DTM10093 TOURISM MALAYSIA

MALAYSIAN PEOPLE AND CULTURE PREPARED BY : SITI BALQIS BINTI AZIZ 29DUP22F1009

LECTURER: PN.SURAYAHANIM BINTI ALI

MALAY COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION The constitutional definition of a Malay is a person who professes the Muslim religion, habitually speaks the Malay language and conforms to Malay custom.The Malays, so the anthropologists and historians tell us, came to the Malay Peninsula and islands of Sonth-East Asia in prehistoric times. Today the Malays are found principally in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, where they form the largest single ethnic group.

HISTORY/BACKGROUND The name Malaysia comes from an old term for the entire Malay archipelago. A geographically truncated Malaysia emerged out of the territories colonized by Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Britain's representatives gained varying degrees of control through agreements with the Malay rulers of the peninsular states, often made by deceit or force. Britain was attracted to the Malay peninsula by its vast reserves of tin, and later found that the rich soil was also highly productive for growing rubber trees. Immigrants from south China and south India came to British Malaya as labor, while the Malay population worked in small holdings and rice cultivation.

MISSION

Religion in Malaysia Religion /Affiliations Percentage Islam 63.50% Buddhism 18.70% Christianity 9.10% Hinduism 6.10% Chinese folk religion 1.30% Unaffiliated 2.70%

MALAY LANGUAGE

Bahasa Malaysia is the national language in Malaysia, which acts as a national symbol that raise a sense of national unity, and maintains a sense of cultural value and identity.

MALAY FOOD NOT JUST OUR TIME

NASI LEMAK Rice cooked in rich coconut milk, is probably the most popular dish, ubiquitous in Malay towns and villages. Nasi lemak is considered Malaysia's national dish.

KUIH BAHULU The main ingredients of this crumbly pastry are all-purpose flour, sugar, eggs, and baking powder. The ingredients are mixed together, poured into a mold, and baked until golden brown. These delicate little bite-sized cakes were traditionally baked for important celebrations, such as Eid or Chinese New Year.

RENDANG Rendang is one of Malaysia’s most popular dishes and it comes with a choice of beef, chicken or lamb. This

MALAY TRADITIONAL ATTIRE Traditional Malay attire for men is the baju melayu, a loose tunic which is worn over trousers and usually accompanied with a sarong called a sampin which is wrapped around the hips. It is also often accompanied with a songkok or cap.

BAJU KURUNG

Malay women wear the baju kurung, a knee-length blouse worn over a long skirt.

SONGKOK

BAJU MELAYU

SAMPIN

MALAY DANCE JOGET Joget is one of the traditional dances of Malaysia (interchangeably a type of music) which is widely performed in cultural events and weddings. It is derived from two popular Portuguese folk dances Branyo and Farapeira. With European roots, this dance form originated in Malacca during the 16th century. Also known as Chakunchak, Joget can be performed without singing too.

ZAPIN Zapin is a Malay dance popular in the Malaysian states of Johor, Pahang and Selangor. The Middle Eastern Arab traders introduced this dance of Malaysia in the 14th century. This dance form is an enchanting concoction of Islamic teachings with elegant body movements. That is why Zapin was only performed by men earlier. Later it was performed in pairs with ladies. Zapin can be performed with considerable variation depending on different styles and dance steps. Zapin is done to the tunes of Rebana (drum), Dok, Marwas (bongos), Rebab, Gambus and accordion.

MALAY MUSIC 1. KOMPANG This popular percussion instrument is commonly played at weddings as an ensemble. It is played in an interlocking rhythmic pattern to accompany choral singing. 2. GAMELAN Originating from the Majapahit era in the 10th century AD, this set of brass percussion is performed like an orchestra. 3. GENDANG These are Malay drums of varying sizes made out of cowhides or taut buffalo. There are different drums for the Royals of Malaysia and common people.

4. SERULING Seruling is a small Malay flute made out of bamboo. It’s been much debated as to whether the Seruling was the first Malayan Instrument.

5. SERUNAI Serunai is a wind instrument made out of wood and consists of seven holes on the upper part and one hole at the bottom. It is often used in traditional performances like the ‘Wayang Kulit’ performance

MALAY FESTIVAL/CELEBRATION

HARI RAYA AIDIL FITRI With more than half the country comprising of ethnic Malays who follow the state religion – Islam – the most important festival in Malaysia is the Islamic New Year celebrations of Eid al-Fitr, or as it is known in Malay, Hari Raya Aidil Fitri.

MAULIDUR RASUL The birthday of the Prophet Muhammad or Maulidur Rasul is an important event in the Muslim calendar marked by processions to demonstrate solidarity of believers. Prayers, sermons and religious discussions are held at this time to strengthen the faith and consolidate the spirit of the Muslim community.

NATIONAL DAY Malaysia’s National Day is celebrated on 31st of August in a show of patriotism, unity and rejoicing by Malaysians of all races and creeds. A spectacular parade is held in the morning at the Merdeka Square in Kuala Lumpur to mark the occasion. His Majesty the King and government leaders are joined by a mammoth crowd in witnessing the parade.

TRADITIONAL GAMES BATU SEREMBAN

‘Tossing the stones’ or mainly known as batu seremban is a traditional game that involves at least 2 players or more. It is usually played with few small round stones or pebbles. Besides small stones, a small triangular or round shaped cloth bag filled with saga seeds are also used as a substitute to stones

GALAH PANJANG Galah panjang is a traditional game played on an open space or a court with lines drawn on it. The lines drawn are all depending on the number of players playing. usually, this game is played with 8 people with 4 players on each team.

CONGKAK

Congkak is one of the most famous traditional games in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei and some parts of Sumatra and Borneo. Congkak is considered as a game played for girls. Now, anyone can play it. Congkak is played with two players sitting in front of one another.

TRADITIONAL GAMES GASING

Spinning Top” or known as Gasing is a traditional game in Malaysia played by children mainly, young boys. Gasing originally comes from the state of Kelantan. At Kelantan, after the rice harvest season, villagers will meet up and challenge one another in a round of gasing to test their skills.

GULI Guli or known as marbles is one of the simpler games played back in the olden days. A game of Guli is suitable for both girls and boys aged between seven years old to twelve years old

CEPER This game originally comes from the late 70s and is very popular at that time. This game is uses bottle caps.

WAU Wau is one of the popular traditional games in Malaysia played since hundreds of years ago. Wau consists of authentic Malay motifs that can be seen in the form of patterns and the design available

CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS 1. The children of a Malay household are strictly bound by custom to look upon their parents with respect and total obedience. Following Islamic practices, Malays would attend Friday (Jumaat) prayers at a nearby mosque around noon. 2. When a guest visits a home the host greets them with the Arabic phrase Assalamualaikum which means “peace be upon you”. 3. Malays always use the right hand while eating even when they use forks and spoons. In fact, all good things are done with the right hand including holding the holy book of Quran. 4. During the festive celebration of Hari Raya, the Muslims undertake a monthlong fasting known as Ramadan. The fasting begins with the sighting of the new moon and ends on the last night of the same moon. During that month the Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset.

REFERENCES HTTPS://WWW.EVERYCULTURE.COM/JA-MA/MALAYSIA.HTML HTTPS://WWW.FINDEASY.IN/POPULATION-OF-MALAYSIA/

HTTPS://WWW.GOURMANDTROTTER.COM/TRADITIONAL-FOOD-FROM-MALAYSIA/

HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/MMU1161100922/TRADITIONAL-COSTUME

HTTPS://WWW.HOLIDIFY.COM/PAGES/DANCES-OF-MALAYSIA-3862.HTML

HTTPS://WWW.EXPATGO.COM/MY/2011/09/08/RELIGION-AND-FESTIVALS-OFMALAYSIA/

HTTPS://WWW.LOCCO.COM.MY/2018/10/19/TRADITIONAL-GAMES-IN-MALAYSIA/

HTTPS://ASIANINSPIRATIONS.COM.AU/EXPERIENCES/10-INTERESTING-MALAY-CUSTOMSAND-TRADITIONS/

CHINESE COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION Ethnically known as Orang Cina or Kaum Cina in Malaysia, the Malaysian Chinese are the descendants of Chinese who arrived between the 14th and mid-20th centuries. The first wave of Chinese emigrants in the 14th century were mostly merchants, who were partly attracted to the economic potential of the country and partly fleeing from the persecution of the Ching government of Chung Kuok (China). The latter waves were mostly poverty-stricken peasants who hoped for a better livelihood for themselves and their families.

HISTORY/BACKGROUND The first recorded movement of people from China into what is now Malaysia came as a result of the Mongol expeditionary forces under Kublai Khan during the 13th century. A steady stream of Chinese immigration to Malacca occurred during the Dutch occupation of the region in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the foundation of British settlements in Penang (1786) and Singapore (1819) triggered en mass emigration from China to the Malay peninsula, with the majority of this emigration being agricultural.

CHINESE RELIGION A small percentage (9.6%) of Chinese in Malaysia are Christian, while most are Buddhist and Taoist. Some, (0.7%), have converted to Islam through marriages with Malay Muslims. Although Buddhism originated in India, and early Malays in Malaysia were Buddhist, the Buddhism practiced in Malaysia today was brought by the Chinese who migrated to Malaysia in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

CHINESE LANGUAGE Even though Malay is the national and official language of Malaysia, Chinese, Tamil, and English are also widely spoken. Mandarin is taught in Chinese schools in Malaysia (along with Malay and English). Since most of their ancestors were from southern China, Malaysian Chinese speak Cantonese, Hokkien, and Hakka dialects, which are very similar to each other. Other dialects include Teochiu, Hainanese, Hokchiu, and Hinghwa. With this many Chinese in Malaysia are trilingual, speaking and writing in Malay, English, and at least one of the Chinese dialects.

CHINESE FOOD WHAT IS CHINESE TRADITIONAL FOOD IN MALAYSIA?



THE EXAMPLES OF THE MOST ORDERED CHINESE FOOD IN MALAYSIA COULD BE PAN MEE SOUP, CURRY MEE, DUMPLINGS, WONTONS, PRAWN MEE, CHICKEN RICE, CANTONESE YEE MEE (ALSO KNOWN AS FRIED NOODLES), CHICKEN NOODLES, CHICKEN CURRY, AND ZONGZI.



CURRY MEE

YEE SANG

PAN MEE SOUP

curry laksa and served in a bowl of yellow noodles stirred with bihun curry soup, enriched with coconut milk. Tofu, prawn, cuttlefish, chicken, beans and mint leaves are added on top. Sambal is served on the side with this meal. The related version of this dish is White curry mee.

Chinese traditional food is Yee Sang . It is basically raw fish served with salad and is usually eaten on the third or fourth day of the Chinese New Year's celebration.

Pan Mee is a popular Hakka noodle dish in Malaysia especially in central and southern part of Malaysia where most Hakka people reside. Hakka Pan Mee is made with a simple flour-based dough, with anchovy broth, and topped with crispy fried anchovies, ground pork, shiitake mushrooms, and some vegetables.

CHINESE TRADITIONAL ATTIRE

1. QIPAO (CHEONGSAM)



BEIJING STYLE QIPAO Beijing's cheongsam style is more traditional and conservative than Shanghai's and Hong Kong's. The colors of Beijing-style qipaos are much brighter and their decoration is more complicated than other styles'.

SHANGHAI-STYLE Shanghai-style cheongsams are more commercial and forwardlooking. More Western elements are used in the designs and colors of Shanghai-style cheongsams.

HONG KONG STYLE

Hong Kong style cheongsam were influenced greatly by European fashions. The sleeves of Hong-Kong-style cheongsams are shorter than the Beijing and Shanghai styles'. The decorations are simpler too

CHINESE TRADITIONAL ATTIRE 2.HANFU

Han clothing' — the majority of Chinese are of Han ethnicity) is the oldest of China's traditional clothes. Legend traces it back to over 4,000 years ago when Huangdi's consort, Leizu, made cloth with silk. It was constantly improved throughout several dynasties. Until the Han Dynasty, the Hanfu was adopted and vigorously promoted by the ruling class. It then became the national clothing of the Han ethnic people. It also had a far-reaching influence on neighboring Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Nowadays, people seldom wear Hanfu except on special occasions, such as festivals and wedding ceremonies, or by young girls who want to show off or taking photos.

CHINESE TRADITIONAL ATTIRE 3.THE ZHONGSHAN SUIT- TRADITIONAL FORMAL ATTIRE FOR MEN

Zhongshan suit, also known as the Mao suit overseas, is a type of men's jacket. It was first advocated by Dr Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan in Mandarin, hence Zhongshan suit). The design of Zhongshan suits combines traditional Chinese and Western clothing styles. Zhongshan suits have four big pockets on the front, two up two down, equally spaced left and right. There are five central buttons on the front and three smaller buttons on each sleeve. Zhongshan suits can be worn on formal and casual occasions because of their symmetrical shape, generous appearance, elegance, and stable impression. The colors of Zhongshan suits are various, but usually plain, including black, white, blue, and grey. Wearers choose different colors for different situations

CHINESE TRADITIONAL ATTIRE 4. TANG SUIT

TANG SUIT

TANG SUIT WITH CHINESE LUCKY CHARACTER

TANG SUIT FOR WEDDING

Tang suit often refers to a type of Chinese jacket rather than the clothing of the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The origin of Tang suit actually only dates back to the Qing Dynasty era (1644–1911). It was developed from a type of the era's Manchurian clothing — the magua ('horse gown'). This name came from the overseas Chinese. As the Tang Empire was famous for being prosperous and powerful in the world, foreigners called the overseas Chinese people "the Tang people" and the clothes they wore were called "Tang suits" (which has been translated as Tangzhuang). The Tang suit is a duijin ( a kind of Chinese-style jacket with buttons down the front) with a Mandarin collar (a band collar) and "frog" buttons (knobs formed of intricately knotted cord).

CHINESE DANCE NOT JUST OUR TIME

1.DRAGON DANCE The Chinese people often call themselves the "descendants of the dragon". The dragon is an intentional animal created by Chinese ancestors. It is a symbol of divine power and good fortune. Its shape is a combination of the totem shapes of many peoples. It shows that in ancient times, different clans on the land of China created the image of the dragon in the process of continuous union, merger and integration.

2.LION DANCE The lion dance is one of the most reprehensive traditional Chinese dances and one of the most distinctive Chinese cultural arts. It is often mistakenly referred to as dragon dance. An easy way to tell the difference is that a lion is operated by two people, while a dragon needs many people. Also, in a lion dance, the performers` faces are covered, since they are inside the lion. In a dragon dance, the performers can be seen since the dragon is held upon poles.

RIBBON DANCE The traditional Chinese ribbon dance is a classical Chinese dance dated back to the Tang dynasty in the early eighth century. It has been attributed to Emperor Tang-Ming-Hwon and his consort Yang-Gwei-Fei for their musical and dancing talent respectively

CHINESE DANCE

YANGKO DANCE The Yangko dance is a traditional Chinese folk dance. The dance is smooth and compact in rhythm, featuring its jolly scene, abundant dance language, exuberant gestures, and vivid performing style. The Yangko dance was created by the farmers when they worked in the rice field in the Song Dynasty, and is used to worship god of farming to pray for harvest in ancient times

FAN DANCE Fan dance generally refers to the dance with the fan as the main prop. It is one of the traditional styles of Chinese folk dance. The Han, Hani, Korean and other ethnic groups have formed their own fan dance styles. Hani fan dance is divided into brown fan dance and paper fan dance, and popular in Honghe, Yuanjiang, Xinping, Yuanyang counties of Yunnan Province

PEACOCK DANCE Peacock dance, the most famous traditional dance performance of Dai people, is popular in Ruili, Luxi and Xishuangbanna in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Legend has it that over a thousand years ago, Dai leader Zhaoma LiJiesu learned to dance by imitating the graceful posture of peacocks.

CHINESE DANCE

LONG SLEEVES DANCE

Long sleeves dance is one of the four great effects of Chinese Peking Opera, it blends the characteristics of both opera and dance, showing a unique beauty. Originated in ancient Chinese dance, long sleeves dance was very popular as early as the Han and Tang dynasties. This dance form pays attention to body rhyme, swaying posture, unique verve, and special technique charm.

GUZHENG

CHINESE MUSIC

Guzheng ( Zheng, is a traditional Chinese plucked instrument similar to zither; It is in flat rectangle with strings and movable bridges. Generally, Zheng are in 13-string, 16-string, 18-string or 21-string, of which the 21-string is the most common.

YANGQIN Yangqin (Chinese hammered dulcimer, also titled as Chinese piano, is a instrument combined percussion instrument with stringed instrument. It is remade from Saltepry.

PIPA Chinese lute, a traditional eastern Asia plucked instrument, is known as the king of plucked instrument as well as the king of Chinese traditional music. It is made of wood in pear shape with a varying number of frets from 12-26

ERHU Erhu is a traditional Chinese bowed instrument which was started in Tang Dynasty. It was known as Chinese Violin or Chinese two-stringed fiddle. Erhu has only two strings, a thick one and a thin one

FLUTE Flute is a Chinese traditional wind instrument with a history about 7000 years and the bone-flutes founded in Henan Province were the earliest Chinese flutes. Flutes are played not only in Chinese folk music, opera and national orchestra, and also in western symphony orchestra and modern music.

CHINESE FESTIVAL/CELEBRATION 1.CHINESE NEW YEAR

pasting scrolls, the

character 'Fu', and paper-cuts pictures, setting-off firecrackers and

fireworks, paying New Year visits, and eating jiaozi.

2.LANTERN FESTIVAL

watching lanterns and fireworks, guessing lantern riddles,

performing folk dances, and eating yuanxiao.

3.QINGMING FESTIVAL tomb sweeping,

spring outings, and flying kites. 4.DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL dragon boat racing,

eating zongzi, wearing a perfume pouch and tying fivecolour silk thread, and hanging mugwort leaves and calamus.

5.DOUBLE SEVENTH FESTIVAL praying for skillful hands, appreciating the stars, and eating noodles, jiaozi, and

wontons.

6.MID-AUTUMN FESTIVAL appreciating and offering sacrifice to the moonlight and eating moon cakes

7.DOUBLE NINTH FESTIVAL eating Chongyang cake, drinking chrysanthemum wine, climbing mountains and appreciating beautiful chrysanthemums

8.WINTER SOLSTICE having dumplings

in northern areas and having sticky puddings in southern areas

9.LABA FESTIVAL

eating

laba rice porridge.

PICTURE CHINESE FESTIVAL

CHINESE NEW YEAR

DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL

DOUBLE NINTH FESTIVAL

LANTERN FESTIVAL

DOUBLE SEVENTH FESTIVAL

WINTER SOLSTICE

QINGMING FESTIVAL

MID-AUTUMN FESTIVAL

LABA FESTIVAL

CHINESE TRADITIONAL GAMES

MAHJONG Mahjong is a game that originated in China, commonly played by four players (with some three-player variations found in Korea and Japan). The four-player table version is not the same as the single player tile matching game Mahjong solitaire. Similar to the Western card game rummy, mahjong is a game of skill, strategy and calculation and involves a certain degree of chance.

XIANGQI

YOYO

Xiangqi is a Chinese board game played by two players. Xiangqi is in the same familywith chess. Present form of Xiangqi originated in China, so it is known as ChineseChess.

The Chinese yo-yo is a toy from China consisting of two equally-sized discs connected with a long axle. The Chinese yo-yo is kept spinning on a string tied to two sticks at its ends. Each stick is held in one hand

CHOPSTICKS Never leave chopsticks upright in a rice bowl. This is reminiscent of a ritual that's made as an offering to the dead. Chopsticks should also never be used in your hands when making a gesture.

BURPING IS CONSIDERED A SIGN OF GRATITUDE In China, burping is seen as a sign of satisfaction with the meal and is considered a compliment to the chef, so don't be surprised if it happens at the dinner table.

CHINESE CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS TEA CUPS ARE CONSTANTLY REFILLED This tradition is known as tea tapping. Hosts will regularly ensure that teacups don’t go empty and when they refill the cups, the person whose cup is filled will tap the table in response to show thanks.

RIFERENECES HTTPS://WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM/HUMANITIES/ENCYCLOPEDIAS-ALMANACSTRANSCRIPTS-AND-MAPS/MALAYSIAN-CHINESE

HTTPS://WWW.CHINAHIGHLIGHTS.COM/TRAVELGUIDE/TRADITIONAL-CHINESECLOTHES.HTM

HTTPS://WWW.EASYTOURCHINA.COM/FACT-V981-CHINESE-TRADITIONAL-DANCE

HTTPS://M.VISITOURCHINA.COM/GUIDE/CULTURE/TRADITIONAL-CHINESE-MUSICALINSTRUMENTS.HTML

HTTPS://WWW.TRAVELCHINAGUIDE.COM/ESSENTIAL/HOLIDAYS/

HTTPS://WWW.BUSINESSINSIDER.COM/CUSTOMS-THAT-SHOCK-TRAVELERS-TOCHINA-2015-8





INDIAN COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION OF INDIAN COMMUNITY The Indian community in Malaysia is one of the country’s three main ethnic groups, the other two being Malays and the Chinese. Today the Indian community accounts for about 7% of Malaysia’s population and is considered the third largest single ethnic group in Malaysia. Much of the unique Malaysian Indian culture stems from Hindus who brought their tradition, delicious cuisine, and ethnic clothes to Malaysia. Their traditions still remains strong in the Indian community of Malaysia even to this day.

INDIAN HISTORY/BACKGROUND Historical records show that the influence of Indian on Malaya can be traced as early as the first century. Indians’ role was prominent in the Malay archipelago as merchants who traded valuables such as as spices, textiles, fabrics and gold. The Indians at that time were also skilled sculptors and were active in maritim activities as Indian maritim ships were the main players in this region during this era. As a result, on a political level, they established many diplomatic ties with nations in the Southeast Asian region

INDIAN RELIGION Indian Malaysians are of different faiths. However, most of them are Hindu, while others are Sikh, Buddhist, Muslim, and Christian. For most Indian Malaysians, the Hindu religion is a way of life.

INDIAN LANGUAGE BESIDES BEING ABLE TO READ, WRITE, AND SPEAK IN THEIR MOTHER TONGUE OF TAMIL, OR OTHER INDIAN LANGUAGES, ALMOST EVERY MALAYSIAN INDIAN IS ALSO ABLE TO SPEAK AND WRITE MALAY. A LARGE NUMBER ARE ABLE TO SPEAK AND READ CHINESE CHARACTERS AS WELL.

INDIAN FOOD

BANANA LEAF RICE

BIRYANI

ROTI CANAI

Can be made from white or parboiled rice. According to the Indian tradition, it is served on a banana leaf along with vegetables, curried meat or fish, pickles or papadum (kind of Indian cake).

Not surprisingly, this dish contains many spices. It can be made with chicken, meat, fish or vegetables and served with rice.

Actually comes from Mamak culture. The flatbread can be eaten with different kinds of curries or meat, eggs, and cheese.

INDIAN TRADITIONAL ATTIRE 1. SAREE Saree is a four or five-meter-long cloth. Its texture is from ordinary cotton to silk, mostly thin and soft. With the change of climate and season, need to wear a sari with different texture such as pure silk, cotton cloth, or gold silk lace, and in recent years also appeared similar to nylon or synthetic fabrics. The saree in summer is lighter in colours such as pale yellow, light blue, light green, etc. while in winter, it is mostly dark red or pinkish red and mostly dark green during the rainy season.

Beidegeer

Jim poole

INDIANTRADITIONAL ATTIRE Indian men mostly wear very loose fitting shirt called kurta with under wear called dhoti. A traditional kurta is collarless and falls to about the knee of the wearer. The sleeves also are loose. Kurta is simply constructed of two rectangular pieces of fabric, one is for the front and another one is for the back. They usually open in the front with button or tie closures in the middle of the garment or just off to one side. Some styles feature buttons or closures at the shoulder seam instead of down the center. A dhoti is a rectangular piece of cloth, usually white or cream in color. A dhoti resembles trousers but is made of unsewn fabric. It is typically adorned by wrapping it around the waist and legs, and then securing it with a knot at the waist. To wear a dhoti, a person must first wraps the cloth around the waist in the middle of its length. Instead of holding the cloth at the corners of each end, a person then holds the sections on each side that are more inward and closer to the waist. The rest of the cloth can be allowed to then fall to the ground.

INDIAN DANCE

KATHAK One of the most popular Indian classical dance styles is kathak. It is said to have come from the wandering storytellers known as Kathakars in North India. It is Uttar Pradesh's traditional dancing style.

BHARATANATYAM The oldest form of traditional Indian dance is called Bharatanatyam. Tamil Nadu is thought to be where it first appeared. A well-rehearsed and carefully choreographed blend of facial expressions, hand gestures, dance steps, and eye movements is used in a Bharatanatyam performance.

KATHAKALI One of the main classical Indian dance genres is Kathakali. It has international renown. It's known to have its roots in Kerala. The male actordancers wear lavishly colourful make-up, costumes, and face masks, which set this kind of art apart from other "story plays."

KUCHIPUDI

INDIAN DANCE

Kuchipudi is a drama-based dance performance. Its roots are in the ancient Hindu sanskrit text of Natya Shastra. It is originated from the state of Andhra Pradesh. All roles in the dance drama are played by men

MANIPURI

Manipuri dance originated in Manipur. It is typically done using themes from Ras Lila and Vaishnavism. Its origins can be found in "Natya Shastra," just as other classical dance styles.

TABLA

INDIAN MUSIC

A tabla is a pair of twin hand drums from the Indian subcontinent, that are somewhat similar in shape to the bongos

KAMANCHE The kamanche is one of the world’s earliest known bowed instruments. It has been altered and changed as it has traveled to other parts of the world (1998.72).

KANJIRA (KHANJARI) The kanjira is a frame drum of South India. It consists of a skin (usually iguana) stretched and pasted on a circular wooden frame. There are often three or four slots in the side of the frame, in which bell-metal jingle-disks are suspended from metal crossbars

INDIAN FESTIVAL/CELEBRATION

DEEPAVALI the primary Hindu festival in Malaysia. The Malaysian Hindus traditionally hold open houses over Deepavali, where people of different ethnic groups and religions are welcomed in Hindu homes to share the festival of light as well as taste Indian food and sweets.

THAIPUSAM is a festival celebrated by the Hindu Tamil community on the full moon in the Tamil month of Thai (January/February), usually coinciding with Pushya star, known as Poosam in Tamil. The festival is also observed among Hindu Keralites and is vernacularly called Thaipooyam

PONGAL Pongal or Ponggal also known as Makara Sankranti is celebrated in mid-January by festival marking the rice harvest. So it is a harvest festival to give thanks to the Sun God, named Surya, for a bountiful harvest.

INDIAN TRADITIONAL GAMES

GALAH PANJANG

CHATURANGA

KHO KHO

is a game that many of us have played when we were young. The traditional game is known by various names in Malaysia including Toi and Belon Acah. While the rules varies slightly in parts of Malaysia it still does not have codified rules here.

The game of chess originated in India in the 6th century. Chess comprises of three animals- horse, camel and elephant, knight, bishop and rook in chess. Chess game has spread throughout the world and their name derived from the Sanskrit game Chaturanga.

Kho Kho is an immensely popular sport in India. In some parts of India it is even played on a professional level. Kho kho is very popular with children and is often part of the games class in schools

RISE IN NEW MEDIA With the Internet came many new advertising

opportunities. Popup, Flash, banner, Popunder,

advergaming, and email advertisements (all of

which are often unwanted or spam in the case of

email) are now commonplace. Particularly since

the rise of "entertaining" advertising, some people

may like an advertisement enough to wish to

watch it later or show a friend.

NICHE MARKETING Another significant trend regarding future of

advertising is the growing importance of the

niche market using niche or targeted ads. Also

brought about by the Internet and the theory of

the long tail, advertisers will have an increasing

ability to reach specific audiences.

CROWDSOURCING The concept of crowdsourcing has given way to

the trend of user-generated advertisements. Usergenerated ads are created by people, as opposed

to an advertising agency or the company

themselves, often resulting from brand sponsored

advertising competitions.

INDIAN CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS

REFERENCES HTTPS://ASIANINSPIRATIONS.COM.AU/EXPERIENCES/ ALL-ABOUT-MALAYSIAN-INDIAN-CULTURE/

HTTPS://WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM/HUMANITIES/ENC YCLOPEDIAS-ALMANACS-TRANSCRIPTS-ANDMAPS/MALAYSIAN-INDIANS

HTTPS://TRYSMARTBITE.COM/BLOG/INDIAN-FOOD-INMALAYSIA

HTTPS://WWW.METMUSEUM.ORG/TOAH/HD/INDI/HD_I NDI.HTM

HTTPS://TRADITIONALGAMES13.BLOGSPOT.COM/P/CHATHURANGAM.HTML



BABA NYONYA COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF BABA NYONYA BABA NYONYA, a unique culture that combined various customs and traditions in Malacca.It is also known as Peranakan, Baba-Nyonya or Straits Chinese. 600 years ago, the Chinese immigrants of Malacca settled in the Malay Peninsular, who intermarried with the Malay population and later spread throughout the country. Baba Byonya (Peranakan), also refer to popularly for descendants of early Chinese immigrants to the Nusantara region, including both the British Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca and Penang, and the Dutch controlled island of Java among other areas, who have partially adopted Malay customs in an effort to be assimilated into the local communities.

BABA NYONYA RELIGION The Babas and Nyonyas typically follow Chinese beliefs, such as Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism.

There are traces of Portuguese, Dutch, British, Malay and Indonesian influences in Baba culture. A certain number of Peranakan families were and still are Catholic.

BABA NYONYA LANGUAGE

The language of the Peranakans, Baba Malay (Bahasa Melayu Baba), is a creole dialect of the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu), which contains many Hokkien words. It is a dying language, and its contemporary use is mainly limited to members of the older generation. English has now replaced this as the main language spoken amongst the younger generation

BABA NYONYA FOOD SAMBAL UDANG

NYONYA NASI LEMAK

SPICY CHICKEN STIRFRY

NYONYA CHICKEN CURRY

NYONYA SATAY

NYONYA FISH HEAD CURRY

NYONYA GLUTINOUS RICE DUMPLINGS

NYONYA LAKSA

BABA NYONYA TRADITIONAL ATTIRE KEBAYA NYONYA Baba Nyonya traditional attire that female in this ethnic wear. This kebaya usually design with symbol or pattern that related with Chinese . It is worn with kain sarong batik.

BAJU PANJANG/LONG DRESS Was adapted from traditional Malay's clothing Baju kurung.The differences with baju kurung is baju panjang have three brooches as additional accessories. It is also worn with kain sarong batik.

LOK CHUAN/MANDARIN JACKET Full attire that Baba wear as their traditional attire. Usually their wear it when formal gathering like Chinese New Year or wedding day.

BABA NYONYA DANCE DONDANG SAYANG (LOVE BALLAD) This song usually sings in party or wedding by guests. Baba and Nyonya singer will exchange extemporaneous Malay Pantun (poetry) on the spot. While singing, they will dance in slowly. However, this required a quick wit and repartee to carry on the pantun (poetry).

The dance normally accompanied by violin and Malay drums, if there are other available instruments they will also use it.

BABA NYONYA DANCE Dance for Baba-Nyonya is usually based on Malay dance, where the music and step are similar. The dancer normally will dance with a items such as handkerchief, tiffin carriers, Chinese fans, Chinese umbrella or embroidery frames to present their life/culture.

The name of the dance will named base on the items they use in the dance, for example, if the items that use in the dance is Chinese fans, it may be called as fans dance (tarian kipas). The video below is an example of Nyonya umbrella dance (tarian payung).



BABA NYONYA MUSIC DRUM The dance normally accompanied by violin and Malay drums, if there are other available instruments they will also use it.

BABA NYONYA FESTIVAL/CELEBRATION SAME AS CHINESE CULTURE, BABA-NYONYA ALSO CELEBRATE THE SAME FESTIVAL, LIKE CHINESE NEW YEAR, LANTERN FESTIVAL, MOON FESTIVAL AND OTHERS.

celebration of birth. Note that I am not talking about the Happy birth, it is the birth of a new baby. When the baby was born for one full month, also called full lunar, the family will celebrate this day, therefore called the celebration of birth.

At this day, family members will prepare nasi kunyit (steamed glutinous turmeric rice), chicken curry

And also Red Bean cake in the shape of tortoises.

BABA NYONYA GAMES CHERKI

Cherki is a popular card game originating from Malacca played by the Nyonyas of olden days. Playing Cherki is easy if one is familiar with the many Hokkien and Baba Malay terms used in the game. It will be difficult for Peranakans who are not fluent in Hokkien or Baba Malay to play the game well. Nyonyas of old would gather around the cherki table to gossip, chew sireh, or chit chat while playing the game.

CHONGKAK Chongkak is another type of Baba-Nyonya game, this game also comes from Malay culture, but adapt by Baba-Nyonya culture. This game can only allow two players at a time.



The Chongkak boards can design into any shape as long it has the holes. And in the past, some Nyonya designed the shape in a peacock shape.

BABA NYONYA CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS

1. The customs of Baba Nyonya in celebration of birth At the full lunar month muar-guay ceremory (30 day after birth of the child Nyonyas) whereby the Nasi Kunyit, chicken curry and the red bean cake in the shape of tortoises which name ‘ang-koo’ together with two red boiled egg.

2. The taboos or peranakan of Baba Nyonya marriage First and foremost, the pregnant woman are prohibited to touch the gift, stuffs and wedding bed or join into the preparations of wedding ceremony. They are also strongly prohibited from enter the wedding chamber.



3. The custom of Baba Nyonya in celebration of wedding

In the wedding ceremonies, they are using the combination of Chinese and Malay elements.The begin in the preparation of the birth certificates ‘Sang jee’ and the preparation of the bridal chamber ‘Ann Ching’



4.The custom of Baba Nyonya in celebration of death A Taoist priest or priestess is invited to help clean and dress before placing the body in the coffin.It would be dressed in the white pajama which worn on his wedding eve.They also believed that death is a continuation of living.

REFERENCES https://sites.google.com/site/1132701910v1/baba-nyonya https://www.peranakanlife.com/baba-nyonya-culture/religion https://babanyonyaculture.wordpress.com/2016/08/14/baba-nyonyatraditional-foods/ https://babanyonyamgt417.blogspot.com/2017/05/baba-nyonyas-cultureclothing.html https://babanyonyaculture.wordpress.com/2016/08/13/baba-nyonyatraditional-dance-and-song/ https://babanyonyaculture.wordpress.com/2016/08/13/baba-nyonyatraditional-dance-and-song/ https://www.studocu.com/my/document/universiti-tunku-abdulrahman/hubungan-etnik/baba-nyonya/11173830

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY The Orang Asli (“original” or “first people” in Malay) make up about 13% of the country’s population and almost all live in or originate from the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. Despite being termed under one name, the Orang Asli are not a homogenous group, and each tribe has its own language and unique culture, making them an endless source of interest to tourists and locals. The Orang Asli can be divided into three groups – the Semang (or Negrito), the Senoi, and the Proto-Malay (or Aboriginal Malay). This division is mostly sociological, as the groups differ linguistically but possess similar cultural characteristics

HISTORY/BACKGROUND OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY They are collectively known as Orang Asal. The Orang Asli are the Indigenous Peoples of Peninsular Malaysia and they numbered 210,611 in 2019. The 18 Orang Asli subgroups within the Negrito (Semang), Senoi and Aboriginal-Malay groups account for 0.7% of the population of Peninsular Malaysia.

INDIGENOUS RELIGION Native Religion known generally as paganism, is one of the many religions of Malaysia. Referred to locally as “agama asal”, it is practiced largely by the complex and diverse communities that comprise the indigenous minority of Malaysia. It is a comprehensive system of beliefs closely connected to nature and the earth.

INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE The indigenous languages of Malaysia belong to the Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian families. The national, or official, language is Malay which is the mother tongue of the majority Malay ethnic group.

INDIGENOUS FOOD

NASI DALAM BULUH/REBUNG

INDIGENOUS TRADITIONAL ATTIRE Orang Asli clothing are mainly composed of natural materials. Because they mainly reside in the forest, their clothes are made out of things that are available to them. Their clothes are made out of tree bark and also skirts that is woven from strips of grass. They also wear hat gear that is made out grass, woven into intricate details.

The hats are made of tree bark that are pulled apart and the made into a fabric. Which is then made into designs for the hat.

INDIGENOUS DANCE

SEWANG Sewang dance is indeed popular and synonymous with the Orang Asli community. This dance was originally held for medical purposes, but today this dance is often performed at festive occasions such as the Orang Asli Day Celebration

INDIGENOUS MUSIC

BAMBOO

KEREB

PENSOL

INDIGENOUS FESTIVAL/CELEBRATION The celebration, which coincides with the annual International Day of the World's Indigenous

INDIGENOUS BELIEF ANIMISM

Animism has been an important component of the Orang Asli culture. Even after the penetration of Islam into Orang Asli society in the 10th century, animistic beliefs were not extinguished. In this belief system, people were said to have two souls, a real soul and a soul which can disappear called the semangat.

INDIGENOUS TRADITIONAL GAMES

SEPAK TAKRAW

TENANGKOL

SUMPIT

SABAH ETHNIC COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing

communication that employs an openly

sponsored, non-personal message to promote or

sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of

advertising are often businesses who wish to

promote their products or services. Advertising is differentiated from public relations

in that an advertiser usually pays for and has

control over the message. It is differentiated from

personal selling in that the message is non-

personal, i.e., not directed to a particular

individual. Advertising is communicated through various

mass media, including old media such as

newspapers, magazines, Television, Radio, outdoor

advertising or direct mail; or new media such as

search results, blogs, websites or text messages.

The actual presentation of the message in a

medium is referred to as an advertisement or "ad".

HISTORY OF SABAH Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo, hence the previous moniker of “North Borneo”. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. Sabah is often referred to as "The land below the wind", because of its location just south of the typhoon-prone region around the Philippines.

SABAH LANGUAGE Bahasa Malaysia is the national language which is spoken widely across ethnicities in Sabah. However, the way Sabahans speak Bahasa Malaysia is with the Sabahan Baku dialect; which is a little different from West Malaysian dialect. Apart from the respective indigenous mother-tongue such as Kadazan, Dusun, Bajau, and Murut; Mandarin and some Chinese dialects like the Hakka and Cantonese, as well as the English language are also spoken here.

SABAH RELIGION This figure is more than double the amount spent in advertising in China, the second largest ad market in the world. Forecasts show healthy projections for the ad market in the U.S. for 2016, as media advertising spending is expected to reach the 200 billion U.S. dollars mark this year.

SABAH ETHNIC FOOD NOT JUST OUR TIME

AMBUYAT Originating from Brunei, ambuyat is traditionally eaten using a pair of pronged bamboo chopsticks a.k.a. candas to scoop and roll around it. The taste is actually bland when you eat it on its own, which is why it’s best to pair the ambuyat with a flavourful dipping sauce.

HINAVA Hinava is particularly popular among the Kadazan-Dusun people of Sabah. It is a traditional Sabahan dish commonly made from sliced tenggiri (mackerel) mixed with chilli, ginger, onions and lime juice. It can be eaten either as an appetiser or a main dish typically served with white rice. Other seafood like prawn and squid can be used as a fish substitute to make hinava.

BAMBANGAN Bambangan is actually a seasonal wild mango fruit which has a thick brown skin. But the flesh on the inside is bright yellow in colour when ripe and like any other mangoes, it can be eaten raw. Bambangan is sour in taste, where locals usually pickle it with a combination of salt, grated bambangan seed and chilli.

SABAH FOOD

PINASAKAN Here is another fish dish popularised by the KadazanDusun people of Sabah. Pinasakan or pinasakan sada is made from braised basung fish with a tangy wild fruit called takob akob, salt and fresh turmeric.

TUHAU Tuhau is an acquired taste, thanks to its unusually strong pungent smell. It is a type of wild ginger but doesn’t actually taste like one. Tuhau is usually served by dicing it thinly and later pickled with chilli, salt and vinegar

LATOK This type of seaweed dish is particularly popular among the Bajau people from the east coast of Sabah. It is usually eaten as a salad or a side dish mixed with chilli or bird’s eye chilli (cili padi), lime and sambal belacan.

SABAH FOOD

NONSOM

Otherwise known as bosou, this traditional preserved dish is popular among the KadazanDusun people of Sabah. It is actually made from fermented freshwater fish and mixed with rice, salt and a local herb known as pangi.

LINOPOT

Yet another popular dish among the Kadazan-Dusun people of Sabah, linopot is actually a rice wrapped in a type of leaf called tarap and cooked with yam or sweet potato

KADAZAN PENAMPANG Kadazan Penampang costume has basic trimmings and embroidery and may look a bit plain. However, simplicity is beauty, like Vietnamese Ao Dai and Chinese Cheongsam. Though it has relatively less shining ornaments and accessories, it is an elegant cloth inspired by sarong kebaya.

DUSUN LOTUD Dusun Lotud is very famous for weaving the embroidered panel called linangkit, which is used to decorate the skirt, sash and trousers of many Sabah tribes. Without linangkit, Sabah traditional costumes would be far less colourful.

SABAH TRADITIONAL ATTIRE RUNGUS Rungus of northern Sabah is considered as the most “traditional” and unique tribe among all Sabah indigenous groups. Rungus women wear a dark bandeau with delicate hand-stitched patterns, a matching knee-length tube skirt and a slipover that drapes over the arms like sleeves.

SABAH DANCE SUMAZAU DANCE

Sumazau is the iconic dance of Sabah. It’s a traditional dance originated from the Kadazan and Dusun (or Kadazandusun) people, the largest indigenous group of Sabah. The dancers imitate the eagle in flight by stretching their arms to both sides and swing them up and down like bird wings. Usually Sumazau is danced in group of male and female partner as pairs, who move with rhythm of beating of gong and drum

BAMBOO DANCE Two dancers sit opposite each other holding two pieces of bamboo. Slowly they start to tap the poles together on the floor, creating a rhythm. Add in the sounds of gongs and the Magunatip dance is ready to start.

SABAH MUSIC SOMPOTON

The sompoton is an aerophone, and maybe the most fascinating of all the Sabahan native musical instruments. It is constructed from a dried gourd and eight bamboo pipes arranged in a double-layered raft.

TOGUNGGAK The togunggak is a bamboo idiophone and may have been the forerunner of the gong. While it is now rarely played amongst the Kadazan or Dusun, where it is known as togunggu or togunggak respectively, the Murut still use it frequently

GONG The most common instrument by far throughout Borneo, and wide parts of Asia, is the gong. The Kadazan call a gong ensemble, which consists of 6 gongs in the Penampang area, sompogogungan

GENDANG

Gendang or gandang are found throughout Sabah. These membranophones are also called native drums, and may be singleheaded such as the karatung from Tambunan and the Rungus tontog, or double-headed like the gandang from Penampang

SABAH FESTIVAL/CELEBRATION KEAMATAN HARVEST FESTIVAL Kaamatan Harvest Festival which is traditionally held in the first week of that month. The people of Sabah believe that rice was a gift from their God who sacrificed his daughter for that purpose.

BAMBOO MUSIC FESTIVAL The Bamboo Music Festival takes place in Tamparuli, Sabah, which is only about an hour or so from Kota Kinabalu.



SABAH TRADITIONAL GAMES BINSULONG

Binsulong is a traditional game of Kadazandusun people. There is a string “trapped” inside the doubleloop rattan spiral and you need to pull it out without cutting the string.

SEPAK MANGGIS Sepak manggis is a unique outdoor game played by the Bajau and Iranun men of Sabah. Forming a circle and facing each other, players aim to strike the bunga manggis floral carrier that dangles from a 10metre high pole. The winner will be rewarded with money, gifts or edibles, which are in the carrier.

SABAH CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS Tribal Prohibition in Sabah brings together six tribes in Sabah that cover the customs and taboos of birth, marriage and death of the Bajau Sama, Kadazandusun, Iranun, Rungus, Bisaya and Bonggi tribes.

ETHNIC SARAWAK

INTRODUCTION OF ETHNIC SARAWAK Sarawak, also known as 'The Land of Hornbills' is situated northwest on the wild island of Borneo. Strong primeval forces and tribal traditions still resonates in every corner of Sarawak, from longhouses to the majestic highlands, from nostalgic city alley-ways to vibrant rivers that runs through the lavish splurge of rainforest canopies, it is a refuge for wildlife and home to 27 ethnic groups each with its own language and culture. This third largest island in the world is seeped in old-world charm. Vast cave networks, limestone needles and stunning pinnacles of the Mulu National Park, the vast expanse of virgin rainforests in the Bako National Park, buildings dating back to the days of White Rajahs in a city of native allure and colonial charm, Kuching. Sarawak endowed with the world's richest and most diverse ecosystem.

HISTORY/BACKGROUND OF ETHNIC SARAWAK Life in Sarawak was first recorded at the Niah Caves, as the earliest known human settlement was documented here 40,000 years ago. Indication of trade and interaction with the outside world is evident with the discovery of a series of Tang and Song dynasty ceramics dating from the 8th to 13th century AD in Santubong. During the mid15th century, the Bruneian Empire established its presence in the coastal regions of Sarawak. There have also been records of the Kuching area documented by the Portugese cartographers during the 16th century, recognising it as Cerava, one of the five great seaports of Borneo.

ETHNIC SARAWAK GROUP Sarawak's 27 ethnic groups include the Iban, Chinese, Malay, Bidayuh, Melanau, Kayan, Kenyah, Lun Bawang, Penan, Kelabit, Kedayan, Bisaya, Berawan, Lahanan, Sekapan, Kejaman, Punan, Baketan, Ukit, Sihan, Tagal, Tabun, Saban, Lisum, Longkiput and others.

SARAWAK RELIGION Sarawakians practice a variety of religions, including Islam, Christianity, Chinese folk religion (a fusion of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and ancestor worship) and animism. Christianity is the largest religion in culturally and religiously diverse Sarawak. Religion plays a significant role in nurturing the culture of decency and modesty among Sarawakians. It also reflects and strengthens the identity among various ethnics. For example, Islam reflects the identity of Malay, Chinese religions and Buddha reflects the identity of Chinese and Christianity reflects the identity of most Dayaks, while some still practising animism.

SARAWAK LANGUAGE The single most widely spoken native language is Iban. The Iban language is pretty universal and spoken by 34 per cent of the total population of Sarawak, not counting those non-Ibans who are fluent in Iban. Even so, there are minor variations in the Iban spoken by the people of Sarawak, with small differences in the vocabulary and the modes of pronunciation of individual Iban words. For instance, the word Udoh is to the Rajang Iban, the word for dog, but away from the Rajang region, Ukoi is the more common term for that domestic animal much loved by the Iban.

SARAWAK FOOD NASI ARUK

ACAR TIMUN SARAWAK

Unlike nasi goreng, the rice in nasi aruk is not fried in oil. Garlic, onion, and anchovies are sautéed in a small amount of oil, followed by rice. It’s not like the acar in West Malaysia. Before being served, it is preserved in vinegar and sugar for days, weeks, or even months

MANOK/AYAM PANSOH Before being placed in the bamboo, the chicken is marinated in a sauce comprised of ginger, lemongrass, garlic, salt, and torch ginger flower for around 30 minutes. The bamboo is then placed over the wood fire and the tapioca leaves are used to cover the entrance.

KEK LAPIS SARAWAK Sarawak layer cake, also known as kek lapis Sarawak or kek lapis moden Sarawak, is a layered cake from the Malaysian state of Sarawak

SARAWAK TRADITIONAL ATTIRE

SARAWAK DANCE NGAJAT Pride of the Iban community, Ngajat is a family dance rooted in the Sarawak state of Malaysia. It was first performed in the 16th century to celebrate battle victories. General Tradition Today, Ngajat is also one of the celebratory dances of Malaysia as it is performed during the annual harvest festival called Gawai Dayak

SARAWAK MUSIC SAPEH The sape' is a traditional lute of the Kenyah and Kayan community who live in the longhouses that line the rivers of East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan, Indonesia and Northern part of Sarawak, Malaysia. Sape' are carved from a single bole of wood, with many modern instruments reaching over a metre in length

SARAWAK FESTIVAL/CELEBRATION GAWAI DAYAK

The Gawai Dayak is the most popular festival observed in the state of Sarawak. It is a celebration to commemorate the end of the rice harvest here and is an annual state holiday. Gawai Dayak is usually celebrated at the end of May or in the beginning of June where the first 2 days of June are usually the state holidays

KAUL FESTIVAL The Kaul is an occasion celebrated by the Melanau community. It is usually celebrated around the middle of March or early in April

RAINFOREST WORLD MUSIC FESTIVAL

The Rainforest World Music Festival brings together musicians from all over the world to Kuching each year and visitors are able to enjoy some of the best music around

SARAWAK TRADITIONAL GAMES BOWLING KELAPA Bowling kelapa is a modified version of the real bowling game, using a coconut as the ball and plastic bottles as pins.

NYABUNG MANUK A traditional game that the Iban universally play in Sarawak is cockfighting, a game said to be first played by the deities.

SUMPIT DAYAK Sumpit is a blowpipe used by the indigenous ethnic groups in Sarawak in the past to hunt for animals in the jungle.

BATIK LAMPONG Batak Lampong is a traditional sport of the Iban in Sarawak. Batak means pull in the Iban language while Lampong refers to a light and medium length piece of wood.

SARAWAK CUSTOM AND TRADITIONS The name ‘iban’ is still of uncertain origin. though early scholar regard it as originally a Kayan term, hivan, meaning ‘wanderer’. Other Iban of Sarawak’s First and second divisions used the name ‘Dayak’. Sutlive in his Book, Tun Jugah Of Sarawak – Colonialism and Iban Rensponse, suggest ‘The participation of a few Iban in alliances