21st Century Literature

P O R T F O L I O

Portfolio

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Angelica T. Amoroto Frances Elyssa P. Leal Alexandrea E. Morales Marc Jeanieses A. Rico

Portfolio

Table of Contents The Contributors..................... Message to the readers.................. Collection of the Contemporary Literature........ Reflection................ Period of World Literature................ Famous Authors and their Literary Works....... Quotes to live by............... Reflections............... References............... i

The Contributors

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Angelica T. Amoroto

Frances Elyssa P. Leal

Alexandrea E. Morales

Marc Jeanieses A. Rico

Message to the Readers Dear Readers,

Within this series of various works, you will find our favorite quotes, flash fiction, novels, and reflections of our work. This portfolio helped us grow as a person, a learner, and as a writer. It has helped us remember the mistakes we've made and the lifelong lessons we have learned. As a

writer,

we

have

found

that

the

portfolio

helped

us

display the skills that we have been harvesting throughout these years.

We are happy and honored that you took the time to read our portfolio. You are truly amazing.

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Collection of the

Contemporary Literature

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Collection of Contemporary

Literature Hugot Lines Pick Up Lines Flash Fiction Stories

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Hugot Lines

By Angelica T. Amoroto

By Frances Elyssa P. Leal

By Alexandrea E. Morales

By Marc Jeanieses A. Rico

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Hugot Lines

By Angelica T. Amoroto

By Frances Elyssa P. Leal

By Alexandrea E. Morales

By Marc Jeanieses A. Rico

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Pick Up Lines

By Angelica T. Amoroto

By Frances Elyssa P. Leal

By Alexandrea E. Morales

By Marc Jeanieses A. Rico

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Pick Up Lines

By Angelica T. Amoroto

By Frances Elyssa P. Leal

By Alexandrea E. Morales

By Marc Jeanieses A. Rico

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Flash Fiction

Flash Fiction

STORY

Til Death Do NOT Part Ribbon on Tree of Dreams His Women The Dark Life

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Flash Fiction

The After-Life Series:

TIL DEATH

DO NOT PART

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Flash Fiction

Flash Fiction

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Author's Reflection What did I learn from it? Based on my experience, writing a flash fiction has taught me to create a concise story containing details that would assist readers in reading the story without any confusion. All elements added in the story should be aligned with the concept and make use of descriptive words to allow the readers to imagine the scene within the literature.

How do I feel about my work? I am happy but not contented for I know that I could do better but as my first time creating a flash fiction, I am proud of the outcome. I allowed my family and friends to read my work they too are curious of what happened next.

Flash Fiction It was the night of 23 May 2015. We were at the campsite playing hide-and-seek. It was cloudy. I stumbled upon a tree. Fell into the ground then saw the stars clearly. Flash -forwards begin to appear. I am holding a ribbon. Wore it. Keep it. I treasure it. It was when a bicycle appeared in front of me. I Rode it and came across a boy. He was going the opposite way. No one is around except he and I. With no doubts and due to fear, I followed him. A street appeared from nowhere. There was a party. Everyone I know is present. “Let’s eat”, he said. That was the moment I realised it was a trap. I rode the bicycle we left on the street and pedaled as fast as I could. My home appeared in front of me. Ran inside and saw the boy. My parents were there. Ran outside. It was the moment I realised the ribbon is tied on my wrists. I am running in the middle of nowhere. Then I came across a man. He seemed to know the way. “Are you lost?”, he asked. I answered with fear, “Leave me alone”. It took me a moment to realise. He looks like the boy I met before. He has the same ribbon as mine. I ran away confused. I saw the end of my ribbon. It rolled into a tree in the middle of Lake Lanjour . The same man was there.

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Flash Fiction

I walked on the water and saw my reflection. I am not the same girl that was a moment ago. I looked older, the same age as the man. Time seemed to pass differently in this place, I thought. The end of my ribbon was his. The tree has a name, Tree of Dreams. A letter is engraved on it. It says: “Ye who stumble upon this tree, Light, thou shall never see.” He and I began to solve the puzzle, when fruits of the tree fell on us. We fell on the other sides of the tree. I saw a fruit with my reality. Everyone is looking for me. It was past-midnight, still, I am missing. No longer playing, but lost. The boy became one with the tree. He was the first victim of the tree, then I. He was solving the riddle when I arrived. Seeing me was hope for him. He knew he was not alone. Not anymore. The tree was cursed by a witch long ago. Many had died. Only he and I survived. It takes half a decade - real time - for the tree to completely devour its victim. We choked the tree with our ribbons. Our nightmare has come to an end. I woke up to see the boy on my door. He was my long lost friend. He disappeared long ago. At the doorpost, there the ribbon hangs. We saved each other from our nightmare and spent the rest of our lives living our dream.

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Flash Fiction

Author's Reflection What did I learn from it? Writing stories is more than just writing stories. It is a complex process that requires not only knowledge but passion, time, and dedication. Telling a story without confusing readers is a skill that requires those four - knowledge, passion, time, and dedication. How do I feel about my work? A Ribbon on Tree of Dreams is a story of a young lady finding her place in the world. A story that needs to be told in a compendious way. I am fulfilled to have shared you my story in which, I hope, can be continued sooner or later.

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Flash Fiction

Flash Fiction

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Flash Fiction

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Author's Reflection What did I learn from it? I learned that it is difficult to write a fiction story because there's a part of me that wants tell more however the words are only limited, so it is very challenging to express myself. How do I feel about my work? I felt that my work tells a powerful story about trusting and loving the wrong person, it teaches us that there are still people who will manage to make you feel like a fool despite doing everything just for them to stay.

IMAGINARIO

THE DARK LIFE 2021 MARC JEANIESES A RICO

Flash Fiction

There was a boy named Cyrus, and Cyrus was always thing about the beautiful girl in his dreams and that girl named Ella, Ella was a young and pretty and gorgeous Girl she has cute eyes and kissable lips and a sexy body, and one time Cyrus ask himself, Why is so dark in here? maybe there is no power of electricity or maybe the light was off, and Cyrus look at his right side and he saw the beautiful girl and he said “who are you? , why to look so fine ” Ella answered Cyrus and she said “ I'm Ella I live here, and Ella asked Cyrus, “why are you here?” Cyrus answered it I'm here because I was looking for you, and Ella was blushing her chicks turned red and she smiled a lot, and they become friends.

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Flash Fiction

Cyrus started to court Ella and they had a Sweet talk they talked about life and their future and when the time passed by, Cyrus opened his eyes and he saw the light and he said Wow!!! what a beautiful place and Cyrus look around he saw a flat-screen Tv, a white curtain and a beautiful bed that has a white cover and white pillow, and while Cyrus looking around he saw that there is a Hose that attach to his body and Cyrus saw the little screen that counting his heartbeat and Cyrus saw his mom crying and he said, Mom “why are you crying?” did somebody hurt you? and his mom answered No! son this is Tears of joy and Cyrus told why do you need to cry if it is Nothing, and her mom answered Said I'm happy because after how many months I saw you smiling and talking to me because I miss you so much. After all, you sleep for a long time and Her mom said that you have been Comatose for almost 3 months and Cyrus finds out that Ella was a girl in his dreams.

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Flash Fiction

Author's Reflection What did I learn from it? Writing a fiction story, for me, it's very difficult because we should use our extreme imagination to create a Fiction story I learn that behind our imagination we can create a story based on what we imagine and to create a wonderful story. How do I feel about my work? My work tells us a story that life in our imagination is happy we can do what ever we want, but life is more sensitive so we should use it in good ways and in every aspect of our life.

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VICTORIAN LI TE RA TU RE

History

History

Victorian Era The Victorian period of literature roughly coincides with the years that Queen Victoria ruled Great Britain and its Empire (1837-1901). During this era, Britain was transformed from a predominantly rural, agricultural society into an urban, industrial one. Victorian age literature was often a reflection or a response to historical events and social conditions. This was a time of great change in England. With the Industrial Revolution in full swing, manufacturing cities were overcrowded and dirty. Many citizens were living in poverty and squalor. Men, women, and children worked long hours in terrible conditions. Debtors’ prisons and workhouses were filled with the poor. People finally began to be concerned with these conditions, and several laws were enacted to reduce working hours and to clean up the cities. Reform is a common theme in Victorian literature.

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History

History

Victorian Era This was also a time of new discoveries. Advances in technology, medicine, and transportation made life better for many, and some Victorian period literature expresses this. The middle class grew strong, and an emphasis was often placed on the family, with the father as the powerful head of the household. Social constraints became rigid, too. Society, in general, became prudish in regard to sex. Even words like “pregnant” became taboo. Instead of saying someone was pregnant, it was said that the woman was “expecting a bundle from Heaven,” or some other innocuous term was used. One of the most popular Victorian novels to comment on the culture of the time is Vanity Fair, written by William Makepeace Thackeray. Firmly established religious beliefs were also threatened by the writings of Darwin. Some Victorians began to question their long held beliefs, while many rejected Darwin’s theories completely. This struggle was often reflected in Victorian literature.

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History

Types of Literature

Victorian Era Poetry Prose Fiction Drama Children's Literature Realism The Fin De Siécle Industrial Novels Gothic Journalism & Periodical Writing 27

Victorian Literature

Victorian Era

NOVELS

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero by William Makepeace Thackeray A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson Middlemarch by George Eliot 28

Summary

Jane Eyre

By Charlotte Brontë

When the novel begins, the title character is a 10-yearold orphan who lives with her uncle’s family; her parents had died of typhus. Other than the nursemaid, the family ostracizes Jane. She is later sent to the austere Lowood Institution, a charity school, where she and the other girls are mistreated; “Lowood,” as the name suggests, is the “low” point in Jane’s young life. In the face of such adversity, however, she gathers strength and confidence. In early adulthood, after several years as a student and then teacher at Lowood, Jane musters the courage to leave. She finds work as a governess at Thornfield Hall, where she meets her dashing and Byronic employer, the wealthy and impetuous Edward Rochester. At Thornfield Jane looks after young Adèle, the daughter of a French dancer who was one of Rochester’s mistresses, and is befriended by the kindly housekeeper Mrs. Alice Fairfax.

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Summary

Jane Eyre

By Charlotte Brontë

Jane falls in love with Rochester, though he is expected to marry the snobbish and socially prominent Blanche Ingram. Rochester eventually reciprocates Jane’s feelings and proposes marriage. However, on their wedding day, Jane discovers that Rochester cannot legally marry her, because he already has a wife, Bertha Mason, who has gone mad and is locked away on the third floor because of her violent behaviour; her presence explains the strange noises Jane has heard in the mansion. Believing that he was tricked into that marriage, Rochester feels justified in pursuing his relationship with Jane. He pleads with her to join him in France, where they can live as husband and wife despite the legal prohibitions, but Jane refuses on principle and flees Thornfield. Jane is taken in by people she later discovers are her cousins. One of them is St. John, a principled clergyman. He gives her a job and soon proposes marriage, suggesting that she join him as a missionary in India. Jane initially agrees to leave with

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Summary

Jane Eyre

By Charlotte Brontë

him but not as his wife. However, St. John pressures her to reconsider his proposal, and a wavering Jane finally appeals to Heaven to show her what to do. Just then, she hears a mesmeric call from Rochester. Jane returns to Thornfield to find the estate burned, set on fire by Rochester’s wife, who then jumped to her death. Rochester, in an attempt to save her, was blinded. Reunited, Jane and Rochester marry. Rochester later regains some of his sight, and the couple have a son.

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Genre and Themes

Jane Eyre

By Charlotte Brontë Genre: Gothic Romance • Novel • Romance • Gothic Fiction • Social Criticism • Fictional Autobiography • Bildungsroman

Major Themes: • Love Versus Autonomy • Religion • Social Class • Gender Relations • Home and Belonging • Anxiety and Uncertainty

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History

Jane Eyre

Historical Background

The novel Jane Eyre of 1874, was written by its author Charlotte Brontë who was born on 21 April 1816, under the pseudonym Currer Bell. The novel’s main character, Jane Eyre’s life, is quite similar to what Charlotte Brontë has experienced in her life. They were both born in England - the author in Yorkshire, and the character in Northern England. The author’s mother died when she was a five–year-old girl, on the other hand, Jane’s parents died of tuberculosis when she was young which forced her to stay with her uncle’s family. Elizabeth and Maria’s (Brontë’s sisters) death during their stay at Cowan Bridge was highly signified in the novel where Jane’s friend Helen died of the same illness - tuberculosis. Her brother Branwell, an alcohol and opium user, influenced the creation of the character, John Reed, in which both died because of alcohol. The author and the character became a governess. Brontë used the Bildungsroman technique throughout the plot of her novel Jane Eyre - a technique that follows the story of the character from childhood to adulthood. The same way that the novel falls under the genre of Gothic where the character can experience the horrors of Rochester’s house caused by his wife Bertha Mason who was locked up for a long time, and later died due to a fire caused by Bertha herself. Religion dominated the story as well, due to the fact that Brontë was raised in an Anglican household.

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Lessons

Jane Eyre Take-aways

Life is not defined by your past but how you make out a better future through that past. The life of Jane Eyre showed its readers that a person’s life should not be valued by others and let others see how you value your life. On the early years of her life, she lived with her uncle's family, through society's rejection and condemnation. Another thing that Jane taught the reader is to be strong and courageous, do not be afraid to show and live in your beliefs, especially if you know it is what is right. Being submissive does not clearly mean being unjust. Her action showed her beliefs, and the laws of God matters the most. The last thing she taught the readers is that a health relationship is built on mutual respect and equal partnership. At first blinded by the will to please Rochester. She spent time away from him seeing the whole new world. Came back and fully understand and accept each other as a partner rather than a possession. It was the time they had built a stronger foundation for their relationship and lived with happiness in the end.

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Author Biography

Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855)

Charlotte Brontë was an English 19th-century writer whose novel 'Jane Eyre' is considered a classic of Western literature. Charlotte Brontë worked as a teacher and governess before collaborating on a book of poetry with her two sisters, Emily and Anne, who were writers as well. In 1847, Brontë published the semi-autobiographical novel Jane Eyre, which was a hit and would become a literary classic. Her other novels included Shirley and Villette. She died on March 31, 1855, in Haworth, Yorkshire, England.

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Author Biography

Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855)

Brontë was born on April 21, 1816, in Thornton, Yorkshire, England. Said to be the most dominant and ambitious of the Brontës, Charlotte was raised in a strict Anglican home by her clergyman father and a religious aunt after her mother and two eldest siblings died. She and her sister Emily attended the Clergy Daughter's School at Cowan Bridge but were largely educated at home. Though she tried to earn a living as both a governess and a teacher, Brontë missed her sisters and eventually returned home.

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Author Biography

Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855)

A writer all her life, Brontë published her first novel, Jane Eyre, in 1847 under the manly pseudonym Currer Bell. Though controversial in its criticism of society's treatment of impoverished women, the book was an immediate hit. She followed the success with Shirley in 1848 and Villette in 1853. In 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, but died the following year during her pregnancy, on March 31, 1855, in Haworth, Yorkshire, England.

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Summary

Vanity Fair

By William Makepeace Thackeray

Vanity Fair is a classic novel by English writer William Thackeray, first published in serialised form in the magazine Punch in 1847. The story is told within a frame narrative of a puppet show at a play, highlighting the unreliable nature of the events of the narrative. Vanity Fair follows the lives of Becky Sharp, a strong-willed, penniless young woman, and her friend Amelia 'Emmy' Sedley, a good-natured wealthy young woman. Set against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars, Vanity Fair charts the girls' misadventures in love, marriage and family. Becky, manipulative, witty, and amoral, is Emmy's opposite, while Emmy, initially presented as the novel's heroine, is passive, sweet, likeable and a pawn to her family's wishes. Becky, forced to become a governess by circumstances, marries wealthy, while Emmy marries George a man disinherited by his prejudiced father. Critics of the time discussed Vanity Fair's misanthropic view of society, while later critics have called attention to the novel's depiction of the commodification of women in a capitalist society.

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Genre and Themes

Vanity Fair

By William Makepeace Thackeray Genre: • Satirical literature • Satire • Fiction • English fiction

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Major Themes: • Vanity • Society's Values • Selfishness • Illusion and Reality • Heroism • Married and Parental Relationships • The Gentleman • Time

History

Vanity Fair

Historical Background

Vanity Fair was the first published work by William Makepeace Thackeray under his name. Thackeray was born on 18 July 1811. His work got its name from a 17th century novel Pilgrim’s Progress - in which the Vanity Fair was the center of human corruption. The novel follows the story of two women in which one was born wealthy, and passive - as the book described Amelia Sedley, and the amoral Beckley Sharp. Before the story ends, Amelia married a man disowned by his own family that died during the war, on the other hand, Beckley married a wealthy man who eventually left her. At the end of the story, Amelia married a long time admirer and Beckley spent the rest of her life doing charitable works. Their stories are full of ups and downs that eventually led them to their true happy ending. Their stories showed the society they were living in at that time. Their society’s values valued wealth which led them to the inability to marry for love. Their selfishness led them to do unacceptable things such as hypocrisy.

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Lessons

Vanity Fair Take-aways

The novel taught and showed that greed, hypocrisy, idleness, and snobbery is in human nature, and it is the human itself that determines his/her attitude. As well as the fact that reformation in society and politics, not even religion can change the society itself. By showing the change in fate of the novel’s characters, Thackeray was able to illustrate human nature and no human is evil from the very beginning. Evil was merely driven by the circumstances one can encounter throughout their life.

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Author Biography

William Makepeace Thackeray (1811 - 1863)

William Makepeace Thackeray was born at Calcutta in 1811. His father, Richmond Thackeray, had been an Indian civil servant, as had William's grandfather. His mother was nineteen at the date of his birth, was left a widow in 1816, and married Major Henry Carmichael Smyth in 1818. On his way to England from India, the small Thackeray saw Napoleon on St. Helena. His attendance at a school run by a Dr. Turner gave him experience later used in Vanity Fair.

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Author Biography

William Makepeace Thackeray (1811 - 1863)

Always an independent spirit, he went his own way, attending various schools, but leaving Cambridge without taking a degree. His relatives wanted him to study law; he leaned toward the fine arts. At Trinity College, Cambridge, he contributed to a little paper called The Snob. A visit to Weimar bore fruit in the sketches of life at a small German court which appear in Vanity Fair. In 1832, he inherited a sum which amounted to about five hundred pounds a year.

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Author Biography

William Makepeace Thackeray (1811 - 1863)

The money was soon lost — some in an Indian bank, some at gambling, and some in two newspapers, The National Standard and The Constitutional. About 1834, Thackeray went to Paris and took up the study of art. He had early shown talent as a caricaturist. His pencil was at its best in such fantastic work as is found in the initial letters of the chapters in his books, and in those drawings made for the amusement of children. He married Isabella, an Irish girl, daughter of Colonel

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Author Biography

William Makepeace Thackeray (1811 - 1863)

Matthew Shawe, who enchanted him with her singing, and who was the model for Amelia in Vanity Fair. . Three daughters were born, one dying in infancy. After the birth of the third child, Mrs. Thackeray's mind was affected and she had to be placed with a family who took care of her. The little girls were sent to Thackeray's mother in Paris. Although Mrs. Thackeray outlived her husband by thirty years, she did not recover.

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Author Biography

William Makepeace Thackeray (1811 - 1863)

In 1837, Thackeray came to London and became a regular contributor to Fraser's Magazine. From 1842 to 1851, he was on the staff of Punch, a position that brought in a good income. During his stay at Punch, he wrote Vanity Fair, the work which placed him in the first rank of novelists. He completed it when he was thirty-seven. In 1857, Thackeray stood unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate for Oxford. In 1859 he took on the editorship of the Cornhill Magazine.

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Author Biography

William Makepeace Thackeray (1811 - 1863)

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He resigned the position in 1862 because kindliness and sensitivity of spirit made it difficult for him to turn down contributors. His writing was filled with wit, humor, satire, and pathos. It is impossible to list here his many works of literature. Thackeray drew on his own experiences for his writing. He had a great weakness for gambling, a great desire for worldly success, and over his life hung the tragic illness of his wife. Thackeray died December 24, 1863. He was buried in Kensal Green, and a bust by Marochetti was put up to his memory in Westminster Abbey.

Summary

A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens

The year is 1775. On a mission for his employer, Tellson's Bank, Mr. Jarvis Lorry travels to Dover to meet Lucie Manette. On his way, Mr. Lorry receives a mysterious message and replies with the words "Recalled to life." When they meet, Mr. Lorry reveals to Lucie that her father, Dr. Alexandre Manette, who she thought was dead, is still alive. Dr. Manette had been secretly imprisoned for 18 years in the Bastille, but his former servant Monsieur Defarge, who now owns a wine shop in Paris that is a center of revolutionary activities, has smuggled Dr. Manette out of prison and hidden him in the store's attic. Meanwhile, Defarge's wife, Madame Defarge, secretly encodes the names of the Revolution's enemies into her knitting. Mr. Lorry and Lucie arrive in Paris to find Manette compulsively making shoes in a dark corner— prison has left him insane. Lucie lovingly restores him to himself and they return to London. The year is 1780. In London, Charles Darnay stands trial for treason as a spy.

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Summary

A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens

Lucie and Dr. Manette attend, having met Darnay during their return from France. The defense lawyer is Mr. Stryver, but it is his bored-looking associate, Sydney Carton, who wins the case. Carton points out how much he himself resembles Darnay in order to ruin the main witness's credibility. In France, the wealthy aristocracy wallows in luxury and ignores the suffering poor. Marquis St. Evrémonde recklessly runs over and kills a child with his carriage. At his castle, he meets his nephew Charles Evrémonde (a.k.a. Darnay) who has returned to France to renounce his family. That night, the Marquis is murdered in his sleep. Back in England, Charles, Stryver, and Sydney Carton all frequently visit Dr. Manette and Lucie. Mr. Stryver plans to propose to Lucie, but Mr. Lorry warns him that his proposal is unlikely to be accepted. Carton also admires Lucie; he tells her how she makes him believe that, despite his ruined past, he still has a shred of goodness deep within him.

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Summary

A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens

Charles obtains Dr. Manette's permission to marry Lucie, but Manette refuses to learn Charles's real name until the wedding day. On the wedding day, Dr. Manette relapses into his shoe-making madness after discovering that Charles is an Evrémonde. Mr. Lorry helps him recover. Charles and Lucie soon have a daughter of their own. The year is 1789. Defarge leads the peasants in destroying the Bastille. He searches Dr. Manette's old cell and finds a letter hidden in the chimney. The new Republic is declared, but its citizens grow extremely violent, imprisoning and killing aristocrats. Charles's former servant, Gabelle, writes a letter from prison asking for help. Charles secretly leaves for Paris and is immediately taken prisoner. Mr. Lorry travels to Paris on bank business and is soon joined by Lucie and Dr. Manette. Because of his imprisonment, Dr. Manette is a local hero. He uses his influence to get Charles a trial, but it takes over a year. Every day Lucie walks near the prison hoping Charles will see her. Charles is finally freed after Dr. Manette testifies. But that very night, he is arrested

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Summary

A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens

again on charges brought by Monsieur and Madame Defarge. Miss Pross and Jerry Cruncher have come to Paris to help. On the street, they run into Miss Pross's brother, Solomon Pross, whom Jerry recognizes from Charles's English trial as John Barsad. Sydney Carton also shows up and, threatening to reveal Barsad as a spy, forces his cooperation to help Charles. At Charles's second trial, Defarge produces Dr. Manette's letter from the Bastille, which explains how the twin Evrémonde brothers—Charles's father and uncle—brutalized a peasant girl and her brother, then imprisoned Manette to protect themselves. Charles is sentenced to death and sent back to prison. Realizing his letter has doomed Charles, Dr. Manette loses his mind. That night, Carton overhears Madame Defarge at her wine shop plotting against Lucie and her daughter in order to exterminate the Evrémonde line. It is revealed that Madame Defarge was the sister of the peasants the Evrémondes killed. Carton conspires with Mr. Lorry to get everyone in a carriage ready to flee for England. With Barsad's help, Carton gets into Charles's

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Summary

A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens

prison cell, drugs him, and swaps clothes with him. Barsad drags the disguised Charles back to Mr. Lorry's carriage, which bolts for England. Madame Defarge shows up at Lucie's apartment, but Miss Pross blocks her way. The two scuffle. When Madame Defarge tries to draw her pistol, she accidentally shoots herself. The blast deafens Miss Pross for life. On his way to the guillotine in place of Charles, Carton promises to hold hands with a young seamstress, who has been wrongly accused. He dies knowing that his sacrifice was the greatest thing he's ever done.

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Genre and Themes

A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens

Genre: • Historical Fiction • Political Commentary • Social Criticism

Major Themes: • Resurrection • Sacrifice • Justice • Class • The Tendency Toward Violence and Oppression in Revolutionaries

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History

A Tale of Two Cities Historical Background

Set during the French Revolution, A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens showed more drama than accuracy. The novel illustrated the political state, caste system that was predominant during the late 18th century especially in Europe, and the cruel society of their time. The author decided to make his novel antipolitical despite the events that are politically related, i.e. the French Revolution. The author used his work to criticize the aristocratic tyranny and revolutionary excess. The effects of the revolution caused Sydney Carton to sacrifice himself in place of his friend for him to be able to live his life with his wife and daughter. An act of heroism, Carton saved Charles Darnay from death, and said on his way to guillotine, “It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known.”

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A Tale of Take-aways Two Cities

Lessons

Justice, with the presence of the caste system, is impossible. As well as those choices one makes during their life defines their future and is responsible for the outcomes. Trust can only be found in oneself.

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Author Biography

Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870)

Charles Dickens was an English writer and social critic. During his lifetime, his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity. He is now considered a literary genius because he created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity. Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, on the southern coast of England. His father, John Dickens, was a

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Author Biography

Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870)

naval clerk who dreamed of becoming rich and his mother, Elizabeth Barrow, aspired to be a teacher and school director. But the family’s financial situation had grown worse because John Dickens used to spend money dangerously beyond the family’s means. Consequently, John was sent to prison for debt in 1824, when Charles was just 12 years old. After his father's imprisonment, Charles Dickens left school to work in a factory. Despite his lack of formal education, he edited a weekly journal for 20 years,

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Author Biography

Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870)

wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short storiesand non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education, and other social reforms. Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humor, satire, and keen observation of character and

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Author Biography

Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870)

society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly installments pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age. His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted, and, like many of his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London.

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Author Biography

Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870)

His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London and Paris, is his best-known work of historical fiction. Dickens's creative genius has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for its realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterizations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism. The term Dickensian is used to describe something

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Author Biography

Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870)

that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters. Charles Dickens died on June 9, 1870 of a stroke. He was buried in Poet’s Corner at Westminster Abbey. Thousands of mourners came to pay their respects at the grave and throw in flowers.

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Summary

Idylls of the King

By Alfred Tennyson

In the first Idyll, “The Coming of Arthur,” Arthur uses his great military skill to bring several principalities under his control. He wins the favor of King Leodogran and gets permission to wed Leodogran's daughter Guinevere. In the second Idyll, “Gareth and Lynette,” a young man named Gareth wants to become a knight in Arthur's court, but his mother is overprotective. She finally agrees to his journey to Camelot but requests he disguise himself as a kitchen servant. He complies and eventually becomes a knight. His first quest requires him to defeat four knights who threaten Lynette's sister's castle. Gareth fulfils the quest although the final knight is a young boy. “The Marriage of Geraint, ” Queen Guinevere requests the name of a knight at a hunt, but he refuses to tell her. The knight Geraint observes the insult and goes on a quest to avenge his queen's honor.

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Summary

Idylls of the King

By Alfred Tennyson

He meets and falls in love with a young woman named Enid. Her evil cousin Edryn threatens Enid's father's estate. This cousin also happens to be the knight who insulted the queen. Geraint defeats Enid's cousin and thereby wins her hand in marriage. In “Geraint and Enid,” Geraint tells his wife Enid to ride ahead of him and not to speak to him on their journey. Twice she sees danger ahead and warns her husband though this is in defiance of his order. They stop at the home of Earl Limours, a former love interest of Enid. Limours attacks and badly injures Geraint on the road. Earl Doorm takes the couple in and falls for Enid while Geraint feigns sleep to spy on his wife. After Earl Doorm slaps Enid, Geraint rises and kills him.

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Summary

Idylls of the King

By Alfred Tennyson

In “Balin and Balan,” two brothers named Balin and Balan return to Camelot after the exile. Balan is sent on a quest to kill a "fiend" while Balin stays at court. Balin eventually also ventures out after seeing a tender moment between Lancelot and Guinevere. He meets a woman who asks for help battling an evil king who threatened her. Balin and Balan accidentally come to blows when Balin thinks his brother is the evil king and Balan thinks Balin is the fiend. Both brothers die in the struggle. In “Merlin and Vivien, ” is where Vivien draws ridicule at Camelot for trying to seduce Arthur and his knights, so she follows the old wizard Merlin away from the castle. She tries to seduce Merlin and gain access to his secret charm or spell. Merlin resists for some time but eventually gives her the charm. Vivien uses the charm to put Merlin in a permanent sleep-like state.

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Summary

Idylls of the King

By Alfred Tennyson

In “Lancelot and Elaine,” Guinevere encourages Lancelot to enter a jousting tournament in disguise. He borrows a shield that no one will recognize from a local lord and meets the lord's daughter Elaine. He agrees to wear a red sleeve with pearls as Elaine's favor while at the tournament. Lancelot wins the tournament but is injured. Meanwhile, Gawain attempts to bring the tournament prize of a diamond to the victor. He meets and falls in love with Elaine. Elaine hears of Lancelot's injury and goes to give him the diamond and care for him. Lancelot rejects her, but Guinevere jealously believes that Lancelot and Elaine are a couple. Elaine dies of grief. “The Holy Grail, ” the knights are in the hall without Arthur when they have a vision that prompts them to seek the Holy Grail. Arthur advises that they not go on the quest, but they go anyway. No one sees the grail except for Galahad, and many knights perish on the quest. They return to Camelot and tell Arthur their stories.

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Summary

Idylls of the King

By Alfred Tennyson

In “Pelleas and Ettarre, ” beautiful Ettarre tells young knight Pelleas that she will marry him if he wins the jousting tournament. He wins, but she refuses. He tries repeatedly to win her over but fails. Fellow knight Gawain suggests that he tell Ettarre he has killed Pelleas which will make her reconsider her feelings for him. Gawain falls in love with Ettarre himself. Pelleas encounters the two asleep beside each other and lays his sword upon them as a warning. Ettarre awakes and realizes Gawain lied about Pelleas's death. She pledges her love to Pelleas, but he leaves Camelot. In “ The Last Tournament, ” sir Tristram wins a jousting tournament and receives a ruby necklace as a prize. He afterwards behaves poorly and insults everyone. He visits his former romantic interest Isolt to give her the necklace despite her marriage to a man named Mark. As he leans over to place it around her neck, Mark kills him.

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Summary

Idylls of the King

By Alfred Tennyson

In “ Guinevere, ” Arthur's half-sister's son Mordred emerges as a rival to the throne. He collaborates with Vivien to stir up rumors surrounding the affair between Guinevere and Lancelot to the point that it becomes common knowledge. Lancelot flees to his estate, and Guinevere goes to a nunnery. Arthur follows Lancelot and wages war on him for his adultery. In the meantime, Mordred takes control of Camelot. Arthur visits Guinevere in the nunnery and tells her he forgives her and still loves her. Guinevere realizes she loves Arthur but will never see him again. In “ The Passing of Arthur, ” Arthur defeats Mordred, but all his knights except Bedivere die. Arthur is mortally wounded. He tells Bedivere to throw Arthur's sword Excalibur into the lake. Bedivere tries twice and fails because the sword is so beautiful. On his third attempt, the Lady of the Lake reaches out her hand and grabs the sword. Arthur dies.

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Genre and Themes

Idylls of the King

By Alfred Tennyson Genre: • Betrayal • Love • Principles • Man and the Natural World • Versions of Reality • Dreams, Hopes, and Plans • Spirituality • The Supernatural

Major Themes: • Test, Trial, and Subjectivity of Faith • Arthur's Broken Purpose • The divided self • The Destruction of Community • Mist and Confusion during the Last Battle

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History

Idylls of the King

Historical Background

Idylls of the King, published between 1859 - `885 was written by English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892; Poet Laureate from 1850). His work was based on the story of British Legendary King, King Arthur. The twelve cynical poems retold the story of King Arthur, his love, betrayals, quests, knights, and bravery. The last part of the poem was created as an elegy to the late Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Queen Consort. While the whole poems were dedicated to the late prince. The first set of Idylls, "Enid", "Vivien", "Elaine", and "Guinevere", was published in 1859. "Enid" was later divided into "The Marriage of Geraint" and "Geraint and Enid", and "Guinevere" was expanded. The Holy Grail and Other Poems appeared ten years later. "The Last Tournament" was published in Contemporary Review in 1871. "Gareth and Lynette" was published the following year. The final idyll, "Balin and Balan", was published in Tiresias and Other Poems in 1885. The Dedication was published in 1862, a year after the Prince Consort had died; the epilogue, "To the Queen," was published in 1873.

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Idylls of the Take-aways King

Lessons

King Arthur’s life was full of betrayals. One by his wife, the one he loved the most. In a world where no one wants to be faithful, he remained to be. He focused with his ideas to change the world, even in the end, he failed. He died at the hands of a traitor. Despite the cruel world he was living in, King Arthur did not let go of his vision. An attitude one must acquire, despite all of the hardships life can throw away.

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Author Biography

Alfred Tennyson (1809 - 1892)

Alfred Tennyson was born on August 5, 1809, in Somersby, Lincolnshire, where his father George was a clergyman. Young Alfred began writing poetry at a very early age and published his first work "Poems by Two Brothers" at the tender age of sixteen. In that same year of 1827, Tennyson entered Cambridge University, where he befriended Thackery and produced his second collection, "Poems, Chiefly Lyrical". He also met Emily Selwood, to whom he became engaged in 1839.

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Author Biography

Alfred Tennyson (1809 - 1892)

The Selwood family objected to the engagement, partly because of Tennyson's lack of money, and partly because his brother Charles was unhappily married to Emily's sister Louisa. Tennyson poured his energy into writing, and his "Poems" of 1842 made him extremely popular. He let his doctors convince him to give up writing for a time because of his poor health, but the respite was temporary. In 1847 "The Princess" was another success, and two years later Tennyson married Emily in a secret ceremony.

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Author Biography

Alfred Tennyson (1809 - 1892)

When William Wordsworth died, the post of Poet Laureate became available. On the strength of Prince Albert's appreciation for Tennyson's In Memorium, he was given the position. One of his most popular and enduring works, The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854), was just one of Tennyson's many poems which dealt with famous events in English history. When Prince Albert died in 1861 Tennyson's epic "Idyll's of the King" was dedicated to him.

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Author Biography

Alfred Tennyson (1809 - 1892)

The Idyll's, a retelling of the tale of King Arthur, was immensely popular with readers and equally unpopular with reviewers. . In his later years, Tennyson tried his hand at plays, but his efforts were not well received. Queen Victoria offered him a baronetcy on several occasions, but the shy Tennyson was not induced to accept until 1884. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, died on October 6, 1892. To honor his request, his poem "Crossing the Bar" is always the last piece printed in any collection of his poems.

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Summary

Middlemarch

By George Eliot

Dorothea is an earnest intelligent woman who makes a serious error in judgment when she chooses to marry Edward Casaubon, a pompous scholar many years her senior. Dorothea hopes to be actively involved in his work, but he wants her to serve as a secretary. She comes to doubt both his talent and his alleged magnum opus. Furthermore, the controlling Casaubon becomes jealous when she develops a friendship with Will Ladislaw, his idealistic cousin. Although disappointed, Dorothea remains committed to the marriage and tries to appease her husband. After Casaubon has a heart attack, Dorothea is clearly devoted to him, but he bars Ladislaw from visiting, believing that his cousin will pursue Dorothea when he dies. Casaubon subsequently seeks her promise that she will follow his wishes even after his death. She delays answering but ultimately decides that she should agree to his request. However, he dies before she can tell him. Dorothea later discovers that his will contains a provision that calls for her to be disinherited if she marries Ladislaw.

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Summary

Middlemarch

By George Eliot

Afraid of scandal, Dorothea and Ladislaw initially stay apart. However, they ultimately fall in love and marry. Ladislaw later becomes a politician, and, despite her sacrifices, Dorothea is content, because “the growing good of the world is partly dependent on unhistoric acts.” During this time, Lydgate’s story unfolds. He is a progressive young doctor who is passionate about medicine, especially his research. Soon after arriving in Middlemarch, he becomes involved with and later marries Rosamond Vincy, whom he finds to be “polished, refined, and docile,” all qualities he wants in a wife. For her part, Rosamond believes that marriage to Lydgate, whom she does not realize is poor, will improve her social standing. Lydgate comes to realize that he has made a mistake in choosing Rosamond. She is shallow and uninterested in his work, and her expensive lifestyle forces her husband to the brink of financial ruin. He seeks a loan from

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Summary

Middlemarch

By George Eliot

Nicholas Bulstrode, a widely disliked banker, but is refused. Bulstrode is not without his own problems. He is being blackmailed by John Raffles, who knows about Bulstrode’s unsavory past. When Raffles becomes ill, Bulstrode tends to him and sends for Lydgate. During one of the doctor’s visits, Bulstrode offers to lend Lydgate the money he had previously refused, and Lydgate accepts. Bulstrode subsequently disregards Lydgate’s medical instructions, causing Raffles to die. When the true story about Bulstrode and Raffles comes to light, questions arise over Lydgate’s possible involvement in the latter’s death. One of the few people who believe in his innocence is Dorothea, and he is taken by her compassion and kindness. Lydgate and Rosamond are ultimately forced to leave Middlemarch, and they move to London, where Lydgate becomes wealthy but considers himself a failure. He ultimately dies at age 50.

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Genre and Themes

Middlemarch

By George Eliot

Major Themes: • Women and Gender • Ambition and Disappointment • Community and Class • Progress and Reform • Money and Greed Genre: • Novel • Historical Fiction • Social Criticism • Biographical Fiction • Domestic Fiction

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History

Middlemarch Historical Background Middlemarch, was written by the author George Eliot - a pseudonym used by Mary Ann Evans - in 1871 1872. The novel tackles the issues women face during their time. Eliot broke the norm of female writers, to have a happy ending romance story. The intersecting lives of the characters made the plot more interesting. The character of Dorothea faced challenges as the death of her husband still prevented her from marrying another. Yet, she married Will Ladislaw - her late husband’s cousin. The realities of marriage disappointed the characters. The novel was created for grown-ups and novelist Virginia Woolf called it “one of the few English novels written for grown-up people.” according to Britannica. Eliot’s novel's success arose upon the death of Thackeray and Dickens.

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Lessons

Middlemarch

Take-aways

Marriage fails due to expectations set during teenage years to early adulthood. During the Victorian era, women were viewed to be lower than men. The women in the stories were looking for a husband, however, men are seeing their wives to be unequal, thus, shown by their actions. The societal norms during their time are cruel which leads women to do the unusual. Expectation never became their reality which led them to disappointment. Females were expected to be gracious and lady-like in everything they do. Everything unusual is considered unladylike. A mindset that even the future generation still face. Little did men know, their so-called perfect wives come with a price. High standards of living especially to daughters of wealthy families is what drives them to marry men of the same class they are in. Which again, an expectation which never met leads to their disappointment.

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George Eliot

Author Biography

(1819 - 1880)

George Eliot was the pen name of Mary Ann Evans, one of the leading English novelists of the 19th century. Her novels, most famously 'Middlemarch', are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights. George Eliot was born on 22 November 1819 in rural Warwickshire. When her mother died in 1836, Eliot left school to help run her father's household. In 1841, she moved with her father to Coventry and lived with him until his death in 1849. Eliot then travelled in Europe, eventually settling in London.

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Author Biography

George Eliot (1819 - 1880)

In 1850, Eliot began contributing to the 'Westminster Review', a leading journal for philosophical radicals, and later became its editor. She was now at the centre of a literary circle through which she met George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived until his death in 1878. Lewes was married and their relationship caused a scandal. Eliot was shunned by friends and family. Lewes encouraged Eliot to write. In 1856, she began 'Scenes of Clerical Life', stories about the people of her native

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George Eliot

Author Biography

(1819 - 1880)

Warwickshire, which was published in 'Blackwood's Magazine'. Her first novel, 'Adam Bede', followed in 1859 and was a great success. She used a male pen name to ensure her works were taken seriously in an era when female authors were usually associated with romantic novels. Her other novels include 'The Mill on the Floss' (1860), 'Silas Marner' (1861), 'Romola' (1863), 'Middlemarch' (1872), and 'Daniel Deronda' (1876). The popularity of Eliot's novels brought social acceptance, and Lewes and Eliot's home

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Author Biography

George Eliot (1819 - 1880)

became a meeting place for writers and intellectuals. After Lewes' death, Eliot married a friend, John Cross, who was 20 years her junior. She died on 22 December 1880 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery in north London.

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Quotes to live by

“It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.” “Claim whatever you want. Say you only want a happy family or a successful career or a big house. I say: no, that's not what you want. You'll settle for those things, but you really want a monkey that does your evil bidding. Pullman is a genius just for this.” “States vote to take away my marriage rights, and even though I don't want to get married, it tends to hurt my feelings. I guess what bugs me is that it was put to a vote in the first place. If you don't want to marry a homosexual, then don't. But what gives you the right to weigh in on your neighbor's options? It's like voting whether or not redheads should be allowed to celebrate Christmas.” “A writer, or any man, must believe that whatever happens to him is an instrument; everything has been given for an end. This is even stronger in the case of the artist. Everything that happens, including humiliations, embarrassments, misfortunes, all has been given like clay, like material for one’s art. One must accept it. For this reason I speak in a poem of the ancient food of heroes: humiliation, unhappiness, discord. Those things are given to us to transform, so that we may make from the miserable circumstances of our lives things that are eternal, or aspire to be so.” “Men do what is called a good action, as some piece of courage or charity, much as they would pay a fine in expiation of daily nonappearance on parade. Their works are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world. I do not wish to expiate, but to live. My life is not an apology, but a life.” “Class is a bubble, formed by privilege, shaping and manipulating your concept of reality. But it can at least be brought to mind; acknowledged comprehended, even atoned for through transformative action. By comparing your privilege with that of others you may be able to modify both your world and the worlds outside your world - if the will is there to do it. “

Quotes To Live By 90

Quotes to live by

Angelica T. Amoroto:

“Never lose a chance of saying a kind word.” Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray

Frances Elyssa P. Leal

“It is always fatal to have music or poetry interrupted” Middlemarch by George Eliot

Alexandrea E. Morales

"I envy you your peace of mind, your clean conscience, your unpolluted memory." Charlotte Brontë By Jane Eyre

Marc Jeanieses A. Rico

“I would always rather be happy than dignified.” Charlotte Brontë By Jane Eyre

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Reflections

Reflections

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Reflections

Angelica T. Amoroto: In a world of chaos, kindness is rarely observed because many believe that being soft-hearted only brings you death since everyone in this world is filled with selfishness who does not care about the well-being of others. But we are not everyone. A simple act may not be effective at first but it surely will spread among the people. In order to change the world, we need to start at its roots, the people whom we meet by treating them with kindness.

Frances Elyssa P. Leal: Music and poetry is more than just a hobby. Joy and happiness is associated with hearing music and reading poetry. Yet life becomes more meaningful with producing music and writing poetry. Inspiration is a vital element to produce good music and poetry, but it takes talent to produce that can touch one's heart.

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Reflections

Alexandrea E. Morales: We've all heard the term "peace," but what does it mean? It may appear simple, but it is significantly more intricate than one might imagine; we cannot just provide a blunt response. In that thought, May everyone be considerate of others' needs and share what they have in a fair way. May no one should seek retribution for the wrongs of others in the past. May everyone always act responsibly, trustworthy, and dependable.

Marc Jeanieses A. Rico:

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References

References https://www.easternct.edu/speichera/understanding-literary-history-all/the-victorian-period.html https://owlcation.com/humanities/How-to-Identify-Literature-Written-During-the-Victorian-Era https://www.easternct.edu/speichera/understanding-literary-history-all/the-victorian-period.html Biography.com Editors (2021). Charlotte Brontë Biography. A&E Television Networks. https://www.biography.com/writer/charlotte-bronte https://www.sparknotescom/lit/Vanity-Fair/ https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/v/vanity-fair/william-makepeace-thackeray-biography https://www.litcharts.com/lit/a-tale-of-two-cities/summary https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/reading-charles-dickens-biography.php Course Hero. (2021, July 29). Idylls of the King Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved December 9, 2021, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Idylls-of-the-King/ https://victorianweb.org/authors/tennyson/idylls/themeov.html https://www.britainexpress.com/History/bio/tennyson.html Cregan-Reid, V. (2020, March 27). Middlemarch. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Middlemarch https://www.litcharts.com/lit/middlemarch/themes https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/eliot_george.shtml ww.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/eliot_george.shtml https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/eliot_george.shtml https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b6/39/9b/b6399b332b9fa21662329caf4433c322.jpg https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71Shv4d-lxL.jpg https://www.tavbooks.com/pictures/48713.jpg?v=1594163135 https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1344186581l/3427197.jpg https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5f194eb8f8c1e348ba82366600f65c03e9175ec3/7_122_1437_1795/master/1437.jpg? width=300&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=dafb0eeb0f1ff244d64f0642ff37f9d3 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/3d/6a/0f/3d6a0f21be802e4627a9b96577e9d94e.jpg https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/5351088d0b9c1fa68bc5757d5c6c8d951bdaccb0/0_0_1200_1500/master/1200.jpg? width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=4523021e10f38fa486b83b20c5be809a https://media.poetryfoundation.org/uploads/media/default/0001/22/88b1dc7ede74e52e7b3f26c7792a29dca9581513.jpeg ?w=1200&h=1200&fit=max&key=1&sig=b0d6ab5044dc72b675079240c44d8d9ad2440888dbc818803fee0c08126ab7cf https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0d190bad8bdfb336fdb40890b55efface280cd7f/0_0_2560_1536/master/2560..jpg? width=1200&height=900&quality=85&auto=format&fit=crop&s=12ebcef11eb0b94d22c76c31d48cbaf5 https://josephsmithfoundation.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/10/William_Makepeace_Thackeray_by_Jesse_Harrison_Whitehurst-crop-e1603729233394.jpg

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