that Waaseth et al. (2019) introduced, wherein they stated that demographics such as young age were negatively associated with antibiotic knowledge. However, antibiotic knowledge is not the only factor influencing appropriate antibiotic use. Hill et al. (2017) stated that health campaigns about antibiotic use should also consider the public concern or belief on the impact of antibiotic resistance. Hence, research is needed to describe and study the gaps in knowledge and ideas presented by these studies. Methodology Merriam-Webster (n.d.) defined methodology as the guiding rules and methods of inquiry utilized in a discipline or field of topic. The methodology incorporates and specifies the design of research, its instruments in studying its intended participants and phenomenon, and the statistical analysis it will employ. Research Design A quantitative study offers the ability to recognize patterns and trends, create and test predictions and examine causal and correlational relationships through numerical data (Bhandari, 2021). It allows researchers to study, predict, and describe different specific phenomena and subjects of interest. Hence, in the study of antibiotic resistance and consumption, it is necessary to utilize quantitative research. Furthermore, quantitative studies hold a reasonable advantage in employing reliable and valid procedures to describe or study a larger population of participants.

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According to McCombes (2020), a descriptive research design is most appropriate for studying data trends, frequencies, and characteristics. Accompanying a descriptive research design is descriptive analysis, which presents the data gathered more logically and effectively. Moreover, there are different research methods related to descriptive research. However, survey research has been a reliable method among related pieces of literature in the study of antibiotic resistance and consumption. That is why this would be beneficial and the most appropriate in examining and recognizing the patterns and percentages involved in the research about antibiotic consumption and the attitudes and knowledge of SDCA senior high school students about antibiotic resistance. Research Locale This quantitative study was conducted in a private college in Bacoor City, Cavite. Furthermore, to gather the data required for the study, the researchers distributed an online survey form. This survey would be accessible and available for the grade 11 & 12 participants enrolled in the private college. The distribution of survey forms started on November 12, 2021, and continued until November 22, 2021. The schedule allowed the researchers to distribute and collect their survey forms with ample time. In addition, determining the number of participants included in this study was done through the formula in Figure 2. As this private college has 327 senior high school students currently enrolled, the sample size required for this study would be 177 participants. Furthermore, to ensure objectivity and give the population equal opportunity to partake in the research, the researchers used stratified random sampling. The researchers took a proportionate portion of 78 students from grade 11 with a total of 145 students and 99 students from grade 12 with a total of 182 students. On the other hand, the demographics essential for this study included the participant's current level of education or grade level, age, gender, and the number of members in their household. The age and grade level demographic variable would determine if they are senior high school students. The gender demographic variable is necessary for the study to improve the description of the variables in the research among senior high school students. And the last demographic variable would ensure that there are other members in their house.

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Figure 2 Sample Size Formula

Research Instrument Data collection and gathering is an essential procedure in quantitative research. It is the step that brought a study closer to the conclusion of its research questions and fill the gap in knowledge from previous studies. That is why, as this is a descriptive study, the main research instrument would be a survey form. According to Jones et al. (2013), survey forms in the medical field primarily have three classifications. These are epidemiological surveys, attitudinal measures for healthcare services, and knowledge measures for a specific issue. They also emphasized that survey forms are widely known as simple. However, intricate planning and time are needed to formulate an effective survey questionnaire. The researchers ensured that the survey questionnaire included all the variables and subsets in specific and direct sets of questions. The survey questionnaire involved six sections that account for the different subsets of the variables indicated in the input box of Figure 1, the Conceptual Framework. Specifically, it was composed of demographic measures, multiple-choice questions, Likert scales, and matrixes for both multiplechoice questions and Likert scales. The questions included are based on the variables and research questions of the study. Furthermore, the researchers formulated the questions through related studies cited, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and current observable events. Data Gathering Procedure Procedures and due processes are essential steps in any form of research. They also ensure the validity and legality of a study to conduct their tests and research instruments. The researchers of this study followed the proper 206

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procedures and document processing to conduct their research and survey. First, they prepared and formulated a valid and reliable survey questionnaire by synthesizing related studies. As they made the survey form through Google Forms, the communication letters for the proper authorities of the private college were also formatted and sent to ask for relevant information and permission. Then the researchers completed the informed consent, and the participants were screened and chosen through stratified random sampling. Before properly distributing the survey questionnaires, the researchers only conducted a pilot test among selected students. Next is the distribution of survey forms among the participants. The researchers also included the Data Privacy Act agreement in the introduction of the survey form to ensure the legality of gathering and using the information among senior high school students. Moving onto the survey form, the participants would have to answer a six-section survey that accounts for the variables and subsets that this study aims to study. The survey form would be open for a week to ensure the proper distribution and collection of survey forms. After the official data collection, the analysis of the data would ensue using descriptive analysis. Data analysis would organize and present the data while ensuring the confidentiality of the participants and upholding the agreement in the informed consent form. Data Analysis The primary statistical test of this study would be descriptive statistics, which helped in logically analyzing and effectively organizing data sets. According to Rawat (2021), descriptive analysis is the process of summarizing data for patterns and trends to emerge that aid in concluding and giving solutions to inquiries about a phenomenon or issue. This study used univariate descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions, percentages, and measures of central tendency. Univariate descriptive statistics are standard techniques used for descriptive studies, and it highly benefit this research to present raw data in more organized and presentable sets of information. Furthermore, this research would also use bivariate descriptive statistics such as scatter plots to describe and analyze the raw data given in questions that used Likert scales and matrix Likert scales.

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Results Data presentation is one of the necessary steps to solve the statement of the problem and research questions. This study utilized textual, graphical, and tabular presentation to summarize and analyze the data gathered accurately and efficiently. Demographic Profile During the academic year of 2021 - 2022, the private school had reported that 327 senior high school students were enrolled. Utilizing the sample size formula stated in the Methodology: Research Locale, the sample size of this study would consist of 78 students from grade 11 and 99 students from grade 12, with a total of 177 students. Figure 3 A Pie Chart Distribution of the Participants Buying Antibiotic in the Past Few Month

Figure 3 indicates that 126 of the respondents did not buy antibiotics for the past few months while the remaining 56 consumed them, summing up to a total of 182 respondents.

Figure 4 A Pie Chart Summary of the Participants' Family Members Buying Antibiotic in the Past Month

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As reflected from Figure 4, 115 of 182 respondents' families consumed antibiotics for the past months while the remaining 67 answered no. Figure 5 A Graph of the Participants’ Last Antibiotic Intake

Figure 5 presents 67 of 182 respondents lost track of when they last consumed antibiotics. Meanwhile, 43 people reported they bought a few months ago, 14 people a month ago, 9 responded a few weeks ago, and 16 used a week ago. And 33 people did not. Figure 6 A Chart Distribution Showing the Participants’ Number of Antibiotics Taken in the Last Few Months

Figure 6 indicates that 98 participants stated that they did not take antibiotics in the last few months. While 59 people responded that they took 1 to 2 antibiotics, 12 people took 3 to 4, and 13 people used 5+. Table 1 Data Presenting Use and Adherence to Prescription

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Table 1 shows that the families of the 70 respondents utilized outdated prescriptions. While 57 respondents did not use previous prescriptions and 55 sometimes used it. On the other hand, it also shows that respondents followed the time duration in their prescription. While 5 respondents did not, and 20 sometimes followed it.

Figure 7 A Chart Summary of the Participants’ Use of Antibiotics Stored or Bought Beforehand

Figure 7 presents 77 respondents, who agreed on using stored antibiotics. On the other hand, 49 people disagree, and 56 people are unsure. Table 2 Number of Participants with Knowledge on Antibiotic Use and Sharing

It is evident in Table 2 that 41 strongly agreed, and 71 agreed. Meanwhile, answers for strongly disagree (8 responses) and disagree (8 people) totaled 16 responses. The remaining 54 are neutral. In addition, it shows 53 respondents strongly agreed with the statement, and 35 people agreed. Meanwhile, 12 responded with strong disagreement, and 19 disagreed. Lastly, 63 people stayed neutral. Lastly, participants responded that people sometimes could share antibiotics. But 55 participants disagreed and said that people could not share antibiotics. Meanwhile, the remaining 70 participants are distributed among Seldom, Frequently, and Always with the following data: 36 participants answered seldom; 21 participants answered frequently; 13 participants responded that they can always share antibiotics with other people.

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Figure 8 A Chart of the Participants’ Responses to the First Matrix Scale Questions of the 3rd Section

Figure 8 shows the frequency of the participant's answers to the Three (3) Hypothetical Scenarios. Q1: Should you use an antibiotic when you have a cold? Q2: Should you use an antibiotic when you have a stuffy nose? Q3: Should you use an antibiotic when you have UTI? For Q1, it is evident in Figure 8 that the number of participants who disagreed with the statement was higher than the number who agreed. Approximately 37 respondents strongly disagreed, and 64 disagreed (64 responses), a total of 101 responses. Meanwhile, the remaining 81 respondents answered strongly agree (6 responses) and agree (75 responses). For Q2, Figure 8 shows that the number of participants who disagreed with the statement was higher than the number who agreed. Specifically, 40 people strongly disagreed, and 80 disagreed, a net total of 120 people. While the remaining 62 participants answered strongly agree (4 responses) and agree (58 responses). For Q3, Figure 8 indicates that the number of participants who agreed with the statement was higher than those who disagreed. Specifically, 131 responses answered strongly agree (43 respondents) and agree (88 respondents). Meanwhile, the remaining 51 participants answered strongly disagree (7 responses) and disagree (44 responses).

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Figure 9 A Chart of the Participants’ Answers to the First Matrix Survey Questions of the 4th Section

It is evident in Figure 9 that a high number of senior high school students have heard of the first and last term, 122 and 98 participants, respectively. Meanwhile, it also shows that the 2nd and 3rd terms are not recognized as much by the target population. Specifically, only 18 and 17 participants have heard/recognized the 2nd and 3rd terms. Table 3 Response Distribution on Knowledge of Participants Towards Antibiotics

Table 3 presents that most participants were neutral in the following statement, with 63 responses. While a total of 93 respondents answered strongly agree (37 respondents) and agree (56 respondents). The remaining 26 disagreed (19 responses) and strongly disagreed (7 responses). In addition, several participants agreed with the statement, about 77 respondents and 24 respondents strongly agreed with the question above. Moreover, 63 respondents remained neutral. The 16 remaining were divided between the answer disagree and strongly disagree. Furthermore, shows the frequency of the answers to the statement “I can be affected by antibiotic resistance.” With 72 responses, agree is the most frequent response. And 22 responded with the answer strongly agree. However, 69 respondents also stayed neutral for the statement and the remaining 19 responses are divided into answers, strongly disagree, and disagree. Lastly, 212

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the answers to “We should use more antibiotics to combat antibiotic resistance” show that they are neutral with 74 responses. Meanwhile, a net of 65 people disagreed (37 respondents) and strongly disagreed (28 respondents). The remaining 43 respondents agreed and strongly agreed, 38 and 5 respondents, respectively. Figure 10 A Scatter Plot of the Participants’ Responses to Antibiotic as Problem in a Country

As reflected in Figure 10, the respondents' answers accumulated in the upper portion of the plot. The figure shows that 49 participants agreed, and 13 strongly agreed, with a net of 62 respondents. Meanwhile, the largest number, 96 participants, answered neutrally. The remaining 24 respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed. Figure 11 Responses to the to Antibiotic as Problem Worldwide

As shown in Figure 11, the points on the plot accumulated in the upper portion. The scatter plot shows that 91 people agreed (60 respondents) or strongly agreed (31 respondents) to the statement and 78 respondents remained neutral. The remaining 13 disagreed with the statement.

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Figure 12 Responses that Antibiotic Threatens Modern Healthcare

Figure 12 shows that approximately 96 respondents answered either agree or strongly agree, 59 and 37, respectively. While 72 remained neutral and 14 disagreed. Figure 13 A Scatter Plot Antibiotic Resistance Needs More Research

In Figure 13, 92 participants were neutral. And approximately 81 participants answered strongly agree or agree in total. The remaining nine disagreed. Figure 14 A Scatter Plot on the View that Superbugs are Dangerous

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Figure 14 shows that approximately 130 respondents agreed and strongly agreed with the given statement. Meanwhile, 48 participants remained neutral, and only four disagreed. Figure 15 Novel Antibiotic Must be Developed

As reflected in Figure 15, most participants agreed with the statement with 106 responses who strongly agreed (34 respondents) and agreed with the scenario above. (72 respondents). Meanwhile, a high number of 71 respondents also remained neutral, and only the remaining 5 participants disagreed. Figure 16 Bacterial Infections are more Concerning because of Antibiotic Resistance

It is evident in Figure 16 that most of the respondents agreed with the statement, garnering a total of 114 responses who agreed and strongly agreed. Moreover, 62 participants remained neutral, and only six respondents disagreed. Discussion This descriptive research opted to utilize a survey method of data gathering to answer the research problem and questions presented in the Introduction: Statement of the Problem. Following the research questions, this descriptive research needs several data sets under the descriptive SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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profile of its target population. First is the classification of the participants' grade level in the private school of Bacoor City, Cavite. The second would be the participants' age. The second demographic measure is needed to collect information about the current age bracket of the target population for this study. The third demographic measure required is the percentages of the male and female participants in the study. Lastly, the fourth demographic measure needed is the count of house members present with the respondent, excluding the survey respondent. The first and second demographic measures help ensure validity and reliability in the proper distribution of survey forms among the target population. And the third and fourth demographic profiles serve as further evidence and support for the results shown in the survey form. After the data gathering, the results show that most participants are between 17 and 18. Specifically, 50.5% or 92 respondents are 17 years old, while 28% or 51 are 18. Furthermore, the age measure also shows 34 students who are 16 years old and five students who are already 19 years old. On the other hand, Figure 3.2 shows that 104 participants were in Grade 12, and 78 were in Grade 11. Additionally, Grade 12 participants exceeded the expected number indicated in the Methodology: Research Locale. The sex demographic measure shows that most of the participants are females, who comprise 68.10% or 124 respondents of the study's respondents. Meanwhile, males are about 31.90% or 58 respondents of the entire survey. Lastly, the no. of household member demographic measures shows that most of the participants live with 3 to 5 or more members in their household. Antibiotic Consumption. Knowing the antibiotic use of senior high school students is one of the three aspects that guide this study. That is why the first research question seeks to describe the antibiotic consumption of the students with the help of the survey form used in this study. The results showed that most senior high school students in this private school had not bought an antibiotic in the past few months. Specifically, 126 or 69.2% of the participants had answered "no," to the first survey question, "Did you buy an antibiotic in the past few months?" According to the Dynamic Theory of Antibiotic Resistance, antibiotic use counterintuitively aids the proliferation of antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations. That is why active surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial use, a broader term that includes antibiotic use, is included in the core elements of the National AMS program of the DOH. Furthermore, a lower frequency of antibiotic use also impacts the inappropriate and overuse of antibiotics among specific collective consumers. The following statements entail that proper management of antibiotic use also exhibits a 216

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decrease in the use of antibiotics, which also influences the misuse and overuse of antibiotics among the target population. The results also showed that most senior high school students had not used antibiotics in the last few months. Figure 3.7 shows that 53.8 % of the participants had responded with "none" to the question, "How many antibiotics have you taken in the last few months?" However, it is also necessary to present the remaining respondents who had responded in the intervals 1-2, 3-4, and 5+. The reason is they still account for 46.2% of the target population in this study. Furthermore, they also account for the respondents who answered the question, "When have you last taken an antibiotic?" Wherein 67 respondents answered, "I don't know," 43 respondents said a few months ago, and 33 said none. It shows that most of the respondents had used antibiotics before. However, in the past few months, more than half of them had not taken antibiotics. Another perspective to tackle is the results shown in Figure 3.5, which shows that most of the family members of the respondents have bought an antibiotic in the past few months. Figure 4 provides evidence for two research questions, which are #1 and #2. Specifically, Figure 4 shows that 63.2% of respondents have answered "yes" to the question, "Did your family members buy an antibiotic in the past months?" It supports the results of Figure 5 and Figure 6 and provides further evidence for the 2nd research question of this study. Use of Prescription. Proper prescription is a vital step to improving the use of antibiotics. It aids individuals in the purchase of appropriate antibiotics needed for their specific conditions. However, Saleem et al. (2019) reported a lack of regulation due to the purchasing of antibiotics without prescriptions in many countries. The second research question aims to provide evidence of proper prescription use among the target population. The results show that 51.1% or 93 respondents have not bought an antibiotic in the past few months, thus not needing prescriptions for antibiotics. But about 33.5% or 61 respondents indicated that they used prescriptions to purchase antibiotics. The results imply that most respondents and their family members had used prescriptions as they bought antibiotics in the past few months. Moreover, the figures also resemble the results presented by Yusef et al. (2018), wherein 38% of their respondents had responded to buying antibiotics without a prescription, which implies that most of their research respondents had used a prescription from their doctors in purchasing antibiotics. According to the World Health Organization (2020), a doctor's prescription is required for individuals to consume antibiotics. However, SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) stated that unnecessary antibiotic use also occurs due to incorrect prescriptions of antibiotics among patients. That is why the question, "In buying antibiotics, do you or your family members use previous prescriptions?" was included. Table 1 shows that 38.5% or 70 respondents said "yes," and 30.2% or 55 answered "sometimes." The results presented in Figure 3.10 posit that the respondents could have potentially consumed the wrong antibiotic or dosage of antibiotic for their condition. This result is a cause of concern for the proper usage of antibiotics among the target population of this study. An inquiry into the issue of correct and accurate prescriptions requires data from hospital institutions. According to the CDC (2021), the time duration indicated in the prescription of antibiotics is also necessary to ensure that antibiotics are not misused. That is why the question, "When using an antibiotic, do you follow the time duration indicated in the prescription?" was formulated. Table 1 shows that 86.3% or 157 respondents follow the time duration advised by their healthcare providers. Synthesizing Table 1 and shows that they encompass the three elements stated by the CDC (2021) under the misuse of antibiotics among people. Knowledge on Appropriate Use. According to the CDC (2021), individuals should only take antibiotics when necessary and appropriately prescribed and advised by their healthcare providers. Along with this is public knowledge about appropriate antibiotic use. Multiple pieces of research, including the World Health Organization (2015), have sought to determine the knowledge level about antibiotic use and resistance among their target population. That is why the third research question aims to examine the knowledge of senior high school students about appropriate antibiotic use. The questions that inquire whether the students know if they are using the antibiotics stored or bought before and if they could share their antibiotics with other people are under the first section of "how" individuals could use antibiotics. Figure 7 shows that 42.3% or 77 respondents agreed with using the antibiotics they had stored before. Table 2 indicates that about 30.2% or 55 respondents answered that they should not share antibiotics with other people. Almost half of the respondents have also responded in Table 2 that they sometimes, frequently, and always share their antibiotics with other people. The questions indicated in Figures 7 and Table 2 are examples of incorrect handling of antibiotics, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) recommends that individuals should not do these actions. They reported that "Do not save them for later [antibiotics]. And do not take antibiotics prescribed for someone else." The World Health Organization (2015) further supports that antibiotics should not be given to other people, even if the antibiotic would treat the same condition. 218

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In resemblance to the results found by the World Health Organization, knowing the general and specific conditions antibiotics could treat is a necessary facet of the knowledge level of the target population. Misconceptions arise among the responses to the questions about the general conditions that antibiotics could treat. Table 2 shows that a total of 61.5% or 112 respondents agreed with using antibiotics for all bacterial infections. Wherein fact, CDC (2021) stated that individuals could not use antibiotics for all bacterial infections, especially for different sinus and ear infections. Moreover, Table 2 also showed that 48.3% or 88 respondents incorrectly agreed that antibiotics could treat viral infections. However, more than half of the respondents correctly answered the survey questions about the condition antibiotics could treat. About 55.4% or 101 respondents agreed that antibiotics could not treat colds, while 71.9% or 131 agreed that antibiotics could treat urinary tract infections. The knowledge level section of the survey questionnaire shows that misunderstandings are present among senior high school students. Waaseth et al. (2019) support this through their research which shows that misconceptions about antibiotic use are associated at an early age. Furthermore, Michaelidou et al. (2020) also presented evidence that the public mistook using antibiotics for viral infections, which resembles the data shown in Table 2. Awareness of Antibiotic Resistance. One of the elements under the Call to Action on Antimicrobial Resistance - 2021 involves the development of awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance (World Health Organization, 2021). Antibiotic resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance. That is why building awareness among the public is necessary for acting against the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, according to Hill (2017), most research about antibiotic resistance revolves around increasing awareness of the crisis. The study by Nepal et al. (2019) supports Hill by providing evidence of the knowledge, attitudes, and antibiotic practice of the members in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. That is why the fourth research question of the study entails the awareness of senior high school students about antibiotic resistance. According to Figure 9, antibiotic resistance and drug-resistant bacteria have the highest count of respondents who had recognized the terminology before. The data shown in Figure 9 resembled the multicountry study done by the World Health Organization (2015). Furthermore, the data implies that the respondents have encountered or recognized the problem of antibiotic resistance and the existence of drug-resistant bacteria.

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However, recognizing the statement about antibiotic resistance does not necessarily mean that they understand it. According to the multicountry survey of the WHO (2015), recognition of antibiotic resistance was significantly high, but misconceptions arose when inquiring about what antibiotic resistance means. The results in Table 3 indicated that respondents mistook antibiotic resistance as the people's development of resistance against the antibiotic/drug. Misunderstandings also arose in Table 31, which presented that a substantial number of respondents were unsure (74) whether to combat antibiotic resistance with more antibiotic use. According to the Dynamic Theory of Antibiotic Resistance, further antibiotic use would counterintuitively aid the development of antibiotic resistance. Almagor et al. (2018) further support this by stating that the density of antibiotic use is one qualification needed to determine the influence of antibiotic use on antibiotic resistance. That is why with an increased density of antibiotic use among a population, the proliferation of bacteria's antibiotic resistance is also possible. Table 3 also indicated that a substantial number of respondents had agreed that antibiotic resistance could also affect them. The results contrast with the findings from the research of WHO (2015), wherein they indicated that about 44% of their respondents had misunderstood that antibiotic resistance could only affect those who regularly consume antibiotics. Synthesizing the results found in Table 3 shows that despite recognizing the problem of antibiotic resistance, a massive portion of the respondents had misconceptions and misunderstandings about the nature and implications of the issue. Figure 17 A Stacked Bar Chart of the Participants’ Grouped Responses from the Five-Point Likert Scale under the Beliefs on Impact of Antibiotic Section

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According to Hill (2017), public knowledge about antibiotic resistance does not necessarily mean that people have the affective component of concern about the issue. They found in their study that increased antibiotic resistance knowledge needs a corresponding affective response to bring about change in the problem. WHO (2015) also reported under their awareness of antibiotic resistance section that 57% of their respondents believed they could not do much about antibiotic resistance. They further stated that this is an alarming problem, as every individual must partake in their actions to combat antibiotic resistance. The Department of Health indicated that individuals could also undertake steps such as avoiding infection and using antibiotics appropriately in their program on combating antimicrobial resistance. The DOH's program shows that individuals have roles to play in the fight against antibiotic resistance. That is why the fifth research question seeks to describe the student's beliefs about antibiotic resistance. Figure 17 combined the five-point Likert Scale into the three groups indicated in the legend below. This data management and analysis technique resembled the steps done by Nepal (2019) in their research about the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use of the members of the Rupandehi district in Nepal. The results shown in Figure 3.29 indicate that most respondents agreed with five of the seven statements included in this section of the survey questionnaire. In contrast with the previous findings of the World Health Organization, the present study has found that most students are concerned with the damaging effects of antibiotic resistance. Affective responses are significantly seen, especially among the statements regarding antibiotic resistance as a worldwide issue, a threat to modern healthcare, and the implication that bacterial infections would be more concerning. The questions about conducting more research and developing novel antibiotics also showed that many respondents agreed with undertaking these steps to combat antibiotic resistance. However, uncertainty arose in the statements "Antibiotic resistance is a problem in our country" and "Superbugs are dangerous." Figure 3.17 also showed beforehand that the term "superbug" was not significantly recognized. The high number of neutral answers about the issue, such as the implication of superbugs, could be explained by the positive correlation found by Hill (2017) between knowledge about antibiotic resistance and the affective response to the issue. Synthesizing the results shown, students showed concern about the issue of antibiotic resistance. But uncertainty and neutrality arose due to misunderstandings of the antibiotic resistance crisis. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Conclusions The conclusion of the data is necessary to address the research questions, summarize the implications of the findings, identify the limitations encountered, and course of action to address these limitations in future research. Summary According to the analyzed data and information presented, the research outlines that: 1. Most of the senior high school students have not used or bought antibiotics in the past few months. 2. Most of the students have not bought an antibiotic, but more than half of the respondents reported that their family members used prescriptions in buying antibiotics. 3. A significant portion of the students exhibited misconceptions about the appropriate handling of antibiotics and the general conditions that antibiotics could treat. 4. Most students recognize antibiotic resistance, but a substantial number had misunderstandings and misconceptions of its nature and implications. 5. The students showed both concern and uncertainty about the impacts of antibiotic resistance. Conclusion Antibiotics are one of humanity's miracles that saved countless lives from those that live in the cracks of their defenses. However, as the sun shines brightly upon the creations of man, the shadows it creates will forever stay behind them. Bacteria, specifically those that endanger the health of humans, continue to evolve and resist humanity's antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance has become a crisis, recognized by the World Health Organization and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. But individual human contribution is still a viable option recommended by the WHO, CDC, and the Department of Health. Antibiotic consumption is the primary variable surveyed by researchers and health authorities such as the WHO, CDC, and the DOH. Among the many related pieces of literature, the target population was the age group of adults. But the current study was focused on the age group of 16 to 19 years old, or students enrolled in the senior high school program in a private college in Bacoor City.

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The current study also showed that most senior high school students have not used nor bought antibiotics in the past few months. But they are still individuals who share responsibility in the fight against antibiotic resistance. Moreover, they are also accountable for keeping themselves healthy and safe from danger induced by bacterial infections or pathogens, endemic or not in nature. Furthermore, evidence points out that the student's family members have consumed and purchased an antibiotic while using prescriptions from health care providers. This finding infers that appropriate antibiotic use among the target population and their family members is also required to avoid their counterintuitive contribution [antibiotic use] to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance knowledge is another important variable for the optimization of antibiotic use. And the current study showed misconceptions among students about the appropriate handling of antibiotic use and the general conditions that antibiotics could treat. Likewise, even with the recognition of antibiotic resistance, understanding of the issue's nature and effects are not widely known among the target population. This result implies that senior high school students have gaps in knowledge and awareness. Additionally, it deduces that the target population needs further education about antibiotics and resistance. Antibiotic knowledge is vital to optimizing antibiotic use, but affective responses such as concern about antibiotic resistance and curbing inappropriate antibiotic use are also crucial. The present study also noted that the target population was worried and uncertain about antibiotic resistance. This result suggests that students are concerned about antibiotic resistance but are impeded by the gaps in their knowledge, leading to the neutrality of respondents and then subsequently their uncertainties and doubt. The DOH's antimicrobial resistance program highlights proper education, awareness, and understanding of antibiotic resistance among the public as necessary to impede the increase of inappropriate and unnecessary antibiotic use. And the current study results would be beneficial to the design and production of interventions to increase the student's knowledge and awareness about antibiotics and resistance. Specifically, health and educational authorities could consider and include necessary and appropriate antibiotic use in the educational SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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interventions of the private college. Awareness about the implications and nature of antibiotic resistance is another topic that needs to be elaborated on and discussed. Moreover, the results suggest the target population is prone to antibiotic misuse due to their gaps in knowledge and understanding. This implication highlights the importance of accurate and reliable interventions to inform the target population and correct their misconceptions and misunderstandings. Another perspective to tackle is the focus of research among young adults, especially those who attend formal secondary education. Antibiotic resistance affects everyone from early age groups to older intervals. This statement infers that research for surveilling and descriptive studies on antibiotic practices, knowledge, and attitudes be conducted on larger scales and involving broader ranges of age groups. Furthermore, the present study also inferred that methodological designs and approaches could be improved and extended to include contemporary or current affairs affecting antibiotics and resistance. Limitations Based on the findings, the current study has synthesized that senior high school students have not regularly taken an antibiotic in the past few months, and gaps in knowledge are present, which led to misconceptions and uncertainties. However, the recognition and concern about the issue of antibiotic resistance have significant evidence among the target population. While the study presented the relevant findings, considerable limitations appeared through the later course of the study. First was the distribution of the survey to the respondents. The research encountered difficulties and took longer than expected to compute the sample size for the target population. Furthermore, the study also considered snowball sampling but was resolved through coordination with academic advisers and coordinators. The second arose in the final sample size of the study, as it exceeded the expected sample size computed in the beginning. Calculating the sample size resulted in 177 respondents, but 182 answered the survey. However, the software used to calculate the sample size also stated that 177 respondents were the minimum requirement for the study's respondents. Furthermore, the total participants' impact was minimal as the age groups of the senior high school students were not skewed and revolved around the majority being 16 to 17 years of age. 224

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The study also encountered minor misalignments between the survey results and the research questions. However, the discussion and conclusion section quickly addressed the problem with the support and basis from related pieces of literature. The data types present in the results also limited the inferences and implications derived from the evidence provided in the study. Moreover, the research design contributed to this limitation as well. Using correlational research and interval or ratio data types in the survey research are suggestions to solve this limitation. However, the current study did not employ these alternatives due to significant misalignment with the research questions. The present study additionally encountered the problem of adding health and safety precautions elements. However, it was resolved and discontinued due to its lack of relationship with the research questions and study focus. Issues also arose in the broad term of attitudes. However, through proper revision and the study's scope and delimitation, the study focused the attitudes variable on the student's beliefs on antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, related literature supported the focused attitudes variable, which was beneficial to the reliability and validity of the research's variables. Recommendations In accord with the findings and conclusions, the present study also included notable limitations that affected the general implications of the results. Looking at these limitations from a different angle, they are potential pathways for future research about the issue of antibiotic consumption and resistance in the local scene. The first limitation in the present study was the sample size available due to the focus on senior high school students. But future research could increase the sample size with a larger target population. Moreover, they could also include demographics such as sex, socioeconomic status, and broader age groups to increment the significance and value of the findings in the study. Another angle to view is the descriptive research design of the present study. Correlational research designs allow for complex inferences supported by sound and valid pieces of evidence. Furthermore, different demographics could also benefit from a correlational research design in a study focused on antibiotic consumption and resistance. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Viewing the perspective of data analysis and tackling other data types in future research could provide valuable information. Expanding the knowledge about the formulation of survey questionnaires and scales could increase the data types available for data analysis in future research. Moreover, using other data gathering methods is also beneficial in gaining opportunities to use different data types in research. The inclusion of other variables in the study is a viable recommendation. It provides different angles in viewing antibiotic resistance and optimal antibiotic use. Future research could include variables such as the role of healthcare professionals, LGUs, and educational authorities, which would seek to examine the implications of the solutions and programs employed by the following to combat antibiotic resistance in local communities or hospital settings. Lastly, current events related to antibiotics and resistance, especially during the pandemic, should be included or tackled in future studies. Implications of the pandemic on antibiotic resistance are necessary. Furthermore, future studies also serve as scientifically proven and supported guidelines and examinations to direct the actions of antimicrobial programs by proper authorities. References Almagor, J., Temkin, E., Benenson, I., Fallach, N., & Carmeli, Y. (2018). The impact of antibiotic use on transmission of resistant bacteria in hospitals: Insights from an agent-based model. PLOS ONE, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197111 American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019, November 15). The History of Antibiotics. HealthyChildren.Org. https://www.healthychildren.org/ English/health-issues/conditions/treatments/Pages/The-History-ofAntibiotics.aspx Ashiru-Oredope, D., Hopkins, S., Vasandani, S., Umoh, E., Oloyede, O., Nilsson, A., Kinsman, J., Elsert, L., & Monnet, D. L. (2019). Healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with respect to antibiotics, antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance across 30 EU/EEA countries in 2019. Eurosurveillance. 26(12). https://doi.org/ 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.12.1900633

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Aslam, B., Wang, W., Arshad, M. I., Khurshid, M., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M. H., Nisar, M. A., Alvi, R. F., Aslam, M. A., Qamar, M. U., Salamat, M. K. F., & Baloch, Z. (2018). Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infection and Drug Resistance, Volume 11, 1645–1658. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s173867 Barchitta, M., Sabbatucci, M., Furiozzi, F., Iannazzo, S., Maugeri, A., Maraglino, F., Prato, R., Agodi, A., & Pantosti, A. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on antibiotic use and resistance among healthcare workers in Italy, 2019: investigation by a clustering method. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-021-01002-w Bhandari, P. (2021, February 15). An introduction to descriptive statistics. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/descriptive-statistics/ Bhandari, P. (2021, July 16). An introduction to quantitative research. Scribbr. https://tinyurl.com/57p2tszk Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, October 6). What You Should Know About Antibiotics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/q-a.html Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, December 17). Antibiotic Resistance Threatens Everyone. https://www.cdc.gov/ drugresistance/index.html Charani, E., & Holmes, A. (2019). Antibiotic Stewardship—Twenty Years in the Making. Antibiotics, 8(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ antibiotics8010007 Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X., & Zhang, L. (2019). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/s01406736(20)30211-7 Felman, A. (2019, January 18). What to know about antibiotics. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10278 Hill, E. M. (2017). Decision making about antibiotic use: examining the role of antibiotic resistance knowledge, concern, and previous inappropriate antibiotic use. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2017.1373902 SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Hjaj Alenazi, A. A., Alotaibi, N. M., & Mujtaba, M. A. (2020). A Survey of Public Knowledge and Attitude Related to Antibiotic use and Antibiotic Resistance among Saudi People in Northern Region of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 12(3), 237–241. https:// doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2020.12.67 Homer, J., Ritchie-Dunham, J., Rabbino, H., Puente, L. M., Jorgensen, J., & Hendricks, K. (2000). Toward a dynamic theory of antibiotic resistance. System Dynamics Review, 16(4), 287–319. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/sdr.200 Jones, T., Baxter, M., & Khanduja, V. (2013). A quick guide to survey research. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1308/003588413x13511609956372 Laws, M., Shaaban, A., & Rahman, K. M. (2019). Antibiotic resistance breakers: current approaches and future directions. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 43(5), 490–516. https://doi.org/10.1093/fem sre/fuz014 Laxminarayan, R., & Brown, G. M. (2001). Economics of Antibiotic Resistance: A Theory of Optimal Use. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 42(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.10 06/jeem.2000.1156 Li, B., & Webster, T. J. (2017). Bacteria antibiotic resistance: New challenges and opportunities for implant-associated orthopedic infections. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Published. https://doi. org/10.1002/jor.23656 Martens, E., & Demain, A. L. (2017). The antibiotic resistance crisis, with a focus on the United States. The Journal of Antibiotics, 70(5), 520– 526. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2017.30 Martin, E., Philbin, M., Hughes, G., Bergin, C., & Talento, A. F. (2020). Antimicrobial stewardship challenges and innovative initiatives in the acute hospital setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 76(1), 272–275. https://doi.org/10.10 93/jac/dkaa400 Mathew, P., Sivaraman, S., & Chandy, S. (2019). Communication strategies for improving public awareness on appropriate antibiotic use: Bridging a vital gap for action on antibiotic resistance. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(6), 1867. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_263_19

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McCombes, S. (2020, September 3). Descriptive research. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/ Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Methodology. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 24, 2021, from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/methodology Michaelidou, M., Karageorgos, S. A., & Tsioutis, C. (2020). Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance: Public Awareness Survey in the Republic of Cyprus. Antibiotics, 9(11), 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/ antibiotics9110759 Miranda, C., Silva, V., Capita, R., Alonso-Calleja, C., Igrejas, G., & Poeta, P. (2020). Implications of antibiotics use during the COVID-19 pandemic: present and future. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 75(12), 3413–3416. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa 350 Mittal, A. K., Bhardwaj, R., Mishra, P., & Rajput, S. K. (2020). Antimicrobials Misuse/Overuse: Adverse Effect, Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies to Combat Resistance. The Open Biotechnology Journal, 14(1), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.2174/ 1874070702014010107 Morier, D. (2021, March 5). Antibiotic resistance. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/antibiotic-resistance Nepal, A., Hendrie, D., Robinson, S., & Selvey, L. A. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to antibiotic use among community members of the Rupandehi District in Nepal. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7924-5 Plackett, B. (2020). Why big pharma has abandoned antibiotics. Nature, 586(7830), S50–S52. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02884-3 Rawat, A. S. (2021, March 21). What is Descriptive Analysis?- Types and Advantages | Analytics Steps. Analytic Steps. Retrieved October 25, 2021, https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/overview-descriptiveanalysis Rawson, T. M., Moore, L. S. P., Castro-Sanchez, E., Charani, E., Davies, F., Satta, G., Ellington, M. J., & Holmes, A. H. (2020). COVID-19 and the potential long-term impact on antimicrobial resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 75(7), 1681–1684. https:// doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa194 SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Richardson, L. A. (2017). Understanding and overcoming antibiotic resistance. PLOS Biology, 15(8), e2003775. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.200 3775 Saleem, M., Deters, B., Bastide, ADL., & Korzen, Martha. (2019). Antibiotics Overuse and Bacterial Resistance. Annals of Microbiology and Research, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.36959/958/573 Toro-Alzate, L., Hofstraat, K., & de Vries, D. H. (2021). The Pandemic beyond the Pandemic: A Scoping Review on the Social Relationships between COVID-19 and Antimicrobial Resistance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168766 Waaseth, M., Adan, A., Røen, I. L., Eriksen, K., Stanojevic, T., Halvorsen, K. H., Garcia, B. H., Holst, L., Ulshagen, K. M., Blix, H. S., Ariansen, H., & Nordeng, H. M. E. (2019). Knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among Norwegian pharmacy customers – a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-0196409-x World Health Organization. (‎2015)‎. Antibiotic resistance: multi-country public awareness survey. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/194460 World Health Organization. (2020, July 31). Antibiotic resistance. https:// www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance World Health Organization. (2021, July 30). Call to Action on Antimicrobial Resistance 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/30-07-2021-call-toaction-on-antimicrobial-resistance-2021 Yusef, D., Babaa, A. I., Bashaireh, A. Z., Al-Bawayeh, H. H., Al-Rijjal, K., Nedal, M., & Kailani, S. (2018). Knowledge, practices & attitude toward antibiotics use and bacterial resistance in Jordan: A cross-sectional study. Infection, Disease & Health, 23(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh. 2017.11.001

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Relationship of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Science Students' Career Choice in St. Dominic College of Asia Senior High School Elyza Laureen Dumadag and Joyce Gabrielle Ramos The pandemic is expected to affect society and affect people in various ways profoundly. One of which is their career, especially those who are still starting, coping with the new environment, and those who are in the middle of achieving their goals only to be more pressured by the sudden change of academic learning, but more importantly in the medical field which serves as the forefront of the current health crisis. The researchers conducted quantitative correlational research on senior high school health science students of St. Dominic College of Asia regarding their career prospects before and after the pandemic. Due to the online setup causing limited mobility, an online survey was distributed to 326 STEM health science students from Grades 11 and 12 for more localized and accurate generalizability. The results negated the researchers’ hypothesis. The pandemic had a weak correlation with the career choice of health allied students. However, the researchers concluded that students considered a career path unrelated to the field of medicine during the pandemic but did not intend to pursue it any further. Keywords: pandemic, health science students in St. Dominic College of Asia, change in career choice, COVID-19, health science, health science students, effects of pandemic in career

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Side Effect of Different Types of Vaccine in our Body Amongst Vaccinated Senior High School Students in St. Dominic College of Asia Denn Joshua Martizano and Joice Ann Balneg

Covid-19 has been around for quite some time now; for us to fight this devastating virus, we must venture to the scientific side for us to be able to find a cure or a vaccine. The study aims to show the different side effects of the different types of Covid-19 Vaccines. This study sought to know whether the different kinds of Covid-19 Vaccines have other side effects. The researchers gathered this research data in online survey questionnaires through various online platforms. The sampling method used was random sampling to determine the population of respondents. Unfortunately, the study did not meet the required sample size due to the lack of respondents willing to answer the survey questionnaire. The result shows that most respondents felt ill and experienced different side effects such as muscle pain, nausea, fever, etc. As concluded, resting your body, eating healthy foods, and avoiding heavy work help to cope during the recovery period. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 vaccines, side effects, doses, reactions

A Descriptive Research on Psychological Impact of Stress Amongst Selected Students During the Coronavirus Outbreak Sai Larah Lapus and Franchezka Guinto The emergence of a pandemic sweeps globally, bringing uncertainty, fear, loss, isolation, hardship, and individuals find themselves in a time of collective trauma. As a result, situations like COVID-19 that can elicit the upheavals lead to several psychological, relational, physiological, and spiritual consequences for those impacted. Therefore, this study aims to identify the different psychological effects of stress on students and the various factors that possibly triggered the stress. An online survey was distributed to selected Grade 12 senior high school students. Unfortunately, the study did not meet the target sample size due to the students’ inability to participate. The results show a high percentage of students experiencing stress, and the number one stressor that causes their stress is school. Keywords: globally, COVID-19 psychological effect, stress 232

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Influence of Having Acne on Self-esteem Among the Late Adolescent Years Marion Koleen Tabago and Leika Villaceran

Adolescence is a period of maturation in physical, emotional, and social aspects. Acne is recognized as a condition that influences individuals' lifestyles and mental health. A common adolescent problem affects over 85% of teenagers and perhaps some adults. According to the literature and studies, acne has a significant relationship with quality of life and negatively impacts individuals' psychological well-being. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between acne and self-esteem among adolescents. An online survey form was constructed and distributed to senior high school students aged 17 to 18 in a private school in Bacoor City, Cavite, based on the theoretical and conceptual framework and the literature review. The survey form was completed by 177 students who were asked to participate. When the researchers analyzed the data, it was found that there was a weak but significant correlation between acne on adolescents' self-esteem. It is recommended to explore further the variety of factors with psychological aspects that acne could influence. Keywords: acne, self-esteem, adolescents, quality of life

A Quantitative Study on the Utility of Online and Physical Medical Consultation Aaliyah Phoemela Assunta Rirao

Medical consultations are essential to human life. Getting annual checkups and medical consultations have become challenging because of the outrage of the pandemic and financial instability. This study aims to identify the efficiency of the utility of both medical consultations. An online survey was distributed to 248 combined junior and senior high school students of St. Dominic College of Asia. Results show that many have not experienced online medical consultations. However, the ratings for experience range from Strongly Agree to the midline. It can also be noticed that some may have neglected to read a few questions properly. Therefore, the researcher concluded that there is commonly minimal access to physical and online medical consultation within the student population. Keywords: medical teleconsultation, physical medical consultation, COVID-19 pandemic, junior high school, senior high school SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Generic Drugs or Branded Drugs: The Preferences of the Senior High School Students in St. Dominic College of Asia on Their Medications Jim Harry Pastor and Nathaniel Flores As patients, we have the right to choose whether we prefer taking branded or generic drugs. Prescription drugs have been a massive part of the medical field ever since. As more generic and branded drugs enter the market, researchers should learn about the satisfaction these drugs provide patients and which of the two types they prefer to use. This study aims to help many researchers in conducting their medical-related studies as it helps them understand how different factors such as financial stability could affect one's choice of medicine. Regarding the data, the researchers looked for the right and suited respondents. After choosing the most suited respondents for the survey, the researchers gave the consent form to have a formal agreement between the researchers and the respondents. The researchers used descriptive statistics to analyze the data that they collected. The results have shown that the doctor's and parents' preferences are the most common factors that affect the respondents' preferences. Overall, the respondents know a lot about generic and branded drugs, as evidenced by their responses to survey questions. This study will help society, notably in the medical field, where pharmaceuticals play a significant role in curing illnesses. Several individuals and groups would benefit from this study as it will give them lots of ideas about people's drug preferences. Keywords: drug preferences, generic drugs, branded drugs, medical field

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts A Descriptive Study on Grade 12 Students' Mental State based on their Coping Strategies Anne Mikaela Chua and Djasie Mae Dela Cruz The mental stability of students has risen at an alarming rate since the pandemic started. Understanding different ways of coping with mental health struggles will help students to stabilize their mental health and to give importance to prioritizing their mental health to avoid mental deterioration. As a result, this study aims to assess the current mental state of grade 12 students, analyze their coping strategies, and comprehend how they affect them. This study was done on St. Dominic College of Asia students through an online survey form, with different questionnaires divided into three. This study used convenience sampling to emphasize that the survey is open to all grade 12 students at St. Dominic College of Asia who are willing to participate. This study showed that most of the respondents' mental stability ranges from very poor to relatively stable, considering that 54.4% of the 124 respondents are mentally unstable. According to the survey results, the most popular coping strategies among students are listening to music, binge-watching, playing games, eating, and socializing. At the same time, 96.2 percent of respondents confirmed that their coping strategies have effectively helped them and used them for a year or more. The researchers then concluded that coping strategies could lessen students' struggles with their mental health problems. Keywords: coping strategies, mental state, COVID-19 pandemic, students

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Veganism in your Area: The Relationship between Vegans and Foodborne Zoonotic Diseases Seanne Bjorne Gatdula Meat consumption has been identified as a cause of emerging foodborne zoonotic diseases, as veganism is becoming more popular due to its ability to reduce risks. The sole purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between veganism and foodborne zoonotic diseases concerning one’s socio-economic status. Based on the literature review, theoretical, and conceptual framework, an online survey form created using Google Forms was utilized and distributed to a vegan Facebook page. The online survey gathered responses from 113 vegans. The findings revealed that the strength of the association between veganism and foodborne zoonotic is moderate. At the same time, there is a significant relationship between one’s socio-economic stand and delving into the plant-based diet. As concluded, the said lifestyle may aid in preventing and reducing the risk of getting ill, but not necessarily the prime protection. It also showed that most financially stable people would most likely delve into veganism. As a result, the study suggests that the said lifestyle be reinforced and disseminated further because it has numerous benefits that may benefit one and help overall well-being globally due to its moral perspective and environmental impact. Keywords: veganism, foodborne zoonotic diseases, vegan, plant-based

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Relationship between Home Learning Environments and Psychological Well-being of Grade 12 Students in Distance Learning Shaun Owen Belostrino and Noel Antonio Portigo Naturally, education occurs in a school setting with physical interaction between students and teachers. However, the world is currently facing an outbreak of COVID-19, necessitating a restriction on social interaction to reduce the spread of the virus. As a result, students who do not want to postpone their studies must switch from face-to-face to online education. Hence, students' learning experiences and conditions are potentially affected. This paper seeks to assess correlations among the identified variables: students' psychological well-being, home learning environment, and socioeconomic status. An online survey form was formulated based on the study's theoretical and conceptual framework and Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scales. The researchers gathered 124 respondents, precisely grade 12 students from St. Dominic College of Asia, through voluntary response sampling to complete the survey form via Google Forms. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results show a weak positive relationship (R = 0.1471) between socioeconomic status and psychological well-being. However, moderate positive relationships (R = 0.4154 to R = 0.4527) were shown between psychological well-being and home learning environment quality and between socioeconomic status and home learning environment. This study highlights how one's socioeconomic status can influence one's learning experiences and conditions, precisely the quality of their home learning environment and their psychological well-being, in online distance learning. More importantly, it emphasizes how one's surroundings at home may influence their psychological well-being while continuously engaging in online distance learning, especially amidst a pandemic. Keywords: home learning environment, online distance learning, psychological well-being, online learning, mental health

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Role of Medical Education to the Satisfaction of Medical Technology Students towards Mobile Health Technology Mikaela Guevarra, Pamela Nicole Paras, and Christi Angelie Villarante This study aims to determine the importance of mobile health technologies in enriching learning activities for medical technology students. The study was conducted through an online survey form via Google Forms among medical technology students. A total sample size of 178 students was asked to respond through a survey form. Unfortunately, the study did not meet the required total sample size. The examination of the data revealed that most of the respondents are fully aware of mobile health technology. However, the respondents obtained various perspectives on the principles of mobile health systems and their utilization rate. The students gained a higher intention towards utilizing the notion, and it is said to be productive, convenient, beneficial, and accessible for the learners. Collectively speaking, the importance of using mobile health technology in the education of medical technology students was to gain an opportunity for them to develop their skills and knowledge for their future careers. It is recommended to further expand the sustainable accessibility of mobile healthcare providers in various aspects to establish a new revolutionized healthcare system. Keywords: mobile health technology, medical education, medical technology students, mobile healthcare provider

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: How Different Factors Affect Baby Boomers' Decisions Donna Marollano and Geraldine Lazaro

Amidst the increasing number of people vaccinated against COVID-19 disease of all ages, including the baby boomers, there are still people who remain unvaccinated due to their hesitation about COVID-19 vaccines. This study aims to identify whether the variety of vaccines affects baby boomers’ decision to get vaccinated for COVID-19. This study focuses on identifying the causes of hesitations that influence their decision to get vaccinated. Seventy-six baby boomers were given a survey with fifteen questions and interviewed face-to-face. The results showed that different factors such as the variety of COVID-19 vaccines, subjective norms, attitudes, and the people surrounding them affect baby boomers’ decisionmaking regarding the COVID-19 vaccination process. In conclusion, different factors that give baby boomers hesitation regarding COVID-19 affect their decision-making regarding whether to get vaccinated or not get vaccinated. Even though this research was a success, it is recommended to use different gathering methods that are much safer, especially in this pandemic, and choose unvaccinated participants to be much more accurate regarding their decision to get vaccinated against COVID-19 Keywords: COVID-19 vaccines, pandemic, baby boomers, hesitation

The Influence of Violent Video Games in Relation to the Aggressive Behavior of the Players John Emmanuel Tu and Paul Benedict Areglado

After four decades of research, the debate about media violence effects continues. Historical examination of the study reveals that debate concerning whether such exposure is a significant risk factor for aggressive and violent behavior should have been over years ago (Bushman & Anderson, 2001); it's a concern that violent video games promote aggression, increase impulsivity, reduce pro-social, and interfere with cognition as well as the mood of the players. This research aims to understand how violent video games affect players overall. Based on the literature review, a study used the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), and its purpose is to measure trait aggression. The results showed no significant differences between the group that played the violent video game (VVG) and the group that did not play VVG. In conclusion, playing VVG does not correlate with the player's aggression. Keywords: violent video game, aggression, impulsivity, cognition, mood SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Relationship of Urban Gardening to Adult’s Mental Health in the Time of Pandemic Maxine Salvatierra and Cyross Sulla Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, the authorities have come up with a solution to defend ourselves against the virus, and lockdown or what we call “stay-at-home” is one of the restriction policies that the authorities have ordered. Now that the country is on lockdown, the government prohibits people from going outside, causing them to lose their outdoor activities. At this point, urban gardening became an exciting topic for many people. Many have been interested in urban gardening since people can grow various plants in their respective homes, and they are now so-called “Plantito and Plantita.” It also helped a lot of people with their expenses amidst the pandemic by selling their plants online. This study aims to identify the relationship between urban gardening and mental health, specifically focusing on adults. An online questionnaire was made and given to the public through online platforms. Unfortunately, the study did not meet the required sample size due to the lack of accessibility of many respondents. The results show that most of the respondents are affected by urban gardening in mental health. The study confirms that the study has a strong relationship between urban gardening and adults’ mental health. Although the results show a strong relation, people may still find this study arguable since the researchers have failed to attain the required sample size. Nonetheless, the study concluded that there is indeed a strong relationship between the variables studied in this research. Keywords: urban gardening, mental health, plantito and plantita, adult

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Learning in the New Normal: The Influence of Screen Time Duration to Senior High School Students’ Health-Related Physical Fitness Kristin Mari De Leon Excessive screen time of young adolescents has always been a worldwide concern as excessive screen time is commonly associated with adverse effects, including sedentary behavior and physical inactiveness that causes health concerns such as obesity. However, while government officials implemented online classes, an alarming increase in screen time was seen during the pandemic, making it an inevitable situation. This study aims to identify the correlation between health-related physical fitness and screen time duration and determine the possible positive and negative influences of increased digital viewing. This study used Google forms to conduct an online survey questionnaire. The researcher distributed it to the 124 sample size of respondents gathered using quota sampling, specifically grade 12 senior high school students of St. Dominic College of Asia, a private school institution in Bacoor, Cavite. Based on the gathered data, screen time duration has little to no correlation with body mass index and physical activity levels. However, whether positive or negative, the type of relationship varies depending on media purpose: educational or leisure and type of schedule: structured or less-structured (weekday or weekend). In conclusion, there is no significant correlation between screen time, body mass index, and physical activity. Keywords: screen time duration, health related physical fitness, body mass index, physical activity

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Relationship Between Lack of Sleep and Academic Performance of Grade 12 STEM Students Sebastian Dominic Gonzales and Ayumi Niisaku Sleep quality significantly affects cognitive performance and is influenced by common factors such as stress. Contrary to the ideal, students and residents suffer from sleep deprivation and anxiety at times when they should achieve the most significant amount of learning. Sleep deprivation has long been an issue of great interest. The contemporary scientific study of sleep only began a few years ago. Sleep is a daily requirement for most people. Following the Circadian Cycle, sleep time helps our bodies and minds work properly and function properly. Thus, the primary goal of this research is to inform the students, teachers, educational institutions, and future researchers about the influence of sleep deprivation on academic performance. It tells them about the factors and methods to prevent some of the elements that cause a lack of sleep. This study's instrument is a Google Forms-based online survey questionnaire. A total of 88 participants are chosen from grade 12 STEM students. Therefore, this research will prove this paper's theories and related studies. The overview of the study is that most students, mainly senior high students, are intensely dedicated to their education to be prepared to be soon college students. However, many students risk their resting time accomplishing their assigned tasks or studying to prepare for an examination. Keywords: sleep deprivation, sleep, students, academic performance

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Breakfast Intake as a Determinant of Scholastic Performance of the Grade 12 Students Sharmaine Regalario and Karen Tanaka Breakfast is vital for everyday living as it provides the necessary macronutrients for the mind and body to function, especially for students since it is the first meal of the day. In 2020, the rapid shift to online classes was mandated, and many students have been affected by lifestyle and practices. Literature and research have shown numerous correlations between meal intake to an individual's academic performance. This study aims to determine and analyze the relationship between breakfast intake and academic performance. More specifically, it focuses on a.) factors that compel breakfast intake, b.) the differences in results based on gender, and c.) food availability and appetite. Based on the theoretical and conceptual framework, together with the literature review established by the researchers, an online survey form via Google Forms was formulated and distributed among the senior high school department, specifically 12th grade in a private school in Bacoor City Cavite. The researchers asked a total sample size of 124 students to answer the online survey form. Analysis and evaluation of results gathered showed a very weak to a weak relationship at all between the breakfast intake to the respondent's academic performance. In conclusion, a fragile significant relationship between breakfast intake and academic performance in an online class setting. Lastly, it is recommended to focus on the specific macronutrients and their quantity taken in the morning to check if there is a connection and comparison between them. Keywords: breakfast, scholastic performance, health, senior high school

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Impact of Sleep Deprivation on the Amount of Students' Meal Intake Kiersten Melaine Nivera, Josh Nicholai Ambutong, and John Kenneth Quilinguin Many students experience difficulties getting enough sleep, commonly known as sleep deprivation, which affects their daily food intake. Adolescents, especially, are involved in these situations due to heavy workloads, various home responsibilities, and social interactions. In this study, the researchers surveyed Grade 12 students at St. Dominic College of Asia, whose age ranges from 16 to 19 years old, to determine the impact of sleep deprivation on the food intake of these students. Students with a sample size of 78 were given survey questionnaires that helped the researchers to gather sufficient data for their study. These questionnaires include the determination of the demographic profile of the participants in terms of age and gender, the impact of sleep deprivation and their food intake, and how different mechanisms affect the grade 12 students in terms of the amount of their food intake according to their sleep condition. These are homeostatic, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral mechanisms. Based on the findings of this study, lack of sleep tends to increase the food consumption of students each day. In addition, the study found that food consumption was also one of the coping mechanisms students use for their emotional health. To conclude, the analysis can describe the impact of sleep deprivation on food intake in four different mechanisms. Keywords: sleep deprivation, food intake, grade 12 students, adolescents

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Relationship Between Mobile Phone Online Games to the Psychological Behavior of Senior High School Students Martin Xian Paus and Ken Jervis Reyes The digital age made people dive into the world of the internet; thus, mobile games have been an addictive matter to many students to relieve stress. Therefore, this study aims to know and understand the relationship between playing online games with the use of their mobile phones and the behavior of the students. This study used Google Forms as an online survey tool to gather data from the Grade 12 respondents. A total of 124 respondents participated in the study, and there are more females than males. In conclusion, there is a solid inverse relationship between the number of online games that the students play in just one day and their recent behavior. The study agrees with Tumbokon, R. (2021) because it shows the positive and the adverse effects of playing online games in which the students will know the particular effects of playing online games themselves. Keywords: mobile phones, online games, behavior

Allergic Reaction of Ingesting Gelatin Capsule Among Students of Small Household Sizes Risha Jean Ramal and Wendy Janelle Kalinga As the medical field progresses, medicine use has also become popular among consumers. Gelatin, a translucent and flavorless food ingredient used to encapsulate oral medicine, has become an issue in the pharmaceutical field because studies have shown that consuming it triggers allergic reactions. To fill in the gap, this study aims to know if there’s a relationship between the frequency of ingesting gelatin capsules and the frequency of experiencing symptoms of allergic reactions. An online survey questionnaire was created using Google Forms and was disseminated among Senior High School students of St. Dominic College of Asia who were selected using purposive sampling. After analyzing and interpreting the data using Pearson Correlation Coefficient or Pearson’s r, the data have shown a weak positive correlation between the frequency of ingesting gelatin capsules and the frequency of experiencing allergy symptoms among students from students of small household sizes. Keywords: Gelatin capsules, anaphylaxis, allergic reactions, small household sizes, the hygiene hypothesis SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Relationship Between Eating Habits and Peer Pressure on Teenagers’ Insight of Ideal Body Image Aaliyah Guenn Villacampa and Arabella Orendain Peer influence has been linked to a variety of unhealthy eating patterns. However, little study has been done to determine the link between peer pressure and disordered eating to know their relationship. The purpose of this research is to determine the linkage between eating habits and peer pressure and understand why it is so common among teenagers. The study discovered that the participants' eating habits were neutral and that there was a relationship between the study's primary variables of peer pressure, eating habits, and ideal body image. Based on the theoretical and conceptual framework together with the literature review, an online survey form via Google Forms was designed and disseminated among senior high school students in a private school in Bacoor City, Cavite. A total sample size of 177 students was asked to answer the online survey form. Furthermore, analysis of results found that teenagers who have negative perceptions and beliefs about their physical bodies are more likely to take radical or comprehensive measures (e.g., intense exercise and compulsive weight control, obsession with their body image, cautious with food intake, etc.). In conclusion, the participants' eating habits have something to do with their response to peer pressure. It is recommended that they be made aware of the possible and significant implications of not eating correctly to help teenagers cope with the difficulty of illogical body image. Keywords: peer pressure, eating habits, body image, conformity, influence

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Lifestyle Changes: Comparative Study on the Eating Habits of Grade 12 Students Before and During the Pandemic Marcy Arwen Chamique Abana, Megan Nicole Arellano, and Micah Louise Salvador The sudden outbreak of the CoronaVirus certainly impacted significant changes in our lifestyles. The virus played a vital role in the world's changes that can be evident today. To determine one of those changes, the primary purpose of this study is to compare the eating habits of Grade 12 Students before and during the pandemic. After selecting the overall population of Grade 12 Students in St. Dominic College of Asia Basic Education Senior High School, the researchers conducted an online survey questionnaire using Google forms. The respondents were students ranging from ages 17 to 19. The survey consisted of three parts: Meal Frequency, Food Quality, and Factors that possibly changed the students' eating habits. Moreover, the researchers discovered that there were differences in regards to the eating habits of the students before and during the pandemic. One of the significant findings regarding the changes in the students' eating habits was their engagement in midnight snacking, a decrease in eating a full meal every day, and their consumption of fruits during the pandemic. Overall, the researchers have proven that the Covid-19 pandemic has had various impacts on Grade 12 students of Saint Dominic College of Asia, particularly the change in eating habits with several factors presented. Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to analyze with a more significant number of respondents such that the responses can be compared and contrasted more diversely. Keywords: eating habits, pandemic, meal frequency, food quality

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Relationship Between Chromatic and Achromatic Visions in Representing the Mood of Senior High School Students Francine Marie Borja and Leila Klarisse Barizo Color plays an important role and must be studied in real contexts, mainly how it functions in an environment where complex patterns are more evident and affect people's behavior (Tofle et al., 2004). Hence, this study examines how chromatic and achromatic vision plays a vital role in influencing students' mood and academic performance. It was limited to the correlation of color and mood as to how it is related to the academic performance of a student. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables was identified using a correlational design. The participants were the Grade 12 students of St. Dominic College of Asia, with a total sample size of 124 respondents. Furthermore, the researchers utilized inferential statistics to identify and establish connections between the study's main variables. The researchers used different methods, which are sampling method, survey form, etc., to gather the information that is relevant and necessary to conduct the study with a solid and accurate result properly. The findings imply that the students prefer achromatic color as the color wall while learning. Contrary to that, the students chose chromatic colors to uplift their emotions. Therefore, the data and results are observable, which gives a different view to the previous studies on how color affects mood and learning. Keywords: achromatic colors, chromatic colors, colors, mood

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Relationship Between Water Intake and Academic Test Scores Among Senior High School Students Darren Nicole Arriola and Ma. Jairamae Juliene Caseria Drinking water has been known to benefit the human body in countless ways. Many studies have proven that adequate water intake significantly improves one's cognitive function. It was also widely tackled that cognitive function is one of the most substantial contributors to students' academic outcomes. Hence, this quantitative correlational study aims to identify the relationship between water intake and academic test scores among Senior High School students. This only includes the water intake of students from water alone and not their total fluid intake from water, other drinks, and foods. Considering this study's frameworks and related literature, an online survey form through Google Forms was disseminated among grade 12 students in St. Dominic College of Asia. A total of 124 students completed the survey. Based on the analyzed data through Spearman's Rho Correlation, a very weak negative correlation was found between water intake and academic test scores of Senior High School students. Hence, the study concluded that the amount and frequency of water intake have nothing to do with the students' academic outcomes. Even if they drink less or more water, adequate or not, their ability to perform better during exams and acquire better test outcomes remains unchanged. It is recommended that other factors that might interfere with the relationship between the main variables of the study be considered by future researchers. Keywords: water intake, academic test scores, senior high school students, cognitive function

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts The Influence of Social Media Eating Diet Trends on the Eating Habits of Grade 11 Students Dannah Mae Eguilos and Danica Rose Caduyac Amidst the pandemic, different trends are circulating on the internet. Specifically, the eating diet trends that affect an individual's eating habits. According to research, teens are more likely to follow this trend because they become more conscious about their health and body. Thus, this research aims to identify the correlation between the eating diets trends and eating habits of grade 11 students from a private school located in Bacoor, Cavite. The researchers used simple random sampling to select a random audience in the chosen senior high school grade 11 students. Also, researchers made a close-ended questionnaire and gathered data via the Google Form platform as an online survey. Afterward, the data collection of the respondents' responses were identified and analyzed for the results. Therefore, the results show that Instagram and Facebook mostly have eating diet trends. Overall, there is a vital significance of social media diet trends and the eating habits of adolescents. However, most of the students are not imitating the diet trends, yet still, the use of social media platforms affects their eating habits. It is also recommended to be aware of using social media, especially the foods that people eat, to decrease the health risk. Keywords: social media, senior high school, grade 11 students, eating diet trends, eating habits

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts A Correlational Study in Determining the Underlying Implications of Academic Burnout to STEM Students' Cognitive Function Darybern Cubelo, Angela Clarice Ocampo, and Regine Sumague Academic burnout is a phenomenon that students undergo due to chronic stress and other factors that affect their academic performance and their health. This paper aims to determine and analyze the significant relationship between academic burnout’s implications for STEM students’ cognitive function in terms of physical, behavioral, and emotional aspects. The online survey was made and implemented among selected students to gather results using cluster sampling techniques. Moreover, due to the lack of accessibility of some students, this study is limited to several participants. The results revealed that 34% of STEM students in St. Dominic College of Asia experience particular struggles and implications toward their cognitive function caused by academic burnout. They also become more anxious and develop negative perceptions of their academic performance and other life goals. Thus, the researchers concluded a significant positive relationship between the implications of academic burnout and STEM students’ cognitive function in terms of physical and behavioral aspects. At the same time, no further evidence shows a positive relationship between the implications of academic burnout and STEM students’ cognitive function in terms of the emotional aspect. Keywords: STEM students, academic burnout, cognitive function, physical conditions, emotional aspect, behavioral conditions, chronic stress, academic performance

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Influence of Social Media to the Decision-Making of Senior Highschool Students Applying for Dental Braces Cloui Racel and Von Nicolae Puzon As the majority is social media-centric, its influence on people’s daily lives became evident. Individuals communicate on social media and have easier access to search for their home remedies associated with health. It affects physical and psychological, oral health implications, and decisionmaking. The researchers conducted this study to understand better the relationship between social media and the decision-making of senior high school students applying for dental braces. Questionnaires were distributed to certain students through Google forms to attain the desired results. The gathered data was interpreted and analyzed by using Pearson productmoment correlation. This study addressed social media where it becomes unsafe to the users. It shows how social media influences people to risk their health by committing procedures that health professionals like applying dental braces could only do. The rise of people wearing braces makes it deceiving to get because it represents a luxury because of its cost. The tackled topics are (a) most used social media platforms, (b) social media influence decision-making, and (c) the relationship between social media and decision-making to get braces. The results showed that social media influenced most respondents concerning health information and home remedies. However, factors such as trends and endorsed products have weak relationships with the decision-making of senior high school students. Nevertheless, this study is still beneficial to future studies as research about dental braces has limited and outdated resources available. Keywords: social media, decision-making, braces, dental braces

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Movement Meditation as Stress Alleviating Factor to Adults' Psychological Function Ma. Francine Basa and Tristan Aisnerh Liberato People currently encounter stress for various causes, all of which have an impact on a person’s psychological function. We must set priorities for ourselves and learn to manage negativity. Adults need to know how to alleviate stress to perform well in various areas consistently, and one simple method is through movement meditation. Movement meditation may aid in greater awareness, less focus, and improved mental clarity. This study aims to identify and determine movement meditation as stress alleviating factor in adults’ psychological function. The residents of La Residenza Subdivision received an online survey form distributed to them using QR codes. According to the findings, most of those who are stressed tend to do movement meditation to relieve stress and help them have a stable and well-functioning state of being. Therefore, the researchers concluded that movement meditation would promote a wide range of mental and physical health benefits and maintain a person’s mental wellbeing. Keywords: Movement Meditation, adults' psychological function, stress

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STEM Health Science Research Abstracts Pervasiveness of Digital Eye Fatigue Symptoms Among Grade 12 Students Reiner Ochavez and Hannah Catherine Francisco Digital eye fatigue is unavoidable, even more so in this new normal, where most people spend hours in front of a computer or mobile screen, whether for online classes or work. The study aims to provide a broad understanding of the pervasiveness of digital eye fatigue symptoms among St. Dominic College of Asia grade 12 students and the contributing causes. To collect the necessary data for the study, the researchers contacted respondents via social media platforms available during the specified period. They provided them with a link to the researcher's online survey form. Students may be prone to digital eye fatigue. According to the data, many students use their devices for personal use and most for online classes. Given that these students' actions have resulted in symptoms that show the possibility of digital eye fatigue, the symptoms are making their daily lives less active, not only in their academic performance but also in their health. Many students are subject to digital eye fatigue, mainly because it is a worldwide epidemic. According to the study's findings, this condition may be found throughout the area and can be a severe problem in terms of health and academic performance. Keywords: digital eye fatigue, epidemic, devices, symptoms, mobile screen

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STEM Health Science PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

Body Goals: The Efficiency of a Low Carbohydrates Diet in Losing Weight Researchers: Danelio Cabrera Peji Jewel Leigh Ordoñez Borinaga

A Quantitative Research:

How Information is Retained in a Student's Brain: Taking Down Notes in an Online Class Setting Researchers: Gustav Miguel Delos Santos Tolentino Kyla Grace Regalario Miranda

A Quantitative Research:

Eyes for Vision, Check the Precision: Causes of Online Class Set-up to Students' Optical Health Researchers: Krystel Bianca Lapuz Tipay Jonalyn Alyssa Alde Ty A Qualitative Research:

Researcher: Marjorie Nicole Dinglasan Añonuevo A Qualitative Research:

Low Carb: The Benefits of Low Carbohydrate Diets and Fasting for Bodily Healing

Researcher: Marie Angeline Astorga

A Qualitative Research:

Pharmaceuticals Drugs: Affordable to Everyone

Risk and Reward: Understanding the Long Term Effects of Melatonin Supplements on Adolescents with Insomnia

Researcher: Raizza Mae Tulao Bautista A Qualitative Research:

How Weight Affect the Person Mentality: Obesity and Overweight Prevalance Researcher: Kyle Charilyn Sia Baluyot

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STEM Health Science PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

Drugs: Helpful or Harmful? Researcher: Ali Cañete Alonto

A Qualitative Research:

The Perspective of the STEM Students about the Hybrid Learning Researcher: Zedric Winson Kalinga Luceros A Qualitative Research:

The Attitude of Generation Z Towards a Dietary Inclusion of Genetically-Modified Organisms Amid COVID-19 Pandemic Researcher: Cyan Anderson Bohol Malco A Quantitative Research:

Enhancing Creativity in Traditional Drawing by Listening to Modern Jazz Music Amongst SHS students

A Qualitative Research:

Qualitative Study on the Health Professionals' Perspective toward Alternative Ways of Animal Testing for Beauty Producs

Researcher: Vincent Kielzie Moresco Dulce A Quantitative Research:

Society's Influence on Someone's Dietary Habits: The Beauty Standards of and Idealized Body Image Society

Researchers: Hann Carlo Pakingan Matorres Jazel Aliah Amada Calupe

A Qualitative Research:

The Development of a Child's Growth: The Positive and Negative Effects of Screen Time

Researchers: Isaac Rae Montesa Louis Angelo Hilario Pangilinan

Researchers: John Emmanuel Batula Moreno Lei Alessandra Lorraine Genonangan Bagalihog Jasmine Feng Ling Mendiola Chua

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STEM Health Science PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

Perception of Filipino Women About Abortion: Should They be Legal or Banned? Researcher: Blossom Bongabong Mantalaba A Qualitative Research:

Internet Anonymity and Its Impact on the Online Behavior of Senior High School Students

Researcher: Roanne Gem Balanay Pahunang

A Qualitative Research:

Ketogenic Diet: Weighing the Benefits and Potential Risk Factors in the Human Body Researcher: Ma. Franchezca Rosete Marjes A Qualitative Research:

Experience in Science Museums: How Effective is Learning While Exploring? Researcher: Angel Pauline Arbes Ramos A Qualitative Research:

A Quantitative Research:

Understanding the Perspectives on the COVID Vaccines' Efficacy: Why are There Still Unvaccinated People? Researcher: Hannah Madale Rebusquillo

Perceptions of Grade 10 Students About Choosing the Right Strand Researcher: Frances Jade Baynosa Salazar A Quantitative Research:

The Efficacy of Caffeine Intake in Relation to Examination Performance of Senior High Students Researcher: Samantha Angela Lucina Soldevilla

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STEM Health Science PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

Studying During the COVID19 Pandemic: Perceptions and Experiences of Second-Year Nursing Students Researchers: Kyle Crystal Turingan Castillo Kirsten Marianne Cueto Pescasio A Qualitative Research:

Healing Through Gaining Knowledge About Eating Disorder

Researcher: Phoebe Abigail Dela Cruz

A Qualitative Research:

Braingasm: Comprehending the Psychological Effects of ASMR to Senior High School Students Researcher: Paula Bianca Reformado Del Rosario A Qualitative Research:

Generic Drugs: Determining Factors Influencing Senior High School Students' Perception of Its Quality and Safety Researcher: Stephanie Anne Martin Eusebio

A Qualitative Research:

An Untold Experience: Overcoming the Negative State of Mind of People Diagnosed with COVID-19

Researcher: Louisse Angela Salmorin Garcia

A Qualitative Research:

The Frequency and Effects of Vaping and Habit Forming Among 15-27 Year-Old Filipinos Researcher: Sophia Lorraine Tupaz Lucas

A Qualitative Research:

Underage Drinking: A Review of Trends and Prevention Strategies

Researcher: Sarah Sales Llapitan

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STEM Health Science PR1 Working Titles A Qualitative Research:

STEM Students' Philosophical Realizations Under the Learning Changes in St. Dominic College of Asia Researcher: Ayumi Suzuki Sualog

A Qualitative Research:

Assessing Dentophobia: Factors Influencing the Fear of Senior High School Students in Visiting Dental Clinics Researcher: Janna Arceo Tatad

A Quantitative Research:

Thriving for Formal Consent: Parent's Viewpoint on Allowing Minors to Have Plastic Surgery

Quality of Public Hospitals in Metro Manila During the COVID-19 Pandemic

A Qualitative Research:

A Qualitative Research:

Researchers: Maria Widjan Fernando Sison Shenaiah Denise Cruz Vio

Characterizing Healthcare Operations in the Midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Fernando Air Base Hospital

Researcher: Alliah Cassandra Silva Macalintal

A Qualitative Research:

Researcher: John Marco Roque Pascua

Perspective and Experience of Patients Towards Telemedicine in the Midst of Pandemic

Researchers: Princess Sophia Castillo Bringino Ma. Graceddy Cabahug Gelito

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TVL Best Research Paper A.Y. 2021-2022

Rabbit Meat: Meat Alternative its Level of Rabbit: Meat Alternative and itsand Level of Public Public Acceptability Acceptabilityfor forConsumption Consumption

D. Guinto Richard Arnold Abstract This quantitative descriptive research aims to determine the marketability and acceptability of rabbit meat as alternative meat. The purpose of this study is to determine if rabbit meat can be a good alternative just like the other meats (e.g., chicken and pork) for it to be socially accepted for consumption by the residents of Butubut Oeste in the province of La Union. The study underwent a descriptive approach to have an in-depth explanation of the study. A survey questionnaire was used as an instrument to gather data; it was handed to the respondents in a form of a virtual survey and was used to gather the significant data needed. The sampling technique that was used in this study was purposive sampling for the convenience of the researcher. A total of thirty (30) residents from Butubut Oeste in the province of La Union were the main respondents of this study using purposive sampling. After gathering, organizing, tabulating, and analyzing the data, it is found that rabbit can be accepted as an alternative meat and can be released in the market; it is safe to be consumed by everyone. Results showed no negative effects after eating rabbit meat, thus making it a good alternative meat. Keywords: socially accepted, marketability, consumption

Introduction For years, markets have been selling varieties of red meat and poultry (Bobbit, 2012). The ones that are commonly served on our tables are chicken meat, pork, and beef. However, serving rabbit meat on the dining table is rare as people see them as adorable pets. It may sound unusual or wrong, but they have qualities that make them edible. Rabbits have been known for their snow-like fur and big ears, and people see these adorable ones as pets. However, with the continuous cases of African Swine Fever, rabbit meats are seen as an alternative by Filipino authorities (Euromeat, 2020). Aside from being one of the healthiest and earnest meats, these little ones also can reproduce quickly with their short reproductive cycle (30-32 days gestation) (Zotte, 2014). Those properties made them an indeed good alternative to other meats.

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Worldwide, rabbit meat is valued for its high nutritional properties, with a lower-fat content, less saturated fatty acids, and lower cholesterol contents than other meats (Zotte and Szendrő, 2011). Compared to other meat types (chicken, beef, and pork), it was found that rabbit meat was richer in Calcium (21.4 mg/100 g) and Phosphorus (347 mg/100 g), and lower in fat (9.2 g/100 g) and cholesterol (56.4 mg/100 g) (Nistor et al., 2013; Grădinaru, 2017). Statement of the Problem Rabbit meat is rich in highly-quality proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin B12, and minerals like Calcium and Potassium, rabbit meat is also lean and low in cholesterol. The aim of this research is to determine rabbit meat as an acceptable food in the public for it to be alternative meat. Rabbit meat has a lot of benefits for the body which makes it good, but it is not known by many. Specifically, this paper sought to answer the following questions: 1. How is rabbit meat safe for people to consume? 2. What is the availability of rabbit meat in your local supermarket? 3. What are the nutrients that can be found in rabbit meat? Significance of the Study The aim of this study is to know the percentage of citizens who consider rabbit meat to be alternative meat so that it can be released in the market and be consumed by everyone nationwide. This study is beneficial to the following: Students. This research will help them gain knowledge and insights. This will also serve as a reference for future researchers like them. Consumers. This will help them become aware of the benefits and nutritional content of rabbit meat in their body when buying one. Scientist. This study will give them hope in gaining more possibilities of having rabbit meat as a good alternative. They will test different methods on lean rabbit so that they can minimize or maximize the nutritional level that our body needs. Dietician. This study will help them in making rabbit meat as part of daily intake of humans. They will create recipes that will surely be good for the health and body of individuals. Nutritionist. This will help them gather more information about the nutritional contents of rabbit meat.

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Agriculturist. This will help the meat poultry gain more income and sales when the rabbit meat is widely accepted as an alternative meat. Future researchers. This will help them improve their research and serve as a reference. Scope and Delimitations of the Study This research focused on the acceptability of rabbit meat as an alternative meat so that it can be released in the market that will take place in the province of La Union. The study will focus on citizens who already ate rabbit meat. The study takes a month in the making in order for the researcher to have a good quality output. The researcher gathered data in different places in La Union. Their knowledge and experiences in eating rabbit meat will be of great advantage to this study because they know the effects of rabbit meat upon consumption. Conceptual Framework Figure 1 IPO (Input-Process-Output) System System Approach

The system approach (Input - Process - Output system) was used in describing the conceptual framework of the study. As shown in Figure 1, the input consists of assessing the level of marketability and acceptability of rabbit meat in the public. The process being used is through a survey. The output or the conclusion of the study is the approval and disapproval of rabbit meat as an alternative meat. Literature Review Rabbits make great pets, but they can also be a source of meat. The rabbit industry in the Philippines is not new; however, it is not well-known as well (Veneracion, 2017). Although rabbits have long been part of many Philippine households, the lingering reluctance and perceived taboo on eating rabbit meat is the greatest hindrance to widespread rabbit production (Veneracion, 2017). Rabbit meat was listed by the Department 262

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of Agriculture to be among the healthiest meats available to man (Cudis, 2021). It is low in fat, bad cholesterol, and calories while having high protein levels. Rabbits are sold as a whole carcass, retail cuts, and processed meat products ready to cook, thus many attributes of both carcass and meat quality must be considered. The most frequently measured traits of body composition according to the norms of the World Rabbit Science Association (Blasco and Ouhayoun, 1996) are dressing out percentage, proportions of fore, intermediate and hind parts in the chilled carcass, carcass fatness estimated by perirenal or dissectible fat weights relative to carcass weight, and muscle to bone ratio assessed in the hind leg as the best predictor of the meat: bone ratio in the carcass. In addition, leg bone resistance may be considered as another quality factor for both live animals and sold carcasses. The main components of meat, excluding water, are proteins and lipids. Furthermore, meat is also an important source of highly available micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. Although nutrient losses could be produced during cooking, the change in nutritional value of rabbit meat remains small (Dal Bosco et al. 2001). Raw rabbit meat is characterized by its lower energetic value (on average 618 kJ/100 g fresh meat) compared with red meats, such as beef and lamb (Dalle Zotte, 2004). Worldwide, rabbit meat is valued for its high nutritional properties, with a lower-fat content, less saturated fatty acids, and lower cholesterol contents than other meats (Dalle Zotte & Szendrő, 2011). Compared to other meat types (chicken, beef, and pork), it was found that rabbit meat was richer in Calcium (21.4 mg/100 g) and Phosphorus (347 mg/100g) and lower in fat 9.2 g/100 g) and cholesterol (56.4 mg/100 g) (Nistor et al., 2013; Grădinaru, 2017). Regarding nutritional aspects, poultry and rabbit meat will fit the current consumer demand for low-fat meat with a high unsaturation degree of fatty acids (FA) and low sodium and cholesterol levels (Hernández and Gondret, 2006; Cavani and Petracci, 2008). In recent years, the changes in consumer’s lifestyle in developed countries have led to a meat market more and more addressed towards easily-handled and processed products (“convenience food”). This trend has been exploited for a long time by the poultry industry, which made strong investments in the processing area, and more recently by the rabbit industry too. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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Rabbit meat offers excellent dietary nutritional properties (Dalle Zotte, 2002; Hernández and Dalle Zotte, 2010) with protein contents as high as 22.4% in the loin. The leanest cut of meat in the rabbit carcass is the loin, which contains an average lipid content of 1.8 g/100 g of meat, whereas the fattest is the foreleg, with an average lipid content of 8.8 g/100 g of meat. The quantitatively most important cut is the hind leg, with a moderate lipid content (an average of 3.4 g/100 g) compared with most types of meat consumed today. Lipid content depends on the portion considered and productive factors, especially diet (Dalle Zotte, 2002). Rabbit meat has a moderately high energy value (from 603 kJ/100 g in loin meat to 899 kJ/100 g in foreleg meat) that essentially depends on its elevated protein content, which accounts for 80% of its energy value. Together with its increased protein content, rabbit meat contains high levels of essential amino acids (EAA). Compared with other meats, rabbit meat is the richest in lysine (2.12 g/100 g), sulfur-containing amino acids (1.10 g/100 g), threonine (2.01 g/100 g), valine (1.19 g/100 g), isoleucine (1.15 g/100 g), leucine (1.73 g/100 g), and phenylalanine (1.04 g/100 g; Dalle Zotte, 2004). Increased and balanced content of EAA combined with easy digestibility gives rabbit meat proteins their increased biological value. Furthermore, rabbit meat does not contain uric acid and also has a low purine content (Hernández & Zotte, 2010). One organization aims to hurdle these cultural and other constraints so that rabbit meat can be recognized as an important low-cost answer to the problems of hunger, malnutrition, and poverty. Rabbit production potential needs to be tapped and promoted since it can provide protein and income to both rural and urban households with minimal investment. Research Design This descriptive quantitative research focused on the acceptability of rabbit meat in the public in order for it to be marketable and released in the market. The researcher has chosen 30 respondents from the province of La Union. The respondents answered a survey that focuses on the effects of eating rabbit meat. By doing so, the participants’ answers to the survey gave the researcher additional knowledge and information about the study. The participants were chosen through purposive sampling for the convenience of the researcher. Respondents For the purpose of this research, the researcher has chosen to have a primary source that consists of thirty respondents. The respondents were from the province of La Union. Their ages ranged from 16 to 60 years old.

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The participants that are chosen for this study are for the convenience of the researcher and for gathering more accurate results. Research Instrument To gather pertinent data for this study, the researcher utilized the Survey Questionnaire, the survey questionnaire was divided into two parts. In the first part, the respondents indicate their name, age, and gender. This is a demographic profile that benefits the researcher greatly since this data tells the age and the needed information about the participant. In the second part, the respondents answered the questions given. Through this, the researcher would be able to understand the perspective of other people when it comes to rabbit meat. This can add more data to the researcher’s study and have more knowledge about it. Data Gathering Procedure The researcher needed to meet with the respondents physically to conduct the survey, but because of the pandemic situation, the researcher decided to conduct the survey by creating a virtual survey questionnaire via Google Forms. After surveying the respondents, the researcher asked the participants for their additional information such as their conditions or eating habits that they want to add to have further data and to have a clear understanding of the respondent’s point of view. After reviewing the answers that the participants gave for the survey, the researcher finally had enough data to add to the study. Data Analysis Procedure The researcher made a survey for the data analysis prior to the study. The survey was conducted in the province of La Union. After receiving the answered survey questionnaire, the form will be reviewed to make sure that the questions were answered correctly and completely. Then, the answers are then sorted, tabulated and recorded. The average of the answers were computed and converted into percentage. The recorded answers of the respondents used for the results and discussions. Results This study was conducted to determine rabbit meat's acceptability as alternative meat. This section of the study presents the results of the structured questionnaire administered by the researcher, which corresponded to the three specific research questions. The specific questions ask about rabbit meat's level of acceptance, reasons for choosing it as an alternative, and whether rabbit meat is effective as alternative meat choice on the market in La Union. SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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The first part of the survey questionnaire contains questions about their basic background in consuming rabbit meat. This part contains six questions, and it aims to answer the first research question. Figure 2 Responses for How the Respondents Cook Rabbit Meat

According to the data given, 11 respondents cooked their rabbit meat fried, 12 preferred grilled, 2 respondents steamed rabbit meat, 3 respondents cooked it as lechon, 1 respondent cooked it as adobo, and 1 respondent only preferred raw rabbit meat. Figure 3 The Time When They Started Eating Rabbit Meat.

In the given data, it is observed that of the respondents started eating rabbit meat recently, while others started eating since childhood (37%), teenager (38%), and since birth (6%).

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Figure 4 The Time the Respondents Have Been Eating Rabbit Meat.

It is seen from the data gathered that 21 respondents had eaten rabbit meat for 0 to11 months, 4 of them consumed more than 4 years, 3 respondents ate from 3 to 4 years, and 2 were able to consume from 1 to 2 years. It is concluded that the majority of the consumers of rabbit meat ate in less than a year. Figure 5 Factors That are Considered in Order for Rabbit Meat to Become Marketable.

In this data, in order for the rabbit to become marketable, the researcher asked the 30 respondents to answer this question. Half of the population considers the nutritional content, 7 respondents preferred to have a good quality rabbit meat, 4 preferred to consider the price, 3 respondents preferred the accessibility, and 1 respondent considered the taste. According to the results, it is evident that nutritional content was the most important factor that all consumers put into consideration for rabbit meat to become marketable.

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Figure 6 The Data on How Much a Customer Would Buy Rabbit Meat.

According to the results, 18 of the respondents would buy rabbit meat if the price were in the range of P100-200/kg. 6 respondents will buy it for P200-300/kg, and the other 6 respondents will buy it for P300/kg. It is concluded that if the price was cheaper, more consumers will buy rabbit meat. Figure 7 The Distinction of Rabbit Meat from Other Types of Meat.

According to the data gathered, 18 of the respondents agreed that flavor is what makes the rabbit meat distinct from the other types of meat, while 5 of them responded that it was the price considering that it was cheap, and 2 of the respondents chose the variety. The second part of the survey was a Likert scale. It aims to answer the second and third research questions of this study. This part of the survey focuses on the experiences of the respondents upon eating rabbit meat. This part contains ten questions.

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Table 1 Survey Responses Towards Rabbit Meat

In this stack bar chart, the first five questions were tallied and arranged in a pleasing view. On the first question, 16 respondents strongly agreed that rabbit meat is edible while on the other side, 14 of the respondents agreed. On the second question, 16 respondents strongly agreed that rabbit meat can be cooked into different meals, 13 of them agreed, and 1 of them disagreed with it. On the third question, 1 respondent strongly agreed that there are bad effects experienced after eating rabbit meat. 8 agreed with it, 13 disagreed and 8 of the respondents strongly disagreed with it. On the fourth question, 12 respondents strongly agreed that they experienced good effects after eating rabbit meat and the remaining 18 respondents also agreed. On the fifth question, 17 of the respondents strongly agreed that rabbit meat can also be an alternative meat, whereas 13 agreed to it. On the sixth question, 9 strongly agreed that rabbit meat can be consumed daily, while 16 respondents agreed. On the other hand, 6 disagreed with it. On the seventh question, 14 respondents strongly agreed that rabbit meat is a good source of protein, 15 agreed, and 1 disagreed. On the eighth question, 13 of the respondents strongly agreed that rabbit meat is accessible and easy to cook, 16 agreed, and 1 disagreed. According to the 30 respondents in the ninth question, 13 of them strongly agreed that rabbit meat should be sold in markets, and 15 of them also agreed. Only 2 of the respondents disagreed with it. On the last question, half of the respondents strongly agreed that they highly recommend eating rabbit meat, 13 agreed with it, and 2 did not agreed with it. Conclusions This study began with the formulation of the title through researching and studying another research done on the desired topic. After deciding, the title of the research was formed and named Rabbit Meat: Meat Alternative and its Level of Public Acceptability for Consumption. After the formulation of the title, the researcher moved on to the introduction of SDCA Senior High School Research Compendium Volume 1, 2022

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the research. After the introduction is the chapter where the research must find a way to test its hypothesis and gather results. This research chose to conduct an online survey using Google Form and chose 30 respondents that are residents of Butubut Oeste in San Fernando, La Union because the target of this research is focused solely on the persons who have already eaten rabbit meat. After conducting the survey, it is now time to organize, present, and interpret the results gathered. This research, using the data it gathered, was successful and found out that rabbit meat does not have bad effects on the body and can be consumed by humans as alternative meat. Lastly, moving on to the conclusion and discussion, this section clearly defined the status of the research and concluded that the research was able to successfully answer the research questions stated on the Statement of the Problem in Chapter 1. Conclusion The study sought to determine the marketability and acceptability of rabbit meat from the residents of Butubut Oeste in the province of La Union. After gathering and tallying the respondents’ answers from the survey given by the researcher, some findings reveal that rabbit meat has no bad effects after consumption and that it is safe for everyone. Other respondents prefer eating rabbit meat due to its high nutritional content. In conclusion, the residents of Butubut Oeste from the province of La Union agreed that rabbit meat can be good alternative meat and it can be marketable and ready for consumption. Limitations As the study has its strengths, it also has its limitations. The researcher did his best to gather all the data of the respondents. The researcher encountered several factors like time; due to the ongoing pandemic, the researcher cannot go meet the respondent personally. Second is the nature of the lesson due to its low research and advanced studies. The study aimed to determine the marketability and acceptability of rabbit meat for it to be ready to be consumed as alternative meat. To make things convenient for the researcher, he created forms to do the data gathering and give the form personally to the chosen respondents and make the gathering procedure faster. Because of different circumstances, the respondents could not give those forms since the researcher cannot travel due to the pandemic. Instead, the researcher did online surveying by making Google Forms and sending the links to the respondents to approach them effectively. In order to solve that problem, the researcher should wait for the pandemic to be gone completely so that he can access the respondents well even though it will 270

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take some time before it happens. It is very important to consider each other’s health at this time. Recommendation In relation to this problem, it is advisable that in the future study, methods for this can be done for a longer period considering that in reality, it cannot be done quickly due to time constraints. References Amparo et. al. (2016). Consumer Segmentation Based on Food-Related Lifestyles and Analysis of Rabbit Meat Consumption. https://riunet. upv.es/handle/10251/70841 Baviera-Puig, A., Buitrago-Vera, J., Escribá-Perez, C., & MonteroVicente, L. (2019). Children’s Consumption of Rabbit Meat. https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/wrs/article/view/11991/11764 Cudis, C. (2021). DA sees the rabbit industry as a pork alternative. https:// www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1157985 Dagooc, E. (2019). Rabbit Meat: Pushed as a Healthy Alternative. https:// www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-business/2019/11/09/1967227/ rabbit-meat-pushed-healthyalternative#:~:text=%E2%80%9CWe% 20also%20did%20our%20own,thus%2C%20it%20can%20be%20 sustained Gondret & Hernandez (2012). Rabbit Meat Quality. https://d1wqtxts1xzle 7.cloudfront.net/47835859/New_perspectives_in_rearing_systems_ for_20160806-24559-1xbht65-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=16 51117689&Signature=PgtA2qU2UnMUHWUe3iGw-Rk0yDujV8Y QCCkjq84OmWXSfYgXlLqq0PB8h-f3BvOzQKdhp3vsirM 67br9f Q~mH3D8EjA4ulqVsRr1~pIv2CuljF~FBvuiiYG~QxXNXZG5bzF lwp-tJjB7ApVMv68aX2yeP4Buuh4KYw4xMeDgtbB3P4Qq~0VS VZY0kj FXBIEti0SE0sCGlGNyq9ctXWnjdH2HMQwP0t0lTw14J LHNv3IU1qolvniCUOeolF3aeBAWbdUe4HOQ-jlPofKS1gw8stD PIgh9CG~zsHHy-YztM~mvD58bb-3jajIAODyD4gUa23cOyXfX maRud82N9c5MQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4Z A#page=278

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Veneracion, A. (2017). An Overview of The Rabbit Industry In The Philippines. https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2017/11/21/ an-overviewof-the-rabbit-industry-in-the-philippines/?fbclid=IwAR3EN B5aH1sC oVnDJ_sqE3m1whbE14OWRvuYvmV5Yn0e2qFpFJz8uin-jbE Zotte, A.D. (2014). Rabbit farming for meat purposes. https://www. researchgate.net/profile/Antonella_DALLE_ZOTTE/publication/2659 82815_Rabbit_farming_for_meat_purposes/links/547d0d490cf27ed97 86231ce.pdf

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TVL Research Abstracts Going Zero Waste: Online Food Businesses' Level of Acceptance on Sustainable Operations during Pandemic Creed Alfonso, Jephthah Ilagan, and Pia Masapol The comprehensive approach of waste management, which considers waste as a resource produced during the interim phase of the resource consumption process, is known as zero waste management. However, amidst the pandemic, some business owners are still not adapting to the current practices of zero waste management. According to a research article authored by Janssen in 2021, “People's food shopping and consumption habits have been influenced by Covid-19. Restaurants and bars were closed owing to stay-at-home recommendations in numerous nations around the world during the lockdowns.” This study examined the level of acceptance of online food business owners and the representatives of zero waste practices, as well as how this research assists and contributes to the improvement of their businesses in the future, in terms of benefits of practicing zero waste. According to the results of Research Question Number 3, the major findings of this research are the respondents who strongly agreed that practicing zero waste benefits their businesses since the “Improved Brand Image” zero waste benefit ranks first among the benefits presented in the study. Lastly, this research is beneficial in giving assistance to the owners of online food businesses in becoming more aware of the practices and administration of Zero Waste. Keywords: level of acceptance, online food business, pandemic, waste management, zero waste

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TVL Research Abstracts A Descriptive Survey on the Best Type of Wood to Choose for Beef, Chicken, Pork Thriza Agub and Angel Talbenito This research helps people make decisions about wood for smoking. This should be enough to teach them everything they need to know about smoking with wood. The goal of this study was to see how wood smoking influences the flavor of beef, poultry, and pork, as well as to figure out what kind of wood is ideal for smoking meats. Smoking briskets is one of the few ancient culinary techniques still used today. Smoking is a cooking process that imparts a smokey flavor to your briskets; if they are looking for woods, they need to understand the best wood for smoking meat and its various forms. Briskets are rough, fat-filled slices from the underside of the cow. This is one of the properties that makes brisket so delicious, and it makes people happy when they eat it. From Chef Freya (2021), "What is brisket?" raises a slew of questions. What is the origin of the word brisket? What types of brisket are there? How do you prepare a brisket? What are the methods or steps? How do you slice a brisket once you've mastered that? These are her queries, which was useful in investigations. Keywords: smoke, briskets, charcoal, ipil-ipil tree, coconut tree

Online Class Analysis and Experience of TVL Students in Online Learning David Parugrug and Benedict Paule This study is all about the experience of students who are using online platforms for online classes. The beneficiaries of this study are the grade 12 students who are under in these Practical assessments because they are the ones who understand the effects and enhancements of the skills they need to learn. The aim of this study is to know how practical assessments can affect their learning if the teacher gives them an easy task or a difficult one. This study is conducted to provide and decipher questions if the assessments are effective enough and will lead to job-ready students in the future. There are certain factors affecting the experiences of TVL students in this research. Keywords: technical vocational and livelihood, online class, online platforms, practical assessments

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TVL Research Abstracts Determining the Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting to an Experienced Adult Laura Nicole Cruto, Mikihiro Sato, and Aya Tsukamoto The researchers' goal is to distinguish and understand what fasting does to people's bodies. This study determined the advantages and disadvantages of fasting on an experienced adult's body. This research is a descriptive quantitative study and has gathered data from respondents to determine the advantages and disadvantages of fasting. The researchers utilized a nonprobability sampling method because the study needs specific respondents, and the researchers chose a specific Facebook group. The chosen Facebook group is Low Carb Intermittent Fasting (LCIF) the Philippines | SUPPORT GROUP, and collected data from its members. The researchers chose a purposive sampling procedure because they chose their participants intentionally. After all, the members of the Low Carb Intermittent Fasting (LCIF) the Philippines | SUPPORT GROUP are considered the most suitable respondents for the research study. In conclusion, this research proves that fasting has a massive advantage in weight loss and a disadvantage when it comes to hunger. Fasting has both advantages and disadvantages to a person's body. Keywords: fasting, diet, health, adult

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TVL PR1 Working Titles A Quantitative Research:

Comparative Study on Google Classroom and Quipper as learning Management System for Student Flexibility in Online Distance Learning Researchers: Ma. Eloisa Mendoza Muñoz Althea Buranday Villanueva A Qualitative Research:

Determining the Significant Importance of Music to Students Academic Performance Researcher: Kean Brillante Buenaventura A Quantitative Research:

Lived Experience Students of Playing Games After School and Its Perceived Effect to Their Performance Researcher: Louelle James Falconi Nieva

A Quantitative Research:

What is More Preferable, Likely to be Used as an Essential Tool, Digital or Traditional Art?

Researchers: Caila del Socorro Rozario Angel Alyson Borcena Salud

A Quantitative Research:

TikTok and Its Impact on a Student's Academic Performance Researcher: Adrian Villanueva Echepari

A Quantitative Research:

Quipper Interactive Learning: Achieving Online Learning Effectiveness and Recommendability for Future Classes Researcher: Ernst Alfred Busa Gallardo

A Quantitative Research:

The Impacts of Smartphones to the Physical Health of St. Dominic College of Asia's High School Students Researcher: Ronnie Gellidon Samson

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE Our research faced various problems one after another, however that did not stop us since our teachers are always there to guide us.

ENCOURAGEMENT Research something that interests you, as this will motivate you to continue doing the research and seeking the true answer.

Jairus Miguel B. Ilacio

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE Basically, it was a tough year not solely for me but for all of us. In these critical times, we are confined to our homes and obliged to do our research in a virtual setting. Though, not all students can reap the benefits of technology. Having that said, students who opted for full-online learning also experienced the hurdles of the new educational system; time constraints are one of the factors that stressed out the students due to the limited time given to the researchers.

ENCOURAGEMENT Being a researcher requires dedication, hard work, and much more than a simple motivation or inspiration. Staying motivated can sometimes be challenging for most researchers; Failing experiments, and negative results of the data, and a lack of resources or data can leave researchers a sense of discouragement. A hectic time gap between starting a research project and the final publication can lower enthusiasm. Perseverance may the is key to success as some people said, however, if that perseverance has no motivation is not that effective and short-lived. Without motivation, research can lead you to a feeling of dissatisfaction. But the only tip I would suggest to keep working towards your goal is to accept and expect imperfection in research, as notable researchers are also overwhelmed by the failed experiments, the mistakes that they make, and the hypothesis that led to nowhere. I believe this is the reality of research that everyone of us could experience. We also admit as a team that our plans did not go perfectly as planned but we tried and keep focused to our work. It can prepare you adapt to your situation and prevent you from being discouraged, and help you stay motivated.

Christian Paul B. Mendoza 12 HUMSS Plato

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE I think the highlight of my research journey this academic year is the time when my partner and I were chosen to be one of the presenters for the Research Conference. It was a roller coaster ride, there were a lot of difficulties that we encountered, but luckily we were able to get past them. Overall, I had so much fun on this journey and was able to learn a lot of things.

ENCOURAGEMENT Just believe in yourself that you can do it. You can survive anything if you believe in yourself.

Rushene Lei S. Nato

12 STEM Pascal

EXPERIENCE When writing my paper, one of the most important decisions I made was to choose an intriguing topic to write about, which turned out to be a beneficial method. After that, I turned to the guidelines supplied for the paper to formulate a strategy for doing the research I needed to undertake. The first thing I do in my approach is to look for knowledge on subjects I already have some background in. My quest is becoming broader as new information comes to light because it's important to me. I have a notebook to record the most pertinent information I find. My approach to taking notes helps me prevent plagiarism, and I keep track of where I received the material I use in my work. In the end, I do so once I have gathered all the necessary materials and am prepared to start writing my thesis. After finishing my thesis, I started writing my rough text, and from time to time, I would go back to the library to look for additional evidence to support my points. After I have completed correcting the draft version of my paper, I will start writing my paper. Studying at St. Dominic College of Asia is very challenging because the teacher gives a lot of work. Yes, it's okay because I can control my time management by multitasking.

ENCOURAGEMENT Follow your heart and don't hesitate to ask your teacher whenever you have questions. Consult to them if you want to be a good researcher hard but fun.

Chester A. Rumbaoa

12 STEM Pythagoras

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE My experience in this school is that I learn to do my acads activities much more early because in the other day they will give a new activities but the teachers are giving extension of deadline when needed

ENCOURAGEMENT Believe yourself and keep going if your tired just take a rest but don't give on your dreams

Angel A. Talbenito

12 TVL Ducasse

EXPERIENCE I thought at first the research was easy. But no, there is a lot to do. But when you know all the things you have to do, you won't have any difficulties.

ENCOURAGEMENT You simply have to remember that nothing is tough when you believe in yourself, because if you believe in yourself, it will appear to you that you can do it and you will not give up, you will be able to overcome it. KAYA LABAN LANG DOMINICANS, LABAN LANG!!!

Thriza V. Agub 12 TVL Ducasse

EXPERIENCE Personally quite hard because of situation that we are still on pandemic but with the help of our research teachers thankfully

ENCOURAGEMENT If you need help just ask your research teacher, wag kayo matakot mababait naman sila handa tumulong sainyo

Benedict A. Paule

12 TVL Ducasse

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE Having a Practical Research 1 subject is the highlight of my research journey here in SDCA because it is challenging since it is my first time writing research.

ENCOURAGEMENT To all future researchers, you should take your research seriously since you will gain knowledge from it.

Jean Venuel G. Garcia

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE My research journey in SDCA was exhausting but very enlightening at the same time. Completing our paper was difficult as many challenges arose, such as time constraints, lack of resources, and personal limitations. But I can say that our teachers gave their all in guiding and supporting us throughout our research. Our research adviser taught us strategies and tips, provided us with necessary materials, and even went out of her way regularly checking our papers.

ENCOURAGEMENT Doing research is stressful and exhausting, but it is very much rewarding. When you see the outcome of your paper, it almost feels like you have contributed so much to this world HAHA! But seriously speaking, your papers will significantly contribute to the community. At the same time, the research journey that will teach you many things—time management, critical thinking, reading comprehension, and writing skills. Keep searching, keep reading, keep writing :)

Darren Nicole B. Arriola 12 STEM Pascal

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE The highlight of my research journey is winning 1st place in the Poster Making and Presentation contest.

ENCOURAGEMENT You don't have to know everything about research, just the ones relevant to your research and take it one step at a time.

Gerdine Peters D. Cham 12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE My research journey in SDCA is exciting yet challenging since it happened amidst the pandemic.

Angeie Nichole H. Arandia

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE I've learned a lot of new things and enjoy the experience having this event.

ENCOURAGEMENT Just have some time management and do your best.

Joshua B. Valerioa

12 STEM Pythagoras

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE My experience studying research in SDCA is excellent since this is the first time I've thoroughly learned to make a research paper. My most highlighted journey was the research presentation and defense because it made me very nervous before the presentation. Still, after that, it made me realize that it was a great experience to go through before entering my college years, I had the privilege to witness this kind of situation, which was great.

ENCOURAGEMENT I think the best way to encourage Dominicans to enjoy studying research is to remind them at the very beginning to pick their topic according to their interests so they would learn a lot while studying.

Cyross Lloyd D. Sulla

12 STEM Pascal

EXPERIENCE The best highlight of my research journey in this school year was the defense. I always felt anxious as if I am not prepared, even though I was already done preparing a week before our schedule. As time ticked towards the day of our defense, my heart just kept beating loudly. But once it was our turn to present, the adrenaline just kicked in. We managed to push through all of the “panggigisa”. Immediately, I felt a sense of relief, for finally being done, and a sense of accomplishment, because we were able to justify our research to the panel.

ENCOURAGEMENT Don’t be intimidated by what others say about research. Of course, there will always be difficult times, but if you’re really passionate about what you’re trying to find out, the end result will always be rewarding. Through all hardships, always think about the impact you will have on the world with your research. Just keep pushing!

Louis Gabriel M. Cada

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE My research journey here in SDCA is smooth since our research adviser taught us the step by step process in creating a research. In addition, they also provide us tips and keen details on how to improve and enhance our skills and knowledge in research.

ENCOURAGEMENT Listening to teachers and moderators is a big help, especially in terms of grasping your grounds for research. Trust the process though it may seem tiring.

Kgyll Angelo C. Bajon 12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE My research journey in SDCA was incredible. It made me go out of my comfort zone. I am a person who does not really like research, but doing it in SDCA was incredible. Our research adviser guides, commend, confronts, and gives us pieces of research advice.

ENCOURAGEMENT For everyone who's doing their research paper, just continue doing it. It may be hard but the result of it is priceless.

Rujem Jr. P. Encela 12 STEM Pythagoras

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE The best thing to do when dealing with research is to believe in yourself. It is proven and tested. I have done it all in a solo flight moment. I never thought I could, considering the time constraints and pressure. However, the teachers were always a message away, extending their hands for us and making sure everything went well. It is with much delight to tell that the main highlight of my research journey here at SDCA was being able to participate in the research conference together with the college students and researchers from other schools. I never thought of going that far. My deepest gratitude to everyone who helped me!

ENCOURAGEMENT My relationship with research is some love-hate, a sprinkle on top of a dessert, and the storm that keeps me awake at night. It is complicated and overwhelming, but then the fulfillment and creation of new knowledge come. The only way to get started with it is the driving force of curiosity and prying for a purpose. You cannot know everything all at once, and it takes a process, a leap of faith to move forward. As we grow old, so do our problems in life. I may have done so many things in life, but what I am one of the proudest of is completing my research with much satisfaction and honor, all in a solo flight moment. Research is a form of progression that no one can take away from us. It is learning the unlearned and crossing the fear of the unknown. May we all feed ourselves with talent and much knowledge and wisdom to carry on. Millions of people have done it, so you can too.

Seanne Bjorne Gatdula

12 STEM Pascal

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE Personally, the primary highlight that I had in the research is the oral defense, wherein we successfully presented and defended our study. Similarly, my research partner and I attended a multidisciplinary conference, which made me appreciate the pertinence of conducting research in various fields. Regarding my experience in executing research in SDCA, I had numerous endeavors that emerged, however, it trained me to utilize correct time management and exert utmost effort in accomplishing the study.

ENCOURAGEMENT Research is omnipresent, this denotes that it vastly impacts diverse aspects of life. From our daily routines, there are heaps of queries that we ponder upon. For these queries to be addressed, research is requisite. There is a stigma that illustrates research as a difficult subject. To counteract this stigma, I would like to state that "nothing worth having is easy," this implies that one should put prejudiced notions aside and strive for triumph.

John Lloyd E. Dela Cuesta

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE My research experience is good. I gained new learnings that I can use in the future.

ENCOURAGEMENT Just open your minds and enjoy the whole process.

Carl Angelo P. Generoso 12 STEM Pythagoras

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE My research journey in SDCA was fun and tiring at the same time. It was fun because of the compliments we received while doing the research. Moreover, it was fun thinking about different ideas to use in our research. On the other hand, it is very tiring since we had to finish it on a very tight schedule and we have to revise it every time.

ENCOURAGEMENT Don’t rush your research. Instead, take your time doing it step-by-step until you finish it. Rushing things make your schedule and your paper worse. Enjoy your time in doing it. By then, you will realize that you were able to finish it without stressing too much.

John Azriel T. Borja

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE It was very stressful and but I learned a lot in working and achieving our research paper.

ENCOURAGEMENT Just don't give up and trust yourself that you can do it.

Mark Rheiven R. Castillo 12 STEM Pythagoras

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE Emailing every grade 12 student of the current school year is one of the highlights of my research journey this school year because we did it multiple times and the extremely large list of recipients was a spectacle. It was also nice to express gratitude to those who answered the survey by answering theirs when they needed it. Overall my experience of doing research in SDCA is decent because my morals and values guaranteed that I would not fail to do research because I cannot leave with the guilt of failing a classmate because of my incompetence.

ENCOURAGEMENT It will be very important in the future whether you like it or not.

Heinrich Timothy N. Jamito 12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE It was difficult and fun because even though we all have a problem, we still choose to be happy and strong.

ENCOURAGEMENT Ignore all negativities and just enjoy it. Just imagine it like your life’s finding a way to search for your future.

Uriel Khen M. Sagalan

12 STEM Pythagoras

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE Different challenges, such as obtaining the target amount of students to answer the survey and completing the whole research itself, are what I consider the highlights of my research journey. Research was fun and challenging at the same time. I learned to check facts, properly and patiently find true sources, and creating a good communication with my research partner. Our teacher was also great because she guided and helped us improve our research.

ENCOURAGEMENT Throughout your journey, you will become familiar with the topics you will be researching. It will teach you to verify the authenticity of the resources. Once you have finished everything, it will be worth it in the end, and you will also learn about the research you are doing.

Faith Ann B. Bautista

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE The challenges are the highlights of our research, finding some sources or references that are relevant or connected to our study is extremely difficult, acquiring our target sample for our participants to answer our survey and finishing the entire research is very tiresome but interesting, since I can learn new things and acquire knowledge to it.

ENCOURAGEMENT Research can be both exhausting and enjoyable; it can provide you with a wealth of information and teach you new skills. Always remember to expect imperfection when conducting your research. It may be difficult to locate some materials and complete it on time, but once completed, all of your efforts will be rewarded.

Paulene P. Vargas

12 STEM Pythagoras

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE The highlight of this year is everything that we did in order to produce our research. Although it was hard, it is a rewarding experience since, through it, I learned the steps of how good research should be done.

ENCOURAGEMENT Always remember that you are working for the future. What you can produce now can solve societal problems and can be the foundation of the next upcoming researches.

Jeci D. Soriano

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE Starting a task is undeniably difficult for most people. There were times that I did not understand a thing about research, but eventually I have gained more knowledge about it in the process of my journey.

ENCOURAGEMENT If you have a chance to learn about research, take that opportunity. At the end of the day, it would benefit you and would be an added knowledge for you. Spreading your knowledge to others would be a great help as well.

Nila Maedeleine G. Tenorio

12 ABM Marshall

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE I enjoyed it for while but it's also hard especially when the instruction is not clear.

ENCOURAGEMENT To those who will experience this activity, you need to be ready. You should practice time management and communication skills.

Earl Justine C. de Leon

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE My research journey was challenging but rewarding. The journey has been made easier for me and my research partner since we constantly help each other and do our best to improve to the study we conducted.

ENCOURAGEMENT The key to enjoy research is consistency and dedication. Conducting a research is a time-consuming process that would be difficult for researchers to complete their works on time and with good-quality output. Choose a study that piques your curiosity.

Mary Cris M. Espina 12 STEM Pythagoras

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE Honestly, I think the highlight of my research journey this school year was staying up late and doing our research, not only with my partner, but also my friends. Having friends beside you while you all struggle with doing the research made my life easier knowing that I'm not alone. When we finished our research, it's honestly fulfilling seeing your work accomplished and be defended in the defense. My journey in research definitely isn't a smooth path but the end gives you the freeing feeling of accomplishment and success.

ENCOURAGEMENT To my beloved Dominicans, never be afraid to face research. It is challenging but in a way that the ending results will make you feel accomplished. Always be ready to take criticism since it is one of the important keys that can make your research into a good quality research. In terms of defense always remember that you are the researcher and you know everything about your research.

Macy Kahlef SJ. Campos

12 HUMSS Plato

EXPERIENCE My research journey in SDCA has been exciting and challenging. We may have encountered a lot of problems, but we were able to solve them with grit and hard work.

ENCOURAGEMENT A researcher should be committed to their research. They will always be a risk, but it will always be worth it once the study is successful.

Geraldine Valmoria Lazaro

12 STEM Pascal

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE I think the event that left me the best impression is the research defense. You can feel the anxiousness and excitement of your classmates. My research experience here in SDCA is fine.

ENCOURAGEMENT I recommend you, future researchers, to do an experimental type of research when the classes are back to being face-to-face. The trips to DOST and other venues where you conduct your experiment with your groupmates, such as UPLB FPRDI, are enjoyable.

Alvin Gabriel C. Manabat

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE Its fun and I learned a lot. It is hard yet I really enjoyed the time doing it, interviewing, gathering responses, and many more.

ENCOURAGEMENT Work hard, there is no easy things, it is stressful yet it is very fun especially when you and your research partner were close.

April Anne S. Paningbatan

12 ABM Marshall

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE It was grueling. There was a need for time, which was equally distributed among the students. Still, that was an experience I can use for future reference.

ENCOURAGEMENT Manage your time well, that's the trick.

Ken Jervis G. Reyes 12 STEM Pascal

EXPERIENCE My highlight in my research journey is that I have known the difference between qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research does not use statistical methods, while quantitative research uses statistical methods. My experience doing research is a little bit hard because in doing research, you always have to think of a new title for your research, and instead of interviewing someone, you will have to do a survey which takes about three weeks to 1 month to complete the study and analyze the results using your chosen statistical method. After analyzing the results, you can continue the rest of the research paper. And also, when making a research paper, do not copy-paste other information from the internet because it will be plagiarized. If you are going to get some information from the internet, do not forget to use citations and paraphrase the information you have copied so that it will not be plagiarized.

ENCOURAGEMENT For the students doing their research, it is truly hard to accomplish, but no matter how difficult it is, always bear in mind that you can do this and never give up.

Martin Xian S. Paus

12 STEM Pascal

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE Research is both alarming and fun. I assume it depends on your perspective and how you will handle different obstacles that you will encounter along the way. I suppose that staying up late with my research partners to continue writing our research and the day we successfully defended our research will be the highlights of my research journey here at SDCA. This journey is rewarding despite all the difficulties I encountered because I gained new knowledge and experience that will surely help me in my future endeavors.

ENCOURAGEMENT No sugarcoating, let us face the fact that research is not easy and complicated, but with the guidance of your research advisers and the cooperation of your research groupmates, you will successfully finish your research without even realizing it. Do not forget to remind yourself daily that there's nothing you cannot do and as long you invest yourself in doing academic investigations, you can produce a fruitful research. Never bear or think of any negativities while doing your research because it will only distract and preoccupy you from yielding an exceptional output. Do not stress yourself out, instead find a way to make your research journey lively. Padayon!

Mary Emmanuely U. Filoteo

12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE As a student, I'm struggling a lot because, in my JHS days, I wasn't able to finish my research due to the pandemic. But all in all, it was a good experience.

ENCOURAGEMENT To be confident and unique in every topic that you're going to choose are a key because having those two personalities will help you to finish your goal of doing research.

Pamela Nicole P. Paras

12 STEM Pascal

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE When gathering the data for the research, my experience was very tiring but challenging too.

ENCOURAGEMENT Research paper helps find the honest answer to the question we have been asking ourselves; make this a mindset to help find solutions for our future purposes.

Djasie Mae F. dela Cruz 12 STEM Pascal

EXPERIENCE The highlights in my research journey for this school year are my and my partner’s good and stressful times we’ve experienced doing it. I can say that I have learned a lot doing research in SDCA since I am knowledgeable about it now. I know how to do each part. Miss K taught us, and I would bring that up to college.

ENCOURAGEMENT To my fellow Dominicans, congrats! You did great in finishing your research successfully. I hope this isn’t the last time you’ll be working on research since this is also beneficial to us. Keep going.

Francine Marie C. Borja 12 STEM Pascal

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE It was fun but also stressful.

ENCOURAGEMENT Doing research is fun even though it is also stressful, and you can make friends, and it's a good practice for early so when you are in college, you can do it.

Darybern Ubongen Cubelo

12 STEM Pascal

EXPERIENCE There were times that I was pressured probably because of school works stacking one after another but I ended up enduring it and we've achieved our goal. My experience with research in this school is great the way it is, it feels so great knowing that we prospered with what we got.

ENCOURAGEMENT I think it's impossible to enjoy this if it is not your interest but one thing's for sure, completing one's goal can take you further in to your steps into becoming a better person that you want to be.

Khaili Jaraoh Angelus A. Bayan 12 ABM Alfred Marshall

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ENCOURAGEMENTS

EXPERIENCE As a Dominican, I've enjoyed doing my research here in SDCA. I've learned a lot of strategies, techniques, and tips and advice from our research adviser. I also appreciate my research adviser as she gives us free consultations after class to accommodate our concerns and assess our work timely. As a student, I've also experienced a lot of struggles, such as communicating with my research partners and doing the research paper itself. But in the end, I am thankful because I've overcome it. I always try to become positive and strive even more complex to finish our tasks in research. I always encourage my research partners to do better for our papers.

ENCOURAGEMENT Even if you encounter some hardships or struggles in any matter, always remember to strive harder and keep moving forward. Always remember to stay positive at all times because, in the end, it will all be worth it. It is also an achievement to accomplish one whole research paper because it takes time to finish it. Also, don't hesitate to ask your research adviser your concerns and questions. I know that they are willing to assist you in making your research paper. It is also better to ask them questions rather than follow your instincts because you might regret it at the end of the day.

Mikaela D. Guevarra

12 STEM Pascal

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ENCOURAGEMENTS EXPERIENCE I think the highlights of the research journey in SDCA is the constant and continuous availability of the teachers just so the students can ask for the approval for their chapters. Being able to ask if they are doing what is right with their research really helps the students know if they're on the right track.

ENCOURAGEMENT Your teachers will always be there for you, to help and guide you. You won't have a problem of wondering if you're doing it wrong because they'll teach you what to do. You'll learn a lot and have a great experience.

Diana D. Dela Paz 12 STEM Pythagoras

EXPERIENCE From all the things I have experienced during my research journey, I have realized that research is like a quest of knowledge, and we, as an agent of change, must participate in this quest to supply and satisfy our curious minds with credible and well-thought answers. With this, we will be able to continuously learn and relearn things that must be known by each of us. As we embrace the existence and importance of research in our lives, we will be able to promote a progressive and productive reality today, tomorrow, and in the future.

ENCOURAGEMENT For those who fear research and questioning themselves if they can do it, keep these three things in mind. First, be a curious researcher who will not settle for less valuable results. Second, be a learner who never stops learning. Lastly, READ, READ, and READ not to be called a bookworm, but a researcher who relies on factual basis.

Rhon Ermertson G. Burdeos 12 ABM Alfred Marshall

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International Virtual Multidisciplinary Research Conference Winners

1st Place Poster Presentation Winner Gerdine Peters D. Cham

2nd Place Poster Presentation Winners Denrick Josh M. Macapagal Rushlene Lei S. Nato

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International Virtual Multidisciplinary Research Conference Winners

Poster Presentation Winners Denrick Josh M. Macapagal Rushlene Lei S. Nato

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International Virtual Multidisciplinary Research Conference Winners

Poster Presentation Winners Gerdine Peters D. Cham Terrence Wade Rashid A. Estrada Joshua B. Valerio

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ST. DOMINIC COLLEGE BASIC EDUCATION Vision-Mission Statement

St. Dominic College Basic Education, a dynamic educational institution, is committed to the holistic formation of its members as its service to the Philippine society and the world.

VISION St. Dominic College Basic Education envisions a community that upholds Excellence in Education Social Responsibility Transformative Leadership

MISSION St. Dominic College Basic Education seeks to form its members in Knowledge Values Leadership and inculcate in them the Core Values of Service, Dynamism, Competence, and Accountability.

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