Work by the student: Ruba Al-Zahrani Supervised : Badria Al-Harthy

astronomy. 2022 October

The space A vast and huge world

Index Introduction

planets What are the planets of our galaxy?

galaxies types of galaxies

stars Astronomy scientists

NASA space agency

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Introduction There is a vast area around the Earth, and we know very little about its secrets, because our understanding of it is related to the various signals on Earth, including space from the sun, moon, planets,galaxies and countless stars. Scientists have sought to discover this vast area, including space, including Of stars, galaxies and planets, but not discovered Scientists are everything that exists in the vast space.

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planets: In 2006, the International Astronomical Union presented the latest definition of the planet. The planet is a spherical celestial body that has great gravity that helps maintain its shape, and it revolves around a star; Like the sun, in a special orbit, and the planet is characterized by its huge size, and the current number of planets in the solar system is 8 planets.

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What are the planets of our galaxy?

Mercury

Venus

earth

One of the five planets known in the past, which the ancients called the wandering stars, and the name Mercury came after the messenger of the gods among the Romans.

The size of the planet Venus is approximately the size of the planet Earth, and the planet Venus is at its closest 42 million km from the Earth, and its atmosphere is thick and made up of carbon dioxide gas.

Planet Earth is the only planet that is characterized by the presence of life on it, due to the fact that it contains water in a liquid form, and no spacecraft that reached any planet mentioned the presence of water on it, and the forms of life on it range from microorganisms to complex organisms such as humans.

Mars Mars is the fourth closest planet to the sun, and despite its small size, it has captured the imagination and scientific interests of humans for centuries, and although it is not the closest planet to Earth, it is very similar to Earth; The planet has undergone some processes associated with the formation of the planets Mercury, Earth and Venus, such asVolcanoes and erosion.

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Jupiter Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, and it is a huge ball of gas that is about 300 times the size of the Earth and revolves around Jupiter dozens of moons, some hot, some volcanic and others icy, and like the rest of the giant planets, the planet has rings surrounding it .

Saturn Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun, and can be seen with the naked eye, and is the second largest planet in the solar system, thanks to its discovery to Galileo in 1610 AD, and is characterized by its seven rings surrounding it, and in the past astronomers believed that these rings are moons, but Christian was able Huggins understand the combinationThese rings, and the name of the planet Saturn in relation to the Roman god of agriculture.

Uranus Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun, in addition to that, it is the third largest planet in the solar system in terms of diameter, and the fourth largest in terms of mass. The planet Uranus is similar tChemical composition of the planet Neptune.

Neptune Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun, it is the farthest planet from the sun, and it is a cold and dark icy giant planet, where the wind speed reaches faster than the speed of sound.

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galaxies: Galaxies are the largest systems in the universe, as they connect billions and sometimes trillions of stars in their highly gravitational astronomical orbits. Galaxies also contain dust and vast clouds of gas that fill galaxies, in addition to planets and other materials that revolve around the orbits of stars. in aThe beginning until the explosion occurred, which was followed by the processes of cooling and expansion, just as a rounded paper became a large map. After the Big Bang, the primitive universe was . formed from radiation and particles

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types of galaxies:

spiral galaxy

dwarf galaxy

active galaxy

irregular galaxy

lenticular galaxy

star galaxy

elliptical galaxy

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stars : The star is a huge spherical body that derives its luster from the nuclear fusion reactions that occur in its core, which result in elements heavier than hydrogen, and the sun is the star that provides the planet with light and radiation, and provides it with conditions that make it a suitable place for the emergence of various forms of life, and the stars are given attention and study by Astronomy scientistsTo identify the distinctive characteristics of each of them, where knowledge of one of the characteristics leads to the identification of other characteristics, by observing the star’s spectrum, its brightness, and its movement in space, scientists are able to determine its mass, age, and chemical composition, and by knowing the mass of the star, the date of its origin and development can be determined, And his final destiny, by knowingThe evolutionary history of the star can be reached to know the diameter of its rotation, its rotation mechanism, and its temperature 8

The visible universe contains tens of billions of trillions of stars, but the naked eye can see very few of them, and there are many stars in the universe in the form of pairs, multiple systems, or star clusters that are linked together physically through their common origin and attraction to each other There are also groups of starsStar consortia are made up of stars that are physically similar, except that their masses are less than what allows them to be attracted to each other enough to form star clusters

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Astronomy scientists: Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 AD)

The mathematician and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy created a model of the solar system, in which the sun, stars, and the rest of the planets revolve around the Earth. ".According to NASA, "Ptolemy's model is a striking example of Greek astronomy

William Herschel (1738-1822 AD)

British astronomer William Herschel classified about 2,500 objects in the sky. He also discovered the planet Uranus and its luminous moons, two moons of Saturn, and the frozen patches of Mars. William taught his sister Caroline astronomy, as she became the first woman to discover a comet, and learned about other comets during her lifetime

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Giovanni Cassini (1625-1712

AD) Italian astronomer Giovanni Cassini measured how long it takes Jupiter and Mars to complete a full rotation and also discovered four of Saturn's moons and the gap in the planet's rings. When NASA launched a satellite to orbit Saturn and its moons, it was called Cassini

Albert Einstein - (1879-1955 AD) German physicist Albert Einstein became one of the most famous scientists of all time after proposing a new way of looking at the universe, which went beyond the existing understanding at the time. Einstein suggested that the laws of physics are the same throughout the universe, that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant, and that time and space are linked to an entity known as spacetime, whose gravitational path is distorted

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NASA space agency: NASA) is an agency of the United States of America. It is responsible for the space program of the United States. It was established in the year 1957. Its annual financing was estimated at 16 billion dollars. In addition to responsibility for the space program, NASA is also responsible for long-term civil and military space research. And NASA is known as the leading space agency for other agencies around the world 12