DIGITAL

TEXTBOOK

PREPARED BY Sreehari S Unnithan

18121354007

BIOLOGY Standard X

National Anthem Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya he

Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata.

Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha

Dravida-Utkala-Banga

Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga

Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga

Tava subha name jage,

Tava subha asisa mage,

Gahe tava jaya gatha.

Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he

Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata.

Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,

Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!

Pledge India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall give respect to my parents, teachers and all elders and treat everyone with courtesy. I pledge my devotion to my country and my people. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.

CONTENT The Root The Stem The Leaves The Flower The Fruits

Certain icons used in this Textbook

For further reading

Learning outcomes

Let us assess

Extended activities

Morphology of flowering Plants

Observe the picture. We can see seeds sprouting. What all parts we can see in plant after sprouting?

Root



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And when this plant matures what other parts we can see? Flower



So if we pull out a weed plant, we can see all these different parts. The under ground part of the plant is called the root system and the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 1.1).

1.1 The Root The root is a brown, nongreen and underground part of a plant. Root with their branches is collectively called a root system. There are three types of the root system:

Taproot system

Figure 1.1 Parts of a flower

The taproot is mainly found in dicotyledonous plants. It develops from the radicle of the germinating seed, along with its primary roots and

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branches, giving rise to the taproot system (Figure 1.2a). Mustard seeds, mangoes, grams and banyan are a few examples of plants with taproot system.

Fibrous root system The fibrous root is mainly found in ferns and in all monocotyledonous plants. This root develops from thin, moderately branching roots or primary roots, growing from the stem (Figure 1.2b). Wheat, paddy, grass, carrots, onion, grass are a few examples of plants with the fibrous root system.

Adventitious root system The roots which originate from any part of the plant body other than the normal root system is called the adventitious root system (Figure 1.2c). In plants, the adventitious root system is used for various purposes, like mechanical support, vegetative propagation, etc. Banyan tree, maize, oak trees, horsetails are plants with the adventitious root system.

Figure 1.2 Different types of root a) Taproot, b) Fibrous root and c) Adventitious root

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Pneumatophores Pneumatophores are aerial roots derived from subterranean roots that enable plants to access air in waterlogged soil habitats. It is most commonly found in mangrove plants. Figs have lateral roots that grow outwards from the mud and water and serve as oxygen intake sites for their primary roots in the water.

Indicators Parts of plant Underground

parts

and

portions above the ground Root

systems

seen

in

plants

1.2 The Shoot The system of the plant which grows aerially is called as shoot system. The axis of the shoot system is called stem. Stem bears branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. The branches develop on the stem either horizontally or obliquely. Shoot system develops from the plumule of the embryo. The stem bears nodes and internodes. The regions of the stem where leaves are borne are called nodes while internodes are the portions between two nodes.

Functions of Stem What are the functions of Stem? Like any other parts of a plant stem also have different functions. Observe the illustration given below. On the basis of the illustration, prepare a note on the functions of stem.

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1

Support

2

Functions of Stem

3 Illustration 1.1

Indicators Components of shoot system Nodes and Internodes Functions of shoots

1.3 The Leaves What is the colour of leaves? Why is it? Leaves are the main photosynthetic part of the plants. It absorbs light and helps in the exchange of gases through the stomata. Observe the Figure 1.3. What all structure you can see in a leaf

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The main parts of the leaf include the leaf base, petiole, and lamina. They grow at the node and bear a bud at the axil. The arrangement of veins and veinlets in a leaf is called venation.

Figure 1.3

DO YOU KNOW? Leaves can be further classified into simple and compound leaf, which are based on the pattern of a leaf blade.

Indicators Functions of leaves Venations Main parts of leaves

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1.4 The Flower Which is the reproductive part of the plant? Which are its parts? Observe the Figure 1.4 and form inference

Figure 1.4

Pollination in Flower The reproduction in plants occurs by the process of pollination. It is the process of transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same or different plants.

Indicators Parts of a flower Pollination

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1.5 The Fruit The fruit is the characteristic feature of flowering plants, which is a ripened or mature ovary and the seed is what the ovules develop into after fertilization. The fruit that develops without fertilization is known as parthenocarpic.

Figure 1.5 Observe the Figure 1.5 and conduct a seminar on "Parts of a fruit" and collecting more information on it.

Indicators Ovary develops into fruit Ovules after fertilization

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Learning outcomes Familiarise with morphology of flowering Plants Learn in detail about the root, shoot, leaves, flower and fruit To know about parts of a flower and it's functions

Let us Assess 1. The plant that do not comes under fibrous root system. a)Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Grass

d) Mango tree

2. Identify the relationship and fill in the blanks. Stem: Support and Store food Leaves: ________________________

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3. Redraw the figure and label the parts mentioned

Extended Activities 1. Create a herbarium of leaves with different venations and patterns 2. Construct a model of structure fruit and label its parts

Constitution of India Part IVA

Fundamental duties of Citizens Fundamental Duties- It shall be the duty of every citizen of India:

(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions,

the National Flag and the National Anthem;

(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle

for freedom;

(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;

(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the

people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional

diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers,

wild life and to have compassion for living creatures;

(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;

(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity

so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and

achievements;

(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or,

as the case may be, ward between age of six and fourteen years.