MAGNA CARTA, 1215 VOCABULARY relief a payment made by the heir of a deceased tenant to a lord for the privilege of succeeding to the tenant's estate. barony land held by a baron fief land given to a noble in return for a pledge of loyalty and military service in Feudalism ward a child who is not ready to inherit the title and responsibilities due him rancour bad feeling laity people who are not clergy

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In the early 1200s King John of England angered the nobility when he imposed high taxes. The nobles joined forces with the Archbishop of Canterbury and in 1215 forced the king to sign the Magna Carta (Latin for ((Great Charter"). The main point established by the Magna Carta was that the king, like all other people in England, was subject to the rule of law. The document also established the due process of law and the right to a fair and speedy trial as basic rights enjoyed by all people in England. These principles endured as part of English law and became part of American law in the Bill of Rights. 1. In the first place have granted to GDd, and by this our present charter confirmed for us and our heirs for ever that the English church shall be free, and shall have its rights undiminished and its liberties unimpaired ... We have also granted to all free men of our kingdom, for ourselves and our heirs for ever, all the liberties written below, to be had and held by them and their heirs of us and our heirs. 2. If any of our earls or barons or others holding of us in chief by knight service dies, and at his death his heir be of full age and owe relief he shall have his inheritance on payment of the old relief, namely the heir or heirs of an earllOO for a whole earl's barony, the heir or heirs of a baron 100 for a whole barony, the heir or heirs of a knight lOOs, at most, for a whole knight's fee; and he who owes less shall give less according to the ancient usage of fiefs. 3. If, however, the heir of any such be under age and a ward, he shall have his inheritance when he comes of age without paying relief and without making fine. 40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice. 41. All merchants shall be able to go out of and come into England safely and securely and stay and travel throughout England, as well by land as by water, for buying and

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selling by the ancient and right customs free from all evil tolls, except in time of war and if they are of the land that is at war with us ... 42. It shall be lawful in future for anyone, without prejudicing the allegiance due to us, to leave our kingdom and return safely and securely by land and water, save, in the public interest, for a short period in time of war-except for those imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the kingdom and natives of a land that is at war with us and merchants (who shall be treated as aforesaid). 62. And we have fully remitted and pardoned to everyone all the ill-will, indignation and rancour that have arisen between us and our men, clergy and laity, from the time of the quarrel. Furthermore, we have fully remitted to all, clergy and laity, and as far as pertains to us have completely forgiven, all trespasses occasioned by the same quarrel between Easter in the sixteenth year of our reign and the restoration of peace. And, besides, we have caused to be made for them letters testimonial patent of the lord Stephen archbishop of Canterbury, of the lord Henry archbishop of Dublin and of the aforementioned bishops and of master Pandulf about this security and the aforementioned concessions. 63. An oath, moreover, has been taken, as well on our part as on the part of the barons, that all these things aforesaid shall be observed in good faith and without evil disposition. Witness the above-mentioned and many others. Given by our hand in the meadow which is called Runnymede between Windsor and Staines on the fifteenth day of June, in the seventeenth year of our reign. Source: "English Bill of Rights." Britannica Online. Vers. 99.1. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1994-1999. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

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In 1620 the Pilgrims left England bound for Virginia. A storm blew the Mayflower off course, and the Pilgrims made landfall in present-day Massachusetts. In Virginia the Pilgrims would have come under the laws governing that colony. In Massachusetts there were no laws, so the Pilgrims drew up a framework for self-government. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken, for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts ofVirginia, do by these presents sol-

In January 1639 settlers in Connecticut, led by Thomas Hooker, drew up the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. An agreement among the settlers about how they would rule themselves, it included a body of laws. It is considered to by America's first written constitution. Forasmuch as it hath pleased the All-mighty God by the wise disposition of his divyne providence so to Order and dispose of things that we the Inhabitants and Residents of Windsor, Harteford and Wethersfield are now cohabiting and dwelling in and uppon the River of Conectecotte and the Lands thereunto adioyneing [adjoining]; As also in our Civell Affaires to be guided and governed according to such Lawes, Rules, Orders and decrees as shall be made, ordered & decreed, as followeth:--

emnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together into a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini 1620.

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Source: Of Plymouth Plantation. William Bradford, 16301654. Samuel Eliot Morison, Ed., 1952. Pp. 75-76

1. It is Ordered ... that there shall be yerely two generall Assemblies or Courts, the one the second thursday in Aprill, the other the second thursday in September, following; the first shall be called the Courte of Election, wherein shall be yerely Chosen ... soe many Magestrats and other publike [public] Officers as shall be found requisitte: which chaise shall be made by all that are admitted freemen and have taken the Oath of Fidelity, and doe cohabitte within this Jurisdiction, (having beene admitted Inhabitants by the major part of the Towne wherein they live,) or the major parte of such as shall be then present ...

VOCABULARY cohabiting living magestrats (magistrates) local judges requisitte (requisite) essential or necessary jurisdiction an area over which a court or other government body has authority

Source: Federal and State Constitutions. F. N. Thorpe, Ed., Vol.1. 1909. p. 519.

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VOCABULARY prerogative privilege quartering to provide lodging or living places for people elude avoid forfeitures the compulsory surrender of property or money as a penalty

VOCABULARY propagation spread proscribing forbidding or prohibiting emolument payment for performing a duty or holding an office

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In 1689, after the change ofgovernment known as the Glorious Revolution, Parliament passed the English Bill ofRights. This act ensured that Parliament would have power over the monarchy. The bill also protected the rights of English citizens. This part of the document contains a list of royal wrongdoings that would no longer be permitted. By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution oflaws without consent ofParliament; ... By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament; By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace

The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by Virginia's legislature in 1786, was an early statement of the rights of citizens to worship freely without experiencing coercion from government. The act was an inspiration to writers of the Bill ofRights. ... to compel a man to furnish contributions of money for the propagation of opinions which he disbelieves, is sinful and tyrannical; that even the forcing him to support this or that teacher of his own religious persuasion, is depriving him of the comfortable liberty of giving his contributions to the particular pastor ... that our civil rights have no dependence on our religious opinions, any more than our opinions in physics or geometry; that therefore the proscribing any citizen as unworthy the public confidence by laying upon him an incapacity of being called to Offices of trust and emolument, unless he profess or renounce this or that religious opinion, is depriving him injuriously of those

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without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law; ... - And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects; And excessive fines have been imposed; And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted; And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied; All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm ... Source: "English Bill of Rights." Britannica Online. Vers. 99.1 . Encyclopedia Britannica. 1994-1999. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

privileges and advantages to which in common with his fellow-citizens he has a natural right ... Be it enacted by the General Assembly, That no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. ... yet we are free to declare, and do declare, that the rights hereby asserted are of the natural rights of mankind, and that if any act shall be hereafter passed to repeal the present, or to narrow its operation, such act shall be an infringement of natural right. Source: Statutes at Large of Virginia. W.W. Hening, Ed., Vol.

12. 1823. Pp. 84-86.

The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written in favor of ratifying the United States Constitution. The Papers were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In Federalist Paper No.lO, James Madison addressed critics who said that the United States was too large to be governed by a strong central government. Critics claimed there were too many interest groups, or "factions," to be ruled by a democratically elected government. Madison acknowledged the presence and problem of factions. He argued however, that the republican form ofgovernment under the Constitution was best able to deal with the problem by helping different factions negotiate solutions.

By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens ... The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, according to the different circumstances of civil society. A zeal for different opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and many other points, as well of speculation as of practice; an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each other than to co-operate for their commongood ...

The inference to which we are brought is, that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS ... A republic, by which I mean a government in which the scheme of representation takes place, opens a different prospect, and promises the cure for which we are seeking. The two great points of difference between a democracy and a republic are: first, the delegation of the government, in the latter, to a small number of citizens elected by the rest; secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which the latter may be extended ... The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations ... [I]t may well happen that the public voice, pronounced by the representatives of the people, will be more consonant to the public good than if pronounced by the people themselves, convened for the purpose. ... [I]t clearly appears, that the same advantage which a republic has over a democracy, in controlling the effects of faction, is enjoyed by a large over a small republic, is enjoyed by the Union over the States composing it.

VOCABULARY latent hidden animosity dislike vex anger discern understand or recognize convened brought together

Source: The Federalist or The New Constitution. Papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. New York Heritage Press. Introduction by Carl Van Doren. 1945.

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VOCABULARY paramount most imporant appropriations money designated by the government to be spent amenable friendly towards or responsible towards minions people who are overly servile or submissive to their leader

VOCABULARY infractions violations

George Mason played a behind-the-scenes role in the Revolutionary War and wrote Virginia's Declaration of Rights. He attended the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Mason criticized the proposed Constitution for allowing slavery, creating a strong central government, and lacking a bill of rights. As a result, he refused to sign the Constitution. In the following excerpt, Mason explains why he would not sign the Constitution. There is no Declaration of Rights, and the laws of the general government being paramount to the laws and constitution of the several States, the Declarations of Rights in the separate States are no security. Nor are the people secured even in the enjoyment of the benefit of the common law. In the House of Representatives there is not the substance but the shadow only of representation ... The Senate have the power of altering all money bills, and of originating appropriations of money, and the salaries of the Officers of their own appointment, in conjunction with the president of the United States, although they are not the representatives of the people or amenable to them ...

In 1796, at the end of his second term as president, George Washington wrote his farewell address with the help ofAlexander Hamilton and James Madison. In it he spoke of the dangers facing the young nation. He warned against the dangers of political parties and sectionalism, and he advised the nation against permanent alliances with other nations. In contemplating the causes, which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations-Northern and Southern-Atlantic and Western ...

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The Judiciary of the United States is so constructed and extended, as to absorb and destroy the judiciaries of the several States; thereby rendering law as tedious, intricate and expensive, and justice as unattainable, by a great part of the community, as in England, and enabling the rich to oppress and ruin the poor. The President of the United States has no Constitutional Council, a thing unknown in any safe and regular government. He will therefore be unsupported by proper infonnation and advice, and will generally be directed by minions and favorites; or he will become a tool to the Senate . . . The President of the United States has the unrestrained power of granting pardons for treason, which may be sometimes exercised to screen from punishment those whom he had secretly instigated to commit the crime, and thereby prevent a discovery of his own guilt ... Source: Gunston Hall Plantation

To the efficacy and pennanency of your Union, a government for the whole is indispensible. No alliances, however strict, between the parts can be an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alliances in all times have experienced .. . The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connexion [connection] as possible. So far as we have already fanned engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop ... Source: Annals of Congress, 4th Congress, pp. 2869-2880. American Memory library of Congress. 1999.

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In 1800 Thomas Jefferson, representing the Democratic-Republican Party, defeated the Federalist candidate, President John Adams. Jefferson used his inaugural address of March 1801 to try to bridge the gap between the new political parties and to reach out to the Federalists.

Friends and Fellow-Citizens: Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive Office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of my fellow-citizens which is here assembled to express my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look toward me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task is above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious and awful presentiments which the greatness of the charge and the weakness of my powers so justly inspire. A rising nation, spread over a wide and fruitful land, traversing all the seas with the rich productions of their industry, engaged in commerce with nations who feel power and forget right, advancing rapidly to destinies beyond the reach of mortal eye when I

contemplate these transcendent objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and the hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue, and the auspices of this day, I shrink from the contemplation, and humble myself before the magnitude of the undertaking ... I repair, then, fellow-citizens, to the post you have assigned me. With experience enough in subordinate Offices to have seen the difficulties of this the greatest of all, I have learnt to expect that it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfect man to retire from this station with the reputation and the favor which bring him into it. Without pretensions to that high confidence you reposed in our first and greatest revolutionary character, whose preeminent services had entitled him to the first place in his country's love and destined for him the fairest page in the volume of faithful history, I ask so much confidence only as may give firmness and effect to the legal administration of your affairs.

VOCABULARY presentiments feeling about something that wi ll happen in the future transcendent uplifiting auspices protection, support reposed placed trust in preeminent finest, the best

Source: Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States. 1989. Bartleby library.

ll·lP~W!JI~'QJrl~.Ma!ldlii:W\i~. ~J.W"'·_ _ g~_.-_~-=flr_~ John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State to President James Monroe, made this Fourth of July speech to the House ofRepresentatives in 1821. His topic was the role of the United States in world affairs. He begins by speaking of the ((elder world," or the old world of Britain and Europe.

And now, friends and countrymen, if the wise and learned philosophers of the elder world, the first observers of nutation and aberra-tion, the discoverers of maddening ether and invisible planets, the inventors of Congreve rockets and Shrapnel shells, should find their hearts disposed to enquire what has America done for the benefit of mankind? Let our answer be this: America, with the same voice which spoke herself into existence

as a nation, proclaimed to mankind the inextinguishable rights of human nature, and the only lawful foundations of government. She has abstained from interference in the concerns of others, even when conflict has been for principles to which she clings, as to the last vital drop that visits the heart ... [America's] glory is not dominion, but liberty. Her march is the march of the mind. She has a spear and a shield: but the motto upon her shield is, Freedom, Independence, Peace. This has been her Declaration: this has been, as far as her necessary intercourse with the rest of mankind would permit, her practice. Source: Future of Freedom Foundation

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VOCABULARY nutation nodding one's head aberration abnormality, irregularity, oddness congreve rockets an early rocket used by the British in the War of 1812 shrapnel shells an anti-personnel weapon invented by Sir Henry Shrapnel and first used by the British army in 1803. dominion supreme power

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VOCABULARY assiduously diligently, with persistence enjoined commanded emanated coming from a source

Some enslaved African Americans tried to strike back against the slave system in the South. Denmark Vesey, a free African American living in Charleston, South Carolina, was accused ofplanning a massive and violent revolt in 1822. Vesey and others were caught and executed. Today some scholars have questioned if the conspiracy was real, arguing that Vesey was framed. Included below is an excerpt from an observer of the time.

At the head of this conspiracy stood Denmark Vesey, a free negro; with him the idea undoubtedly originated. For several years before he disclosed his intentions to any one, he appears to have been constantly and assiduously engaged in endeavoring to embitter the minds of the colored population against the white. He rendered himself perfectly familiar with all those parts of the Scriptures, which he thought he could pervert to his purpose; and would readily quote them, to prove that slavery was contrary to the laws of God; that slaves were bound to attempt their emancipation, however shocking and bloody might be the consequences, and that such efforts would not only be pleasing to the Almighty, but were absolutely enjoined, and their success predicted in the Scriptures ... In the selection of his leaders, Vesey showed great penetration and sound judgment. Rolla was plausible, and possessed uncommon self-possession; bold and ardent, he was not to be deterred from his purpose by danger. Ned's appearance indicated that he was a man of firm nerves, and desperate courage. Peter was intrepid and resolute, true

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to his engagements, and cautious in observing secrecy where it was necessary; he was not to be daunted nor impeded by difficulties, and though confident of success, was careful in providing against any obstacles or casualties which might arise, and intent upon discovering every means which might be in their power if thought of before hand. Gullah Jack was regarded as a Sorcerer, and as such feared by the natives of Africa, who believe in witchcraft. He was not only considered invulnerable, but that he could make others so by his charms; and that he could and certainly would provide all his followers with arms. He was artful, cruel, bloody; his disposition in short was diabolical. His influence amongst the Africans was inconceivable. Monday was firm, resolute, discreet and intelligent ... As Vesey, from whom all orders emanated, and perhaps to whom only all important information was conveyed, died without confessing any thing, any opinion formed as to the numbers actually engaged in the plot, must be altogether conjectural; but enough has been disclosed to satisfy every reasonable mind, that considerable numbers were concerned. Indeed the plan of attack, which embraced so many points to be assailed at the same instant, affords sufficient evidence of the fact. Source: A NARRATIVE OF THE Conspiracy and Intended Insurrection, AMONGST A PORTION OF THE Negroes in the State ofSouth-Carolina, In the Year 1822

In 1823 President James Monroe proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine. Designed to end European influence in the Western Hemisphere, it became a cornerstone of United States. foreign policy.

With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an

One of the first documents to express the desire for equal rights for women was the Declaration of Sentiments, issued in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the delegates adopted a set of resolutions modeled on the Declaration of Independence.

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a course.

unfriendly disposition toward the United States ... Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none.

VOCABULARY interposition placing in the middle manifestation a sign or appearance disposition attitude de facto actual

Source: "The Monroe Doctrine" by James Monroe reprinted in The Annals of America: Volume 5, 1821-1832. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1976.

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

VOCABULARY hitherto previously deriving receiving from a source

Source: "Seneca Falls Declaration on Women's Rights" reprinted in The Annals ofAmerica: Volume 7, 1841-1849. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1976.

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CALHOUN AND WEBSTER ON THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

VOCABULARY equilibirium bala nce subjugation conquest

In March 1850 the Senate debated the admission of California into the Union as a free state. The debate eventually led to the Compromise of 1850, brokered by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, known as the "Great Compromiser." Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, opposed the Compromise. Too ill to speak or even walk, he was carried into the Senate, where another senator read his speech. It was Calhoun's last appearance in the Senate. A few weeks later, he died. On March 7, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts replied to Calhoun. Excerpts from both speeches are given below. From the speech of John C. Calhoun:

The question then recurs: What is the cause of this discontent? It will be found in the belief of the people of the Southern States, as prevalent as the discontent itself, that they can not remain, as things now are, consistently with honor and safety, in the Union. The next question to be considered is: What has caused this belief? One of the causes is, undoubtedly, to be traced to the long-continued agitation of the slave question on the part of the North, and the many aggressions which they have made on the rights of the South during the time. I will not enumerate them at present, as it will be done hereafter in its proper place. There is another lying back of it-with which this is intimately connected-that may be regarded as the great and primary cause. This is to be found in the fact that the equilibrium between the two sections in the government as it stood when the Constitution was ratified and the government put in action has been destroyed. At that time there was nearly a perfect equilibrium between the two, which afforded ample means to each to protect itself against the aggression of the other; but, as it now stands, one section has the exclusive

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power of controlling the government, which leaves the other without any adequate means of protecting itself against its encroachment and oppression. The result of the whole is to give the Northern section a predominance in every department of the government, and thereby concentrate in it the two elements which constitute the federal government: a majority of States, and a majority of their population, estimated in federal numbers. Whatever section concentrates the two in itself possesses the control of the entire government ... It is a great mistake to suppose that disunion can be effected by a single blow. The cords which bind these States together in one common Union are far too numerous and powerful for that. Disunion must be the work of time. It is only through a long process, and successively, that the cords can be snapped until the whole fabric falls asunder. Already the agitation of the slavery question has snapped some of the most important, and has greatly weakened all the others. If the agitation goes on, the same force, acting with increased intensity, as has been shown, will finally snap every cord, when nothing will be left to hold the States together except force. But surely that can with no propriety of language be called a Union when the only means by which the weaker is held connected with the stronger portion is force. It may, indeed, keep them connected; but the connection will partake much more of the character of subjugation on the part of the weaker to the stronger than the union of free, independent, and sovereign States in one confederation, as they stood in the early stages of the government, and which only is worthy of the sacred name of Union. Source: National Center for Public Policy Research

From the speech of Daniel Webster:

Mr. President [of the Senate], I wish to speak to-day, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American, and a member of the Senate of the United States ... I speak to-day for the preservation of the Union ... Mr. President, I should much prefer to have heard from every member on this floor declarations of opinion that this Union could never be dissolved, than the declaration of opinion by any body, that, in any case, under the pressure of any circumstances, such a dissolution was possible. I hear with distress and anguish the word "secession," especially when it falls from the lips of those who are patriotic, and known to the country, and known all over the world, for their political services. Secession! Peaceable secession! Sir, your eyes and mine are never destined to see that miracle. The dismemberment of this vast country without convulsion! The breaking up of the fountains of the great deep without ruffing the surface! Who is so foolish, I beg every body's pardon, as to expect to see any such thing? ... There can be no such thing as peaceable secession. Peaceable secession is an utter impossibility. Is the great Constitution under which we live, covering this whole country, is it to be thawed and melted away by secession, as the snows on the mountain melt under the influence of a vernal sun, disappear almost unobserved, and run off? No, Sir! No, Sir! I will not state what might produce the disruption of the Union; but, Sir, I see as plainly as I see the sun in heaven what that disruption itself must produce; I see that it must produce war, and such a war as I will not describe, in its twofold character. Peaceable secession! Peaceable secession! The concurrent agreement of all the members of this great republic to separate! A voluntary separation, with alimony on one side and on the other. Why, what would be the result?

Where is the line to be drawn? What States are to seceded? What is to remain American? What am I to be? An American no longer? Am I to become a sectional man, a local man, a separatist, with no country in common with the gentlemen who sit around me here, or who fill the other house of Congress? Heaven forbid! Where is the flag of the republic to remain? Where is the eagle still to tower? or is he to cower, and shrink, and fall to the ground? Why, Sir, our ancestors, our fathers and our grandfathers, those of them that are yet living amongst us with prolonged lives, would rebuke and reproach us; and our children and our grandchildren would cry out shame upon us, if we of this generation should dishonor these ensigns of the power of the government and the harmony of that Union which is every day felt among us with so much joy and gratitude ... And now, Mr. President, instead of speaking of the possibility or utility of secession, instead of dwelling in those caverns of darkness, instead of groping with those ideas so full of all that is horrid and horrible, let us come out into the light of day; let us enjoy the fresh air of Liberty and Union; let us cherish those hopes which belong to us; let us devote ourselves to those great objects that are fit for our consideration and action; let us raise our conceptions to the magnitude and the importance of the duties that devolve upon us; let our comprehension be as broad as the country for which we act, our aspirations as high as its certain destiny; let us not be pigmies in a case that calls for men. Never did there devolve on any generation of men higher trusts than now devolve upon us, for the preservation of this Constitution and the harmony and peace of all who are destined to live under it.

VOCABULARY alimony payments from one party to another after a separation ensigns symbols devolve fall, pass

Source: Dartmouth College

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VOCABULARY august impressive, majestic tumults noises, disturbances depreciate put down, dismiss

On August 3, 1857, Frederick Douglass gave a speech in Canadaigua, New York in which he discussed freedom for slaves in the West Indies. In this speech Douglass described what he called his "philosophy of reform," which was that successful struggles for liberty always require tremendous effort and sacrifice.

Let me give you a word of the philosophy of reform. The whole history of the progress of human liberty shows that all concessions yet made to her august claims, have been born of earnest struggle. The conflict has been exciting, agitating, all-absorbing, and for the time being, putting all other tumults to silence. It must do this or it does nothing. If there is no struggle there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom and yet depreciate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want rain without thunder and lightening. They want the ocean without the awful roar of its many waters. This struggle may be a moral one, or it may be a physical one, and it may be both moral and physical, but it must be a struggle.

VOCABULARY recanted pu bl icly withdrew or repudiated a statement emphatic forcefu l or insistent jurisprudence a system or body of law

Abraham Lincoln knew that his victory in the 1860 presidential election threatened to tear the country apart. In his inaugural address on March 4, 1861, Lincoln pledged that there would be no war unless the South chose to begin one. In the excerpt below, he explains his reasons for believing secession to be unconstitutional and urges the South not to destroy the Union.

Fellow-Citizens of the United States: In compliance with a custom as old as the Government itself, I appear before you to address you briefly and to take in your presence the oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by the President ''before he enters on the execution of this Office." ...

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Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. Find out just what any people will quietly submit to and you have found out the exact measure of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them, and these will continue till they are resisted with either words or blows, or with both. The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress. In the light of these ideas, Negroes will be hunted at the North, and held and flogged at the South so long as they submit to those devilish outrages, and make no resistance, either moral or physical. Men may not get all they pay for in this world; but they must certainly pay for all they get. If we ever get free from the oppressions and wrongs heaped upon us, we must pay for their removal. We must do this by labor, by suffering, by sacrifice, and if needs be, by our lives and the lives of others." Source: The Frederick Douglass Papers. Series One: Speeches, Debates, and Interviews. Volume 3: 1855-63. Edited by John W. Blassingame. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 204.

I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations and had never recanted them; and more than this, they placed in the platform for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read: .. . In any law upon this subject ought not all the safeguards of liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that a free man be not in any case surrendered as a slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause in

the Constitution which guarantees that "the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States?" ... It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances. I therefore consider that in view of the Constitution and the laws the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability, I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the States ... One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. Physically speaking, we can not separate. We can not remove our respective sections from each other nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and

beyond the reach of each other, but the different parts of our country can not do this. This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing Government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it ... In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it." I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

After the Union army victory at the Battle ofAntietam, President Abraham Lincoln decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all enslaved people in states under Confederate control. The proclamation, which went into effect on January 1, 1863, was a step toward the Thirteenth Amendment (1865), which ended slavery in all of the United States.

freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom ... And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.

That on the 1st day of January, in the year of our Lord 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the

VOCABULARY immunities exemptions from legal duties assail attack loath unwilling

Source: Inaugural Addresses ofthe Presidents of the United States. 1989. Bartleby library.

VOCABULARY repress to forcefully restrain, to prohibit garrison to station troops

Source: "Emancipation Proclamation" by Abraham Lincoln. Reprinted in The Annals ofAmerica: Volume 9, 7858-7 865. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 1976.

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VOCABULARY score twenty years consecrated made holy

On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln addressed a crowd gathered to dedicate a cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield. His short speech, which is excerpted below, reminded Americans of the ideals on which the Republic was founded.

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicat~we cannot consecrat~we cannot hallow-this ground. The brave men, living and

VOCABULARY deprecated made little of malice desire to cause injury; hatred

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On March 4, 1865, President Lincoln laid out his approach to Reconstruction in his second inaugural address. As the excerpt below shows, Lincoln hoped to peacefully reunite the nation and its people.

At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential Office there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then a statement somewhat in detail of a course to be pursued seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured. On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously

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dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. Source: "The Gettysburg Address" by Abraham Lincoln. Reprinted in The Annals of America: Volume 9, 7858-7 865. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 1976.

directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it, all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, urgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war-seeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came ... With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. Source: Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States. 1989. Bartleby Library.

Included below are excerpts from a speech made by Susan B. Anthony on July 4, 1876. Anthony used the occasion-the 1OOth anniversary of the approval of the Declaration of Independence-to speak out in support of rights for women. Susan B. Anthony, July 4, 1876 While the nation is buoyant with patriotism, and all hearts are attuned to praise, it is with sorrow we come to strike the one discordant note, on this one-hundredth anniversary of our country's birth. When subjects of kings, emperors, and czars from the old world join in our national jubilee, shall the women of the republic refuse to lay their hands with benedictions on the nation's head? ... Yet we cannot forget, even in this glad hour, that while all men of every race, and clime, and condition, have been invested with the full rights of citizenship under our hospitable flag, all women still suffer the degradation of disfranchisement. The history of our country the past one hundred years has been a series of assumptions and usurpations of power over woman, in direct opposition to the principles of just government, acknowledged by the United States as its foundations, which are: First-the natural rights of each individual Second-the equality of these rights Third-that rights not delegated are retained by the individual Fourth-that no person can exercise

the rights of others without delegated authority Fifth-that the non-use of rights does not destroy them And for the violation of these fundamental principles of our government, we arraign our rulers on this Fourth day of July, 1876 ... These articles of impeachment against our rulers we now submit to the impartial judgment of the people. To all these wrongs and oppressions woman has not submitted in silence and resignation. From the beginning of the century, when Abigail Adams, the wife of one president and the mother of another, said, ''We will not hold ourselves bound to obey laws in which we have no voice or representation," until now, woman's discontent has been steadily increasing, culminating nearly thirty years ago in a simultaneous movement among the women of the nation, demanding the right of suffrage ... And now, at the close of a hundred years, as the hour hand of the great clock that marks the centuries points to 1876, we declare our faith in the principles of selfgovernment; our full equality with man in natural rights ... We ask of our rulers, at this hour, no special favors, no special privileges, no special legislation. We askjustice, we ask equality, we ask that all the civil and political rights that belong to citizens of the United States, be guaranteed to us and our daughters forever.

VOCABULARY buoyant cheerful, capable of floating jubilee a specia I anniversary benedictions blessings usurpations takings by force and without right

Source: History of Women's Suffrage, Elizabeth C. Stanton et al., eds., Vol.lll, 1887.

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VOCABULARY sovereignty supremacy of authority, the independence of a nation autonomous independent

On January 8, 1918, nearly a year before the end of World War I, Woodrow Wilson presented his plan for a postwar peace to the US. Congress. Wilson came to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 with these same 14 points. 1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war ... 3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions ... 4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. 5. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. 6. The evacuation of all Russian territory ... 7. Belgium ... must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit ... sovereignty ... 8. All French territory should be freed and

In January 1941, while World War II raged in Europe and Asia, many Americans hoped the United States would stay out of the war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt understood this public feeling, but believed it was important that the United States help Great Britain resist Nazi Germany. Roosevelt gave this speech on January 6, 1941 to win greater support for his policy ofproviding aid to the enemies of Germany and Japan.

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10.

11. 12.

13.

14.

the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. The peoples of Austria-Hungary ... should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated ... The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development, An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

Source: Avalon Project of Yale University Law School

I have called for personal sacrifice. I am assured of the willingness of almost all Americans to respond to that call. A part of the sacrifice means the payment of more money in taxes. In my Budget Message I shall recommend that a greater portion of this great defense program be paid for from taxation than we are paying today. No person should try, or be allowed, to get rich out of this program; and the principle of tax payments in accordance with ability to pay

should be constantly before our eyes to guide our legislation. If the Congress maintains these principles, the voters, putting patriotism ahead of pocketbooks, will give you their applause. In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression-everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way-everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want-which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world.

The fourth is freedom from fear-which, translated into world terms, means a worldwide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-anywhere in the world. That is no vision of a distant millennium.lt is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.

President John F. Kennedy took office on January 20, 1961, at the height of the Cold War. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke of the immense responsibility entrusted to his generation ofAmericans.

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty ... In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility-! welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it-and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.

The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe-the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God. We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans-born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage-and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.

VOCABULARY

antithesis exact

opposite

Source: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

VOCABULARY

forebears ancestors

Source: Avalon Project of Yale University Law School

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/ tiVii"RIGHTS ACT, 1964

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VOCABULARY proprietor owner

First proposed by President Kennedy, the Civil Rights Act faced fierce opposition from Southern senators who opposed federal legislation to end segregation. After Kennedy's assassination in 1963, Vice President Lyndon Johnson became president. Johnson, who had served as the Senate majority leader, used his extensive legislative experience to help push the Civil Right Act through Congress. He signed it into law on July 2, 1964. The new law banned segregation in public places.

Title II Sec. 201. (a) All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin. (b) Each of the following establishments which serves the public is a place of public accommodation within the meaning of this title if its operations affect commerce, or if discrimination or segregation by it is supported by State action: (1) any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than an establishment located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor of such establishment as his residence;

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(2) any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including, but not limited to, any such facility located on the premises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station; (3) any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place of exhibition or entertainment; Sec 202. All persons shall be entitled to be free, at any establishment or place, from discrimination or segregation of any kind on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin, if such discrimination or segregation is or purports to be required by any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, rule, or order of a State or any agency or political subdivision thereo£ Sec. 203. No person shall (a) withhold, deny, or attempt to withhold or deny, or deprive or attempt to deprive, any person of any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202, or (b) intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person with purpose of interfering with any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202, or (c) punish or attempt to punish any person for exercising or attempting to exercise any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202.

Source: U.S. Statutes at Large 78 (1964): 241.

...

In 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. went to Memphis to march in support of striking sanitation workers. The strikers were mostly African American. OnApril3, 1968, King gave the following speech. He makes reference to an earlier incident in which he was stabbed by a deranged woman. The wound was so close to King's heart, doctors announced, that that if he had sneezed, he would have died. The day after delivering this speech, King was assassinated. April 3, 1968, Memphis, Tennessee And I want to say tonight, I want to say that I am happy that I didn't sneeze. Because if I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been around here in 1960, when students all over the South started sitting-in at lunch counters. And I knew that as they were sitting in, they were really standing up for the best in the American dream. And taking the whole nation back to those great wells of democracy which were dug deep by the Founding Fathers in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been around in 1962, when Negroes in Albany, Georgia, decided to straighten their backs up. And whenever men and women straighten their backs up, they are going somewhere, because a man

can't ride your back unless it is bent. If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been here in 1963, when the black people of Birmingham, Alabama, aroused the conscience of this nation, and brought into being the Civil Rights Bill. If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have had a chance later that year, in August, to try to tell America about a dream that I had had. If I had sneezed, I wouldn't have been down in Selma, Alabama, been in Memphis to see the community rally around those brothers and sisters who are suffering. I'm so happy that I didn't sneeze ... Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. And I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord. Source: American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees

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CESAR CHAVEZ SP.EECH, 1984

VOCABULARY

implements tools chattel personal property a slave

In 1962 Cesar Chavez formed the United Farm Workers, a labor union for migrant farm workers. In the 1984 speech excerpted below, Chavez described the goals that motivated his life's work and spoke of the contribution the farm workers movement had made to improving lives for Hispanic Americans everywhere.

All my life, I have been driven by one dream, one goal, one vision: To overthrow a farm labor system in this nation which treats farm workers as if they were not important human beings. Farm workers are not agricultural implements. They are not beasts of burden to be used and discarded ... I'm not very different from anyone else who has ever tried to accomplish something with his life. My motivation comes from my personal life-from watching what my mother and father went through when I was growing up; from what we experienced as migrant farm workers in California. That dream, that vision, grew from my own experience with racism, with hope, with the desire to be treated fairly and to see my people treated as human beings and not as chattel. It grew from anger and rage-emotions I felt 40 years ago when people of my color were denied the right to see a movie or eat at a restaurant in many parts of California. It grew from the frustration and humiliation I felt as a boy who couldn't understand how the growers could abuse and exploit farm workers when there were so many of us and so few of them ... I began to realize what other minority people had discovered: That the only answerthe only hope-was in organizing. More of us had to become citizens. We had to register to vote. And people like me had to develop the skills it would take to organize, to educate, to help empower the Chicano people ... All Hispanics-urban and rural, young and old-are connected to the farm workers' experience. We had all lived through the fields-or our parents had. We shared that common humiliation. How could we progress as a people, even if we lived in the cities, while the farm workers-men and women of our color-were condemned to a life without pride? How could we progress as a people

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while the farm workers-who symbolized our history in this land-ere denied selfrespect? ... The UFW was the beginning! We attacked that historical source of shame and infamy that our people in this country lived with. We attacked that injustice, not by complaining; not by seeking handouts; not by becoming soldiers in the War on Poverty. Farm workers acknowledged we had allowed ourselves to become victims in a democratic society-a society where majority rule and collective bargaining are supposed to be more than academic theories or political rhetoric. And by addressing this historical problem, we created confidence and pride and hope in an entire people's ability to create the future ... The union's survival-its very existence-sent out a signal to all Hispanics that we were fighting for our dignity, that we were challenging and overcoming injustice, that we were empowering the least educated among us-the poorest among us ... I didn't really appreciate it at the time, but the coming of our union signaled the start of great changes among Hispanics that are only now beginning to be seen. I've traveled to every part of this nation. I have met and spoken with thousands of Hispanics from every walk of life-from every social and economic class. One thing I hear most often from Hispanics, regardless of age or position-and from many non-Hispanics as well-is that the farm workers gave them hope that they could succeed and the inspiration to work for change ... And Hispanics across California and the nation who don't work in agriculture are better off today because of what the farm workers taught people about organization, about pride and strength, about seizing control over their own lives. Source: The Cesar E. Chavez Foundation is the intellectual property owner of Cesar's name, voice, image, and likeness, speeches and writings. Permission to reproduce said intellectual property for publication purposes may be obtained by contacting the: Cesar E. Chavez Foundation, 634 S. Spring St., Su. 727, Los Angeles, CA, 90014, (213) 362-0267, fax: (213) 362-0265, info@ cecfmail.org

~

Terrorists attacked the United States on the morning of September 11, 2001, crashing planes into the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon building near Washington, D. C. At 8:30 on the evening of September 11, President George W Bush addressed the nation from the White House. Good evening. Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes, or in their offices; secretaries, businessmen and women, military and federal workers; moms and dads, friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despi-cable acts of terror. --The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge structures collapsing, have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness, and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed; our country is strong. A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shattered steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve. America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world. And no one will keep that light from shining. Today, our nation saw evil, the very worst of human nature. And we responded with the best of America-with the daring of our rescue workers, with the caring for strangers and neighbors who came to give blood and help in any way they could. Immediately following the first attack, I implemented our government's emergency response plans. Our military is powerful, and it's prepared. Our emergency teams are working in New York City and Washington, D.C. to help with local rescue efforts. Our first priority is to get help to those who have been injured, and to take every

precaution to protect our citizens at home and around the world from further attacks. The functions of our government continue without interruption. Federal agencies in Washington which had to be evacuated today are reopening for essential personnel tonight, and will be open for business tomorrow. Our financial institutions remain strong, and the American economy will be open for business, as well. The search is underway for those who are behind these evil acts. I've directed the full resources of our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and to bring them to justice. We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them. I appreciate so very much the members of Congress who have joined me in strongly condemning these attacks. And on behalf of the American people, I thank the many world leaders who have called to offer their condolences and assistance. America and our friends and allies join with all those who want peace and security in the world, and we stand together to win the war against terrorism. Tonight, I ask for your prayers for all those who grieve, for the children whose worlds have been shattered, for all whose sense of safety and security has been threatened. And I pray they will be comforted by a power greater than any of us, spoken through the ages in Psalm 23: "Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil, for You are with me." This is a day when all Americans from every walk of life unite in our resolve for justice and peace. America has stood down enemies before, and we will do so this time. None of us will ever forget this day. Yet, we go forward to defend freedom and all that is good and just in our world.

VOCABULARY

despicable wicked, shameful

Thank you. Good night, and God bless America. Source: The White House

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American Jlnrllem Correlation to Holt's Social Studies Library Holt's Social Studies Library of provides a rich array of reading experiences for students of American history. Use the table below to find which title in the Holt Library corresponds to

UNIT UNIT 1 THE UNITED STATES BEFORE 1898

Title I Author

a particular unit in American Anthem: Modern American History, California Edition. Read one or all of the books listed to supplement your understanding of American history.

Time, and Place, and Summary of Plot li

The United States: Change and Challenge edited by Holt, R inehart and Winston

A content-area reader that covers the colonial period to the present. Anthology

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne

(New England, 17th century) A young woman named Hester must wear a scarlet A for committing adultery in a Puritan New England town. Fiction

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave by Frederick Douglass

(America, 1818- 1841) In this autobiography, Douglas tells of his life as an enslaved person in the American South and his escape to freedom in the North. Nonfiction

A Paradise Called Texas by Janice Jordan Shefelman

(Texas, 1845) This is the story of young Mina, who immigrated with her parents from Germany in 1845-the year that the Republic of Texas became a state. Fiction

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

(Southern United States, late 1800s) This story is about a young boy who travels down the Missouri river with a black man in pursuit of adventure. Fiction

The Glory Field by Walter Dean

(America) This story is about a black family and a history that spans generations-from the day the first members of the family disembarked from a slave ship to the year 1994. Fiction

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Unit 2 BECOMING A WORLD POWER, 1898-1920

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(America, during the Civil War) This book presents a history of the Union Army of the Potomac as it drives toward victory in the Civil War. Nonfiction

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain

(Missouri, late 1800s) In this novel, Tom Sawyer and his friend Huckleberry Finn get involved with a murder, meet unsavory characters, and spend three days hiding in a cave. Fiction

Call of the Wild by J ack London

(Canada's Yukon Territory, late 1800s) This book is about a dog that is stolen from his comfortable home in California and made to be a part of a dog sled for an abusive man who seeks gold in the Klondike. Fiction

I'• I• 1:·

(America, 1906) The marriage of a widower and a young woman challenge the sense of propriety in a parochial Georgia town. Fiction

Animal Farm by George Orwell

(England) A fable-like satire of the Russian Revolution centers on a rebellion of farm animals. Fiction

Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton

(New England, early 1900s) The narrator of this novel, set in a small New England town, investigates the life of a mysterious local named Ethan Frome, who had a tragic accident some twenty years earlier. Fiction

CORRELATION TO HOLT'S SOCIAL STUDIES LIBRARY

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(Nigeria, 1890s) This novel uses the story of one man's life to show how "things fell apart" when his culture was colonized by the British. Fiction

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Cold Sassy Tree by Olive Ann Burns

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A MODERN NATION, 1919-1940

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UNIT4 A CHAMPION OF DEMOCRACY, 1939-1960

Title I Author

Time, and Place, and Summary of Plot

Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis

(Michigan, 1936) This story is about an orphaned African-American living in Flint, Michigan during the Great Depression. fiction

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

(Alabama, 1930s) This novel tells the story of its young narrator, "Scout" Finch, and her family when a young black man is arrested and tried for the rape of a white woman. fiction

Wish You Well by David Baldacci A Separate Peace by John Knowles Night by Elie Wiesel

(New York City, 1940) This is a story about a precocious twelve-yearold girl living in the hectic New York City of 1940 with her underpaid writer father, her mother, and younger brother Oz. fiction (New England, during WW II) A young man's visit to his preparatory school triggers a flashback to his experiences during the summer session when he was sixteen years old. fiction (Romania, various Nazi death camps, 1940s) Wiesel recounts his experiences as a young man in the death camps of Auschwitz, Buna, Buchenwald and Gleiwitz during the Holocaust. Nonfiction

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Unit6 LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE, 1968-Present

The Chosen by Chaim Potok

(Brooklyn, 1940s) The novel tells the story of a friendship between two young men-a Hasidic Jew and a more liberal Jewish teenager-in Brooklyn at the end of World War II. fiction

El Bronx Remembered by Nicholasa Mohr

(The Bronx, 1940s and 1950s) This is a collection of twelve short stories that depict the harsh reality of many Puerto Ricans who lived in El Barrio. fiction

A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry

(Chicago, late 1950s) In this play an African American family struggles to hold on to its dreams for a better life. Drama

Barrio Boy by Ernesto Galarza

(Mexico and California, mid 1900s) In this memoir, Galarza recalls how his life changed when his family moved from Mexico to the United States. Nonfiction

The Fire Next Time by James Baldwin

(America, 1960s) In this book Baldwin gives a brutal analysis of race relations and calls for all Americans to accept the fact that America is a multiracial society. Nonfiction

Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers

(South Vietnam, 1960-70s) The sole support of his family, a seventeenyear-old puts aside his dreams of college and a writing career in order to join the army and go into active combat in Vietnam. fiction

Barefoot Heart by Elva Trevino Hart

(America, mid-1900s) This memoir focuses on the author's childhood as the daughter of Mexican immigrants who worked as migrant workers to feed their six children. Nonfiction

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Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela (abridged)

(South Africa, contemporary) Nelson Mandela's own story of the antiapartheid movement and his long struggle to bring racial justice to his country, South Africa. Nonfiction

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Necessary Roughness by Marie G. Lee

(America, contemporary) This is a coming-of-age story that revolves around Chan Kim and his twin sister, Young, as they cross the continent to get to their new home. fiction

1984 by George Orwell

(London, 1984) Written in 1949, this novel is about a future society in which Big Brother controls all aspects of every person's life. Fiction

Great American Stories edited by Holt, Rhiehart and Winston

This is a collection of stories by American authors. fiction

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Phonetic Respelling and Pronunciation Guide Many ofthe key terms in this textbook have been respelled to help you pronounce them. The letter combinations used in the respelling throughout the narrative are explained in the following phonetic respell ing and pronunci ation guide. The guide is adapted from Merriam- Websters Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition; Merriam-Websters Biographical Dictionary; and Merriam-Websters Geographical Dictionary.

*A sylla ble printed in sma ll capital letters receives heavier em phasis than the other syllable(s) in a word.

El Alamo misi6n espaiiola en San Antonio, Texas; escenario de una famosa batalla durante la Revoluci6n Texana de 1836 (pag. 110) affirmative action programs that gave preference to

minorities and women in hiring and admissions (p. 589) accion afirmativa programas que les daban preferencia a los grupos minoritarios y a las mujeres en cuesti6n de empleos y de ingreso en la universidad (pag. 589) agricultural revolution a change in way of life that

occurred about 7,000 years ago, when hunter-gatherer societies began to stay in one place and grow their own food (p. 7) revolucion agricola cambia en la forma de vida que tuvo lugar hace unos 7,000 aiios, cuando las sociedades de cazadores y recolectores comenzaron a establecerse en un solo sitio y a cultivar sus alimentos (pag. 7) AI Qaeda Osama bin Laden's terrorist network (p. 742) AI Qaeda red terrorista de Osama Bin Laden

(pag. 742) Alamo Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas that was

the site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in 1836 (p. 110)

R96

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

alien citizen of another country living in the United

States (p. 272) extranjero ciudadano de otro pais que reside en Estados Unidos (pag. 272) Alliance for Progress a program that provided economic

aid to Latin America under President Kennedy (p. 534)

Alianza para el Progreso programa iniciado por el presidente Kennedy mediante el cual se le brind6 ayuda econ6mica a America Latina (pag. 534) Allied Powers alliance between Britain, France, and Rus-

sia (p. 232) potencias aliadas alianza entre Inglaterrra, Francia y

Rusia (pag. 232) the Allies the alliance of Britain, France, and Russia in

World War II (p. 396) Aliados alianza entre Inglaterra, Francia y Rusia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 396) American Indian Movement (AIM) organization founded

in 1968 by Native American leaders calling for a renewal of Native American culture and recognition of Native Americans' rights (p. 640)

American Indian Movement/Moviemento lndigena Norteamericano

baby boom/baby boom

Movimiento lndigena Norteamericano (AIM, por sus

Articulos de Ia Confederacion (1777) documento que

siglas en ingles) organizacion fundada en 1968 por lideres de los indigenas norteamericanos que fomento la renovacion de la cultura indigena y el reconocimiento de los derechos de los indigenas (pag. 640)

creo el primer gobierno central en Estados Unidos. Fue reemplazado por la Constitucion en 1789 (pag. 43)

Americanization process in which immigrants were

forced to abandon their traditional cultures and adopt the culture of white America (p. 158) americanizacion proceso mediante el cual se obligo a los inmigrantes a abandonar su cultura tradicional y a adoptar la cultura de los estadounidenses blancos (pag. 158) amnesty forgiveness to illegal aliens who had lived in

the United States for many years, allowing them to gain legal status (p. 768) amnistia perdon concedido a extranjeros ilegales que habian vivido en Estados Unidos durante muchos aiios, permitiendoles legalizar su situacion (pag. 768) anarchist radicals who believe in the destruction of

government(p.275) anarquista radical que cree en la destruccion del

gobierno (pag. 275) Antifederalists people who opposed ratification of the

Constitution (p. 48) antifederalistas personas que se oponian ala ratificacion de la Constitucion (pag. 48) anti-Semitism anti-Jewish beliefs (p. 427) antisemitismo ceencias en contra de los judios

(pag. 427) apartheid the South African government's official policy

oflegalized racial segregation throughout their society (p. 705) apartheid politica oficial del gobierno sudafricano de segregacion racial legal en toda la sociedad (pag. 705) Apollo 11 space mission to the moon in 1969; astronaut

Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon (p. 671) Apollo 11 mision espacial a la Luna en 1969; el astronauta Neil Armstrong fue la primera persona que piso la superficie lunar (pag. 671) appeasement giving in to the demands of uncompromis-

ing powers to avoid war (p. 395) apaciguamiento aceptar las exigencias de las potencias que no quieren ceder, con el fin de evitar la guerra (pag. 395)

assembly line a mass-production process in which a

product moved forward through many work stations, where workers performed specific tasks (p. 277) cadena de montaje proceso de produccion masiva en el que el producto avanza de puesto en puesto, y en cada puesto el obrero realiza una funcion especifica (pag. 277) assimilation blending in with the established culture

(p. 767) asimilacion mezcla con la cultura estabecida

(pag. 767) associative state the term for President Hoover's vision

of voluntary partnership between business associations and the government (p. 336) estado asociativo termino que uso el presidente Hoover para referirse al vinculo voluntario entre las asociaciones empresariales y el gobierno (pag. 336) Atlantic Charter (1941) a statement of American and

British goals for the defeat of the Nazis and their vision for the postwar world (p. 403) Carta del Atlantica (1941) declaracion de las metas estadounidenses y britanicas para derrotar a los nazis, y de su vision para el mundo despues de la guerra (pag. 403) atomic bomb a bomb that uses energy released by split-

ting atoms to create an enormous explosion (p. 410) bomba atomica bomba que usa la energia libe-

rada por la division de los atomos, creando asi una explosion enorme (pag. 410) Axis Powers the alliance of Germany, Italy and Japan in

World War II (p. 398) potencias del Eje alianza formada entre Alemania, Italia y Japon durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 398) Aztec a militaristic Mesoamerican Empire who formed a

large empire in present day Mexico in the 1400s (p. 7) azteca pueblo mesoamericano militarista que durante el siglo XV construyo un vasto imperio en lo

que actualmente es Mexico (pag. 7)

arms race a struggle in which competing nations build

more and more weapons in an effort to avoid one nation gaining a clear advantage (p. 286) carrera armamentista lucha entre varios paises que compiten para amasar mas y mas armas y asi evitar que otro pais obtenga una ventaja evidente (pag. 286) Articles of Confederation (1777) the document that

baby boom a dramatic rise in the birthrate following

World War II (p. 4 73) baby boom aumento marcado en la tasa de natalidad

despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 4 73)

created the first central government for the United States; it was replaced by the Constitution in 1789 (p. 43)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

R97

balance of powerI equilibrio del poder balance of power a system in which each nation or

alliance has equal strength; people believed that this could help avoid war (p. 232) equilibrio del poder sistema en el que cada pais o alianza tiene igual poderio; muchos opinan que asi se podrian evitar las guerras (pag. 232) Bataan Death March (1942) forced march of American

and Filipino prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in the Philippines in World War II. (p. 435) Marcha de Ia Muerte de Bataan (1942) marcha forzada de prisioneros de guerra estadounidenses y filipinos capturados por los japoneses en las Islas Filipinas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. (pag. 435) Battle of Antietam (1862) a Union victory in the Civil

War that marked the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. military history (p.126) batalla de Antietam (1862) victoria del ejercito de la Union durante la Guerra Civil que fue la batalla de un solo dia mas sangrienta de la historia militar de Estados Unidos (pag. 126) Battle of the Bulge (1944) World War II battle between

Germany and the Allied forces; the German advance created a ''bulge" in the Allied battle lines, but the Allies eventually prevailed (p. 424) batalla del Bulge (de .Ardenas) (1944) batalla de la Segunda Guerra Mundial entre Alemania y las fuerzas aliadas; la ofensiva alemana creo una especie de acumulacion o ''bulge" en las lineas aliadas, aunque los aliados salieron victoriosos al final (pag. 424) Battle of Bull Run (1861) the first major battle of the

Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory; showing the North that the Civil War would not be won easily (p. 125) batalla de Bull Run (1861) primera gran batalla de la Guerra Civil, que resulto en una victoria de laConfederacion; esta batalla le demostro al norte que la Guerra Civil no se ganaria facilmente. (pag. 125) Battle of Chancellorsville (1863) Civil War battle that

was one of the Confederate army's major victories (p. 129) batalla de Chancellorsville (1863) batalla de la Guerra Civil que fue una de las mayores victorias del Ejercito Conferederado (pag. 129) Battle of Gettysburg (1863) a Union Civil War victory

that tumed the tide against the Confederates (p. 129) Batalla de Gettysburg (1863) victoria del ejercito de la Union durante la Guerra Civil que cambio el curso de la guerra en contra de los confederados (pag. 129) Battle of lwo Jima (1945) a World War II battle between

Japanese forces and invading U.S. troops (p. 440) batalla de lwo Jima (1945) batalla de la Segunda Guerra Mundial entre las fuerzas japonesas y las fuerzas estadounidenses invasoras (pag. 440)

R98

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

Battle of Shiloh/batalla de Shiloh Battle of Lexington (1775) Battle of the Revolutionary

War where the first shot of the war was fired on April 19, 1775 (p. 31) batalla de Lexington (1775) batalla de la Guerra de Independencia en la que se lanzo el primer disparo el 19 de abril de 1775 (pag. 31) Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876) battle between the

U.S. Army led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and Sioux forces led by Chief Sitting Bull; the Sioux won the battle (p. 143) batalla de Little Bighorn (1876) batalla entre el ejercito de Estados Unidos bajo el comando del teniente coronel George Armstrong Custer y guerreros de la tribu sioux comandados por el jefe Sitting Bull; aunque los sioux ganaron la batalla (pag. 143) Battle of Midway (1942) a key naval and air battle

between Japanese and U.S. forces during World War II (p. 436) batalla de Midway (1942) batalla naval y aerea clave entre Japon y Estados Unidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 436) Battle of Okinawa (1945) World War II battle between

Japanese forces and invading U.S. troops; fought on the island of Okinawa; over 100,000 Japanese troops were killed (p. 440) batalla de Okinawa (1945) batalla de la Segunda Guerra Mundial entre las fuerzasjaponesas y las tropas estadounidenses invasoras; se peleo en la isla de Okinawa; murieron mas de 100,000 soldados japoneses(pag.440) Battle of San Juan Hill (1898) battle in the Spanish-

American War in which 8,000 U.S. soldiers fought to seize control over San Juan Hill (p. 210) batalla de San Juan Hill (1945) batalla de la Guerra Hispanoamericana en la cual8,000 soldados estadounidenses lucharon para apoderarse de la lorna de San Juan (pag. 210) Battle of Saratoga (1777) a Revolutionary War battle in

New York that resulted in a major defeat of British troops; marked the Patriots' greatest victory up to that point in the war (p. 34) batalla de Saratoga (1777) batalla de la Guerra de Independencia estadounidense que tuvo lugar en Nueva York yen la que las fuerzas britanicas sufrieron una de sus peores derrotas; los patriotas obtuvieron su mayor victoria hasta ese momenta (pag. 34) Battle of Shiloh (1862) a Civil War battle in Tennessee in

which the Union army gained greater control over the Mississippi River valley (p. 125) batalla de Shiloh (1862) batalla de la Guerra Civil en Tennessee en la que el ejercito de la Union adquirio mayor control sobre el valle del rio Misisipi (pag. 125)

Battle of Veracruz/batalla de Veracruz Battle of Veracruz (1914) major conflict in the Mexican

Revolution (p. 222) batalla de Veracruz (1914) confiicto importante en la

Revolucion Mexicana (pag. 222) Battle of Yorktown (1781) last major battle of the Revo-

lutionary War; site of Genereal Charles Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781 (p. 37) batalla de Yorktown (1781) ultima batalla importante de la Guerra de Independencia; lugar donde el General Charles Comwallis presento su rendicion el 19 de octubre de 1781 (pag. 37) Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) an attempt by Cuban exiles

in southem Cuba to overthrow the Cuban socialist govemment of Fidel Castro; the effort was funded by the U.S. and was famously disastrous (p. 529) invasion de Ia Bahia de Cochinos (1961) intento de exiliados cubanos de derrocar al gobiemo socialista cubano de Fidel Castro con una invasion por el sur de la isla; contaron con la financiamiento de Estados Unidos y fue un gran error (pag. 529) bayonet constitution (1887) a constitution the king of

Hawaii was forced to sign which severely restricted his power and deprived most Hawaiians of the vote (p. 203) constitucion de las bayonetas (1887) constitucion que el rey de Hawai se vio obligado a firmar limitando gravemente su poder y privando a la mayoria de los hawaianos del voto (pag. 203) Bear Flag Revolt (1846) a revolt against Mexico by

American settlers in California who declared the territory an independent republic (p. 112) Revuelta de Bear Flag (1846) rebelion en contra de Mexico iniciada por los pobladores estadounidenses de California que declararon al territorio de California una republica independiente (pag. 112) Beringia name given by historians to the land bridge

that connected Asia and North America during the Ice Age (p. 6) Beringia nombre dado por los historiadores al puente terrestre que conecto a Asia y America de Norte durante al Edad de Hielo (pag. 6) Berlin Airlift a program in which the United States and

Britain shipped supplies by air to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade of all routes to the city; lasted from 1948-1949(p.470) Puente Aereo de Berlin programa mediante el cual Estados U nidos e Inglaterra enviaban suministros y pretrechos a Berlin Occidental durante un bloqueo sovietico de todas las rutas hacia la ciudad; duro dos aiios, de 1948 a 1949 (pag. 470) Big Four name given to the leaders of the Allied Powers

who dominated the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 following the Allied victory in World War I (p. 255)

bootlegger/ contrabandista Cuatro Grandes nombre que se les dio a los lideres de

las potencias aliadas que dominaron la Conferencia de Paz en Paris en 1919 tras la victoria de los Aliados en la Primera Guerra Mundial (pag. 255) Bill of Rights the first 10 amendments to the Constitu-

tion; ratified in 1791 (p. 49) Declaracion de Derechos primeras 10 enmiendas

hechas ala Constitucion de Estados Unidos; aprobada en 1791 (pag. 49) Black Cabinet nickname for a group of African Ameri-

cans Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed to key govemment positions; they served as unofficial advisors to the president (p. 366) Gabinete Negro nombre dado a un grupo de afroamericanos que Franklin D. Roosevelt designo para que ocuparan cargos importantes en el gobiemo; fueron asesores extraoficiales del presidente (pag. 366) Black Panther Party a group formed in 1966, inspired

by the idea of Black Power that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent (p. 583) Partido Black Panther grupo formado en 1966, inspirado en la idea del poder negro o Black Power que presto ayuda en barrios predominantemente negros; a menudo ha sido considerado un grupo radical o violento (pag. 583) Black Power a movement in the late 1960s that advo-

cated more forceful measures to achieve civil rights and supported the idea that African Americans had to depend on themselves to solve problems (p. 583) Black Power (o poder negro) movimiento surgido a finales de la decada de 1960 que defendia que se tomaran medidas mas energicas para lograr los derechos civiles y apoyaba el concepto de que los afroamericanos solo podian contar con su propia comunidad para resolver sus problemas (pag. 583) Black Tuesday Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the day that

the stock market crashed (p. 325) martes negro martes, 29 de octubre de 1929, dia en

que se desplomo el mercado de valores (pag. 325) blitzkrieg a German word meaning "lightning war"

(p. 396) blitzkrieg palabra en aleman que significa "guerra

relampago" (pag. 396) Bolshevik a group of Russian radicals, led by Vladimir I.

Lenin, who played a major role in the 1917 revolution in Russia (p. 271) bolcheviques grupo de radicales rusos, dirigidos por Vladimir I. Lenin, que tuvo un rol muy importante en la Revolucion Rusa de 1917 (pag. 271) bootlegger people who smuggled liquor during Prohibi-

tion (p. 300) contrabandista personas que comerciaban clandesti-

namente com licores durante de la Prohibicion (pag. 300)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

R99

boricua/boricua boricua the name by which many Puerto Ricans refer

to themselves; it expresses pride, empowerment, and certain political beliefs (p. 648) boricua nombre con el que se refieren muchos puertorrique:fi.os a ellos mismos; expresa orgullo, poderio y ciertas creencias politicas (pag. 648) Boston Massacre (1770) an incident in which British

soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five people (p. 31) Masacre de Boston (1770) incidente en el que los soldados britanicos dispararon contra una multitud de colonos, matando a cinco personas (pag. 31) Boxer Rebellion (1900) a siege of a foreign settlement in

Beijing by Chinese nationalists who were angry at foreign involvement in China (p. 204) Rebelion de los Boxers (1900) sitio de un asentamiento extranjero en Beijing por parte de un grupo de nacionalistas chinos que estaban en desacuerdo con la participacion extranjera en China (pag. 204)

cash-and-carry/pague y recoja bully pulpit a platform used to publicize and seek sup-

port for important issues (p. 184) tribuna platforma usada para promocionar y solicitar apoyo para temas de importancia (pag. 184)

v. Gore Supreme Court case that ruled the Florida Supreme Court's recount in the 2000 Presidential Election was unconstitutional because it failed to provide clear standards by which the ballots were to be counted (p. 735) Bush contra Gore caso en el que la Corte Suprema decidio que el recuento efectuado por la Corte Suprema de Florida en la eleccion presidencial de 2000 fue inconstitucional porque no existian reglas claras sobre como debian contarse los votos (pag. 735)

Bush

buying on margin buying stocks with loans from brokers

(p. 323) comprar a credito comprar acciones con dinero prestado por los corredores (pag. 323)

Bracero Program (1942) a program that gave poor Mexi-

can workers the chance to work temporarily in the United States (p. 411) programa de braceros (1942) programa que les dio a los trabajadores mexicanos pobres la oportunidad de trabajar temporalmente en Estados Unidos (pag. 411) brinkmanship a strategy that involves countries get-

ting to the verge of war without actually going to war (p. 498) politica arriesgada estrategia que implica que los paises llegan al borde de la guerra sin entrar en batalla (pag. 498) Brownsville incident (1906) the accusation of twelve

members of the African American 25th Infantry of a shooting spree in Brownsville, Texas, that killed one man and wounded a police officer; since no one member took responsibility for the shooting, all were dishonorably discharged; years later it was determined that they had been falsely accused (p. 193) incidente de Brownsville (1906) acusacion de doce soldados del batallon 25 de Infanteria, compuesto de afroamericanos de una matanza en Brownsville, Texas en la que murio un hombre y quedo herido un policia; como nadie se responsabilizo de haber disparado, todos fueron dados de baja con deshonor; a:fi.os mas tarde se establecio que habian sido acusados falsamente (pag. 193) budget deficit the amount by which government spend-

ing for a year exceeds government income (p. 698) deficit presupuestario cantidad en la cuallos gastos del gobierno superan sus ingresos en un a:fi.o determinado (pag. 698) budget surplus when a government's income exceeds its

spending (p. 734) excedente presupuestario cuando los ingresos de un gobierno son mayores que sus gastos (pag. 734)

R100

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

Camp David Accords agreement between Egyptian

President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin; President Carter mediated the process at Camp David (p. 684) Acuerdos de Camp David convenio entre el presidente egipcio Anwar Sadat y el primer ministro israeli Menachem Begin; el presidente Carter actuo como mediador el proceso en Camp David (pag. 684) capitalism economic system in which most businesses

are privately owned (p. 151) capitalismo sistema economico en el que la mayoria de las empresas son de propiedad privada (pag. 151) carpetbagger name given by Southern critics to

Southerners allied with northern Republicans who came south to take part in the region's political and economic rebirth; given this name because it was claimed they could carry everything they owned in a carpetbag, a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet (p. 135) carpetbagger nombre que les dieron los criticos sure:fi.os a los sure:fi.os que se aliaron con los republicanos norte:fi.os que fueron al sur a participar en el renacimiento politico y economico de la region; se decia que todas sus pertenencias les cabian en una carpetbag, un tipo de maleta (bag) barata hecha de alfombra (carpet), de ahi su nombre (pag. 135) cash-and-carry (1939) law that changed the Neutrality

Act to allow countries at war to purchase American goods as long as they paid cash and picked up their orders in American ports (p. 402)

cash-and-carry/pague y recoja

Committee on Public lnformation/Comite de Informacion PUblica

pague y recoja (1939) ley que cambio la Ley de Neutralidad con elfin de permitirles a los paises en guerra comprar productos estadounidenses siempre y cuando pagaran en efectivo y recogieran sus pedidos en puertos estadounidenses (pag. 402) Central Powers alliance between Germany, Austria-Hun-

gary and the Ottoman Empire (p. 232) potencias centrales alianza entre Alemania, AustriaHungria y el Imperio otomano (pag. 232) checks and balances a system established by the Consti-

tution that prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful (p. 46) equilibrio de poderes sistema establecido por laConstitucion para evitar que ninguna rama del gobiemo adquiera demasiada autoridad (pag. 46) Chicano name adopted by Mexican Americans in the late

1960s to refer to a person of Mexican descent living in the U.S.; a shortened form of the word mexicano (p. 644) Chicano nombre adoptado por los mexicano-americanos a fines de la decada de 1960 para referirse a una persona de ascendencia mexicana que reside en Estados Unidos; es una forma corta de la palabra mexicano (pag. 644) Chisholm Trail a trail that ran from San Antonio, Texas,

to Abilene, Kansas, established by Jesse Chisholm in the late 1860s for cattle drives (p. 146) camino de Chisholm camino desde San Antonio, Texas hasta Abilene, Kansas creado por Jesse Chisholm a finales de la decada de 1860 para arrear ganado (pag. 146) CIA Cent~al Intelligence Agency; collects intelligence

information and takes part in secret actions against foreign targets (p. 498) CIA Agencia Central de Inteligencia; recoge informacion y participa en acciones secretas contra objetivos en el exterior del pais (pag. 498) CIO a group that broke away from the AFL to form

the Committee for Industrial Organization; it later changed its name to Congress of Industrial Organizations (p. 360) CIO grupo que se separo de la AFL para formar el Comite para la Organizacion Industrial; mas tarde cambio de nombre a Congreso de Organizaciones Industriales (pag. 360)

Civil Rights Act of 1964 act signed into law on July 2,

1964 that banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations (p. 571) Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1964 ley firmada el 2 de julio de 1964 que prohibio la discriminacion en el empleo yen los establecimientos publicos (pag. 571) Civil Rights Act of 1968 law that banned discrimination

in the sale or rental of housing (p. 588) Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1968 ley que prohibio la discriminacion en la venta y alquiler de viviendas Cpag. 588) Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) law that prohibited compa-

nies from buying the stock of competing companies in order to form a monopoly, forbade companies from selling goods below cost with the goal of driving their competitors out of business and made strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing legal (p. 191) Ley Antimonopolio Clayton (1914) ley que prohibio a las empresas comprar las acciones de empresas competidoras con el objeto de formar un monopolio, les prohibio a las empresas vender sus productos por debajo del costo con elfin de eliminar la competencia y legalizolas huelgas, los boicots, y los piquetes pacificos (pag. 191) code talker American Navajos who served in the

Marines during World War II; they translated important military messages into a coded version of the Navajo language (p. 439) codificador navajos estadounidenses de la tribu navajo que durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial prestaron servicio en los Marines; tradujeron importantes mensajes militares a una version codificada del idioma navajo. (pag. 439) Cold War an era of high tension and bitter rivalry known

between the United States and the Soviet Union following the end of World War II (p. 465) Guerra Fria era de grandes tensiones y gran rivalidad entre Estados Unidos y la Union Sovietica despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 465) Columbian Exchange the transfer of plants, animals, and

diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa (p. 12) intercambio colombino intercambio de plantas, animales y enfermedades entre las Americas y Europa, Asia y Africa (pag. 12)

civilian a nonmilitary person (p. 773) civil persona no militar (pag. 773)

combat fighting (p. 772) combate batalla (pag. 772)

Civil Rights Act of 1866 law that gave African Ameri-

Committee on Public Information created by President

cans legal rights equal to those of white Americans (p. 134) Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1866 ley que les dio a los afroamericanos derechos legales similares a los de los estadounidenses blancos (pag. 134)

Wilson and headed by journalist George Creel, this committee's objective was to maximize national loyalty and support for World War I (p. 251) Comite de Informacion PUblica creado por el presidente Wilson y encabezado por el periodista George Creel, su objetivo era aprovechar al maximo la lealtad y el apoyo de la nacion durante la Primera Guerra Mundial (pag. 251)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

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Common Sense/Sentido comun Common Sense (1776) a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain (p. 32) Sentido comun (1776) folleto escrito por Thomas Paine en el que criticaba a las monarquias con el fin de convencer a los colonos estadounidenses de la necesidad de independizarse de Gran Bretaiia (pag. 32) communism a system of government in which there is

no private property and there are no economic classes (p. 271) comunismo sistema de gobierno en el que no hay propiedad privada ni clases economicas (pag. 271) Communists people who seek the equal distribution of

wealth and the end of all private property (p. 242) comunistas personas que buscan una distribucion igualitaria de la riqueza y el fin de todo tipo de propiedad privada (pag. 242) comparative advantage the theory that nations gain

more by trading with each other than they lose (p. 807) ventaja comparativa teoria que sostiene que las naciones ganan mas de lo que pierden si comercian entre si (pag. 807) Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay's proposed agreement

that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty (p. 117) Compromiso de 1850 acuerdo redactado por Henry Clay en que se permitia a California entrar en la Union como estado libre y se proponia la division de la Cesion Mexicana en dos partes donde la esclavitud seria reglamentada por soberania popular (pag. 117) concentration camp a dentention site created for mili-

tary or political purposes to confine, terrorize, and in some cases, kill civilians (p. 427) campo de concentracion lugar de detencion creado con fines militares o politicos para recluir, atemorizar y, en algunos casos, asesinar a civiles (pag. 427) Confederate States of America the nation formed by the

southern states when they seceded from the Union; also known as the Confederacy (p. 122) Estados Confederados de America nacion formada por los estados del Sur cuando se separaron de la Union; tambien conocidos como la Confederacion (pag. 122) conservation the careful use of resources (p. 781) conservacion uso prudente de los recursos (pag. 781) containment policy that the United States adopted in

the late 1940s to stop the spread of communism; it involved providing economic aid in order to strengthen countries against the Soviets (p. 467)

R102

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

Cuban missile crisis/crisis de los misiles de Cuba contencion politica adoptada por Estados Unidos

a fines de la decada de 1940 para detener la diseminacion del comunismo; implicaba proporcionar ayuda economica para fortalacer a los paises ante los sovieticos (pag. 467) convoy system a military technique of transport in

which ships were surrounded by destroyers or cruisers for protection (p. 242) sistema de convoy tecnica militar de transporte en el que los barcos viajaban rodeados de destructores o cruceros para protegerlos (pag. 242) cooperative an organization that is owned and con-

trolled by its members, who work together for a common goal (p. 337) cooperativa organizacion que pertenece a sus miembros y es controlada por ellos; sus miembros trabajan en conjunto para lograr un objetivo comun (pag. 337) CORE Committee of Racial Equality; an organization

dedicated to the practice of nonviolent protest (p. 558) CORE Comite por la Igualdad Racial; organizacion

dedicada a la practica de protestas no violentas (pag. 558) corps a military group (p. 773) cuerpo grupo militar (pag. 773) cost of living the amount of income required to buy basic

necessities (p. 790) costo de vida ingresos necesarios para comprar las necesidades basicas (pag. 790) counterculture a rebellion of teens and young adults

against mainstream American society in the 1960s (p. 651) cultura alternativa rebelion de adolescentes y jovenes adultos contra la corriente dominante de la sociedad estadounidense durante la decada de 1960 (pag. 651) credit a system of borrowing money from banks to make

purchases, and then paying it back later with interest (p. 280) credito sistema de tomar prestado dinero de un banco para hacer compras, y luego pagarlo con intereses (pag. 280) crime harmful or dangerous acts as defined by law

(p. 794) delitos actos daiiinos o peligrosos seglin la ley (pag. 794) criminal code code standard set oflaws (p. 795) codigo penal conjunto estandarizado de leyes

(pag. 795) Cuban missile crisis (1962) several days during which

the United States teetered on the brink of nuclear war with the Soviet Union (p. 5321 crisis de los misiles de Cuba (1962) varios dias durante los cuales Estados Unidos estuvo al borde de una guerra nuclear con la Union Sovietica (pag. 532)

'

dividend/dividendo

cyberspace/ciberespacio cyberspace term used for the online world of the Inter-

net (p. 802) ciberespacio termino que se usa para nombrar el

mundo en linea de Internet (pag. 802)

democratas-republicanos miembros de un partido

politico fundado en la decada de 1790 por Thomas Jefferson, James Madison y otros lideres que deseaban conservar el poder de los gobiernos estatales y promover la agricultura (pag. 51) Department of Homeland Security U.S. government

Dawes Act (1887) legislation passed by Congress that

split up Indian reservation lands among individual Indians and promised them citizenship (p. 144) Ley de Adjudicacion General de Dawes (1887) ley aprobada por el Congreso que dividia el terreno de las reservas indigenas entre los indigenas individuales y les prometia la ciudadania (pag. 144) D-day (1944) June 6, 1944, the first day of the Allied

invasion of Normandy in World War II (p. 423) DiaD (1944) 6 dejunio de 1944, primer dia de la invasion de N ormandia por parte de los Aliados en la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 423) de facto segregation segregation that exists through

custom and practice rather than by law (p. 581) segregacion de facto segregacion que existe por costumbre y practica y no establecida por ley (pag. 581) de jure segregation segregation by law (p. 581) segregacion de jure segregacion establecida por ley

(pag. 581) de Lome letter (1898) a letter written by Spain's minister

to the United States that was published in a major newspaper; the letter ridiculed President McKinley and outraged many Americans (p. 208) carta de Lome (1898) carla escrita por el ministro espaiiol en Estados U nidos que se publico en un periodico importante; en ella ridiculizaba al presidente McKinley e indigno a muchos estadounidenses (pag. 208) Declaration of Independence Statement of the Second

Continental Congress that formally announced the colonies break with Britain (p. 33) Declaracion de lndependecia pronunciamiento del Segundo Congreso Continental que anuncio formalmente la separacion de las colonias de Gran Bretaiia (pag. 33) deficit when a government spends more money than it

takes in (p. 364) deficit cuando el gobierno gasta mas dinero del que recauda (pag. 364) Democratic-Republicans members of a political party

founded in the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power of the state governments and promote agriculture (p. 51)

department created by the Bush administration after the attacks of September 11,2001 to protect the U.S. from terrorist attacks (p. 744) Departmento de Seguridad Nacional departamento del gobierno estadounidense creado por el gobierno de Bush luego de los atentados del11 de septiembre de 2001 para proteger al pais de los ataques terroristas (pag. 744) deploy send (p. 772) desplegar enviar (pag. 772) deportation being sent back to one's country of origin

(p. 272) deportacion ser devuelto al pais de origen de uno

(pag. 272) detente efforts President Nixon took to lower Cold War

tensions in the late 1960s and early 1970s (p. 668) distension campaiia del presidente Nixon para

reducir las tensiones de la Guerra Fria a finales de los aiios 60 y principios de los aiios 70 (pag. 668) dictatorship government by a leader or group that holds

unchallenged power and authority (p. 389) dictadura forma de gobierno en la que el poder y la

autoridad ilimitados se concentran en una persona o grupo (pag. 389) Dien Bien Phu town in Vietnam that was the site of a

battle between the French and the Vietminh in 1954; the French lost the battle and control of the country of Vietnam (p. 599) Dien Bien Phu aldea en Vietnam donde los franceses y el Vietminh lucharon en 1954; los franceses perdieron la batalla y el control de Vietnam (pag. 599) discretion the freedom to decide on an appropriate

sentence for each individual within certain guidelines (p. 796) discrecion libertad de decidir la sentencia adecuada para cada persona dentro de ciertas relgas generales (pag. 796) discrimination treatment based on race, class, or cat-

egory rather than individual merit (p. 768) discriminacion trato que se basa en la raza, la clase o

la categoria y no en el merito individual (pag. 768) disparity gap (p. 790) disparidad distancia o brecha (pag. 790) dividend a payment made by a company to its share-

holders (p. 736) dividendo cantidad que una compaiiia paga a sus

accionistas (pag. 736)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

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dollar diplomacy/diplomacia del dolar dollar diplomacy President Taft's policy of influencing

Latin America through economic rather than military intervention (p. 217) diplomacia del dolar politica creada por el presidente Taft para influir en America Latina mediante la intervenci6n econ6mica en lugar de la militar (pag. 217) domino theory President Eisenhower's idea that if

Vietnam fell to communism, the other countries of Southeast Asia would fall to Communists (p. 598) teoria del efecto domino idea del presidente Eisenhower de que si Vietnam caia en manos comunistas, los demas paises del sureste asiatico tambien se harian comunistas (pag. 598) dot-com company whose products or services are mar-

keted on the Internet (p. 736) punto coms empresas cuyos productos o servicios se comercializan en Internet (pag. 736) doves people opposed to a war (p. 610) palomas personas que se oponen a la guerra

Cpag. 610) drought a period of very dry weather (p. 332) sequia periodo de tiempo muy seco (pag. 332) Dust Bowl a nickname for the Great Plains regions hit

by drought and dust storms in the early 1930s (p. 332) Tazon de Polvo apodo dado a las regiones de las Grandes Planicies azotadas por la sequia y las tormentas de polvo a principios de la decada de 1930 (pag. 332)

entrepreneur I empresario Elkins Act (1903) law passed by Congress which prohib-

ited railroads from accepting rebates from their best customers (p. 186) Ley Elkins (1903) ley aprobada por el Congreso para prohibirles a los ferrocarriles recibir devoluciones de dinero de sus mejores clientes (pag. 186) Ellis Island an island in New York harbor that was an

entry point for 12 million immigrants to the United States between 1892 and 1954 (p. 157) isla Ellis isla en el puerto de Nueva York que fue el punto de ingreso de 12 millones de inmigrantes a Estados Unidos entre 1892 y 1954 (pag. 157) Emancipation Proclamation (1862) an order issued by

President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863 (p. 127) Proclamacion de Emancipacion (1862) decreto emitido por el presidente Abraham Lincoln para liberar a los esclavos en las regiones rebeladas contra la Union; entr6 en vigor el 1 de enero de 1863 (pag. 127) encomienda system a privilege given by Spain to Span-

ish settlers in the Americas which allowed them to control the lands and people of a certain territory (p. 15) sistema de encomiendas privilegio otorgado por Espa:fia a los pobladores espaiioles en las Americas; que les dio control de las tierras y las personas en ciertos territorios (pag. 15) encryption technology that transforms data to make it

indecipherable to an outside observer (p. 802) codificacion tecnologfa que transforma los datos de modo que sean imposibles de descifrar por un observador externo (pag. 802) Eighteenth Amendment (1919) a constitutional amend-

ment that outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in 1933 (p. 180) Decimoctava enmienda (1919) enmienda constitucional que prohibi6 la producci6n y venta de bebidas alcoh6licas en Estados Unidos; revocada en 1933 (pag. 180) Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) declared the right of the

United States to help, on request, any nation in the Middle East trying to resist armed communist aggression (p. 501) Doctrina de Eisenhower (1957) declar6 el derecho de Estados Unidos de ayudar, cuando se lo solicitaran, a cualquier pais del Medio Oriente en su resistencia contra la agresi6n armada de los comunistas Cpag. 501) electronic mail messages sent via computer; e-mail

(p. 800) correo electronico mensajes enviados por computadora; e-mail (pag. 800)

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ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

Enlightenment movement that began in Europe in the

late 1600s as people began examining the natural world, society, and government; also called the Age of Reason (p. 23) llustracion movimiento que comenz6 en Europa a fines del siglo XVII cuando la gente empez6 a estudiar el mundo natural, la sociedad y el gobierno.; tambien se conoce como la Edad de la Raz6n (pag. 23) enlist join (p. 773) alistarse inscribirse (pag. 773) Enola Gay nickname of the American plane that dropped

the atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in World War II (p. 453) Enola Gay nombre del avi6n desde el cual se lanz6 la bomba at6mica en la ciudad japonesa de Hiroshima durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 453) entrepreneur risk taker who starts new ventures within

the economic system of capitalism (p. 151) empresario persona que toma riesgos y emprende nuevas operaciones dentro del sistema econ6mico del capitalismo (pag. 151)

Equal Rights Amendment/Enmienda de lgualdad de Derechos Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) a proposed constitu-

tional amendment barring discrimination on the basis of sex; although it was approved by Congress in 1972, not enough states ratified the amendment and it failed to become a law (p. 636) Enmienda de lgualdad de Derechos (ERA, por sus siglas en ingles) enmienda constitucional propuesta que prohibia la discriminacion basada en el sexo; aunque el Congreso la aprobo en 1972, no hubo suficientes estados que ratificaran la enmienda y no se convirtio en ley (pag. 636) Establishment the social, economic, and political leaders

of a nation who hold power and influence (p. 651) clase dirigente lideres sociales, economicos y politicos

de un pais que tienen poder e influencia (pag. 651) ethnicity country of origin (p. 768) origen etnico pais de origen (pag. 768) evolution theory which holds that inherited characteris-

tics of a population change over generations and that as a result of these changes, new species sometimes arise (p. 298) evolucion teoria que sostiene que las caracteristicas heredadas de una poblacion cambian de una generacion a otra y que, como consecuencia de esos cambios, a veces surgen nuevas especies (pag. 298) executive branch the division of the federal government

that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws (p. 4 7) poder ejecutivo division del gobierno federal que incluye al presidente y a los departamentos administrativos; vigila el cumplimiento de las leyes de la nacion (pag. 4 7) executive privilege policy that a president must be free

to keep his or her official conversations and meetings private (p. 678) privilegio ejecutivo politica que afirma que un presidente debe tener la libertad de mantener la confidencialidad de sus conversaciones y reuniones oficiales (pag. 678) extinction complete disappearance of a species (p. 783) extincion desaparicion total de una especie (pag. 783)

flapper / flapper fascism a system of government that focuses on the good

of the state rather than on the individual citizens (p. 388) fascismo sistema de gobierno que se concentra en el bienestar del estado en lugar del bienestar de los ciudadanos (pag. 388) Federalists people who supported ratification of the

Constitution (p. 48) federalistas personas que apoyaban la ratificacion de

la Constitucion (pag. 48) Federal Reserve System the nation's central bank (p. 324) Sistema de Ia Reserva Federal banco central del pais

(pag. 324) Federal Reserve Act (1913) law that created a central

fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic; it also placed the banking system under the supervision of the government for the first time (p. 191) Ley de Ia Reserva Federal (1913) ley que creo un fondo central del cuallos bancos tomarian prestados fondos para evitar el colapso durante un panico economico; por primera vez en la historia, tambien puso al sistema (pag. 191) feminism the principle that women and men should

have equal social, political, and economic rights (p. 636) feminismo principia segU.n el cuallas mujeres y los hombres deben gozar de igualdad de derechos sociales, politicos y economicos (pag. 636) Fifteenth Amendment (1870) a constitutional amend-

ment that gave African American men the right to vote (p. 135) Decimoquinta enmienda (1870) enmienda constitucional que otorgo a los hombres afroamericanos el derecho al voto (pag. 135) Final Solution Hitler's regime's plan to murder the entire

Jewish population of Europe and the Soviet Union (p. 428) Solucion Final plan del regimen de Hitler de asesinar a toda la poblacionjudia de Europa y la Union Sovietica (pag. 428) fireside chat conversational radio addresses given by Franklin D. Roosevelt (p. 348) charlas informales discursos radiales a modo de conversacion que daba Franklin D. Roosevelt (pag. 348)

Fair Deal plan proposed by President Truman that

included a number of programs in the tradition of the New Deal; few of the Fair Deal ideas ever became law (p. 475) Trato Justo plan propuesto por el presidente Truman, que incluyo una serie de programas en la tradicion del New Deal; fueron pocos los conceptos del Fair Deal que terminaron siendo leyes (pag. 475)

flapper a young woman in the 1920s who wore her

hair bobbed, wore makeup, dressed in flashy, skimpy clothes, and lived a life of independence and freedom (p. 296) flapper jovencita que en la decada de 1920 lucia el pelo con corte de paje, usaba maquillaje, se ponia ropa llamativa y escasa, y vivia una vida de independencia y libertad (pag. 296)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

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flexible response/ respuesta flexible flexible response a response strategy to nuclear tensions

that involved strengthening conventional U.S. forces so the nation would have options other than nuclear weapons in times of crisis (p. 534) respuesta flexible estrategia de respuesta a las tensiones nucleares que implico fortalecer las fuerzas convencionales de Estados Unidos para que el pais contara con otras opciones ademas de las armas nucleares en cualquier epoca de crisis (pag. 534) flower children a slang term for hippies who wore flow-

ers in their hair (p. 653) ninos de las flores expresion popular para los hippies que llevaban flores en el cabello (pag. 653) food insecurity the inability to buy enough healthy food

(p. 790) inseguridad alimenticia incapacidad de comprar una cantidad suficiente de alimentos saludables (pag. 790) Foraker Act (1900) established that the United States

would appoint the upper house of Puerto Rico's legislature, as well as its governor; the lower house of the legislature would be elected by Puerto Rican voters (p. 215) Ley de Foraker (1900) establecio que Estados Unidos designaria a los miembros de la camara alta de la asamblea legislativa, asi como su gobernador; la camara baja seria elegida por los votantes puertorriquefios (pag. 215) foreclosure when a lender takes over ownership of a

property from an owner who has failed to make loan payments (p. 330) ejecucion hipotecaria cuando el prestamista se apodera de una propiedad porque el propietario no ha pagado las cuotas del prestamo (pag. 330) Fort Sumter (1861) the first battle of the Civil War; sur-

rendered by the Union on April14, 1861 (p. 123) Fort Sumter (1861) primera batalla de la Guerra Civil, en la que la Union presento su rendicion el14 de abril de 1861 (pag. 123)

genocide/ genocidio Movimiento por Ia Libertad de Expresion movimientao en contra de la cultura dominante que tuvo lugar en la decada de 1960 en el que los estudiantes usaban tacticas de desobediencia civil para protestar contra las injusticias (pag. 652) Freedom Riders activists who challenged segregation in

bus terminals in the South in 1961 (p. 566) Pasajeros de Ia Libertad activistas que en 1961 desafiaron la segregacion en las terminales de autobuses del Sur (pag. 566) Freedom Summer a volunteer project in which college

students spent their summer vacation in Mississippi, registering African Americans to vote (p. 575) Verano de Ia Libertad proyecto de voluntarios en el que un grupo de estudiantes universitarios pasaron sus vacaciones de verano en el estado de Mississippi, inscribiendo a afroamericanos para votar (pag. 575) French and Indian War war fought between France and

England in the 1750s over territorial claims in North America (p. 25) Guerra Francesa e India guerra entre Francia e Inglaterra en la decada de 1750 causada por las tierras que ambos reclamaban en America del Norte (pag. 25) Fugitive Slave Act (1850) a law that made it a crime to

help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders (p. 117) Ley de Esclavos Fugitivos (1850) ley que hacia que ayudar a un esclavo a escapar de su amo fuera un delito, ademas de permitir la captura de esclavos fugitivos en zonas donde la esclavitud era ilegal para devolverlos a sus propietarios (pag. 117) fundamentalism a belief in the literal interpretation of a

particular religion's doctrine or holy books (p. 298) fundamentalismo creencia en la interpretacion literal de la doctrina o de los libros sagrados de una religion en particular (pag. 298)

Fourteen Points President Woodrow Wilson's plan for

organizing post-World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars (p. 255) Catorce Puntos plan del presidente Woodrow Wilson para organizar Europa despues de la Primera Guerra Mundial y para evitar futuras guerras (pag. 255) Fourteenth Amendment (1866) a constitutional amend-

ment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians (p. 134) Decimocuarta enmienda (1866) enmienda constitucional que otorga derechos totales de ciudadania a todas las personas nacidas en Estados Unidos o naturalizadas estadounidenses, con excepcion de los indigenas norteamericanos (pag. 134) Free Speech Movement counterculture movement during

the 1960s in which students used the tactics of civil disobedience to protest injustices (p. 652)

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ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade international

organization that works to reduce tariffs and other barriers to trade (p. 4 76) Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio organizacion internacional que trabaja para reducir los aranceles y otras barreras para el comercio (pag. 476) Geneva Conference (1954) international meeting in

Geneva, Switzerland to restore peace in Indochina (p. 599) Convencion de Ginebra (1954) cumbre internacional celebrada en Ginebra, Suiza, para restablecer la paz en Indochina (pag. 599) genocide the killing of an entire people (p. 428)

..

homicide/homicidio

genocide/ genocidio genocidio exterminio de un pueblo entero (pag. 428) ghetto an area where people from a specific ethnic back-

ground live as a group (p. 428) gueto lugar en el que vive una comunidad de personas de un origien etnico particular (pag. 428) Gl Bill (1944) act that helped veterans make a smooth

entry into civilian life by providing money for attending college or advanced job training (p. 4 72) Ley de Veteranos (1944) ley que facilit6la reintegraci6n de los veteranos a la vida civil con ayudas econ6micas que les permitieron ir a la universidad u obtener formaci6n profesional avanzada (pag. 472)

glasnost Russian word for "opening''; refers to a new era of media freedom in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev (p. 708) glasnost palabra rusa que significa "apertura"; se refiere a una nueva era de libertad en los medios en la Union Sovietica bajo Mikhail Gorbachev (pag. 708) gold rush (1849) the mass migration of miners and busi-

ness people to California after gold was discovered there (p. 107) fiebre del oro (1849) migraci6n masiva de mineros y hombres de negocios a California tras el descubrimiento de oro alli (pag. 107) Great Awakening a religious movement that became

widespread in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s(p.24) Gran Despertar movimiento religioso que tuvo gran popularidad en las colonias estadounidenses en las decadas de 1730 y 1740 (pag. 24) Great Depression (1929- 1930s) the most severe eco-

nomic downturn in the history of the United States (p. 329) Gran Depresion (de 1929 ala decada de 1930) la crisis econ6mica mas grave de la historia de Estados Unidos (pag. 329) Great Migration the major relocation of African Ameri-

cans to northern cities from 1910 and into the 1920s (p. 303) Gran Migracion gran traslado de afroamericanos a las ciudades de Norte desde 1910 y hasta la decada de 1920 (pag. 303) Great Society the term for the domestic programs of the

Johnson administration (p. 545) Gran Sociedad termino que se refiere a los programas de politica interna del gobierno del presidente Johnson (pag. 545) green card Permenant Resident Card (p. 768) tarjeta verde tarjeta de residencia permanente

(pag. 768) gross national product the total value of all goods and

services produced in the nation (p. 321) producto interior bruto valor total de todos los bienes y servicios producidos en el pais (pag. 321)

Harlem Renaissance a blossoming of African American

art and literature that began in the 1920s (p. 304) Renacimiento de Harlem fiorecimineto del arte y la literatura afroamericanos que comenz6 en la decada de 1920 (pag. 304) hawks people who are supportive of a war's goals (p. 610) halcones personas que apoyan los objetivos de una

guerra (pag. 610) Hepburn Act (1906) law that authorized the Interstate

Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and gave it the power to regulate other companies engaged in interstate commerce (p. 186) Ley Hepburn (1906) ley que autoriz6 que la Comisi6n Interestatal de Comercio fijara precios maximos para el ferrocarril y le dio el poder para regular otras empresas que participaban en el comercio interestatal (pag. 186) hobo a homeless person, typically one who is traveling

in search of work; the term was used widely during the Great Depression (p. 328) vagabundo persona sin hogar que por lo general viaja de un sitio a otro en busca de trabajo; el termino se utiliz6 mucho durante la Gran Depresi6n (pag. 328) Ho Chi Minh Trail ~network of paths from North Viet-

nam to South Vietnam; North Vietnamese used the trail to send weapons, soldiers, and supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam (p. 605) Ruta de Ho Chi Minh red de senderos que comunica Vietnam del Norte con Vietnam del Sur; los vietnamitas del Norte utilizaban el camino para enviar armas, soldados y suministros al Vietcong en Vietnam del Sur (pag. 605) Hollywood Ten Hollywood writers and directors who

were thought to be radicals and called before HUAC; they refused to cooperate and were sentenced to short prison terms (p. 4 79) los diez de Hollywood escritores y directores de Hollywood considerados radicales y convocados por el HUAC; se negaron a cooperar y fueron condenados a penas de carcel breves (pag. 4 79) Holocaust the killing of millions of Jews and others by

Nazis during World War II (p. 431) Holocausto asesinato de millones de judios y de otras personas por parte de los nazis durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 431) Homestead Act (1862) a law passed by Congress to

encourage settlement in the West by giving government-owned land to small farmers (p. 146) Ley de Heredad (1862) ley aprobada por el Congreso para fomentar la colonizaci6n del oeste del pais mediante la cesi6n de tierras del gobierno a pequeiios agricultores (pag. 146) homicide the deliberate killing of another person (p. 796)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

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homicide/homicidio homicidio asesinato intencional de una persona

(pag. 796) Hoover Dam a dam built in the 1930s, with funding from

the federal government, to control the Colorado River (p. 336) Presa Hoover presa construida en la decada de 1930, con financiacion del gobierno federal, para controlar el rio Colorado (pag. 336) Hooverville makeshift shantytowns that sprung up

during the Great Depression; named for President Hoover (p. 331) Hooverville barriadas improvisadas que surgieron durante la Gran Depresion; llamadas asi en alusion al presidente Hoover (pag. 331) House of Burgesses America's first law-making body,

formed in July 1619 by representatives from the different communities in Virginia (p. 17) Ccimara de Burgueses la primera camara legislativa de Estados Unidos, formada en julio de 1619 por representantes de las distintas comunidades de Virginia Cpag. 17) House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

committee formed in the House of Representatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the United States; it later came to focus on the threat of communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War (p. 4 79) Comite de Actividades Antiestadounidenses (HUAC, por sus siglas en ingles) comite formado en la Camara de Representantes en la decada de 1930 para investigar a los grupos radicales en Estados Unidos; mas tarde se enforco en la amenaza comunista en Estados Unidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la Guerra Fria (pag. 479) Hundred Days (1933) the first hundred days of Franklin

Roosevelt's term as president during which Roosevelt implemented many new programs (p. 350) Cien Dias (1933) los primeros cien dias del gobierno de Franklin Roosevelt como presidente durante el cual Roosevelt puso en practica muchos programas nuevos (pag. 350) hydrogen bomb a nuclear weapon that gets its power

from the fusing together of hydrogen atoms (p. 503) bomba de hidrogeno un arma nuclear que obtiene su energia de la fusion de atomos de hidrogeno (pag. 503)

initiative/iniciativa immigrant a person who settles in a new country (p. 766) inmigrante persona que se establece en un nuevo pais

(pag. 766) imperialism the practice of extending a nation's power by

gaining territories for a colonial empire (p. 201) imperialismo practica de ampliar el poder de una

nacion mediante la anexion de otros territorios para formar un imperio colonial (pag. 201) Inchon a port city in western South Korea on the Yellow

Sea; site of major battle in the Korean War (p. 486) Inchon ciudad portuaria en el oeste de Corea del Sur a orillas del mar Amarillo; lugar de una importante batalla de la Guerra de Corea (pag. 486) incumbent the person who currently holds a public office

(p. 375) titular persona que ocupa un puesto oficial actual-

mente (pag. 375) indentured servants men and women whose employers

pay for passage to the country they wish to emigrate to, food, and shelter; in return the indentured servants agree to work for the employer for a certain number of years, usually five or seven (p. 17) sirvientes por contrato hombres y mujeres a los que sus empleadores les pagaban el pasaje al pais al que deseaban emigrar, la comida y el alojamiento; a cambio, los sirvientes por contrato se comprometian a trabajar para el empleador durante un determinado numero de a:fios, normalmente cinco o siete (pag. 17) Indian Removal Act (1830) a congressional act that

authorized the removal ofNativeAmericans who lived east of the Mississippi River (p. 95) Ley de Expulsion de lndigenas (1830) ley redactada por el Congreso que autorizaba la expulsion de los indigenas norteamericanos que vivian al este del rio Mississippi (pag. 95) Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth in the use

of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s (p. 96) Revolucion Industrial periodo de rapido desarrollo debido al uso de maquinaria en la fabricacion y produccion que comenzo a mediados del siglo XVIII Cpag. 96) inflation increased prices for goods and services com-

bined with the reduced value of money (p. 387) inflacion alza en los precios de los bienes y servicios

al mismo tiempo que se produce una reduccion en el valor del dinero (pag. 387) infringe to interfere with (p. 796) infringir interferir (pag. 796) ICBM intercontinental ballistic missiles; guided mis-

siles that could travel thousands of miles and strike targets accurately (p. 504) MBIC misiles balisticos intercontinentales, misiles guiados que podian recorrer miles de millas y alcanzar objetivos con precision (pag. 504)

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ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

initiative a method of allowing voters to propose a new

law on the ballot for public approval (p. 175) iniciativa metodo que permite a los votantes proponer una nueva ley en la boleta electoral para la aprobacion del publico (pag. 175)

installment buying/compra a plazos installment buying paying for an item over a period of

time with a series of small payments (p. 280) compra a plazos pagar por un articulo a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo mediante una serie de peque:fios pagos (pag. 280) integrated circuit a computer chip that includes a num-

ber of transistors and other electronic components (p . 512) circuito integrado chip de computadora que contiene un mimero de transistores y de otros componentes electr6nicos (pag. 512) Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces {INF) Treaty a treaty

between President Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev that ordered the destruction of thousands of missiles (p. 703) Tratado de Fuerzas Nucleares de Alcance lntermedio (FNAI) tratado firmado por el pr esidente Reagan y

el primer ministro Mikhail Gorbachev que orden6 la destrucci6n de miles de misiles (pag. 703) International Ladies' Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) a

labor union that organized unskilled garment workers to strike for shorter work weeks and higher wages in 1909 (p. 174) International Ladies' Garment Workers Union

(ILGWU, por sus siglas en ingles) sindicato obrero que organiz6 a las trabajadoras no especializadas de la industria textil para que hicieran una huelga en 1909 con el fin de pedir semanas laborales mas cortas y salarios mas altos (pag. 174)

Job Corps/Job Corps Iran-Contra affair secret U.S. sales of weapons to Iran

in an attempt to secure the release of U.S. hostages held in Lebanon in 1986; part of the money paid went to divert Nicaraguan counterrevolutionaries who were in violation of a law banning such assistance (p. 706) caso lran-Contras venta secreta de armas de Estados Unidos a Iran para lograr la liberaci6n de los rehenes estadounidenses detenidos en el Lfbano en 1986; parte del dinero recibido fue desviado a las fuerzas contrarrevolucionarias nicaragiienses, en violaci6n a una ley que prolube ese tipo de ayuda (pag. 706) Iron Curtain term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946

to describe an imaginary line dividing Communist countries in the Soviet bloc from countries in Western Europe during the Cold War (p. 467) cortina de hierro termino creado por Winston Churchill en 1946 para describir la linea imaginaria que dividfa a los pafses comunistas del bloque sovietico de los pafses de Europa occidental durante la Guerra Fria (pag. 467) isolationism a policy in which a nation avoids entangle-

ment in foreign wars (p. 239) aislacionismo polftica por la que una naci6n evita participar en guerras ajenas (pag. 239) IT computerized information technology (p. 750) Tl tecnologfa de informacion computarizada

(pag. 750)

International Monetary Fund organization designed to

encourage economic policies that promoted international trade (p. 4 76) Fondo Monetario lnternacional organizaci6n diseiiada para fomentar polfticas econ6micas que promueven el comercio internacional (pag. 4 76) Internet a network of computers that connects many

smaller networks around the world (p. 800) Internet red de computadoras que conecta a muchas redes mas peque:fias en todo el mundo (pag. 800) internment the name for the forced relocation and

confinement of Japanese-Americans to concentration camps (p. 445) internamiento nombre dado al traslado forzoso y al confinamiento de los japoneses-americanos en campos de concentraci6n (pag. 445) Interstate Highway System a network of high-speed

roads built to make interstate travel faster and easier (p. 515) sistema de autopistas interestatales red de carreteras de alta velocidad construidas para facilitar y agilizar los viajes interestatales (pag. 515)

Jamestown the first colony in America; set up in 1607

along the James River in Virginia (p. 16) Jamestown primera colonia norteamericana; fun-

dada en 1607 en las riberas del rio James en Virginia (pag. 16)

jazz American music form that blends several different musical forms from the Deep South; often includes improvisation (p. 307) jazz forma musical estadounidenses que mezcla varias formas musicales del Sur y sureste del pais; a menudo incluye la improvisaci6n (pag. 307) Jim Crow laws laws that enforced segregation in the

southern states (p. 161) leyes de Jim Crow leyes que impusieron la segregaci6n racial en los estados sure:fios (pag. 161) Job Corps program under President Johnson that offered

work-training programs for unemployed youth. Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) (p. 544) Job Corps programa del presidente Johnson que ofrecfa programas de formaci6n laboral a los j6venes desempleados. Voluntarios al Servicio de Estados Unidos (VISTA) (pag. 544)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

R109

Johnson Doctrine/Doctrina Johnson Johnson Doctrine President Johnson's philosophy that

revolutions in Latin America were not just local concerns when "the object is the establishment of a Communist dictatorship." (p. 548) Doctrina Johnson filosofia del presidente Johnson seglin la cuallas revoluciones en America Latina dejaban de ser un asunto de interes local cuando "el objetivo es el establecimiento de una dictadura comunista." (pag. 548) judicial branch the division of the federal government

that is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states (p. 4 7) poder judicial division del gobierno federal formada por las cortes nacionales; interpreta las leyes, castiga a los delincuentes y resuelve las disputas entre estados (pag. 4 7) Judiciary Act of 1789 legislation passed by Congress

that created the federal court system (p. 51) Ley de Judicatura de 1789 ley aprobada por el Congreso para crear el sistema federal de tribunales (pag. 51)

kamikaze in World War II, a pilot who agreed to load his

aircraft with bombs and crash it on an enemy ship (p. 439) kamikaze en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, piloto que accedi6 a cargar su avi6n con bombas para estrellarse contra un barco enemigo (pag. 439)

laissez-faire/laissez-faire Khmer Rouge comunistas que invadieron Camboya en

1975 (pag. 625) Know-Nothings a mid-1800s secret anti-Irish fraternal

organization, so-called because its members, when asked about their group's activities, answered by saying, "I know nothing;" this group later became a political party called the American Party (p. 100) Know-Nothings hermandad secreta antiirlandesa de mediados del siglo XIX, llamada asi porque cuando le preguntaban a sus miembros acerca de las actividades del grupo respondian diciendo: "Nose nada" (I know nothing, en ingles); mas tarde, el grupo se convirti6 en un partido politico llamado Partido Americano(pag.100)

Kristallnacht (1938) a German word for broken glass; an event occurring on the nights ofNovember 9 and 10 during which Hitler's Nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 Jews died (p. 427) Kristallnacht (1938) palabra en aleman que significa vidrios rotos; acontecimiento que tuvo lugar las noches del 9 y 10 de noviembre durante que los nazis de Hitler animaron a los alemanes a participar en disturbios callejeros contra los judios y murieron cerca de cien judios (pag. 427) Ku Klux Klan a secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights (p. 133) Ku Klux Klan sociedad secreta creada en 1866 por blancos del Sur que usaba el terror y la violencia para impedir que los afroamericanos obtuvieran derechos civiles (pag. 133)

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) a law that allowed voters

in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery (p. 11 7) Ley de Kansas y Nebraska (1854) ley que permiti6 a los votantes de Kansas y Nebraska decidir si permitirian la esclavitud (pag. 117) Kellogg-Briand Pact a treaty signed in 1928 that rejected

war as a means to solving problems between countries (p. 287) Pacto de Kellogg-Briand tratado firmado en 1928 que rechaz6 la guerra como un medio para solucionar los problemas entre paises (pag. 287) Kerner Commission committee appointed to study the

causes of urban rioting after violence in Detroit in July 1967; it placed the blame on poverty and discrimination (p. 582) Comision Kerner comite nombrado para estudiar las causas de los disturbios urbanos ocurridos despues de actos de violencia en Detroit en julio de 1967; hallaron que se debian a la pobreza y la discriminaci6n (pag. 582) Khmer Rouge Communists who took over Cambodia in

1975 (p. 625)

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La Raza Unida Party organization formed by Jose Angel

Gutierrez in the 1960s aimed at helping Mexican Americans by calling for bilingual education, improved public services, education for migrant children, more jobs for bilingual government employees, and an end to job discrimination (p. 646) Partido La Raza Unida organizaci6n formada por Jose Angel Gutierrez en la decada de 1960 con el motivo de ayudar a los mexicano americanos pidiendo la enseiianza bilingiie, mejoras en los servicios publicos, educaci6n para los hijos de los trabajadores migratorios, mas puestos para empleados del gobierno bilingiies y el fin de la discriminaci6n en el empleo (pag. 646) laissez-fa ire in French, meaning "allow to do;" in

business, it refers to a system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference by the government (p. 151)

""

manifest destinyI destino manifiesto

laissez-faire/laissez-faire laissez-faire "dejar hacer" en frances, en el mundo

de los negocios se refiere a un sistema en el que las compa:fiias llevan a cabo sus actividades comerciales sin interferencia del gobierno (pag. 151) League of Nations international body of nations formed

in 1919 to prevent wars (p. 255) Liga de las Naciones organizaci6n internacional de naciones formada en 1919 con el fin de evitar las guerras (pag. 255) legislative branch the division of the government that

proposes bills and passes them into laws (p. 4 7) poder legislativo division del gobierno federal que propone proyectos de ley y los aprueba para convertirlos en leyes (pag. 4 7) Lend-Lease Act (1940) program that gave the govern-

ment power to make weapons available to Great Britain without regard for its ability to pay (p. 403) Ley de Prestamo y Arriendo (1940) programa que le dio al gobierno la autoridad para poner armas a disposici6n de Gran Bretaiia sin importar si podia pagarlas (pag. 403) Levittown a New York town containing more than

17,000 mass-produced homes, which became a symbol for the many similar suburban towns built during the post World War II years (p. 514) Levittown pueblo de Nueva York formado por mas de 17,000 viviendas fabricadas en serie; se convirti6 en el simbolo de muchos pueblos suburbanos similares que se construyeron tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 514) Liberal Republicans group of Republicans that broke

with the Republican party over the Enforcement Acts scandals of the Grant administration (p. 137) republicanos liberales grupo de republicanos que se separaron del partido republicano a raiz de los escandalos de las Leyes de Intervenci6n del gobierno del presidente Grant (pag. 137) Liberty bonds bonds that American citizens bought that

helped to pay for the costs ofWorld War I (p. 246) bonos Liberty bonos que compraron los ciudadanos de Estados U nidos para ayudar a pagar los costos de la Primera Guerra Mundial (pag. 246) Lincoln-Douglas debates a series of debates between

Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen Douglas during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois (p. 120) debates Lincoln-Douglas serie de debates entre el republicano Abraham Lincoln y el dem6crata Stephen Douglas durante la campaiia de 1858 para el Senado estadounidense en Illinois (pag. 120) Little Rock Nine nine African American students who

first integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 (p. 560) los nueve de Little Rock primeros nueve estudiantes de raza negra en integrar Central High School en Little Rock, Arkansas, en el aiio 1957 (pag. 560)

loose constructionist a person who interprets the Consti-

tution in a way that allows the federal government to take actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking (p. 52) interprete flexible persona que interpreta que la Constituci6n permite al gobierno federal tomar acciones que la Constituci6n no prolnoe de manera especifica (pag. 52) Louisiana Purchase (1803) the purchase of French land

between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains that doubled the size of the United States (p. 55) Compra de Luisiana (1803) compra del territorio frances localizado entre el rio Mississippi y las montaiias Rocosas, que duplic6 el tamaiio de Estados Unidos (pag. 55) Luftwaffe German airforce (p. 397) Luftwaffe fuerza aerea alemana (pag. 397)

Lusitania British ship sunk by a German U-Boat in 1915 (p. 238) Lusitania barco britanico hundido por un submarino aleman U-Boat en 1915 (pag. 238) lynching the murder of an individual by a group or mob

(p. 161) linchamiento el asesinato de una persona por un

grupo o una muchedumbre (pag. 161)

Maginot Line a string of bunkers and fortresses that

lined the border between France and Germany during World War II (p. 396) Linea Maginot cadena de bunkers y fortificaciones a lo largo de la frontera entre Francia y Alemania durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 396) Magna Carta (1215) a charter ofliberties agreed to by

King John of England; it made the king obey the same laws as citizens (p. 10) Carta Magna (1215) carta de libertades aceptada por el rey Juan de Inglaterra que estableci6 que el rey debia obedecer las mismas leyes que el resto de los ciudadanos (pag. 10) mandate authorization to act (p. 536) mandato autorizaci6n para actuar (pag. 536) mandatory required (p. 796) obligatorio requerido (pag. 796) Manhattan Project the top-secret program to build an

atomic bomb during World War II (p. 410) Proyecto Manhattan programa secreto para construir

una bomba at6mica durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial Cpag. 410) manifest destiny a belief shared by many Americans in

the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean (p. 107)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

R111

manifest destinyI destino manifiesto destino manifiesto creencia de muchos ciudadanos

estadounidenses a mediados del siglo XIX de que Estados Unidos debia expandirse por todo el continente hasta llegar el oceano Pacifico (pag. 107) Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case that estab-

lished the principle of judicial review (p. 54) Marbury contra Madison caso en que la Corte Suprema estableci6 el principia del recurso de inconstitucionalidad (pag. 54) Marshall Plan (194 7) plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II announced by the United

States Secretary of State George C. Marshall (p. 468) Plan Marshall (194 7) plan para la reconstrucci6n de Europa despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, anunciado por el secretario de estado estadounidense George C. Marshall (pag. 468) massive retaliation the United States' willingness to

use nuclear force to settle disputes; term was coined by John Foster Dulles and used during the Cold War (p. 498) represalia masiva disposici6n de Estados U nidos a usar armas nucleares para resolver disputas; el termino fue creado por John Foster Dulles y usado durante la Guerra Fria (pag. 498) Maya a Mesoamerican Empire known for their writing

system and number system (p. 7) maya imperio mesoamericano conocido por sus sistemas de escritura y numerico (pag. 7) Mayflower Compact (1620) a document written by the

Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government (p. 17) Pacto del Mayflower (1620) documento redactado por los peregrinos en el que se constituian enformaban una sociedad politica y establecian los principios para gobernarse a si mismos (pag. 17) McCarthyism the name critics gave to Joseph McCar-

thy's tactic of spreading fear and making baseless charges (p. 482) maccarthismo nombre que los criticos dieron a la tactica empleada por Joseph McCarthy de infundir miedo y hacer acusaciones sin fundamento (pag. 482) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) U.S. Supreme Court case

that declared the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional and that Maryland could not interfere with it (p. 93) McCulloch contra Maryland (1819) caso de la Corte Suprema que declar6 que el Segundo Banco de Estados Unidos era constitucional y que Maryland no podia interferir con sus operaciones (pag. 93) Meat Inspection Act (1906) law that required federal

government inspection of meat shipped across state lines (p. 186) Ley de lnspeccion de Ia Carne (1906) ley que exigi6 que el gobierno federal inspeccionara la carne que se enviaba de un estado a otro (pag. 186)

R112

militia/milicia Medicaid a government program that provides free

health care for poor people (p. 546) Medicaid programa del gobierno que brinda atenci6n medica gratuita a los pobres (pag. 546) Medicare a health care program for people over age 65

(p. 546) Medicare programa de atenci6n medica para perso-

nas mayores de 65 afios (pag. 546) mercantilism economic system of trading nations

used from about the 1500s to the 1700s; held that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth (p. 21) mercantilismo sistema econ6mico de las naciones comerciales usado entre los siglos XVI y XVIII aproximadamente; sostenia que el poder de una naci6n estaba directamente relacionado con su riqueza (pag. 21) Mexican Revolution a revolution led by Francisco

Madero in 1910 that eventually forced the Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz to resign (p. 221) Revolucion Mexicana revoluci6n encabezada por Francisco Madero en 1910. AI final oblig6 a renunciar al dictador mexicano Porfirio Diaz (pag. 221) Mexican-American War (1846-1848) War fought between

the United States and Mexico in which the United States gained more than 500,000 square miles of land in the United States, including New Mexico and California (p. 111) Guerra mexicano-estadounidense (1846-1848) guerra librada entre Estados Unidos y Mexico en la que Estados Unidos obtuvo mas de 500,000 millas cuadradas de territorio para Estados Unidos, incluidos los territorios de Nuevo Mexico y California (pag. 111) Middle Ages period of European history, from the fall

of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, about a.d. 476-1450 (p. 10) Edad Media periodo de la historia europea desde la caida del Imperio romano hasta el Renacimiento, aproximadamente 476-1450 d.C. (pag. 10) Middle Passage a voyage that brought enslaved Africans

across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the Westindies (p.22) Paso Central viaje a traves del oceano Atlantica que trajo a los africanos esclavizados a America de Norte y las Antillas (pag. 22) migrant person who moves from one place to another

(p. 768) emigrante persona que se muda de un lugar a otro

Cpag. 768) militarism the expansion of arms and the policy of mili-

tary preparedness (p. 231) militarismo aumento de la cantidad de armas y politica de preparaci6n militar (pag. 231) militia a military organization made up of civilians

(p. 796)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

'i

national parklparque nacional

militia/ milicia milicia organizacion militar compuesta de civiles (pag. 796) minimum wage the lowest wage an employer can legally

pay a worker (p. 374, 790) salario minimo salario mas bajo que un patron puede pagar legalmente a un trabajador (pag. 374, 790)

Masacre de My Lai (1968) matanza de cientos de civiles vietnamitas desarmados a manos de soldados estadounidenses durante la Guerra de Vietnam (pag. 623)

missionary people sent by their church to teach and

convert others to their religion (p. 15) misionero persona enviada por su iglesia a ense:iiar y convertir a otras a su religion (pag. 15) Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party a political party

created in 1964, during the civil rights movement, with the purpose of winning seats at the 1964 Democratic National Convention (p. 576) Partido Democrata por Ia Libertad de Mississippi partido politico creado en 1964 durante el movimiento por los derechos civiles con el fin de obtener puestos en la Convencion Nacional Democrata de 1964 (pag. 576) Missouri Compromise (1820) an agreement proposed by

Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of 36°30' latitude (p. 93) Compromiso de Missouri (1820) acuerdo redactado por Henry Clay en el que se aceptaba a Misuri en la Union como estado esclavista y a Maine como estado · libre y prohibia la esclavitud en los territorios o estados ubicados al norte del paralelo 36°30' (pag. 93) Monroe Doctrine (1823) President James Monroe's state-

ment forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act ofhostility (p. 92) Doctrina Monroe (1823) declaracion hecha por el presidente James Monroe en la que se prohibia la colonizacion adicional del continente americano a partir de entonces y en las que se declaro que cualquier intento de colonizacion por parte de otro pais extranjero se consideraria un acto hostil (pag. 92) Montgomery bus boycott (1955) a boycott of the Mont-

gomery, Alabama bus system in response to the racial segregation of city buses (p. 562) boicot de los autobuses de Montgomery (1955) boicot del sistema de autobuses de Montgomery, Alabama como reaccion a la segregacion racial en los autobuses de la ciudad (pag. 562) muckrakers a term coined for journalists who "raked

up" and exposed corruption and problems of society (p. 171)

difamadores termino creado para nombrar a los periodistas que se dedicaban a investigar y exponer la corrupcion y los problemas de la sociedad (pag. 171) My Lai Massacre (1968) a massacre of hundreds of

unarmed Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers during the Vietnam War (p. 623)

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

agency in charge of the United States' programs for exploring outer space (p. 506) NASA Administracion N acional de Aeronautica y el Espacio; agencia encargada de los programas estadounidenses de exploracion del espacio exterior (pag. 506) National American Woman Suffrage Association

(NAWSA) an organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to obtain women's right to vote (p. 182) Asociacion Nacional Estadounidense para el Sufragio Femenino (NAWSA, por sus siglas en ingles)

organizacion fundada en 1890 por Elizabeth Cady Stanton y Susan B. Anthony para obtener el derecho al voto de las mujeres (pag. 182) National Association of Colored Women an organization

founded in 1896 that worked to fight poverty, segregation, lynchings, and the persistence of Jim Crow laws that denied African Americans the right to vote; later it campaigned for temperance and women's suffrage; also helped form settlement houses, hospitals, and schools to serve African Americans (p. 180) Asociacion Nacional de Mujeres de Color organizacion fundada en 1896 para combatir la pobreza, la segregacion, los linchamientos y las leyes de Jim Crow que negaban el derecho al voto a los negros; posteriormente hizo campa:iia en favor de la abstinencia del consumo de alcohol y el sufragio femenino; tambien ayudo a crear agencias de servicio a la comunidad, hospitales y escuelas para ayudar a los afroamericanos (pag. 180) National Organization for Women (NOW) a women's

rights group formed in 1966 that worked to fight discrimination against women in the workplace, schools, and justice system and worked to end violence against women and protect women's reproductive rights (p. 636) Asociacion Nacional de Ia Mujer (NOW, por sus siglas en ingles) grupo defensor de los derechos de la mujer creado en 1966 que luchaba para combatir la discriminacion de las mujeres en el trabajo, en las escuelas yen el sistema judicial y trabajaba por acabar con la violencia en contra de las mujeres y proteger sus derechos reproductivos (pag. 636) national park a natural area set aside by the federal

govemment(p. 781) parque nacional ar~a natural protegida por el gobeimo f~der,al (pag. 781)

, ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

I

National War Labor Board/Junta Nacional del Trabajo en Tiempos de Guerra National War Labor Board (1918) created by President

Wilson, this board mediated disputes between workers and management and set policies that improved working conditions (p. 249) Junta Nacional del Trabajo en Tiempos de Guerra

(1918) creada por el presidente Wilson, estajunta mediaba en los conflictos entre trabajadores y patronos y establecfa politicas que mejoraban las condiciones de trabajo (pag. 249) nationalism a sense of pride and devotion to a nation,

(p. 92); a belief that exalts one's own nation above all others nacionalismo sentimiento de orgullo y lealtad hacia una naci6n (pag. 92) NATO the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an inter-

national defense alliance formed in 1949 (p. 470) OTAN Organizaci6n del Tratado del Atlantica Norte; una alianza internacional de defensa formada en 1949 (pag. 470) natural resources things found in nature that are useful

to people (p. 781) recursos naturales materiales que se encuentran en

la naturaleza y son utiles para las personas (pag. 781) Navigation Acts series of laws passed between 1651 and

1663 by Parliament, ensuring that the colonies would remain profitable for England; laws stated that all goods coming from Europe or Africa to the colonies had to travel on British ships manned with a British crew; all ships eventually were required to pass through England and their goods were subject to various taxes levied by the British government (p. 21) Leyes de Navegacion serie de leyes aprobadas entre 1651 y 1663 por el Parlamento para garantizar que las colonias siguieran produciendo ganacias para Inglaterra; las leyes afirmaban que todos los bienes provenientes de Europa o Africa con destino a las colonias tenian que viajar en barcos britanicos comandados por una tripulaci6n britanica; al final, todos los barcos estaban obligados a pasar por Inglaterra y se aplicaban sobre los bienes varios impuestos recaudados por el gobierno britanico (pag. 21) neutral in a war, not aiding either side (p. 401) neutral en una guerra, que no ayuda a ninglin bando

(pag. 401) Neutrality Act (1935) a United States act aimed at help-

ing prevent the nation from being drawn into a war (p. 400) Ley de Neutralidad (1935) ley estadounidense creada para ayudar a impedir que la naci6n se viera involucrada en una guerra (pag. 400)

NAFTA/TLCAN

New Deal a plan by President Franklin Roosevelt

intended to bring economic relief, recovery, and reforms to the country after the Great Depression (p. 350) Nuevo Trato plan del presidente Franklin Roosevelt para traer ayuda, recuperaci6n y reformas econ6micas al pais despues de la Gran Depresi6n (pag. 350) New Freedom Woodrow Wilson's plan of reform which

called for tariff reductions, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation (p. 191) Nueva Libertad plan de reformas de Woodrow Wilson que abogaba por reducciones de los aranceles, reformas bancarias y leyes antimonopolio mas estrictas (pag. 191) New Frontier the nickname given to President Kennedy's

plans for changing the nation (p. 536) Nueva Frontera apodo dado a los planes del

presidente Kennedy para transformar la naci6n (pag. 536) Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) law that allowed the

federal government to build irrigation projects to make marginal lands productive (p. 187) Ley de Reclamacion de Nuevas Tierras (1902) ley que permitia al gobierno federalllevar a cabo proyectos de irrigaci6n para hacer productivas las tierras de poco rendimiento (pag. 187) New Right a coalition of conservative media commenta-

tors, think tanks, and grassroots Christian groups; many supported Ronald Reagan (p. 697) Nueva Derecha coalici6n de analistas conservadores de los medios de comunicaci6n, grupos de asesoria estretegica y organizaciones cristianas de base popular; muchos apoyaron a Ronald Reagan (pag. 697) 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in

New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. that took place on September 11,2001 (p. 741) 11-S ataques terroristas contra el World Trade Center en la ciudad de Nueva York y el Pentagono en Washington, D.C., que tuvieron lugar el11 de septiembre de 2001 (pag. 741) Nineteenth Amendment (1920) a constitutional amend-

ment that gave women the vote (p. 192) Decimonovena enmienda (1920) enmienda constitucional que otorg6 a la mujer el derecho al voto (pag. 192) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1993)

an agreement in which the United States, Mexico, and Canada became one large free-trade zone, meaning that most products could be sold across borders without any sort of tariffs or trade barriers (p. 730, 808) Tratado de Libre Comercio de America del Norte (TLCAN) (1993) acuerdo seglin el cual Estados

Unidos, Mexico y Canada se convirtieron en una gran zona de libre comercio, lo que significa que gran parte de los productos pueden cruzar las fronteras sin ninglin tipo de arancel ni barrera comercial (pag. 730, 808)

R114

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

nuclear fallout/lluvia radiactiva nuclear fallout harmful particles of radioactive material

produced by nuclear explosions (p. 506) lluvia radiactiva particulas dafiinas de material radiactivo producido por una explosion nuclear (pag. 506)

Panmunjom/Panmunjom Operation Torch (1942) the codename for the Allied inva-

sion of North Africa during World War II (p. 421) Operacion Antorcha (1942) nombre en clave de la invasion del norte de Africa por parte de los Aliados durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (p. 421) Oregon Treaty a treaty between Great Britain and the

occupy to take control of a place by placing troops in it (p . 450)

ocupar tomar el control de un lugar colocando tropas alli (pag. 450) offender a convicted criminal (p. 795) delincuente persona que ha sido condenada por un

delito (pag. 795) Okie nickname for a farmer who left the Dust Bowl in

United States which set the boundary between the United States and British Canada at the forty-ninth parallel (p. 108) Tratado de Oregon tratado entre Gran Bretafia y Estados Unidos que establecio la frontera entre Estados Unidos y el Canada britanico en el paralelo 49° (pag. 108) outsourcing the practice of using workers from outside a

company (p. 806) subcontratacion practica de usar trabajadores que no forman parte de la compafiia (pag. 806)

search of work; many of these farmers were from Oklahoma (p. 333) Okie apodo dado a los granjeros que se fueron del Tazon del Polvo en busca de trabajo; muchos de estos granjeros eran de Oklahoma (pag. 333) OPEC the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Coun-

tries; organization that coordinates petroleum policies of major producing countries (p. 670) OPEP Organizacion de Paises Exportadores de Petroleo; organizacion que coordina las politicas petroleras de los principales paises productores (pag. 670) Open Door policy a policy established by the United

States in 1899 to promote equal access for all nations to trade in China (p. 204) politica de puertas abiertas politica establecida por Estados Unidos en 1899 para promover el acceso igualtitario a todas las naciones al comercio con China (pag. 204) Operation Desert Storm U.S.-led war to end Iraq's occu-

pation of Kuwait in 1990/1991 (p. 713) Operacion Tormenta del Desierto Guerra guerra dirigida por Estados Unidos para ponerle fin ala ocupacion de Kuwait por parte de Irak entre 1990 y 1991 (pag. 713) Operation Overlord (1944) the codename for the Allied

invasion of mainland Europe in World War II, starting with D-Day's landings (p. 423) Operacion Overlord (1944) nombre en clave de la invasion de Europa continental por parte de los Aliados en la Segunda Guerra Mundial; empezo con los desembarques del DiaD (pag. 423) Operation Rolling Thunder a U.S. bombing campaign in

North Vietnam in March, 1965 (p. 604) Operacion Trueno Galopante ofensiva de bombardeos estadounidenses en Vietnam del Norte en marzo de 1965 (pag. 604)

pacification a program in the Vietnam War in which

U.S troops would move South Vietnamese from their villages and burn the villages down so the Vietcong could not use them (p. 606) pacificacion programa durante la Guerra de Vietnam por el que las tropas de Estados Unidos sacaban a los vietnamitas del sur de sus aldeas y las incendiaban para que el Vietcong no las pudiera utilizar (pag. 606) pacifist a person who does not believe in the use of

military force (p. 400) pacifista persona que no cree en el uso de la fuerza militar (pag. 400) packet switching the ability of a computer to send

messages in smaller packages, allowing the packets to travel seperately along the fastest routes to the receiving computer, which reassembles the message (p. 801) conmutacion de paquetes capacidad de una computadora de enviar mensajes en paquetes mas pequeiios, permitiendo asi que los paquetes viajen por separado por las rutas mas rapidas hasta la computadora de destino, donde se vuelve a armar el mensaje (pag. 801) Palmer Raids (1918) a series of government attacks on

suspected radicals in the United States led by the U.S. attorney general, A. Mitchell Palmer (p. 272) redadas de Palmer (1918) serie de ataques del gobierno sobre supuestos radicales de Estados Unidos dirigidos por el secretario de justica de Estados Unidos, A. Mitchell Palmer (pag. 272) Panmunjom town in the demilitarized zone between

North and South Korea where peace talks took place following the Korean War (p. 841)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

R11 5

Panmunjom/Panmunjom Panmunjom pueblo ubicado en la zona desmilitarizada entre Corea del Norte y Corea del Sur, donde se llevaron a cabo las negociaciones para firmar un tratado de paz despues de la Guerra de Corea Peace Corps a program that trains and sends volunteers

to poor nations all over the world to serve as educators, health care workers, agricultural advisers, and in other jobs (p. 534) Cuerpo de Paz programa que entrena y envia voluntarios a paises pobres de todo el mundo para trabajar como educadores, trabajadores de la salud, consejeros agricolas y otros trabajos (pag. 534) Pentagon Papers papers were part of a government

study on the war in Vietnam; revealed that government officials had been misleading the American people about the progress of the war for many years (p. 623) Papeles del Pentagono documentos que formaron parte de un estudio del gobierno sobre la guerra de Vietnam; revelaron que los funcionarios del gobierno engaiiaron al pueblo durante muchos aiios con respecto al progreso de la guerra (pag. 623)

productivity/ productividad Poor People's Campaign an expansion of the civil rights

movement that tried to raise awareness about poverty among people of all races (p. 587) Campana por los Pobres ampliacion del movimiento de los derechos civiles que intentaba crear una mayor conciencia sobre la pobreza entre las personas de todas las razas (pag. 587) pop art a style of art in the 1950s and 1960s that intended to appeal to popular tastes (p. 655) arte pop estilo artistico de las decadas de 1950

y 1960 que pretendia atraer los gustos populares (pag. 655) popular sovereignty the idea that political authority

belongs to the people (p. 11 7) soberania popular idea de que la autoridad politica

pertenece al pueblo (pag. 11 7) Populist Party a political party formed in 1892 that sup-

ported free coinage of silver, work reforms, immigration restrictions, and government ownership of railroads and telegraph and telephone systems (p. 160) Partido Populista partido politico formado en 1892 que apoyaba la libre produccion de monedas de plata, reformas laborales y restricciones inmigratorias, ademas de apoyar que el gobierno fuera dueiio de los sistemas ferroviario, telegrafico y telefonico (pag. 160)

perestroika Russian word for "restructuring"; refers to the restructuring of the corrupt government bureaucracy in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev (p. 708) perestroika palabra rusa que significa "reestructuracion;" se refiere a la reestructuracion bajo Mikhail Gorbachev de la burocracia gubernamental corrupta de la Union Sovietica (pag. 708)

Potsdam Conference (1945) meeting among leaders of

plantation a large farm that usually specialized in grow-

poverty the condition of having insufficient income or

ing one kind of crop for profit (p. 22) plantacion granja de gran tamaiio que por lo general se especializa en un solo cultivo especifico con el fin de obtener ganancias (pag. 22) Platt Amendment a part of the Cuban constitution draft-

ed under the supervision of the United States that limited Cuba's right to make treaties, gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs, and required Cuba to sell or lease land to the U.S. (p. 214) Enmienda Platt parte de la constitucion cubana redactada bajo la supervision de Estados Unidos que limitaba el derecho de Cuba a firmar tratados, otorgaba a Estados Unidos el derecho a intervenir en los asuntos cubanos y exigia a Cuba vender o arrendar tierras a Estados Unidos (pag. 214) police action phrase used to describe the US inter-

vention in Korea in 1950; the United States never officially declared war (p. 485) accion policial frase que describe la intervencion de Estados Unidos en Corea en 1950. Estados Unidos nunca declaro la guerra oficialmente (pag. 485) political asylum protection for immigrants for humani-

tarian reasons (p. 768) asilo politico proteccion dada a immigrantes por motivos humanitarios (pag. 768)

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ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

the Allies near the end of World War II (p. 455) Conferencia de Potsdam (1945) encuentro de los

lideres aliados celebrado un poco antes del final de la Segundo Guerra Mundial (pag. 455) resources to acquire basic needs (p. 788) ·pobreza estado en el que no se tienen suficientes

ingresos o recursos para comprar las necesidades basicas (pag. 788) poverty threshold a line that statistically measures the

number of people living in poverty (p. 790) umbral de pobreza linea que mide estadisticamente la cantidad de personas que viven en la pobreza (pag. 790) prisoner of war captured enemy troops (p. 77 4) prisionero de guerra soldado capturado por tropas

enemigas (pag. 774) Proclamation of 1763 law created by British officials

that prohibited colonists from settling in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains (p. 26) Proclamacion de 17 63 ley creada por los funcionarios britanicos que prohibia a los colonos asentarse al oeste de los montes Apalaches (pag. 26) productivity the amount of product made by a worker or

machine (p. 279) productividad la cantidad de un producto fabricada por un trabajador 0 una maquina (pag. 279)

progressivism/ progresivismo progressivism group of reform movements of the late

1800s that focused on urban problems, such as the plight of workers, poor sanitation, and corrupt political machines (p. 171) progresivismo grupo de movimientos reformistas de finales del siglo XIX que se concentraba en los problemas urbanos, como las dificultades de los trabajadores, los malos servicios sanitarios y las maquinarias politicas corruptas (pag. 171) Prohibition a ban on alcohol that became law in 1920;

the ban was lifted in 1933 (p. 179) Prohibicion suspension de la venta de bebidas alcoholicas que se convirtio en ley en 1920; se elimino en 1933 (pag. 179) propaganda information designed to influence public

opinion (p. 251) propaganda informacion disefiada para influir en la opinion publica (pag. 251)

recall/ destitucion Ley de Alimentos y Drogas Puros (1906) ley que prohibio la fabricacion, venta o transporte de alimentos y de medicamentos patentados con ingredientes dafiinos y que requirio que los envases de los alimentos y los medicamentos llevaran etiquetas con los ingredientes (pag. 186) Puritans A group of English Protestants who wanted

to "purify'' the English Church of England through reforms; they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other colonies in New England in the early and mid 1600s (p. 17) puritanos grupo de protestantes ingleses que querian "purificar" la Iglesia de Inglaterra con reformas; establecieron la Colonia de la Bahia de Massachusetts y otras colonias en Nueva Inglaterra a principios y mediados del siglo XVII (p.1 7)

protectionism restrictions on foreign producers to pro-

tect domestic products (p. 807) proteccionismo restricciones en productores extranjeros para protejer productos domesticos (pag. 807) protectorate a country that is controlled by an outside

government (p.214) protectorado pais controlado por un gobierno externo (pag. 214) protocol formats for sending data from one computer to

another (p. 801) protocolo formatos utilizados para enviar datos de una computadora a otra (pag. 801) public lands federal lands that were never sold or made

into protected areas such as national parks (p. 783) tierras publicas tierras federales que nunca se vendieron ni se convirtieron en areas protegidas como los parques nacionales (pag. 783)

Quarantine Speech (1937) Franklin D. Roosevelt's speech

following the Japanese attack on China in which he called on America to take clear sides in the current world conflicts (p. 402) Discurso de Ia Cuarentena (1937) discurso pronunciado por Franklin D. Roosevelt despues del ataque japones a China, en el que insto a los estadounidenses a tomar una posicion clara en los conflictos mundiales delmomento (pag.402) quota limit on the number of people who can enter the

United States from each foreign country (p. 768) cuota limite a la cantidad de personas que pueden entrar a Estados Unidos de cada pais extranjero Cpag. 768)

public works government-funded building projects that

providejobs(p. 347) obras publicas proyectos de construccion financiados por el gobierno que crean empleos (pag. 347) Pueblo incident North Korean capture of the Pueblo, a Navy spy ship, offthe coast of communist North Korea (p. 548) incidente del Pueblo captura por parte de Corea del Norte del Pueblo, un barco espia de la armada, cerca de la costa de Corea del Norte, un pais comunista Cpag. 548) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) law that forbade the

manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and patent medicine containing harmful ingredients, and required that containers of food and medicines carry ingredient labels (p. 186)

ratification an official approval (p. 48) ratificacion aprobacion formal (pag. 48) rationing limiting the amount of a certain product each

individual can get (p. 442) racionamiento limitacion en la cantidad de un producto que puede obtener cada persona (pag. 442) realpolitik basing foreign policies on realistic views of

national interest rather than on broad rules or principles (p. 668) realpolitik basar la politica exterior en perspectivas realistas de los intereses nacionales, en lugar de basarla en reglas o principios generales amplios (pag. 668) recall a vote to remove an official from office (p. 175) destitucion votacion para retirar a un funcionario de

/

su cargo (pag. 175)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

R117

Reconstruction / Reconstruccion Reconstruction (1867-68) the laws that put the southern

states under U.S. military control and required them to draft new constitutions upholding the Fourteenth Amendment (p. 133) Reconstruccion (1867-68) leyes que colocaron a los estados del Sur bajo el control militar estadounidense y los obligaron a reformar sus constituciones, de manera que defendieran la Decimocuarta enmienda (pag. 133) Reconstruction Finance Corporation a program that

provided $2 billion in direct government aid to struggling banks and other institutions during the Great Depression (p. 338) Corporacion Financiera de Ia Reconstruccion programa que proporciono $2,000 millones en ayuda gubernamental directa a los bancos y demas instituciones que se encontraban en dificultades durante la Gran Depresion (pag. 338) Red Scare widespread fear of communism (p. 272) terror rojo temor generalizado al comunismo

(pag. 272) referendum a procedure that allows voters to approve

or reject a law already proposed or passed by government (p. 175) referendum medida que permite a los ciudadanos votar para aprobar o rechazar una ley previamente propuesta o aprobada por el gobierno (pag. 175) Reformation a religious crisis within the Catholic

Church in the 1500s, led by those seeking reforms with the Church; led to the establishment of the Protestant Church (p. 11) Reforma crisis religiosa dentro de la Iglesia catolica _ en el siglo XVI, encabezada por aquellos que buscaban cambios en la Iglesia. Condujo al establecimiento de la Iglesia protestante (pag. 11)

salutary neglect/abandono saludable Roanoke sitio donde los primeros colonos ingleses trataron de establecer una colonia permanente en las Americas a fines del siglo XVI; tanto la colonia como sus habitantes desaparecieron y no se sabe lo que les paso (pag. 16) Roe v. Wade (1973) Supreme Court decision that made

abortion legal in the United States (p. 637) Roe contra Wade (1973) decision de la Corte Suprema

que legalize aborto en Estados Unidos (pag. 637) Roosevelt Corollary a change to the Monroe Doctrine,

saying that the U.S. could intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations (p. 217) Corolario de Roosevelt cambio en la Doctrina Monroe, en la que se declaraba que Estados U nidos podia intervenir en los asuntos internos de los pafses latinoamericanos (pag. 21 7) Rosie the Riveter a popular symbol for the working

woman during World War II (p. 409) Rosie Ia Remachadora sfmbolo popular de la mujer trabajadora durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 409) Rough Riders a cavalry regiment organized by Theodore

Roosevelt; consisted of college athletes, cowboys, ranchers, miners, and Native Americans (p. 210) Jinetes Kudos regimiento de caballeria organizado por Theodore Roosevelt y formado por deportistas universitarios, vaqueros, rancheros, mineros e indfgenas norteamericanos(pag. 210) Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) war between Russia

and Japan over Manchuria (p. 205) Guerra Ruso-Japonesa (1904-1905) guerra por Man-

churia entre Rusia y Japon (pag. 205)

refugee person seeking protection from religious or

political persecution (p. 766) refugiado persona que busca proteccion de la persecucion (pag. 766) rehabilitation reforming offenders into contributing

members of society (p. 796) rehabilitacion reforma de los delicuentes para que pasen a ser miembros utiles de la sociedad (pag. 796) Renaissance a new era oflearning and creativity that

began in Italy in the 1300s and spread throughout Europe (p. 10) Renacimiento nueva era de aprendizaje y creatividad que empezo en Italia en el siglo XIV y se extendio por el resto de Europa (pag. 10) reparation payments designed to make up for the dam-

age of something (p. 256, 286) indemnizacion pagos designados para compensar el daiio causado por algo (pag. 256, 286) Roanoke site of England's first attempt to establish a

permanent colony in the Americas in the late 1500s; the colony and its inhabitants vanished and its fate is unknown (p. 16)

R118

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

SALT I discussions between the United States and the

Soviets to slow the ongoing arms race in the late 1960s and early 1970s (p. 669) SALT I conversaciones entre Estados Unidos y la Union Sovietica para frenar la carrera armamentfstica a finales de la decada de 1960 y comienzos de la decada de 1970 (pag. 669) SALT II discussions in 1979 between the United States

and the Soviets that began as SALT I in the late 1960s; SALT II set limits on certain kinds of nuclear weapons (p. 684) SALT II conversaciones entre Estados Unidos y la Union Sovietica, en 1979 que comenzaron con SALT I a finales de la decada de 1960; SALT II fijo lfmites sobre ciertos tipos de armas nucleares (pag. 684) salutary neglect a term coined by British statesman

Edmund Burke regarding the English colonies; idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, without too much British interference (p. 21)

salutary neglect/abandono saludable abandono saludable termino creado por el estadista britanico Edmund Burke con respecto a las colonias inglesas; sostenfa que las colonias se beneficiaban si se les daba mas libertad, sin demasiada interferencia britanica (pag. 21) Sand Creek Massacre (1864) U.S. Army's killing of about

150 Cheyenne elderly, women, and children at Sand Creek Reservation in Colorado Territory (p.143) Masacre de Sand Creek (1864) matanza por parte del ejercito de Estados Unidos de unos 150 ancianos, mujeres y niiios cheyenes en la reserva de Sand Creek en el territorio de Colorado (pag.143) satellite an object that orbits around a planet (p. 506) satelite objeto que gira alrededor de un planeta

(pag. 506) Saturday night massacre part of the Watergate Scandal

in which Nixon ordered his attorney general to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox; resulted in the resignation of the Attorney General and his assistant when they both refused (p. 678) masacre del sabado en Ia noche parte del escandalo Watergate en la que Nixon orden6 a su secretario de justicia que despidiera al fiscal especial Archibald Cox; provoc6 la renuncia del secretario de justicia y de su asistente cuando ambos se negaron (pag. 678) savings and loan crisis a financial disaster in which the

federal government had to step in and pay back loans for many S & L institutions (p. 716) crisis de ahorro y prestamo catastrofe financiera en la que el gobierno federal se vio obligado a intervenir y pagar los prestamos de muchas instituciones de ahorro y prestamo (pag. 716) · scalawag meaning scoundrel; name given by former

Confederates to those southerners who supported the shift in power to Congress and the army in the South during Reconstruction (p. 135) scalawag significa brib6n, sinvergiienza; nombre dado por los antiguos confederados a los habitantes del Sur que apoyaron el cambio del poder al Congreso y al ejercito en el Sur durante la Reconstrucci6n (pag.135)

Seneca Falls Convention/Convencion de Seneca Falls SEATO Organizaci6n del Tratado del Sureste Asiatico; grupo de naciones que se comprometieron a trabajar juntas para resistir la agresi6n comunista (pag. 500) Second Amendment Constitutional amendment granting

Americans the right to bear arms (p. 796) Segunda enmienda enmienda constitucional que garantiza a los estadounidenses el derecho a portar armas (pag. 796) Second Bank of the United States a national bank cre-

ated by Congress in 1816 and overseen by the federal government, its purpose was to regulate state banks (p. 95) Segundo Banco de Estados Unidos banco nacional creado por el Congreso en 1816 y supervisado por el gobierno federal con la funci6n de reglamentar los bancos estatales (pag. 95) Second Great Awakening a period of religious evangelism

that began in the 1790s and became widespread in the United States by the 1830s (p. 100) Segundo Gran Despertar periodo de evangelizaci6n religiosa iniciado en la decada de 1790 que se extendi6 por Estados Unidos para la decada de 1830 (pag.100) Second New Deal (1935) a new set of programs in the

spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs; also known as the Second Hundred Days (p. 358) Segundo Nuevo Trato (1935) nuevo conjunto de programas de la primavera de 1935 que incluy6 reformas bancarias, nuevas leyes sobre impuestos y nuevos programas de ayuda social; tambien se conoce como los Segundos Cien Dfas (pag. 358) sectionalism a devotion to the interests of one geograph-

ic region over the interests of the country as a whole (p. 93) regionalismo dedicaci6n a los intereses de una region geografica por encima de los del pais (pag. 93) Selective Service Act (1921) act which required men

between the ages of21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the armed forces (p. 241) Ley del Servicio Militar Selectivo (1921) ley que exigfa que los hombres entre los 21 y los 30 aiios se inscribieran para ser reclutados por las fuerzas armadas (pag. 241)

Schenck v. United States (1917) an important court case that explained the limits of the First Amendment (p. 252) Schenck contra Estados Unidos (1917) jucio importante en el que se explicaron los lfmites de la Primera enmienda (pag. 252)

self-determination the right of people to decide their own

SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference; a

Seneca Falls Convention (1848) the first national

group formed in Georgia in 1957 to organize civil rights protest activities (p. 563) SCLC Conferencia de Liderazgo Cristiano del Sur; grupo formado en Georgia en 1957 para organizar las actividades de protesta en favor de los derechos civiles (pag. 563)

political status (p. 255) autodeterminacion derecho de .las personas a decidir

su propia situaci6n polftica (pag. 255) women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written (p. 102) Convencion de Seneca Falls (1848) primera convenci6n nacional a favor de los derechos de la mujer, en la cual se redact6 la Declaraci6n de Sentimientos (pag. 102)

SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization; group of

nations that agreed to work together to resist Communist aggression (p. 500) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

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settlement house/organizacion de servicio a Ia comunidad settlement house neighborhood center staffed by profes-

sionals and volunteers for education, recreation, and social activities in poor areas (p. 159) organizacion de servicio a Ia comunidad centro comunitario en el que trabajan profesionales y voluntarios que promueven la educacion, la recreacion y las actividades sociales en las zonas pobres (pag. 159) Seventeenth Amendment (1913) a constitutional amend-

ment allowing American voters to directly elect U.S. senators (p. 175) Decimoseptima enmienda (1913) enmienda constitucional que permite a los votantes estadounidenses elegir directamente a los senadores de Estados Unidos (pag. 175) sharecropping a system used on southern farms after

the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops (p. 136) cultivo de aparceros sistema usado en las granjas del sur despues de la Guerra Civil en el cuallos agricultores labraban las tierras de otra persona a cambio de una pequefia porcion de la cosecha (pag. 136) Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) a law that made it illegal

Sputnik/Sputnik Ley Arancelaria Smoot-Hawley ley que impuso

aranceles muy altos, contribuyendo a una crisis economica generalizada en la decada de 1930 (pag. 338) SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; student civil rights organization in the 1960s (p. 566) SNCC Comite Coordinador No Violento de Estudiantes; organizacion estudiantil de derechos civiles de la decada de 1960 (pag. 566) social Darwinism a view of society based on Charles

Darwin's scientific theory of natural selection (p. 151) darwinismo social vision de la sociedad basada en ,

la teoria cientffica de la seleccion natural de Charles Darwin (pag. 151) Social Gospel the idea that religious faith should be

expressed through good works (p. 159) evangelio social idea seglin la cualla fe religiosa se debe expresar por medio de buenas obras (pag. 159) social justice the fair distribution of advantages and

disadvantages in a society (p. 643) justicia social distribucion justa de las ventajas y

desventajas en una sociedad (pag. 643)

to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade (p. 152) Ley Antimonopolio de Sherman (1890) ley que prohibio la creacion de monopolios o consorcios que restringieran ellibre comercio (pag. 152)

Social Security a system for providing pensions for many

shuttle diplomacy negotiation style in which a mediator

Solidarity an independent labor union founded in Soviet-

shuttles between groups, trying to work out agreements to end a disagreement (p. 671) diplomacia de idas y venidas estilo de negociacion en la que el mediador va y viene entre distintos grupos para intentar alcanzar acuerdos que pongan fin a un desacuerdo(pag.671) silent majority phrase used by President Nixon to

describe people who supported the government's Vietnam policies but did not express their opinions publicly (p. 621) mayoria silenciosa frase utilizada por el presidente Nixon para describir a las personas que apoyaban la politica del gobierno en Vietnam pero no expresaban su opinion en publico (pag. 621) sit-down strike a strike in which workers refuse to work

or leave the workplace until a settlement is reached (p. 361) huelga de brazos cafdos huelga en la que los trabajadores se niegan a trabajar o a abandonar ellugar de trabajo hasta que se alcance un convenio laboral (pag. 361) Sixteenth Amendment (1913) law that allowed Congress

to levy taxes based on an individual's income (p. 190) Decimosexta enmienda (1913) ley que permitio al Congreso recaudar impuestos con base en los ingresos de una persona (pag. 190) Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act high tariff law that contributed

to a global economic downturn in the 1930s (p. 338)

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ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

Americans age 65 and older (p. 359) Seguro Social sistema para proporcionar pensiones a la mayoria de los estadounidenses de 65 afios 0 mas (pag. 359) controlled Poland in 1980 (p. 703) Solidaridad sindicato obrero independiente fundado

en Polonia en 1980, cuando el pafs todavfa estaba controlado por la Union Sovietica (pag. 703) space shuttle a reusable spacecraft able to land on the

ground like an airplane, and that could be used to transport people and supplies into space (p. 715) transbordador espacial nave espacial reutilizable capaz de aterrizar en la tierra igual que un avion y que se puede utilizar para transportar personas y suministros al espacio (pag. 715) spam unwanted email advertisements (p. 802) spam anuncios no deseados enviados por correo elec-

tronico (pag. 802) speakeasy illegal bars where alcohol was served during

Prohibition (p. 301) bar clandestino bares ilegales donde se servfan bebidas alcoholicas durante la epoca de la Prohibicion (pag. 301) spheres of influence an area where foreign countries

control trade or natural resources of another nation or area (p. 204) esferas de influencia zona de un pafs cuyos recursos naturales y comercio son controlados por otro pafs o zona (pag. 204) Sputnik (1957) the first artificial satellite; launched by

the Soviets (p. 506)

Sputnik/Sputnik Sputnik (1957) el primer satelite artificial; lanzado por la Union Sovietica (pag. 506) Square Deal Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 campaign slogan;

expressed his belief that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced, and called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving working conditions (p. 184) Square Deal lema de la campafi.a de Theodore Roosevelt de 1904.; expresaba su creencia en el equilibria entre las necesidades de los trabajadores, los empresarios y los consumidores, y abogaba por limitar el poder de los trusts (consorcios), promover la salud y la seguridad publica y mejorar las condiciones laborales (pag. 184) Stamp Act (1765) a law passed by Parliament that

raised tax money by requiring colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items such as newspapers, licenses, and legal documents (p. 30) Ley del Sello (1765) ley aprobada por el Parlamento para recaudar impuestos en la que se obligaba a los colonos a pagar un sello oficial cada vez que compraban articulos de papel, como peri6dicos, licencias y documentoslegales (pag.30)

Tampico incident/ incidente de Tampico Sunbelt the southern and western portions of the United

States (p. 514) Sunbelt estados del sur y el oeste de Estados Unidos (pag. 514) supply-side economics the economic theory that tax cuts

and business incentives will increase the supply of labor and goods and stimulate the economy (p. 698) economia de Ia oferta teoria econ6mica seglin la cuallos recortes de impuestos y los incentivos para las compafiias aumentaran la oferta de empleo y de bienes y estimularan la economia (pag. 698) Sussex pledge a pledge Germany issued which included

a promise not to sink merchant vessels ''without warning and without saving human lives" (p. 239) promesa de Sussex compromiso de Alemania que incluia la promesa de que no hundirian los barcos mercantes "sin avisar ni sin salvar las vidas humanas" (pag. 239) swing a type of jazz music popular in the 1930s (p. 370) swing tipo de musica de jazz popular en la decada de

1930 (pag. 370)

Strategic Defense Initiative President Reagan's proposed

defensive space shield that would knock out incoming Soviet missiles (p. 702) lniciativa de Defensa Estrategica escudo protector espacial propuesto por el presidente Reagan; con la idea de que pudieran bloquear los misiles sovieticos entrantes (pag. 702) strict constructionist a person who interprets the Con-

stitution in a way that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take (p. 52) interprete estricto persona que interpreta que la Constituci6n solo permite al gobierno federal realizar Unicamente las acciones indicadas de manera especifica en ella (pag. 52) subsidy a government payment that is aimed at achiev-

ing some public benefit (p. 350) subsidio pago del gobierno destinado a alcanzar un beneficia para el publico (pag. 350) suburb smaller towns that are located outside a larger

urban area (p. 279) suburbio pueblo mas pequefios ubicados en las afueras de una ciudad (pag. 279) Summer of Love the height of the hippie movement dur-

ing the Summer of 1967 in San Francisco (p. 653) Verano del Amor punto maximo del movimiento hippie que tuvo lugar durante el verano de 1967 en San Francisco (pag. 653) summit a meeting of the heads of government (p. 499) cumbre encuentro de jefes de estado (pag. 499)

taking an action that occurs when regulations restrict

use of land so much that the government has essentially taken the land (p. 783) apoderarse acci6n que occure cuando las leyes limitan hasta tal punto el uso de la tierra que es como si el gobierno se hubiera apropiado de ella (pag. 783) Taliban group that took control over most of Mghanistan

following the Soviet occupation in 1979; this group governed Mghanistan according to a strict application of Islamic laws (p. 743) Taliban grupo que tom6 el control de la mayor parte de Mganistan tras la ocupaci6n sovietica de 1979; este grupo gobern6 Mganistan aplicando estrictamente la ley islamica (pag. 743) Tampico incident (1914) confrontation between the

United States and Mexico at Tampico Bay, Mexico, involving the arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government; it led to Congress approving the use of armed forces against Mexico, and was an important event leading up to the Battle ofVercruz (p. 222) incidente de Tampico (1914) enfrentamiento entre Estados Unidos y Mexico en la bahia de Tampico, Mexico, durante el cual el gobierno mexicano arrest6 · a unos marineros estadounidenses. Como consecuencia, el Congreso aprob6 el uso de las fuerzas militares contra Mexico; fue una causa importante de la batalla de Veracruz. (pag. 222)

ENGLISH AND SPAN ISH GLOSSARY

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Teapot Dome/Teapot Dome

Treaty of Versailles/Tratado de Versailles

Teapot Dome a federally owned piece of land in Wyo-

ming; it was the center of a government scandal in 1921 when President Harding's Secretary of the Interior accepted bribes in return for allowing oil companies to drill for oil there in 1921 (p. 284) Teapot Dome nombre de un terreno federal ubicado en Wyoming que fue el centro de un escandalo gubernamental en 1921; el secretario del interior del presidente Harding acept6 sobornos para permitir que las empresas petroleras excavaran pozos alli (pag. 284)

totalitarian a form of government in which the per-

son or party in charge has absolute control over all aspects of life (p. 389) totalitario una forma de gobierno en la que la persona o el partido que esta a cargo tiene control absoluto sobre todos los aspectos de la vida (pag. 389) Trail of Tears (1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made

by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one fourth of the Cherokee people (p. 95) Ruta de las Lagrimas (1838-39) marcha forzada de 800 millas que realiz6 la tribu cherokee desde su territorio natal en Georgia hasta el Territorio Indfgena, y en la que muri6 casi una cuarta parte del pueblo cherokee (pag. 95)

telecommute communication via the Internet (p. 802) trabajo a distancia comunicaci6n por Internet

(pag. 802) tenant farming system of farming where farmers rented

their land from the landowner, and were allowed to grow whatever crop they chose (p. 136) agricultura de arriendo sistema de agricultura en el que los agricultores arriendan la tierra del propietario y pueden cultivar lo que quieran (pag. 136)

transatlantic crossing the Atlantic Ocean (p. 310) transatlantico que atraviesa el oceano Atlantico

(pag. 310) transcendentalism the belief that knowledge is not found

tenement poorly built, overcrowded housing where many

only by observation of the world, but also through reason, intuition, and personal spiritual experiences (p. 100) movimiento trascendental convicci6n de que el conocimiento no se obtiene solo observando el mundo, sino mediante la raz6n, la intuici6n y las experiencias espirituales personales (pag. 100)

immigrants lived (p. 159) casa de vecinos casas mal construidas donde vivian amontonados muchos inmigrantes (pag. 159) terrorism the use of violence by individuals and groups

to advance political goals (p. 729) terrorismo uso de la violencia por parte de indi-

viduos y grupos con elfin de alcanzar metas politicas (pag. 729)

transcript a written record of a spoken event (p. 679) transcripcion registro escrito de un suceso oral

(pag. 679)

Tet Offensive a series of major attacks by communist

forces in South Vietnam in 1968 (p. 613)

transistor small electrical devices that can be found in

ofensiva del Tet serie de ataques importantes rea-

computers and other machines (p. 512)

lizado por fuerzas comunistas en Vietnam del Sur en 1868 (pag. 613)

transistores pequeiios dispositivos electricos de las

Thirteenth Amendment (1865) a constitutional amend-

ment that outlawed slavery (p. 130) Decimotercera enmienda (1865) enmienda constitucional que aboli6la esclavitud (pag. 130) 38th parallel line oflatitude which divides North and

South Korea (p. 484) paralelo 38 linea de latitud que divide a Corea del Norte de Corea del Sur (pag. 484) Tiananmen Square massacre (1989) a large pro-democ-

racy protest in China that resulted in the government using military force, killing hundreds (p. 711) Masacre de Ia plaza Tiananmen (1989) gran manifestaci6n de protesta a favor de la democracia en China, en la que el gobierno us6 fuerzas militares y dio muerte a cientos de personas (pag. 711) Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964) Congressional resolution

that in effect authorized military action in Southeast Asia (p. 603) Resolucion del Golfo de Tonkin (1964) resoluci6n del Congreso que autoriz6las acciones militares en el sureste de Asia (pag. 603) ~-

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ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

computadores y otras maquinas (pag. 512) Treaiy of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) a treaty that ended

r

the Mexican-American War and gave the United States much of Mexico's northern territory (p. 112) Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) tratado que daba por terminada la Guerra mexicano-estadounidense y daba posesi6n a Estados Unidos de gran parte del norte del territorio mexicano (pag. 112)

Treaty of Paris (1783) agreement that officially ended

the Revolutionary War and established British recognition of the independence of the United States (p. 37) Tratado de Paris (1783) acuerdo de paz que oficialmente daba por terminada la Guerra de Independencia estadounidense y en el que Gran Bretaiia reconocfa la soberanfa de Estados Unidos (pag. 37) Treaty of Versailles (1919) treaty ending World War I

that required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established the League of Nations (p. 257) Tratado de Versailles tratado que puso fin a la Primera Guerra Mundial, que le impuso a Alemania el pago de indemnizaciones econ6micas y que estableci6 la Liga de las Naciones (pag. 257)

viceroyalty / virreinato

trench warfare/guerra de trincheras trench warfare a form of combat in which soldiers dug

trenches, or deep ditches, to seek protection from enemy fire and to defend their positions (p. 236) guerra de trincheras forma de combate en la que la que los soldados excavan trincheras o zanjas profundas para protegerse del fuego enemigo y defender sus posiciones (pag. 236) Triple Alliance a military alliance between Germany,

Austria-Hungary and Italy (p. 231) Triple Alianza alianza militar entre Alemania, Austria-Hungria e Italia (pag. 231) Triple Entente a military alliance between Great Britain,

France, and Russia (p. 231) Triple Entente alianza militar entre Gran Bretaiia, Francia y Rusia (pag. 231) Truman Doctrine (194 7) President Truman's pledge to

provide economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism (p. 467) Doctrina Truman (194 7) promesa del presidente Truman de dar ayuda econ6mica y militar a los paises amenazados por el comunismo (pag. 467) Tuskegee Airmen unit of African American pilots that

fought in World War II; the first African Americans to receive training as pilots in the United States military (p. 422) Aviadores de Tuskegee unidad de pilotos afroamericanos que combati6 en la Segunda Guerra Mundial; sus miembros fueron los primeros afroamericanos en recibir entrenamiento de piloto en el ejercito de los Estados Unidos (pag. 422) Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) banned states from

taxing citizens to vote in elections (p. 57 4) Vigesimocuarta enmienda (1964) prohibi6 a los estados cobrarles impuestos a los ciudadanos por votar en las elecciones (pag. 574) Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971) amendment that low-

ered the legal voting age from 21 to 18 (p. 624) Vigesimosexta enmienda (1971) redujo la edad legal

para votar de 21 a 18 aiios (pag. 624)

United Nations an international organization that

encourages cooperation among nations and prevent future wars (p. 454) Naciones Unidas (ONU) organizaci6n internacional que fomenta la cooperaci6n entre paises y la prevenci6n de las guerras (pag. 454) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) document

presented to the U.N. by the Commission on Human Rights that stated all human beings are created free and equal, and tried to set standards for human rights (p. 4 76) Declaracion Universal de los Derechos Humanos

(1948) documento presentado ala ONU por la Comisi6n de Derechos Humanos que afirma que todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales; e intent6 establecer normas para el respeto de los derechos humanos (pag. 4 76) USA PATRIOT Act (2001) law passed by Congress making

it easier for the FBI and other law enforcement agencies to secretly collect information about suspected terrorists (p. 745) Ley PATRIOTA Estadounidense (2001) ley aprobada por el Congreso que facilita al FBI y a otros agentes de la ley recoger en secreto informacion acerca de presuntos terroristas (pag. 745)

vaccine a preparation that uses a killed or weakened

form of a ·germ to help the body build its own defenses against that germ (p. 513) vacuna preparaci6n que utiliza una forma muerta o debilitada de un germen para ayudar al cuerpo a desarrollar sus propias defensas contra el germen (pag. 513) values the key ideas and beliefs a person holds (p. 297) valores ideas y creencias clave de una persona

(pag. 297) V-E day (1945) May 8, 1945; the date when the Allies cel-

ebrated victory over Europe in World War II (p. 452) Dia del Armisticio (1945) 8 de mayo de 1945; fecha en

U-boats small submarines named after the German word

unterserboot, which means "undersea boat" (p. 239) U-boat peque:iio submarino cuyo nombre proviene de la palabra alemana unterserboot, que significa ''bote submarino" (pag. 239) Underground Railroad a network of people who helped

thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places (p. 104) Tren Clandestino red de personas que ayud6 a miles de esclavos a escapar hacia el Norte ofreciendoles transporte y lugares para ocultarse (pag. 104)

que los Aliados celebran la victoria en Europa de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 452) velvet revolution a quick, peaceful revolution that swept

the Communists from power in Czechoslovakia in 1989 (p. 709) revolucion de terciopelo revoluci6n breve y pacifica que ~n 1989 sac6 del poder a los comunistas en Checoslovaquia (pag. 709) viceroyalty a province ruled by a viceroy, the direct rep-

resentative of a monarch (p. 15) virreinato provincia gobernada por un virrey, el repre-

sentante directo de un monarca (pag. 15)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

R123

Vichy France/ Francia Vichy Vichy France French government set up with the Ger-

mans that ruled the southern half of France during World War II (p. 396) Francia Vichy gobierno establecido en Francia en cooperacion con Alemania que goberno la mitad sur de Francia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 396) Vietcong the military forces of the National Liberation

Front, a group that wanted to overthrow the government in Vietnam (p. 601) Vietcong fuerzas militares del Frente de Liberacion N acional, un grupo que queria derrocar el gobierno de Vietnam (pag. 601) Vietminh group that resisted the Japanese occupation

in Vietnam (p. 597) Vietminh grupo que se resistio ala ocupacion japonesa de Vietnam (pag. 597) Vietnamization a plan to end the Vietnam war that

involved turning over the fighting to the South Vietnamese while U.S. troops gradually pulled out (p. 621) vietnamizacion plan para terminar la guerra de Vietnam que conllevaba el traspaso de la lucha a los vietnamitas del sur mientras las tropas de Estados Unidos se retiraban gradualmente (pag. 621) VISTA a domestic version of the Peace Corps that pro-

vided help to poor communities in the United States in the 1960s (p. 544) VISTA version nacional e interna del Cuerpo de Paz que ayudo a las comunidades pobres de Estados Unidos durante la decada de 1960 (pag. 544) V-J Day (1945) August 15, 1945; the date when the Allies

declared victory over Japan in World War II (p. 454) Dia V-J (1945) 15 de agosto de 1945; fecha en que los Aliados declararon la victoria sobre Japon en la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 454) Voter Education Project group founded in 1962 to regis-

ter southern African Americans to vote (p. 57 4) Proyecto para Ia Educacion de Votantes grupo fundado en 1962 para inscribir como votantes a los afroamericanos del Sur (pag. 574) Voting Rights Act of 1965 civil rights law that banned

literacy tests and other practices that discouraged blacks from voting (p. 578) Ley de Derecho al Voto de 1965 ley de derechos civiles que prohibiolas pruebas de lectura y escritura y otras practicas que trataban de impedir que los afroamericanos votaran (pag. 578)

welfare/ asistencia social Guerra de 1812 guerra librada entre Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaiia por la captura de marineros estadounidenses y por problemas con los indigenas norteamericanos en el Territorio de Noroeste (pag. 56) War on Poverty set of programs introduced by President

Johnson to fight poverty (p. 543) Guerra contra Ia Pobreza conjunto de programas introducidos por el presidente Johnson para combatir la pobreza (pag. 543) War Powers Act (1973) law that sets a 60-day limit on

the presidential commitment ofU.S. troops to foreign conflicts (p. 627) Ley de Poderes de Guerra (1973) ley que limita a 60 dias el plazo de envio de tropas estadounidenses a confiictos internacionales por parte del presidente (pag. 627) War Refugee Board a group established by President

Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped 20,000 Jews who might otherwise have fallen into the hands of the Nazis (p. 430) Junta de Refugiados de Guerra grupo establecido por el Presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt que ayudo a 20,000 judios que de otra manera podrian haber caido en manos de los nazis (pag. 430) Warren Commission a commission headed by Chief

Justice Earl Warren to investigate the assassination of President Kennedy (p. 540) Comision Warren comision presidida por el juez presidente de la Corte Suprema Earl Warren para investigar el asesinato del presidente Kennedy (pag. 540) Warren Court a term that refers to the years when Earl

Warren served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; under his leadership, controversial Court decisions greatly extended individual rights and freedoms (p. 538) Corte de Warren termino que hace referencia a los aiios en que Earl Warren ocupo el cargo dejuez presidente de la Corte Suprema; bajo su liderazgo, algunas decisiones polemicas de la Corte ampliaron significativamente los derechos y las libertades individuales (pag. 538) Warsaw Pact a military alliance established in 1955 of

the Soviet-dominated countries of Eastern Europe (p. 498) Pacto de Varsovia alianza militar establecida en 1955 por los paises de Europa oriental controlados por la Union Sovietica (pag. 498) Watergate scandal a political scandal that resulted in

President Nixon's resignation in 1974 (p. 677) escandalo Watergate escandalo politico que produjo la renuncia del Presidente Nixon en 1974 (pag. 677) welfare financial assistance from the government War of 1812 war fought between the United States

and Britain over the impressment of U.S. sailors and troubles with Native Americans in the Northwest Territory (p. 56)

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ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

(p. 790) asistencia social ayuda financiera proporcionada por el gobierno (pag. 790)

welfare capitalism/capitalismo del bienestar

zoot suit riots/ disturbios de zoot suit

welfare capitalism system in which companies provided

fringe benefits to employees in an effort to promote worker satisfaction and loyalty (p. 279) capitalismo del bienestar sistema por el que las empresas proporcionan prestaciones a sus empleados para promover la satisfacci6n y lealtad de los trabajadores(pag.279) Whiskey Rebellion (1794) a protest of small farmers in

Pennsylvania against new taxes on whiskey (p. 53) Rebelion del Whisky (1794) protesta de pequefios agricultores de Pensilvania contra los nuevas impuestos sabre el whisky (pag. 53) wolf pack a tactic in which submarines hunt as a group

and attack at night (p. 419) manada de lobos tactica de los submarinos por la que buscan al enemigo en grupo y atacan de noche (pag. 419) Women's Christian Temperance Movement reform orga-

nization that led the fight against alcohol in the late 1800s (p. 179) Movimiento Cristiano Femenino por Ia Abstinencia organizaci6n reformista que lider6la lucha en contra del consumo de alcohol a fines del siglo XIX (pag. 179)

Yalta Conference (1945) meeting between Franklin

Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin to reach an agreement on what to do with Germany after World War II (p. 450) Conferencia de Yalta (1945) cumbre celebrada entre Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill y Joseph Stalin para llegar a un acuerdo acerca de lo que harian con Alemania despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (pag. 450) yellow journalism the reporting of exaggerated stories in

newspapers to increase sales (p. 207) prensa amarillista reportaje de articulos exagerados en la prensa para aumentar las ventas (pag. 207) yeoman farmers living on small farms rather than on

large plantations (p. 773) campesino los granjeros que vivian en pequefias granjas en lugar de en grandes plantaciones (pag. 773)

working poor those who are employed but cannot earn

enough to lift themselves out of poverty (p. 790) trabajadores pobres personas que trabajan pero que

no ganan lo suficiente como para salir de la pobreza (pag. 790) World Bank helps poor countries build their economies

by providing grants and loans to help with projects that could provide jobs and wealth (p. 4 76) Banco Mundial ayuda a los paises pobres a desarrollar sus economias mediante subsidios y prestamos para invertir en proyectos que pueden generar empleos y riqueza (pag. 4 76) World Wide Web computer program that allows users to

create, store, and connect information in documents called Web pages (p. 801) World Wide Web programa de computaci6n que permite a los usuarios crear, almacenar y conectar informacion en documentos llamados paginas (pag. 801)

Zimmermann note a telegram sent to a German official

in Mexico before World War I; it proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico (p. 240) nota de Zimmermann telegrama enviado a un funcionario aleman en Mexico antes del inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial; proponia una alianza entre Alemania y Mexico (pag. 240) zoot suit riots series of attacks by U.S. sailors against

Mexican Americans in Los Angeles (p. 411) disturbios de zoot suit serie de ataques contra

mexicano-americanos por parte de marnieros estadounidenses en Los Angeles (pag. 411)

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) the U.S. Army's killing of

approximately 150 Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota; ended U.S.-Indian wars on the Plains (p. 144) Masacre de Wounded Knee (1890) matanza de aproximadamente 150 indios sioux a manos del ejercito estadounidense en Wounded Knee Creek, Dakota del Sur; dio fin a las guerras entre estadounidenses e indigenas en las Planicies (pag. 144)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

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