kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw `mKw 2

KT-607/1/ Social Sci. - 5 (M), Vol-2

Ãm≥tU¿Uv V

tIc-f -k¿°m¿

hnZym-`ym-k- h-Ip∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw 2016

tZio-b-Km\w P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl `mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm, ]©m-_k - n‘p KpP-dmØ admTm {ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km, hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm, D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm, Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK, Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK, Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm P\-KW - a - w-Ke - Z- m-bI Pbtl `mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm. Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄ C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p. Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw-th≠n {]bXv\n°pw. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in E-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT First Edition : 2014, Reprint : 2016 Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30. © Department of Education, Government of Kerala

{]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf, hy‡n°v kaq-lt-tØmSpw {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-ap≈ _‘amWv kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ]T-\-ta-J-e. \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw ]nd-hn°v \nZm\w a\p-jy-cpsS kwL-t_m-[hpw A[zm-\h - p-am-Wv. kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb \ne-\nev]n\pw `{Z-Xbv°pw Hcp-a-tbm-Sp≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß -- ƒ IqSntb Xocq. amdp∂ Ime-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf ka¿∞-ambn t\cn-Sm\pw Icp-X-temsS apt∂m-´p-t]mIm\pw kmaq-ly-im-k{v X--]T- \w klm-bn-°pw. DØa ]uc\mbn hf-cp-∂X - n\pw kaq-l\ - ∑ - b - v°mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Adnhpw at\m-`m-hhpw ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw hnIkn-°m≥ Cu ]T\w D]-Ic - n°pw. Cu taJ-eb - n¬ IqSp-X¬ At\z-jW - ß - ƒ \S-Øm\pw Ah kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-KX - n°v {Inbm-flI - a - mbn {]tbmP-\s - ∏-Sp-Øm\pw km[n-°p-sa∂v {]Xym-in-°p-∂p. kvt\lm-iw-kI - t- fmsS,

tUm. sP. {]kmZv Ub-dI - vS¿ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

]mT-]p-kvXI cN\

inev]-im-e-bn ]s¦-Sp-¯-hÀ

F¨v.-F-kv.-F., Fw.bp.-Fw.-hn.-F-¨v.-Fkv., hS-I-c, tImgnt¡mSv A_vZpÄ kaZv sI.kn. F¨v.-F-kv.-F-kv.än. Kh. F¨v.-F-kv., hS-I-c, ]pXqÀ (]n.H.), tImgn-t¡mSv Cui hn.sI. bp.]n.-F-kv.-F., F.Fw.-FÂ.-]n.-Fkv., sh«n¡ - m-Sv, s]cn´- Âa®, ae-¸pdw tKm]-Ip-amÀ Pn.]n. eIvN-dÀ, Ubäv, sImÃw lcn {]Zo-]v Fkv. F¨v. Fkv.-F., Fkv.-hn.-F-¨v.-Fkv., ]pÃm-Sv, Xncp-hà lcn hn. bp.]n.-F-kv.-F., bqWnän F.bp.-]n.-Fkv., tX³Ic PbIr-jvW³ H.sI. sI.]n.-kn.-F-¨v.-F-kv.-F-kv., ]«-m¶qÀ ]n.H., ]«-m¶qÀ, I®qÀ

\nim´v taml³ Fw.

tUm. A_vZpÄ dkm-Iv ]n.]n.

tUm. än. \oe-I-WvT³

A_vZpÄ lao-Zv. hn.

F¨v.F-kv.-F-kv.-än. Kh. tKÄkv F¨v.-F-kv.-Fkv., Ic-a\, Xncp-h\-´]-pcw \nj Fw.Fkv. bp.]n.-Fkv.F., ]n.F¨v.Fkv.-Fkv., sagp-then, ]¯-\w-Xn-« cmP³ sI. Pn.bp.-]n.-F-kv., Xncp-hm-gn-bm-Sv, ]me-¡mSv F³. kpIp-am-c³ Kh. hn. & F¨v.-F-kv.-Fkv. t^mÀ tKÄkv, aW-¡m-Sv, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw hÀKokv t]m¯³ F¨v.-Fkv.Fkv.än , skâv tPm¬kv F¨v.-F-kv.-F-kv. aäw, amth-en-¡c bqk^v IpamÀ Fkv.Fw. F¨v.-F-kv.-F-kv.än. Pn.Fw.-_n.-F-¨v.-F-kv.-Fkv., Bän-§Â

hnZ-Kv²À

Atkm-kn-tbäv s{]m^-kÀ, Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v lnÌd- n, ]n.F-kv.Fw.H. tImtf-Pv, Xncq-c§ - mSn tUm. F³.-]n. lm^nkv apl-½Zv, Atkm-kn-tbäv s{]m^-kÀ (dn«.), Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v tkmtjymf- Pn, ^dq¡v tImtfPv, tImgn-t¡mSv alm-enw-Kw Fkv. Atkm-kn-tbäv s{]m^-kÀ (dn«.), Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v tPym{K-^n, Kh. tImtfPv, NnäqÀ ]n.Fkv. at\mPv IpamÀ AknÌ- âv s{]m^-kÀ, Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v lnÌdn, sI.sI.Sn.Fw. tImtf-Pv, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ, XriqÀ tUm. sI.Fkv. am[-h³ Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ, Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v lnÌdn, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän

Atkm-kn-tbäv s{]m^-kÀ Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v tPym{K-^n, bqWn-th-gvknän tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw tUm. {]ntb-jv Fw. Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ, Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v C¡-tWm-anI- vkv, bqWn-th-gvknän tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw tUm. thWptaml³ Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ, Un¸mÀ«vsaâv Hm^v lnÌdn, Kh. tImtfPv, s\Sp-a-§mSv sF.]n. tPmk^v AknÌ- âv s{]m^-kÀ (dn«.), Fkv.k- n.C- .-BÀ.-Sn. tIcf

A¡m-Z-anIv tImþHmÀUnt\äÀ Nn{Xm am[-h³ ,

dnkˬv

Hm^o-kÀ,

Fkv.k n.C.-BÀ.Sn.

D≈-S°w 7. Ccp-sºm-cp-°nb am‰-߃

-

87

8. Alnw-k Adn-hv A[n-Imcw

-

97

9. P\-߃ P\-߃°p-th≠n

-

108

10. tIcf°c-bn¬

-

119

11. \ΩpsS C¥y

-

134

Cu ]pkvXI¯n Nne Nn kuIcy¯n\mbn D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶p A[nIhmb\bv¡v þ hnebncp¯en\v hnt[bamt¡­Xnà ]T-\- ]p-tcm-KXn \nÀW-bn-¡p¶ tNmZy-§Ä kw{Klw {][m\ ]T\t\«§fn s]Sp¶h hnebncp¯mw XpSÀ{]hÀ¯\§Ä

v m_ \ n ew N Q v Pv kXe n ch v _nbmk

kn

‘

p KwK

Nn{Xw 7.1

X∂n-´p≈ `q]-SØ - n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ \Zn-Iƒ GsX-√mw? Is≠Øp-I. $ kn‘p

$

$

$

$

$

$

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

Ch-bn¬ C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-dv {]tZ-iØp≈h GsX-√m-amWv? kn‘phpw AXns‚ t]mjI \Zn-If - p-amWh. \Ωƒ ap≥]v N¿®sNbvX lc-∏≥ kwkvImcw hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv Cu \Zo-X-S-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. GItZiw 3500 h¿j-߃°p-apºv Bcy-∑m¿ F∂dnb-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp P\-hn`mKw Cu {]tZ-i-tØ°v IpSn-tbdn. thZ-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Ch-sc-°pdn®v hnhcw e`n-°p-∂-Xv. thZ-`mj kwkvIr-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. thZ-߃ hmsam-gn-bm-bmWv BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. thZ-ß-fn¬ ]cma¿in-®ncn°p∂ a\p-jy-Po-hnXw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Imew thZ-Imew F∂dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. thZ-ImesØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-cß - f - S- ß - nb Nm¿´v {i≤n°q.

thZ-Imew 1500 ˛ 600 _n.kn. EtKzZImew 1500˛1000 _n.kn. EtKzZw

]n¬°m-et- hZImew 1000˛600 _n.kn. kma-thZw

AY¿Δ-thZw bPp¿thZw

Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ß-fmWv CXn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-∂Xv? $ _n.kn. 1500 apX¬ _n.kn. 600 hsc-bp≈ Ime-amWv thZ-Imew. $ BZyw cNn® thZw EtKzZ-am-Wv. $ EtKzZØn¬ ]cma¿in®ncn°p∂ PohnXw \ne\n∂ncp∂Imew. $ $ $

Imen-Iƒ kº-Øm-bt- ∏mƒ EtKz-Z-Im-esØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb F.F¬. _mjmw ]d-bp-∂Xv {i≤n-°q. ""I¿j-I¿ {]m¿∞n-®Xv Imen-Isf In´m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tbm≤m-°ƒ bp≤w sNbvXXv I∂pImen-Isf ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿ bmK-߃ \S-Øn-bXv I∂pImen-Isf {]Xn-^-e-ambn e`n-°m-\m-bncp∂p.'' Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw I∂pImen-Iƒ°v C{X {]m[m\yw e`n-®Xv?

88

Ccp-sºm-cp-°nb am‰-߃

EtKz-Z-Im-esØ kºØv I∂pImen-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. P\-ßf - psS {][m\ sXmgn¬ I∂pImen-hf - ¿Ø-em-bn-cp-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w Irjnbpw sNbvXncp-∂p. _ - m¿fn-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ hnf. Imen-Isf ta®p-\S- ∂ Bcy-∑mcpsS Iq´w tKm{Xw F∂-dn-bs - ∏-´p.- Cßs\bp≈ Hmtcm tKm{XØns‚bpw Xe-h≥ cmP≥ F∂-dn-bs - ∏´ncp∂p. I∂p-ImenIƒ°p-th≠n tKm{X-߃ XΩn¬ kwL¿j-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p. tKm{X-߃ XΩnepw tKm{X-ßfpw Bcy-∑mc√mØ-hcpw XΩn-epw bp≤-߃ \S-∂n-cp∂p. IpXn-c-Ifpw sNºpsIm≠pw sh¶-ewsIm-≠p-ap≈ Bbp-[ß - fpw Bcy-∑m¿°p-≠m-bncp-∂p. Ah-bpsS klm-bØ - m¬ Bcy-∑m-c√ - m-Øh - sc Ah¿ Iog-S° - n. Iog-S° - s - ∏-´h - ¿ Zmk≥amsc∂pw Zkyp°sf∂pw Adn-bs - ∏´p. Ah-cpsS I∂pImen-Isf Bcy-∑m¿ ssI°-em-°n. NphsS X∂n-´p≈ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ EtKz-ZImePohnXsØ lc- ∏ - b n- s e Pohn- X - h pambn Xmc- X ayw sNøpI. ˛ sXmgn¬ ˛ D]-I-c-W-߃ EtKz-ZI - m-eØv P\-߃ C{μ≥, hcp-W≥, A·n F∂o tZh-∑mscbpw AXnYn, Dj v XpS-ßnb tZh-X-am-scbpw Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ a¨]m-{X-߃°v Nmc-\n-d-ambn-cp∂p. Nn{XØn¬ ImWp-∂Xv A∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp∂ a¨]m-{X-ß-fn¬ H∂ns‚ Nmc-\n-d-Ønep≈ a¨]m{Xw tijn-∏m-Wv.

KwKmka-X-e-Øn-te°v kma-th-Zw, bPp¿th-Zw, AY¿Δ-thZw F∂n-hb - n¬ ]cm-a¿in-®ncn°p∂ a\pjy-Po-hnXw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Imew ]n¬°m-e-th-Z-Imew F∂-dn-bs∏Sp∂p. EtKz-ZI - m-eL - ´- Ø - n¬ I∂pImen-Isf ta®p \S∂ Bcy∑m¿ ]n¬°m-e-th-Z-Im-e-L-´-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn¬ FØnt®¿∂p. KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS Np‰p-ap≈ {]tZ-i-amWv KwKm-k-a-X-ew. tKm{X߃ XΩn-ep≈ Ie-l-ßfpw ]pXnb tKm{X-ß-fpsS D¤-hhpw P\kwJymh¿≤-\hpw KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn¬ Bcy∑m¿ FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn.

89

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

`q]Sw (Nn{Xw 7.1) \nco-£n®v KwKm-k-a-Xew C¥y-bpsS GXp `mKØv ÿnXn sNøp∂p F∂v Is≠Øp-I. C∂v GsXms° kwÿm-\-ß-fnemWv KwKm-k-a-Xew hym]n-®n-´p-≈Xv? KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]cn--tim-[n-°mw. ˛h≥a-c-߃ \nd™ ImSp-Iƒ ˛ ^e-`q-bn-jvTamb F°¬aÆv ˛kar≤-amb ag KwKm-ka - X - e - Ø - n-te°p hcp-tºmƒ Bcy-∑m-cqsS ssIh-ia - p≈ Bbp[߃ GXv teml߃ sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-®-h-bm-bn-cp∂p? sNºpsIm≠pw sh¶-ewsIm≠pw \n¿Ωn® Bbp-[-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn¬ aÆn¬ Inf-bv°m\pw ac-߃ apdn-°m\pw {]bmk-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ ImSn\v Xobn-´mWv apt∂-dn-b-Xv. ]s£ ac-ß-fpsS Ip‰n-Iƒ Ah¿°v ho≠pw XS- -߃ D≠m-°n. aÆn¬ Inf-bv°m\pw ac-߃ apdn-°m\pw ImTn-\y-ta-dnb temlwsIm≠v \n¿Ωn® ]Wn-bm-bp-[-߃ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv Ccp-ºns‚ Is≠Ø-en-te°v \bn®p. C∂v \Ωƒ Irjn°pw ac-߃ apdn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D]-tbm-Kn°p∂ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw GXv temlw sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-®-h-bmWv? sNºv, sh¶ew F∂nhbn¬ \n∂v Ccp-ºn-\p≈ hyXymkw F¥mWv? KwKm-ka - X - ew h≥tXm-Xn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ \nt£-]a - p≈ {]tZ-ia - m-bn-cp∂p. Ccpºv Is≠-Øn-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn Dd-∏p≈ D]IcW-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw D≠m-°n. ImSp-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-fn-®p. Ie-∏I - ƒ - D]-tbm-Kn®v \new Dg-pXp. Irjn apJysXmgn-embn amdn. Ccpºv D]-tbm-Kn® Cu Ime-L´w CcpºpbpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. KwKm-k-a-X-e-Ønse kml-Ncy߃ Irjn°v F-{X-am{Xw A\p-Iq-eam-bn-cp-∂p? \nß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw Fgp-Xp-I. I∂pImenhf¿Ø-en¬ \n∂v Irjn-bn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øns‚ ^e-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂psh∂v t\m°mw. ˛ ÿnc-hmkw Bcw-`n®p ˛ Im¿jn-tImev]m-Z\w h¿≤n®p ˛ an®w-h∂ D¬∏-∂-߃ ssIam‰w sNbvXp KwKm-k-a-X-e-Ønse a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Øhpw D]-tbmKhpw D≠m°nb am‰-߃ N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn-∏m-°p-I.

90

Ccp-sºm-cp-°nb am‰-߃

]n¬°m-et-- h-Z-Im-eØv P\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn® a¨]m-{X-ß-ƒ "Nmbw tX® Nmc-\nd ]m{X-߃' (Painted Grey Ware) F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂Xv. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xns‚ tijn∏pI-fmWv Nn{X-Øn-¬ ImWp-∂Xv. P\- ß ƒ ÿnc- h mkw Bcw`n®tXmsS Ah- c psS Pohn- X - { I- a Øn¬ Nne am‰-ß-fp-≠mbn. kaq-lØn¬ \ne-\n∂ sXmgn-ens‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ P\-߃ \mev hn`m-Kß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏´p. {_m“-W¿, £{Xn-b¿, sshiy¿, iq{Z¿ F∂n-ßs\- b p≈ Cu hn`- P \w Nmbw tX® "NmXp¿h¿Æyw' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. Nmc-\n-d-∏m-{X-ßfpsS `mK-߃ EtKzZ-Im-eØv GsXms° tZh-∑mscbpw tZh-X-amsc-bp-amWv P\-߃ Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv? ]n¬°me thZIm-eØv Cu Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-bpsS {]m[m\yw Ipd-™p. ]I-cw, bmK-߃°v {]m[m-\y-ap≈ Bcm-[\mcoXn hym]-I-ambn. Imen-Isf _en-b¿∏n°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p an° bmK-ßfpw. EtKz-Z-Im-e-sØbpw ]n¬°methZIme-sØbpw Nne {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ NphsS tImf-ßfn¬ sImSpØn´p-≠v. Ah GXp Ime-hp-ambn _‘s∏- ´ n- c n- ° p∂p F∂v Ahbv°v t\sc- b p≈ tImf- ß - f n¬ tcJs∏SpØpI. {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

EtKz-Z-Imew/ ]n¬°m-e-th-Z-Imew

Irjn apJy-sXm-gn-embn kzoI-cn®p bmK-߃ hym]-I-ambn Ccpºp]I-c-W-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p Imen-h-f¿Ø-em-bn-cp∂p apJy-sXm-gn¬ ÿnc-hm-k-ap-d-∏n®p C{μ≥, hcp-W≥ XpS-ßnb tZh-∑msc Bcm-[n®p Nmbw -tX® Nmc-\n-d∏m-{X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p

I√p-Iƒ IY ]d-bp∂p CcpºpbpKIme-L´- Ø - n¬ tIcfw Dƒs∏-´ncp∂ Xan-gI - Ø - v P\-Po-hnXw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂v N¿® sNømw. {]mNo\ImesØ Z£ntW¥y≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv Xan-gIw F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv.

91

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

NphsS X∂n-´p≈ Nn{X-߃ t\m°q

\m´pI√v

IpS-°√v

{]mNo\ Xan-g-IØv arX-i-co-c-߃ AS°w sNbvX-Xn\v apI-fn¬ \m´nbn-cp∂ hen-b I√p-I-fmWv Nn{X-Øn-ep-≈Xv. hnhn[ cq]-ßfnem-Wnh ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Chsb "alm-in-e-Iƒ' F∂v hnfn-°p∂p. arX-i-co-c߃ AS°w sNbvX Ipgn-am-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw A∂sØ P\߃ D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Ccp-ºm-bp-[ß - ƒ, hnhn[ D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ, a¨]m-{X-߃, [m\ym-h-in-jvS-߃ XpSßn [mcmfw hkvXp-°ƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu almineIƒ A°m-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃ Xcp∂ sXfn-hpI-fm-Wv. Cu Imew alm-in-em-kw-kvIm-c-Imew F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw t\m°q. alm-in-em-kw-kvImc Ime-L´Ønse a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp--∂- Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-amWv AXn-ep-≈Xv. Ah-sb√mw Ccp-ºp-sIm-≠v D-≠m-°n-bh Bbn-cp∂p.

alm-in-em-kw-kvImc Ime-L´- Ø - nse Ccp-ºp-]I - c - W - ß - ƒ

92

Ccp-sºm-cp-°nb am‰-߃

BZy-Ime Xang-IØnse Ccp-ºp-bpKw alm-in-emkw-kvImc Ime-L´w F∂-dn-bs - ∏-´X - v F-¥p-sIm≠v? CXv inem-bp-KØ - n¬ \n∂v Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?

tN c-∑

tNm

f-∑m

¿

{]mNo\ Xan-gIsØ P\-Po-hn-XsØ°pdn®v alm-in-em-kvam-cI - ß - fn¬ \n∂pw ]g-¥a - ngv]m´p-If - psS kam-lm-cß - f - n¬\n∂pw hnhcw e`n-°p∂p. ]g-¥a - n-gv]m-´p-Iƒ kwLwIrXn-Iƒ F∂pw Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. F¥p-sIm≠m-bn-cn°mw Chsb kwLw IrXn-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv? a[pc tI{μ-am°n `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]mfiy-∑m-cpsS t{]m’m-l-\-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Im-c≥am-cpsS Iq´mbva {]mNo\ Xan-g-IØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. CXv "kwLw' F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´p. ]Øp-∏m´v, ]Xn-‰p-∏-Øv, AI-\m\q-dv, ]pd- \ m--\ qdv F∂n-h- kwLw-IrXnIfn¬ {][m-\s∏´-h-bmWv. {]mNo\ Xan-g-Iw `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv ]mfiy-∑m¿, tNc≥am¿, tNmf-∑m¿ F∂o cmPhwi-ßfmbn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ aqth-¥-∑m-¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. Xmsg \¬In-bn-´p≈ `q]-SØn¬ tNc-∑m¿, tNmf-∑m¿, ]mfiy-∑m¿ F∂n-h¿ `cWw \S-Ønb {]tZ-i-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. tIcfw Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-iØv `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ cmP-hw-iw GXm-sW∂v Is≠-Ømtam?

m¿

a[pc ymfi ¿ ] ∑m

kwL-Im-eZ- £ - n-tW-¥y

93

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

]g-¥a- ngv]m´n-eqsS kwLw IrXn-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ hnh-cß - f\p-kc - n®v {]mNo\ Xan-gI -- w A©v `qhn-`m-K-ß-fmbn Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Ch XnW-Iƒ F∂v hnfn-°-s∏´p. XnW-Iƒ°v AXn-t‚-Xmb `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb khn-tijX-Iƒ D≠mbn-cp-∂p. Ah GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v t\m°mw. XnW-Iƒ Ipdn©n ap√ ]me acpXw s\bvX¬

`qan-im-kv{X khn-tijX-Iƒ ae-Iƒ/ae-tbm-c-߃ ImSv/]p¬taSv hc-≠ -{]-tZiw hb¬ Xoc-{]-tZiw

tIc-f-Ønse ap√-t»-cn, acp-Xq¿, ]me-°mSv XpS-ßnb ÿe-t∏-cp-Iƒ tI´n-´pt≠m? Cu t]cp-Iƒ XnW-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v cq]-s∏-´XmWv. XnW-I-fpsS ]´n-I- t\m°n Cu t]cp-Iƒ GXv XnW-I-fp-ambn _‘s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Øm-at√m. XnW-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿe-t∏-cp-Iƒ At\z-jn®v Is≠Øn ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I. Ipdn©n {]tZi-ß-fn¬ A∂v Ipcp-ap-fIv [mcm-f-ambn Irjn sNbvXncp∂p. Ipcp-ap-fIv tXSn hntZ-in-Iƒ sXt° C¥y-bnse IS¬°-c-bnep≈ ]´W-ß-fn¬ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-XIƒ A∂sØ {][m\- Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cp-∂p. Nph-sS- X-∂n-´p≈ ]m´v {i≤n-°p. kwL-Im-e -Ir-Xn-bmb ]pd-\m-\qdn¬ \n∂v FSp-Øn-´p≈ hcn-I-fm-Wn-h: ao≥ hn‰v ]Icw t\Snb s\¬°q-ºmcw sIm≠v hoSpw Db¿∂ tXmWn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ]mSn√m-Xm-bn. A{]-Imcw Iq´n-bn-´n-cn-°p∂ apf-Ip-Nm-°p-Iƒ i_vZm-b-am-\-amb Ic-bn¬\n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmsX hnj-an°pw ImWp∂ Bfp-Iƒ I∏-ep-Iƒ sIm≠p-h∂ kz¿Æw

94

Ccp-sºm-cp-°nb am‰-߃

tXmWn-Iƒhgn- I-c-bn-se-Øp-∂p. ae-bn¬\n∂v In´p∂ hn`-h-ßfpw Ic-bn¬\n∂v In´p∂ hn`-h-ßfpw tN¿Øv A¿∞n-Iƒ°v sImSp-°p-∂p. Cu ]m´n¬ \n∂v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ß-fmWv e`n-°p-∂Xv? $

XnW-I-fnse D¬∏-∂-߃ ssIam‰w sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

$

Ipcp-ap-f-Iphym-]mcw h≥tXm-Xn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p

$

{]Xn-^e-ambn [mcmfw kz¿Æw e`n-®n-cp∂p

$

IS¬hgn -h-cp-∂-h-cp-ambn hym]m-c-_-‘-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂p

$

Ipcpapf-In\p ]pdsa a‰p km[-\-߃ tXSnbpw Bh-iy--°m¿ FØn-bn-cp∂p

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ Is≠Øn tN¿°p-a-t√m. sh¶-e-bpKIme-L-´-Øn¬\n∂v Ccp-ºp-bpKIme-Øn-te-s°Øp-tºmƒ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ Fs¥√mw? N¿® sNøpI.

kw{Klw $

_n.kn. 1500 apX¬ 600 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L´w thZ-Imew F∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂p.

$

thZ-Im-esØ EtKz-ZI - m-ew, ]n¬°methZ-Imew F∂n-ßs - \- Xncn°p-∂p.

$

Cu Ime-L´- ß - fnse P\-ßf - psS Pohn-Xc - o-Xn-Iƒ XΩn¬ \nch[n hyXym-k-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

$

]n¬°methZ-ImeL´-Øn-emWv C¥y-bn¬ Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw hym]-I-am-b-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Imew C¥ybnse CcpºpbpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$

{]mNo\ Xan-gI - sØ CcpºpbpKw alm-in-em-kw-kI v mcImew F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$

hyXykvX `qan-imkv{Xkhn-tijX-Iƒ \ne-\n∂ XnW-Iƒ {]mNo\ Xan-g-I-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

95

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

{][m\ ]T-\t- \-´ß - f- n¬ s]Sp-∂h $

thZ-Im-e-L´w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$

EtKz-ZI - m-eL - ´- Ønse P\-Po-hn-XsØ Xncn-®d - n™v AXns\ lc∏bnse Pohn-X-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp∂p.

$

]n¬°methZ-Im-e-L-´-Ønse P\-Po-hn-XsØ Xncn-®-dn™v AXns\ EtKz-Z-Im-e-Pohn-Xhpambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp∂p.

$

alm-in-em-kwkvIm-cI - meØns‚ khn-ti-jX - I - ƒ hniZ-am-°p-∂p.

$

XnW-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ømw $ $ $

$

EtKzZ-Im-e-tØbpw ]n¬°me thZIm-e-tØbpw P\-Po-hn-Xw XmcXayw sNøp-I. kwL-ImeIrXn-I-fpsS ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I. NphsS X∂n-´p≈ ]´n-Ib - n¬ "F' hn`m-KØ - n-\\ - p-tbm-Py-ambn "_n' hn`mKw {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. F _n Ipdn©n hc-≠-{]-tZiw ap√ hb¬ s\bvX¬ ae-Iƒ ]me ]p¬taSv acpXw Xoc-{]-tZiw Ccpºv Is≠Øn D]- I - c - W - ß - f p- ≠ m°n D]- t bm- K n- ® Xv a\pjyNcn{X-Ønse kp{]-[m\ Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p. ka¿∞n-°p-I.

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø\w $

96

alm-in-em-ka v m-cI - ß - f - psS Nn{X߃ tiJ-cn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Alnw-k Adn-hv A[n-Imcw

KT-607/2/ Social Sci. - 5 (M), Vol-2

ImSpw ]Sepw shÆo-cm°n I\-I-°-Xn-cn\p hf-taIn ITn-\-an-cp-ºp-Ip-g-ºm-°n-∏e Icp-\n-c-hm¿Øp-]-Wn-t°In Adn-hn≥ Xncn-Iƒ sImfp-Øn-°-e-Iƒ˛ °mth-i-Øn¬ NqtSIn amtem-Sn-gbpw a¿Øym-flm-hn\v tatem-´p-b-cm≥ Nnd-Ip-XIn ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n apI-fn¬ sImSpØ Ihn-Xm-`mKw {i≤n-°q. C¥y-bn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xw ]ptcm-Kan®Xv F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Cu Ihn-Xm-`m-KsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Is≠-Øq. KwKm-ka - X - e - Ø - n-te-°p≈ Bcy-∑m-cpsS apt∂‰w \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXt√m. Bcy-∑m-cpsS hym]-\-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v _n.kn. Bdmw \q‰m-t≠mSp-IqSn KwKmka-Xe - Ø - n¬ Im¿jnItaJ-eIƒ cq]w-sIm-≠p. ssIam‰tI{μß-fpw ]´-W-ßfpaS-ßnb Ah P\-]-Z-߃ F∂-dn-bs∏´p. CØcw P\-]Z߃ tKmZm-h-cn- XSwhsc hym]n-®ncp∂p. Ahbn¬ ]Xn-\m-sdÆw i‡n-bm¿÷n-®p. Ahsb alm- P \- ] Z߃ F∂p hnfn®p. AXn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-bncp∂p aK[. KwKm \Zn aK[ X∂n-´p≈ `q]Sw \nco-£n®v aK-[-bpsS ÿm\w Is≠-ØpI.

alm-P-\-]-Z-߃ tKmZm-hcn \Zn

aK[, AwKw, h÷n, a√, Imin, h’w, tImkew, tNZn, ]m©mew, AivaIw, Ah¥n, ipc-tk\, Ipcp, am’yw, Km‘mcw, Iwt_mPw F∂n-h-bmbncp∂p ]Xn-\mdv almP-\-]-Z-߃

97

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

h≥tXm-Xn¬ Ccp-º-bncv \nt£-]-ap≈ {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p aK-[. aK-[bpsS hf¿®bn¬ {][m\ ]¶p-hl - n-®Xv Ccp-ºm-bp-[ß - f - p-sSbpw D]IcW-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. KwKm-X-S-Ønse CS-Xq¿∂ ImSpIƒ sh´nsØ- f n- ° m≥ Ccp- º p- s Im- ≠ p≈ agp klm- b - I - a m- b n. CcpºpIe∏ D]-tbm-Kn®v \new DgpXp-ad - n-°m≥ Ign-™p. CXns‚ ^eambn Im¿jntIm¬∏m-Z\w h¿≤n-®p. XpS¿∂v hmWnPy cwK-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn \K-cßfp-sS hf¿®bv°v CS-bm-°n. Im¿jn-I-cw-KØpw hmWn-Py-cw-KØ - p-ap-≠mb apt∂-‰Ø - n-eqsS aK-[- km-ºØ - n-Ia - mbn A`nhr-≤n-{]m-]n-®p. hen-sbmcp ssk\ysØ cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw Np‰p-ap≈ {]tZ-i-߃ Iog-S-°m\pw aK-[-bnse kºZvkar≤n cmPm-°-∑msc klm-bn-®p. hyXy-kvX-Im-e-ß-fn¬ aK[ `cn® `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ a‰v alm-P-\-]-Z-ßsf aK-[-tbmSv Iq´n-t®¿Øp. Cßs\ aK[ hnim-e-amb Hcp cmPy-ambn amdn. Hcp {]_-e-i-‡n-bmbn amdp-∂-Xn¬ aK-[sb klm-bn® LS-I-߃ GsX√mw? $ Ccp-ºns‚ e`y-X $ $ $

Alnwk

""CXp c mPm-⁄-b ∂p... b⁄ m-IpaK- [ - b nse `c- W m- [ n- I m- c n- b m--b n- c p∂ Ø n\ m {] b mWnl n´v _nw_n-km-cs‚ hnfw_-c-am-Wn-Xv. F¥m] m S n - √ . nwk taen¬ Poh-c‡ bn-cn°mw CØ-c-samcp hnfw-_-c-Øn\v At±- sN mcn-™p≈ w HcmN lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®sX∂v t\m°mw. chpw C m amwkw h ns S t h ≠ . sI Hcp cmPyw F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ aK-[-bpsS ]q P th≠ m ≠ p ≈ . Adnh hf¿®-bn¬ Im¿jn-I-]ptcm-KXn hln® t \ S p I p ˛ A XmWv ]¶v \mw a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. I∂p-Im-en- Pohn-Xw. Zbb - p≈ - - t\ Z - n´ q F∂ h I-fm-bn-cp∂p Im¿jnIta-J-e-bpsS ASn- ∏b I v [cnn-° Ød. \new Dgp-∂-Xn\pw hf-Øn\pw h n f p - I - b m W v C u w-_ Imen-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ cmPm⁄...'' c w . C X v bmK-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn h≥tXmXn¬ I∂p- I m- e n- I sf sIms∂m- S p- ° n- b - X v Irjnsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv _nw_n-km-c≥ CØ-csamcp hnfw_cw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv.

98

Alnw-k Adn-hv A[n-Imcw

CtX Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ kaq-lØ - n¬ \ne-\n∂ Ak-aX - z-߃s°-Xn-cmbn ssP\-a-Xhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw Bhn¿`-hn-®p. h¿[-am\alm-ho-c≥ {]N-cn∏n® ssP\-aX - hpw KuXa _p-≤≥ ÿm]n® _p≤-aX - hpw Alnw-kbv°v {]m[m\yw \¬In. hym]-Ia - mb arK-_e - n-bmWv Alnwk {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ alm-ho-c-s\bpw _p≤-s\-bpw t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv.

alm-ho-cs‚ {]Xna

_p≤s‚ {]Xna

km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ `mj-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ Bi-b-߃ {]N-cn-∏n®Xv. alm-ho-c≥ D]-tbm-Kn® `mj {]mIrXv Bbn-cp∂p. _p≤≥ ]men`mj D]-tbm-Kn-®p. cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ hf¿∂ _p≤\pw alm-hoc\pw F√m kpJ-ku-I-cy-ßfpw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ km[m-cW P\ß-fpsS IjvS-X-Iƒ Ahsc Ak-¥p-jvTcpw Akz-ÿ-cp-am-°n. P\ß-fpsS Zpcn-Xß - ƒ°p≈ Bizm-ka - m¿§-ßf - mWv Ah¿ At\z-jn-®Xv. ssP\-aX - XØz-߃ $ icn-bmb ⁄m\w $ icn-bmb hnizmkw $ icn-bmb {]hrØn

_p≤-a-X -X-Øz-߃ $ Cl-tem-I-Po-hnXw ZpxJ]q¿Æ-amWv $ B{K-l-ß-fmWv ZpxJØn\v ImcWw $ B{K- l - ß sf C√m- X m°nbm¬ ZpxJßsf C√m-Xm°mw $ AjvSmwKam¿§w A\p-jvTn-°p-I-hgn B{K-lß - sf C√m-Xm-°mw.

F¥p- s Im- ≠ mWv ssP\- ˛ - _ p- ≤ - a - X - ß ƒ Alnw- k bv ° v {]m[m\yw \¬In-bXv?

99

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

A[n-Imcw hf-cp∂p Cu Nn{Xw \n߃°v ]cn-N-b-ap-≈-Xm-Wt√m. CXv FhnsS-sbms°-bmWv \n߃ I≠n-´p-≈Xv? CXv \ΩpsS tZiob ap{Z-bmWv. AtimI N{I-h¿Øn kmc-\m-Yn¬ ÿm]n® kvXw`-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Cu ap{Z FSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. AXn-ep≈ AtimI N{I-amWv \ΩpsS tZiob]Xm-I-bpsS a[y-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv.

tZio-b-ap{Z

aK[ tI{μ-am°n hf¿∂ph∂ aucy-cm-Phwi-Ønse {][m\ cmPm-hmb - n-cp∂p Atim-I≥. N{μ-Kp-]vXa - u-cy\mWv aucy-cm-Ph - wiw ÿm]n®Xv.

A¿∞-imkv{Xw aucy- k m- { am- P y- ÿ m- ] - I - \ m- b n- c p∂ N{μ- K p]v X aucys‚ `cW D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn-cp∂p NmW-Iy≥. Ct±lw IuSn-ey≥ F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-´ncp∂p. NmWIys‚ {]kn- ≤ - a mb {KŸamWv A¿∞imkv{Xw. i‡hpw Imcy-£-a-hp-amb Hcp `c-WØns‚ kwLm-S\w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂p≈-XmWv Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ {]ta-bw.

NmW-Iy≥

cmPm-hns‚ [¿Ωw cmPy-Ønse hnhn[ hn`mKw P\-߃ XΩn¬ sFIyw D≠m-bmte cmPyØv kam-[m\w D≠m-Ip. AXn-\mbn Atim-I≥ kzoI-cn® \bamWv "[Ωw' ([¿Ωw). P\-ß-fn¬ sFIyhpw kln-jvWp-Xbpw hf¿Øn cmPyØv kam-[m\w \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ e£yw. Ah-bn¬ Nne Bi-b-߃ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p:     

amXm-]n-Xm-°sf A\p-k-cn-°pI Kpcp-°-∑msc BZ-cn-°pI arK-_en Hgn-hm-°pI F√m aXhnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw klnjvWpX ImWn-°pI kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv IcpW ImWn-°pI

Atim-I- N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS [¿Ωw F∂ \b-Øns‚ B\p-Im-enI{]-k‡n N¿® sNøq.

100

Alnw-k Adn-hv A[n-Imcw

Atim-I N{I-h¿Øn [¿Ωhpw Xocp-am\- ß fpw \n¿tZ- i - ß fpw ]md- I - f n¬ sImØn-h® - mWv P\-ßsf Adn-bn-®ncp-∂Xv. CØcw inem-en-Jn-X-߃ {][m\ -]mX-tbmc-ßfnepw \K-c-tI-{μ-ß-fnepamWv ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂Xv.

Atim-Is‚ inem-en-JnXw

_p≤-aX - a - m-bn-cp∂p [¿Ωw {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ Atim-I\v t{]c-W-bm-b-Xv. cmPy-Øns‚ hnkvXrXn h¿≤n∏n-°m-\mbn Atim-I≥ \nc-h[n bp≤-߃ \S-Øn. AXn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ienw-K-cm-Py-hp-am-bp≈ bp≤w. CXn¬ IenwK ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. At\Iw t]cpsS ac-WØ - n\pw Zpcn-Xß - ƒ°pw CS-bm-°nb Cu bp≤-Øn\v tijamWv Atim-I≥ _p≤-aXw kzoI-cn-®-Xv. _p≤-a-Xw temI-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn¬ At±lw {][m\ ]¶v hln®p.

C\nsbmcp bp≤w th≠ N{I-h¿Øn-bm-b-Xn-\ptijw Atim-I≥ bp≤ß-fn-eqsS cmPyw hnIkn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. X\n°v Iog-Sß - m≥ Bhiy- s ∏´v Ienw- K - b nse cmPm-hn\v At±lw Hcp ktμ-ia - b - ® - p. A`n-am-\nIenw-K-bp≤w ˛ Nn{X-Im-cs‚ `mh-\-bn¬ bmb Ienw-K- cm-Pmhv IogS-ßm≥ Hcp-°-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. 261 _n.kn bn¬ Atim-I≥ Ienw-Ksb Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]pd-s∏-´p. kzmX-{¥y-kvt\-ln-If - mb Ienw-Kb - nse P\߃ H‰-s°-´mbn Atim-Is‚ B{I-aWsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-®p. AtimIs‚ {]Xo-£bv°v hncp-≤a - mbn IenwK ]e-t∏mgpw hnP-bØ - ns‚ h°nseØn. F∂m¬ A¥n-a-hn-Pbw Atim-I\p Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bp≤-°fw Ccp-]-£-tØbpw ssk\n-I-cpsS arX-tZ-l-߃ sIm≠v \nd-™p. h´-an´v ]d-°p∂ Igp-I≥am¿... ssIIm-ep-Iƒ \jvSs - ∏´v thZ\sIm≠v ]pf-bp-∂h - ¿... D‰-hs - c\ - j - vSs - ∏´ A\m-Y° - p-™p-ßf - psS hnem]w.. hn[-h-I-fpsS IÆo¿∏p-g. bp≤-°m-gvNIƒ Atim-Is\ Akz-ÿ-\m-°n. Cu coXn-bn-ep≈ hnPbw A¿∞iq\y- a m- s W∂v At±lw Xncn- ® - d n- ™ p. Gsd sshImsX At±lw _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn Bbn- am-dp-Ibpw _p≤-X-Xzß-fn-eq∂n `cWw XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. IenwK bp≤w Atim-Is\ kzm[o-\n® cwKw kvIn‰neqsS ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.

101

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

kaqlw, kºØv, Ie aucy-∑m-cpsS Ime-L´- Ø - nse kmaq-ln-I kmº-ØnI P - o-hnXw Fßs\bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v t\m°mw. 

NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn-e[ - n-jvTn-Xa - mb kmaqlyhn-`P - \ - w- \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.



Im¿jnI {]hr-Øn-Iƒ iq{Z-sc-s°m≠mWv sNøn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.



ssP\-a-Xhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw Gsd {]Nmcw t\Sn.



Irjnbpw hmWn-Pyhpw aucy-`-c-W-Im-eØv A`n-hr≤n {]m]n-®p.



Irjn-bpsS ]p-tcm-KX - n-°mbn cmPm-°∑ - m¿ Pe-tkN\kuI-cy-߃ Hcp-°n-.



Xp∂¬, s\bvØv XpS-ßnb ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ \ne-\n∂n-cp-∂p.



\mW-b-߃ {]Nmc-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.



I®-h-S-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn \nc-h[n ]mX-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®p.

Atim-I≥ km©n-bn¬ ÿm]n® kv X q]- a m- W v Nn{X- Ø n- e p- ≈ Xv . CXp-t]mse \nc-h[n kvXq]-߃ aucy- I m- e - L - ´ - Ø n¬ \n¿Ωn°s∏´p. CXn-\p-]p-dsa At\Iw sIm´m-c-ßfpw kmc\m-Yn-te-Xpt]m- e p≈ kv X w`- ß fpw aucycmPm- ° m- ∑ m¿ \n¿Ωn- ® p. Cu \n¿Ωn- X n- I ƒ aucyIme- L - ´ Øn¬ hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bnepw inev]hn-Zy-bnepw D≠mb ]ptcm-KX - nsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

km©nbnse kvXq]w

aucy-`-c-W-Im-esØ a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ ]n¬°methZImesØ Pohn-Xhp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

Imew amdp∂p aucy-`cW-Øns‚ XI¿®bv°ptijw F.Un. \memw \q‰m-t≠msS KwKm-X-S-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ as‰mcp cmP-hwi-am-bn-cp∂p Kp]v-X-cm-Phwiw. N{μ-Kp-]vX≥ H∂m-a≥, kap-{Z-Kp-]vX≥, N{μ-Kp-]vX≥ c≠m-a≥ F∂n-h¿ Cu cmP-hw-iØ - nse {it≤-bc - mb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-If - m-bn-cp-∂p.

102

Alnw-k Adn-hv A[n-Imcw

Kp]vXI - m-eL - ´- Ø - ns‚ Ah-km-\a - m-Iptºm-tg°pw Zqc-tZ-iß - f - p-am-bp≈ hym]-mc-Øn¬ Ipd-hp h - ∂ - p. IqSp-X¬ P\-߃ Irjn-bn¬ hym]r-Xc - mbn. A°m-eØv cmPm-°∑ - m¿ ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - m¿°pw Bcm-[\ - m-eb - ߃°pw h≥tXm- X n¬ `qan- Zm- \ - a mbn \¬In. ]ptcm- l n- X - ∑ m¿ I¿j-Is - c-s°m≠v Chn-Sß - f - n¬ Irjn-sN-øn-®p. kmaq-ln-I A-ka - Xzw h¿≤n-®p. _p≤-aX - Ø - ns‚bpw ssP\-aX - Ø - ns‚bpw {]m[m\yw Ipd™p. aucy- I m- e - L - ´ - Ø n- s ebpw Kp]v X - I m- e - L - ´ - Ø n- s ebpw kmaqlnI, kmº-ØnIPohnXw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

Adn-hns‚ hnImkw Kp]vX-Im-eØv kwkvIrX-`mj-bn¬ \nc-h-[n -Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°-s∏-´p. A°m-esØ kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p Imfn-Zm-k≥. A`n-⁄m-\i - m-Ip-¥fw, taL-kt- μ-iw, Ipam-ck - w-`hw F∂nh At±lØns‚ {][m\ IrXn-I-fmWv.

\h-cX - v\ß - ƒ N{μ-Kp-]vX≥ c≠m-as‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ HºXp ]finX∑m¿ \h-c-Xv\-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imfn-Zm-k≥, LS-I¿∏c≥, £]-W-I≥, hc-cp-Nn, hcm-l-an-ln-c≥, thXm-f-`-´≥, [\z-¥-cn, Aa-cknw-l≥, i¶p F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Ccp-ºp-Xq¨ {i≤n®t√m. C∂v U¬ln°v kao- ] - a p≈ salv d u- f n- b n¬ ÿnXn- s N- ø p∂ Cu Xq¨ ]Wn-Ig- n-∏n-®Xv N{μ-Kp-]vX≥ c≠mas‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. sImSpwNqSpw agbpw I\-Ø- a™pw G‰n´pw C∂pw Xpcpºp ]nSn-°msX CXv \n¬°p-∂psh∂-Xn¬ A¤pXw tXm∂p∂nt√? Kp]vX-Im-e-L-´-Ønse Dcp-°v kwkvIc-WØ - ns‚ anI-hv sXfn-bn-°p-∂XmWv Cu Ccp-ºp-Xq¨. Kp]vX-Im-eØv imkv{X-cw-KØv anI® kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ \¬Inb NnecmWv hcmlan-ln-c≥, {_“-Kp-]vX≥, `mkvIc - m-Nm-cy¿, salvdufn-bnse CcpºpXq¨ Bcy-`-´≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿. Ch-cn¬ hcm-lan-ln-c≥, {_“-Kp-]vX≥ F∂n-h¿ tPymXn-im-kv{X-Ønepw `mkvI-cmNm-cy¿ KWn-Xi - m-kv{X-Ønepw Bcy-`´- ≥ tPymXn-im-kv{X-Ønepw KWnX-im-kv{X-Ønepw {it≤-b-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In.

103

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

Kp]vX-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ {it≤-b-cmb Nne hy‡n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]´n-I-bn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Ah¿ GtXXp taJ-e-I-fn-emWv {]i-kvXcm-bXv Fs∂-gp-Xp-I. hy‡n-Iƒ Bcy-`´≥ Imfn-Zm-k≥ hcm-l-an-ln-c≥ `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy¿ {_“-Kp-]vX≥

taJ-e-Iƒ

]pcm-X-t\-¥ybnse {]kn-≤-amb hnZym-`ym-k-tI{μambn-cp∂ \fμ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bpsS tijn∏m-Wv Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv. Kp]vX-Ime-ØmWv CXv ÿm]n-®-Xv. Gjy-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ChntS°v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-\m-bn-c°W-°n\v hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw \qtdmfw A[ym-]-Icpw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

\f-μ- k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bpsS tijn∏v

Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ \Ωƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Nne kvamcIß-fpsS Nn{X߃ X-∂n-´p≠v. Ah Hmtcm∂pw GXv taJ-eb - nse ]ptcm-KXnsbbmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv? Fgp-Xn-t\m-°q.

104

Alnw-k Adn-hv A[n-Imcw

kvamcIw

taJ-e-

imkv{Xw, Ie, kmlnXyw, hnZym-`ymkw F∂o- cwK-ß-fn¬ {]mNo\ C¥y-bnse {it≤-b-amb Ime-am-bn-cp∂p Kp]vX-∑m-cp-tS-Xv. hy‡-am-°p-I. aK-[-bpsS hf¿® apX¬ Kp]vX-Imewhsc-bp≈ kmaq-ly-am-‰-ßfmWt√m \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´h GsXm-s°sb∂v t\m°mw. 

Irjn hn]p-e-am-b-tXmsS Im¿jn-tIm¬∏m-Z\w h¿≤n-®p.  Irjn-bpw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn-ep-Ifpw \nc-h[n ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ krjvSn-®p.  kmaq-lnImk-a-Xz-߃s°-Xn-cmbn Db¿∂p-h∂ Bi-b-߃ kaql-sØbpw cmPy-`-c-W-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-®p.  imkv{Xw, Ie, kmlnXyw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ D≠mb am‰-ß-sf `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p.

105

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

kw{Klw $

ÿnc- h mkhpw Irjn- b psS hym]- \ hpw alm- P - \ - ] - Z - ß - f psS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v hgnsXfn-®p.

$

_n.kn. Bdmw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ ssP\- a Xw, _p≤- a Xw F∂nh Bhn¿`hn®p.

$

]Xn-\mdv alm-P-\]Zß-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-Xmbn amdnb aK-[-bmWv aucy-`-c-W-Øns‚ tI{μ-ambn hf¿∂-Xv.

$

Kp]vXIme-L-´-Øn¬ kmlnXyw, Ie, imkv{Xw, hnZym-`ymkw F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-bn.

$

{]mNo\ C¥y-bnse {][m\ hnZym-`ymktI{μ-am-bn-cp∂p \fμ k¿ΔIem-im-e.

{][m-\ ] - T- \ - t\-´ß - f- n¬s∏Sp-∂h $

]pcm-X\ C¥-y-bn¬ \ne-\n∂ alm-P-\-]-Z߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$

aK-[-bpsS Db¿®bv°v Imc-W-amb LS-I-߃ Is≠-Øp∂p.

$

_p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw cq]-s∏-Sm-\p-≠mb kml-Ncyw hne-bncp-Øp-∂p.

$

aucy-∑m-cpsS `c-W-Im-esØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

$

Kp]vX-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ Ie, kmlnXyw, imkv{Xw, hnZym-`ymkw F∂o cwK-ßfnep≠mb ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.

$

Kp]vX-Im-e-L-´-Ønse kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI PohnXsØ aucyIm-e-L-´-Øn-te-Xp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ømw $

_p≤aX-Øn-s‚bpw ssP-\-a-X-Øns‚bpw Bhn¿`mhw Ime-L-´Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂psh∂v ]d-bmtam? hy‡-am-°p-I.

$

aK-[-bpsS hf¿®bv°v hgn-sX-fn® LS-I-߃ hy‡-am-°p-I.

$

P\-]-Z-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Im¿jnItaJ-e-bv°p≈ ]¶v F¥mbn-cp∂p?

106

Alnw-k Adn-hv A[n-Imcw

$

Atim-Is‚ "[Ωw' Fs¥∂v hni-Z-am-°p-I.

$

Kp]vX-Im-eØv imkv{X-w, km-lnXyw F∂o cwK-ß-fn-ep-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn hy‡-am-°p-I.

XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ $

tZiobap{Z tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ GsX-√m-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

$

{]mNo\ C¥y-bnse kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mscbpw Ah-cpsS IrXn-Isfbpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$

PmX-I-I-Y-Iƒ, ]©-X{¥wIY-Iƒ, hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-I-Y-Iƒ F∂nh tiJ-cn®v hmbn-°pI.

107

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

\n߃ {Kma-k-`-sb-°p-dn®p tI´n-´pt≠m? Hcp {Kma-k` IqSp∂ Nn{X-amWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. \nß-fpsS \m´nepw {Kma-k` IqSm-dnt√? AXn¬ Bscm-s°-bmWv ]s¶-Sp°p-∂-sX∂pw Fs¥m-s°-bmWv AhnsS N¿® sNøp-∂-sX∂pw Is≠Øm≥ {ian-°q.

108

P\-߃ P\-߃°p-th≠n

hm¿UpX-e-Øn-ep≈ hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ thZnbmWv {Kma-k-`. \K-c-ß-fn¬ CXns\ "hm¿Uv k`' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. hm¿Unse F√m thm´¿am¿°pw {Kma-k-`-bn¬/hm¿Uv k`-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp°mw. N¿®-Ifn¬ ]s¶-SpØv A`n-{]mbw ]d-bm≥ Ah¿s°√mw Ah-kc - ap-≠.v hm¿Un¬ \S∏mt°≠ hnI-k\ - {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ kw_-‘n®v P\߃ {Kma-k` - b - n¬ Iq´mbn N¿® sNbvXv Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSp-°p-∂p. CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-∂Xv B hm¿Un¬ \n∂pw P\߃ Xncs™-Sp-°p∂ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. Cu P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n {Kma-ßfn¬ hm¿Uv saº¿ F∂pw \K-cß - f - n¬ Iu¨kn-e¿ F∂pw Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂p. CØ-cØ - n¬ {]Xn\n-[n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ coXn a‰v Fhn-sS-sb√mw \n߃°v ImWmw? $

¢mkv/kvIqƒ eoU¿

$

kl-Ic - WkwLw

$

¢∫v/hmb-\i - me

$

tªm°v ]©m-bØv

$

Pn√m ]©m-bØv

$

kwÿm\ \nb-a-k`

$

]m¿e-sa‚ v

$ {Kma-k-`-bn¬ P\-߃°v t\cn´v ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im\pw Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°phm\pw Ign-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ kwÿm-\X - e - Ø - nepw tZio-bX - e - Ø - nepw Iq´mb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂Xv P\-߃ Xncs™SpØ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmWv. P\m-[n-]X - y-`c- Ww P\-ßf- psS B{K-lß - ƒ°v A\p-kr-Xa- m-bn-cn-°W - w. ˛ alm-flm Km‘n

P\-߃°pth≠n P\-ßf- m¬ \S-Øp∂ P\-ßf- psS `cWamWv P\m-[n-]Xyw ˛ F{_lmw en¶¨

109

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

BtKm-fB - Z- c- hv ]nSn-®p-]‰- p∂ GI `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w P\m-[n-]-Xy-amWv ˛ Aa¿Xy sk≥

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Nne khnti-j-X-Ifpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ°p-dn-®p≈ alm-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mb-ßfpw hmbn-®t√m. F¥mWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw F∂v t\m°mw. P\-߃ t\cnt´m P\-ß-fm¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ {]Xn-\n-[nItfm P\-߃°p th≠n `cWw \S-Øp∂ {]{In-bb - mWv P\-m[n]Xyw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

P\m-[n-]Xyw P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂v A¿∞w -h-cp∂ 'sUtam-{Ikn' F∂ Cw•ojv ]Zw 'tUtam- { Im- ‰ nb ' F∂ {Ko°v ]ZØn¬\n∂v D¤- h n- ® - X m- W v . P\w F∂¿∞- a p≈ Utamkv ( demos), i‡n AYhm A[n-Imcw F∂¿∞ap≈ '{Imt‰mkv' (kratos) F∂o {Ko°v ]Z-߃ tN¿∂p-≠m-bX - m-WnXv.

{]Xy-£-P-\m-[n-]-Xyhpw ]tcm-£-P-\m-[n-]-Xyhpw {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]X - y-Øn¬ {][m\ Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ P\-߃ t\cns´Sp°p∂p. kwÿm\ \nb-a-k`, ]m¿e-sa‚ v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂Xv P\-߃ t\cn-´√ - . Ah¿ Xnc-s™-SpØ {]Xn-\n-[n-IfmWv ChnsS P\-߃°p-th≠n Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw {]mXn-\n-[y-P-\m-[n-]-XysØ ]tcm-£-P-\m-[n-]Xyw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

P\m-[n-]Xyhpw Xnc-s™-Sp∏pw {]mtZ-inIXew apX¬ ]m¿e-sa‚phsc Xßsf `cn-t°≠ {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv P\-ßf - m-Wv. km¿Δ-{XnI {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´m-hI - m-iØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-emWv Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øp-∂X - v. 18 hbkv ]q¿Ønbmb F√m C¥y≥ ]uc≥am¿°pw thm´-hI - miw D≠v. Cßs\ {]mtZ-inI-`c - W - I - q-Sß - fnte°pw \nb-ak - `Ifnte°pw temIvk`- b - n-te-°p-ap≈ {]Xn\n-[n-Isf P\-߃ thm´p sNbvXmWv Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Xnc-s™-Sp∏v P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

110

P\-߃ P\-߃°p-th≠n

Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´v Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-at√m. $

\nß- f psS ho´n¬ Bscm- s °bmWv thm´v sNøm-dp-≈Xv?

$

\nß-fpsS \nb-a-k`m \ntbm-PIa-fiew GXv?

$

BcmWv \nß-fpsS \nb-a-k`m \ntbm-PI-afi eØnse P\{]Xn\n[n (Fw.F¬.F)?

$

\nß-fpsS temIv-k`m \ntbm-P-I-a-fiew GXv?

$

BcmWv \nß-fpsS temI-vk`m \ntbm-P-I-a-fieØnse P\{]Xn\n[n (Fw.]n.)?

Xnc-s™-Sp∏v L´-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ `mK-ambn kvIqƒ P\m-[n-]X - y-thZn \nß-fpsS ¢mknepw eoUsd Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-´p-≠t√m. AXp-t]mse \ΩpsS cmPy-Ønse Xncs™-Sp∏v {]{In-b-bnepw \n¿_-‘-ambn ]men-t°≠ Nne L´-ß-fp-≠v. Ah kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ^vtfm Nm¿´v t\m°q.

Xn

Xnc-s™-Sp∏v hn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°¬

c s™ Sp

\ma-\n¿tZ-i-]-{XnI ka¿∏n-°¬ \ma-\n¿t±-i-]-{Xn-I-I-fpsS kq£va ]cn-tim-[\

∏v L ´

\ma-\n¿tZ-i-]-{XnI ]n≥h-en-°¬ thms´-Sp∏v

ß ƒ

thms´-Æepw ^e-{]-Jym-]\hpw

111

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

Cßs\ IrXy-amb L´-߃ ]men-®p-sIm-≠mWv F√m Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Ifpw \S-°p-∂-Xv. Xnc-s™-Sp∏v P\m-[n-]XyØns‚ Hcp Ahn`mPyLS-I-amWv. CXpt]mse P\m[n]Xyw a‰p Nne LSIßsfbpw B{i-bn-®mWv \nesIm-≈p-∂-Xv. Ah GsXms° F∂v t\m°mw.

P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-\m-hi - y-amb LS-Iß - ƒ $ \nbahmgvN F√m-hcpw \nb-aØ - n\p ap∂n¬ Xpey-cm-W.v \nb-aß - ƒ A\p-kc - n-°m≥ F√mh¿°pw _m[y-Xb - p-≠.v Bcpw \nb-aØ - n\v AXo-Xc - √ - . \nb-ah - m-gN v b - psS {]m[m\yw hfsc efn- X - a mb Hcp DZm- l - c - W - Ø n- e qsS \ap°v a\ nem-°mw. tdmUn-eqsS Ae-£y-ambn hml\w HmSn-®m¬ F¥p kw`-hn°pw? AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ N¿® sNøq. hml-\-ß-fpsS k©mcw kpK-ahpw kpc-£n-X-hp-am-°p-I-bmWv {Sm^nIv \nb-a-ß-fpsS e£yw. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ \nb-a-߃ Is≠Øn Ah Fßs\ P\-ß-fpsS PohnXw sa®s∏SpØm≥ D]-bp-‡-am-Ip-∂psh∂v hnebncpØp-I.

$ Ah-Im-iß - ƒ hy‡n-bp-sSbpw cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw ]ptcm-KX - n-°p-th≠n cmPyw A\p-hZ- n-®psIm-Sp-Øn-´p≈ kml-N-cy-ß-fmWv Ah-Im-i-߃. hnhn[ Ah-Im-i-߃ P\-߃°v e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Kh¨sa-‚ v \S-∏n-em-°nb \nb-a-߃ Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bpsS 'A' tImf-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu \nb-a-Øn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ hnhn[ Ah-Im-i-߃ Is≠Øn 'B' tImfw ]qcn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°q. A

hnhn[ \nb-a-߃

B

e`n-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-߃

$ hnZym-`ym-k Ah-Im-i-\n-baw $ ..................................................

112

$ tamt´m¿ hml-\-\n-baw

$ ..................................................

$ hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw

$ ..................................................

$ hr≤-P-\-]-cn-]m-e\ \nbaw

$ ..................................................

P\-߃ P\-߃°p-th≠n

]´n-I-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≈ hnhn[ \nb-a-ß-fn-eqsS Hcp P\m-[n-]-XycmPyØnse P\-߃°v hnhn[ Ah-Im-i-߃ e`n-°p-∂p F∂v a\- nem-bt- √m. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ F¥p kw`-hn-°p-sa∂pw P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns\ AXv Fßs\ tZmj-Ic - a - mbn _m[n-°p-sa-∂pw- ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøq.

$ kmaqly˛kmº-Øn-I\- oXn F√m P\-߃°pw ]¶m-fnØw \¬Ip∂ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv P\m-[n]-Xyw. ]¶m-fn-Iƒ F√m-hcpw Xpey-cm-Ip-tºm-gmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw A¿∞h-Øm-Ip-∂-Xv. kmaq-ly-hpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ak-aXzw Ipd-®v F√mh¿°pw Xpey ]cn-KW - \ \¬IpI F∂-XmWv kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - n-I\ - oXn F∂ Bi-bØ - n-eqsS Dt±-in-°p-∂X - v. kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - nI \oXn°v hncp-≤a - mb Nne Bi-bß - ƒ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah Fßs\ P\m-[n-]-XysØ _m[n-°psa∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. ˛

ASn-aØw

˛

kv{Xo hnth-N\w

˛

sXmgnen-√mbva

˛

Zmcn{Zyw

KT-607/3/ Social Sci. - 5 (M), Vol-2

$ am[y-aß - ƒ

113

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw {i≤n-®p-hs√m! CXn¬\n∂pw am[y-a-߃ F∂Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-sX-¥m-sW∂v Is≠Øq! \n߃°-dn-bm-hp∂ hnhn[ ]{X-ßf - pw Sn.hn.- Nm-\e - p-Ifpw ]´nIs∏SpØq. kaq-lØ - nse kw`h-߃ P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ D]m-[nbmWv am[y-a-߃. kzX-{¥hpw \njv]-£-hp-amb am[y-a-߃ P\m-[n-]Xy-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bm-Wv. P\-ß-fpsS Xm¬∏-cy-߃ ]c-kv]cw Adn-bp∂-Xn\pw s]mXp-hmb Bh-iy-߃ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn\pw am[y-a-߃ {][m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Xocp-am-\߃ P\ß-fn-se-Øp-∂Xpw am[y-a-߃ hgn-bm-Wv. ]{X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ Is≠Øn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-a-s√m. am[y- a - ß ƒ Cs√- ¶ n¬ P\m- [ n- ] - X y- Ø n\v F¥p kw`hn- ° p- s a∂v k¶¬∏n®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°q.

$ {]Xn-]£w P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ {]m[m\yw \Ωƒ ]Tn-®p-h-s√m. Xncs™- S p- ∏ n- e qsS `c- W - ] - £ hpw H∏w {]Xn]- £ - h p- a p- ≠ m- I p- ∂ p. - nse ]mfn-®I - ƒ Xpd∂p Im´n \√ coXn-bn¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\Ø {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Kh¨sa‚ns\ t{]cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv {]Xn-]£Øns‚ [¿Ωw. {]Xn-]£ - Ø - ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - s - f-°p-dn-®p≈ ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJcn-°p-as√m. P\m-[n-]X - y-Øn¬ {]Xn-]£ - Ø - ns‚ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp N¿® kwLSn-∏n-°p-as√m. Cßs\ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v, \nbahm-gvN, Ah-Im-iß - ƒ, kmaqlykmº-Øn-I\oXn, am[y--a-߃, {]Xn-]£w XpS-ßnb LSIß-fmWv P\m-[n-]-XysØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - v.

P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp Pohn-Xc- oXn Hcp PohnXcoXn F∂ \ne-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-߃°pw hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\pw AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-bßsf am\n-°pI F∂Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy-Pohn-X-co-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. A`n{]m-b-ß-tfmSv tbmPn-°mt\m hntbm-Pn-°mt\m hy‡n°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. Iq´mb Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSp-°m≥ Ign-bp-tºmƒ P\m-[n-]Xyw A¿∞-]q¿Æam-Ip-∂p. hoSv, kvIqƒ, kaqlw XpS-ßn Pohn-XØns‚ F√m taJ-eIfnepw P\m-[n-]-XysØ Hcp Pohn-XcoXn F∂ \ne-bn¬ Dƒs°m≠v {]h¿Øn°p-hm≥ Ign-b-Ww.

114

P\-߃ P\-߃°p-th≠n

\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb ]e ioe-ßfpw \Ωƒ kzmb-Øam-°m-dp≠v. GsXm-s°-bm-Wh? $

a‰p-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°m-dp-≠v.

$

Dug-Øn-\mbn ImØp-\n¬°m-dp-≠v.

$

a‰p≈h-cpsS kzmX¥yw ]cnKWn-°m-dp-≠v. \nß-fpsS Iq´p-Im-c≥/Iq´p-Imcn P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-bmtWm? ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-°q. A\p-tbm-Py-amb `mKØv AS-bmfw sImSp-°q. kml-Ncyw

AsX A√

tdmUp-\n-b-a-߃ ]men-°m-dp-≠v hcn-bmbn\n∂v kvIqƒ _kn¬ Ib-dm≥ {ian-°m-dp-≠v sse{_dn]pkvXIw IrXy-k-a-bØv aS°n \¬Im-dp-≠v Nne A`n-{]m-b-߃ icn-b-s√∂v tXm∂n-bm¬ tbmPn-°m-dn√ kvIqƒbqWnt^mw IrXy-ambn [cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {i≤n-°m-dp-≠v amen\yw s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \nt£-]n-°m-dn-√

]´n-I-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m. "AsX' F∂ `mKsØ  AS-bmfw Hcmƒ P\m-[n-]X - y-hm-Zn-bm-sW∂v kqNn∏n-°p-∂p. AsX F∂ `mKsØ AS-bm-fs - ∏-Sp-Øe - ns‚ FÆw IqSp-t¥mdpw Hcmƒ P\m-[n-]Xy Pohn-Xc - o-Xn-tbmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-°p∂p F∂v ]d-bmw. kaq-lØ - ns‚ \√ coXn-bn-ep≈ apt∂m-´p-t]m°n\v Hmtcm hy‡nbpw a‰p≈h-cpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf am\n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Hcm-fpsS P\m-[n-]X - y-]c - a - mb {]h¿Ø\-ßsf XS- s - ∏-Sp-Øm≥ as‰mcmƒ°v AhIm-ia - n-√. P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂Xv \nb-ah - y-hÿ - b - n¬ A[n-jvTn-Xa - m-Wv. \nba-߃ sX‰n-°p-∂Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv.

115

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-cWw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn{Xw t\m°q.

CXp-t]mse P\m-[n-]XycoXn°v \nc-°mØ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \nß-fpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-´n-´pt≠m? Ah Fß-s\-bmWv P\m-[n-]XysØ XS- -s∏-SpØp-∂Xv F∂v N¿® sNøp-I. temI-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw anI-®-XmWv P\m-[n-]X - y-kw-hn-[m-\w. Hmtcm ]uc\pw `c-WØ - n¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Im≥ CXneqsS Ign-bp-∂p. P\m-[n]-Xy-kw-hn-[m-\ß - sf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \mw Pm{KX ]pe¿tØ≠-Xp≠v.

kw{K-lw $

P\-߃°p-th≠n P\-ß-fm¬ \S-Øp∂ P\-ß-fpsS `c-W-amWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw.

$

P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂Xv tIhew Hcp `c-W-{Iaw am{X-a√ Hcp Pohn-XcoXn IqSn-bm-Wv.

$

Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, \nb-ah - m-gN v , A-hI - m-iß - ƒ, kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - nI \oXn, am[y-a-߃, {]Xn-]£w XpS-ßn-b LSI-ß-fmWv P\m-[n-]XysØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xv.

116

P\-߃ P\-߃°p-th≠n

{][m\ ]T-\t- \-´ß - fn¬ s]Sp∂h $

hnhn[ \n¿Δ-N-\-߃ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv P\m-[n-]-XysØ kw_‘n® Bi-b-߃ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.

$

Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ L´-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$

P\m- [ n- ] Xyw \ne- \ n¬°p- ∂ - X n\v Bh- i y- a mb ASn- ÿ m\ LSI߃ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$

P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp `c-W-{Iaw F∂-Xp-t]mse Hcp Pohn-X-co-Xn-Iq-Snbm-sW∂pw kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp\∑bv°v AXv A\n-hm-cy-amsW∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ømw $

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ aq∂v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

$

P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns‚ kpK-aa - mb apt∂m-´p-t]m-°n\v A\p-Iq-ea - mb Nne kml-N-cy-߃ Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂p. A ˛ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v

B ˛ tImS-Xn-Iƒ

C ˛ Ah-Im-iß - ƒ

D ˛ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-Øn-I-\oXn

E ˛ am[y-a-߃

F ˛ {]Xn-]£w

Xmsg X∂n-´p≈ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ GXv kml-N-cy-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v Ah-bpsS A£-c-߃ FgpXn kqNn-∏n-°p-I:

$

1.

KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-Øn-\mbn \Zn-°p- Ip-dpsI Hcp ]mew \n¿Ωn®p.

2.

Hcp hy‡n°v \n›n-Xt- bm-Ky-Xb - p-s≠-¶n¬ GXp ]Z-hnbpw hln-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ap-≠v

3.

Ip‰-hm-fnsb tImSXn Poh-]-cy¥w XS-hn\v in£n-®p

4.

s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ Agn-aXn F√m Sn.hn. Nm\-ep-Ifpw {][m\ hm¿Ø-bmbn sImSp-Øp

5.

A©v h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ P\-߃ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[nIsf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

P\m-[n-]Xyw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-Ip∂ Hcp kμ¿`w FgpXpI.

117

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ $

\nß-fpsS ¢mkv eoU¿ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-am-bn _‘-s∏´v Hcp dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I. (\ma\n¿tZ-i]{XnI, Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-co-Xn, ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°p In´nb thm´p-If - psS FÆw F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂X - mWv.)

$

Xnc-s™-Sp∏v, \nb-ah - mgvN F∂nh kw_-‘n-°p∂ ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn°p-I.

$

P\m-[n-]X - y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ alm--∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-bß - ƒ tiJ-cn®v Npa¿]{Xw Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$

\nß-fpsS hm¿Uv saº¿/Iu¨kn-ed - p-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Øm-\p≈ tNmZym-hen Xøm-dm-°p-I (hnI-k\{]h¿Ø-\ß - f - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v).

$

P\m-[n-]X - y-Øn¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp eLpIp-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$

Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´ hm¿Ø-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v sImfmjv Xøm-dm-°p-I.

118

tIcf°c-bn¬

{]IrXnkuμ-cy-Øm¬ A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb \mSmWv tIc-fw. Ip∂p-Ifpw \Zn-Ifpw Imb-epIfpw IS¬Øo-chpw sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ kky P¥pPm-eß - fpw anX-amb Imem-hÿ bpw tIc-fØ - ns‚ khn-ti-jX - I - fmWv.

{]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb {io. Fkv . - s I. s]ms‰- ° mSv tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn®v h¿Æn-®n-cn°p-∂Xv t\m°q.

tIc-f-ta, \ns‚tbma-\-t∏¿ tIƒs° tImƒabn¿ sIm≈p-s∂-∂p≈sa∂pw \ocmfn∏® hncn® hb-ep-Iƒ \osf°nS-°p-apƒ \mSp-Ifpw hmcnfw ]p√-Wn-°p-∂n≥ ]pd-ßfpw t\c‰ \oc-e¿s∏m-bvI-Ifpw ]qØncn IØn® ]mXn-cmhpw ]ns∂ ]qØn-cp-hm-Xnc∏q\n-emhpw

119

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

C{Xbpw at\m-l-c-amb \ΩpsS kwÿm-\-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X-e-dntbt≠? C¥y-bpsS sXt° A‰-Ømbn Ing°v ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\pw ]Sn-™mdv Ad-_n-°-S-en-\p-an-S-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ `q{]-tZ-i-amWv tIcf kwÿm\w. NphsS tN¿Øn-´p≈ `q]Sw \nco-£n-°q (Nn{Xw˛10.1)

IÆq¿ IÆq¿

hb\mSv I¸dd

tImgnt°mSv tImgnt°mSv

ae∏pdw ae∏pdw

]me°mSv

]me°mSv

Xr»q¿

Xr»q¿

FdWmIpfw FdWmIpfw

CSp°n ss]\mhv tIm´bw tIm´bw Be∏pg Be∏pg ]Ø\wXn´ ]Ø\wXn´

sIm√w sIm√w

Xncph\¥]pcw Xncph\¥]pcw

Nn{Xw 10.1

120

tIcf°c-bn¬

$

tIc-f-Øns‚ Ab¬ kwÿm-\-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv?

$

tIc-f-Øn¬ F{X Pn√-I-fp≠v?

$

G‰hpw sNdnb Pn√ GXv?

$

IS¬Øoc-an-√mØ Pn√-Iƒ GsXms°?

$ CXp-t]mse IqSp-X¬ tNmZy-߃ Cu `q]-SsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xbm-dm-°q. Hmtcm tNmZy-Øn\pw \n߃ Is≠-Øp∂ DØ-c-߃ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Xbm-dm-°nb tNmZy-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkn¬ tNmtZym-Ø-c-∏-b‰v \S-Ømw.

`q{]-IrXn ]Sn-™mdv Ad-_n-°-S-en-t\mSp tN¿∂ aW¬ \nd™ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ XpSßn Ip∂p-Ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw IS∂v Ing-°≥ AXn¿Øn-bn¬ FØptºm-tg°pw IpXn®p]ms™m-gp-Ip∂ Im´m-dp-Ifpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSpapSnIfp-apƒs°m-≈p∂ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bmWv \ΩpsS sIm®p tIc-f-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. kap-{Z-\n-c∏ - n¬ \n∂p≈ Db-csØ ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n tIc-fØ - ns‚ `q{]Ir-Xn-sb aq∂m-bn-Xn-cn-°mw. `q]Sw (Nn{Xw˛10.2) \nco-£n®v tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃ GsX-√m-amWv Fs∂-gpXq. $

ae-\mSv

$ $

121

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

tIcfw `q{]-IrXn I¿Wm-SI

e£ S¬ vI Zzo ]

Xan-gv\mSv

In.ao.

Nn{Xw 10.2

122

tIcf°c-bn¬

ae-\mSv

kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂v GI-tZiw 75 ao‰-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ Db-c-ap≈ {]tZ-iamWv ae-\m-Sv. Dbcw IqSnb Ip∂p-Ifpw ae-Ifpsams°-bp≈ Cu `q{]IrXn hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂mWv \ΩpsS \Zn-I-sf√mw D¤-hn-°p-∂Xv. Cu `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øns‚ `qcn-`m-Khpw h\-ß-fm-Wv.

klys‚ aSn-bn¬... sX°v Xan-gv\mSv apX¬ hS°v KpP-dmØv hsc hym]n®p InS-°p∂ ]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS `mK-amWv tIc-f-Øns‚ ae-\mSv {]tZ-iw. ISp-h, ]pen, hc-bm-Sv, knwl-hm-e≥ Ipc-ßv F∂n-hbpw cmP-sh-ºme Dƒs∏sS ]e-Xcw ]mºp-Iƒ, \nc-h[ - n-bn\w ]£n-Iƒ, Nn{X-ie - ` - ß - ƒ XpS-ßnb A]q¿h-amb Pohn-Ifpw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-ep-≠v. ae-ap-g°n thgm-º¬

hc-bmSv

123

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

Cu´n, AIn¬, Nμ-\w, c‡N-μ\w XpS-ßnb ac-ßfpw ]eXcw Hm¿°n-Up-Ifpw \nd-™XmWv ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e. Cu {]tZ-iØ - n\v kly-]¿h-X\ - nc F∂pw t]cp≠v. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-s‚bpw AhnSsØ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsSbpw Nn{X- ß ƒ C‚¿s\- ‰ n¬ \n∂pw tiJ- c n®v kmaq- l yimkv{X em_nse Iºyq-´d - n¬ Hcp UnPn- ‰ ¬ B¬_w Xømdm-°q.

CS\mSv kap-{Z-\n-c∏ - n¬ \n∂pw 7.5 ao‰¿ apX¬ 75 ao‰¿ hsc Db-ca - p≈ `q{]- t Z- i - ß ƒ Dƒs∏- S p- ∂ XmWv CS\m-Sv. sNdnb Ip∂pIfpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw \ZoXS-ßf - psa√mw tN¿∂-XmWv CS-\mSv taJe. CS- \ m- S ns‚ Ing°pw ]Sn™mdpw AXn-cmb `q{]-IrXn hn`m- K - ß ƒ GsXm- s °- b msW∂v `q]SØn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Øq.

Xoc-{]-tZiw kap-{Z-\n-c∏ - n¬\n∂pw 7.5 ao‰¿ hsc- Db-cap≈ `mK-amWv Xoc{]- t Ziw. s]mXpth aW¬ \nd™ `q{]-tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv.

124

\ni-_vZX-bpsS Xmgvh-c-bn¬... ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse aÆm¿°mSvv Xmeq- ° n¬ Dƒs∏- S p∂ ]›n- a - L ´ h\- { ]- t Z- i - a mWv sske‚ v hmen. Nohn-Sp-Iƒ A]q¿Δam-bXp sIm≠mWvv Cu {]tZ-iØ - n\v "sske‚ v hmen' (\ni-_vZ-Xmgvhc) F∂ t]cp- h - c m≥ Imc- W w. hwi\mi-`o-jWn t\cn-Sp∂ knwlhm-e≥ Ipc-ßp-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS \nch[n kky- P - ¥ p- P m- e - ß - f psS Bhm- k tI{μw IqSn-bmWv Cu h\-{]-tZ-iw.

tIcf°c-bn¬

Imem-hÿ anX-amb Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv tIc-fØn¬ \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xv. AXn-I-Tn\- a mb NqtSm XWpt∏m tIc- f Øn¬ A\p- ` - h - s ∏- S m- X n- c n- ° m≥ {][m\ ImcWw IS-ens‚ kmao]y-am-Wv. sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ Ime-Øv tIcf-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ag- e-`n-°p-∂p. Pq¨ amkØn¬ XpS-ßp∂ Cu ag°mew CS-h∏ - mXn, Imeh¿jw F∂nßs\ Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂p. hS°pIn-g-°≥ a¨kq¨ ag°me-w Xpem-h¿j-sa-∂mWv Adn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv. sshIp-t∂-c-ß-fnse CSn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ag-bmWv Xpem-h¿jØns‚ {]tXy-I-X. GsXms° amk-ß-fn-emWv tIc-f-Øn¬ Xpem-h¿jw A\p`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? Unkw-_¿ amk-tØmsS tIc-f-Øn¬ t\cnb XWp∏v A\p--`-h-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßp-∂p. s^{_p-hcn a[y-tØmsS th\¬°mew Bcw-`n-°p-Ibmbn. th\¬°m-eØv Fs¥ms° {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv \m´n¬ A\p-`-h-s∏Sp∂Xv? $ \Zn-I-fn¬ \oscm-gp°v Ipd-bp-∂p. $

125

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

\Zn-Iƒ ]›n-aL - ´- Ø - n¬ \n∂p-¤h - n®v tIc-fØ - n-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ 44 \Zn-If - p≠v. Ch-bn¬ I_-\n, `hm-\n, ]mºm¿ F∂o \Zn-Iƒ Ing-t°m-´m-sWmgp Ip-∂-Xv. s]cn-bm-dmWv tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb \Zn. kmaqly imkv{Xem_nse `q]-S߃ \nco-£n®v NphsS sImSp-Øncn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠Øp-I. $ $

\nß-fpsS Pn√-bn¬°qSn Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ GsXm-s°-bmWv? tIc-f-Ønse \Zn-Iƒ D¤-hn-°p-∂Xv GXv `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂mWv? \Zn-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ {]tbm-P-\-߃ Fgp-Xp-I. $ IpSn-sh≈w $ C{X-tbsd {]tbm-P-\-ß-fp≈ \Zn-I-fpsS C∂sØ Ah-ÿtbm? Nn{Xw {i≤n-°q.

126

tIcf°c-bn¬

tIc-f-Ønse \Zn-Iƒ C∂v aen-\o-I-cW `ojWn t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv. \nß-fpsS \m´nse \Zn-Iƒ CØcw `oj-Wn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂pt≠m? at‰sXms° {]iv\-ß-fmWv \nß-fpsS \m´nse \Zn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂Xv? $ Ic-bn-Sn-®n¬ $

]p\¿÷\n Im¬ \q‰m≠p apºv h‰nhc-≠p-t]mb A´-∏m-Sn-bnse sImSp-ß-c-∏-≈w-]pg AXns‚ Hgp°v hos≠-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂p, Xangv\mSv AXn¿Øn-bnse s]cp-amƒap-Sn-bn¬ \n∂v D¤hn®v `hm\n∏pg-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp∂ ]pgbmWv sImSp-ß-c-∏≈w ]pg. h\-\io-I-c-W-amWv ]pg-bpsS \mi-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-®-Xv. ag-°p-gn-Iƒ, XSb-WIƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿am-Ww, ImSp-sh®p ]nSn-∏n-°¬ XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø-\-߃aqew ]pg \oscm-gp°v hos≠-SpØv A´-∏mSn {]tZiØpIqSn ho≠pw HgpIns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p. \nß-fpsS \m´nse \Zn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v At\z-jn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm°q. C{X-tbsd \Zn-Iƒ D≠m-bn´pw tIc-f-Øn¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw th\¬°m-eØv ISpØ Pe-£maw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw?

Imb-ep-Iƒ ISent\m- S - v tN¿∂p ImW- s ∏- S p∂ henb Pem-ib - ß - f - mWv Imb-epIƒ. Be-∏pg, tIm´bw, Fd- W m- I pfw Pn√- I - f nembn hym]n®p InS°p∂ thº-\m´p-Imb¬ tIc- f - Ø nse G‰hpw

127

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

henb Imb-em-Wv. a’y-_-‘-\w, I°-hm-c¬, Ib¿hy-h-km-bw, hnt\mZ-k-©mcw F∂n-hbv°pth≠n Imb-ep-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØp∂p.

XSmI-߃ Ic-bm¬ Np‰-s∏´ henb Pem-ib-ß-fmWv XSm-I-߃. sIm√w Pn√bnse imkvXmw-tIm´ XSm-Ia - mWv kwÿm-\sØ G‰hpw henb ip≤P-e-X-Sm-Iw. Imb-ep-Ifpw XSm-Iß - fpw H´-\h - [n {]iv\ß - ƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v. Fs¥-√m-am-Wh? $ hyh-kmb amen-\y-ßfpsS \nt£]w $ \Zn-Ifpw Imb-ep-Ifpw XSm-Iß - fpw tIc-fo-bc - psS Pohn-Xh - p-ambn Gsd _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw {]m[m-\ya¿ln°p∂ ]e ÿe-ßfpw \Zn-Xo-c-ß-fn-emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. \ΩpsS \mSns‚ kwkv I mchp- a mbn Cg- t N¿∂v \n¬°p∂ Cu Pemib߃ kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xt√?

Irjnbpw P\-Po-hn-Xhpw tIcfw Hcp Im¿jnI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ kwÿm-\a - m-W.v hf-°q-dp≈ aÆpw [mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p∂ agbpw tIc-f-Øn¬ Irjn-°-\p-Iq-e-amb kmlN-cy-samcp-°p-∂p.

128

tIcf°c-bn¬

Xoc-{]-tZ-iß - f - n¬ sXßv, s\√v XpS-ßnb hnf-If - mWv apJy-ambpw IrjnsN-øp-∂-Xv. Chn-SsØ Imb-ep-Iƒ a’y-Ir-jn°v hym]-I-ambn D]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ CS- \ m- ´ n- s e- Ø p- t ºm- t g°pw sshhn- [ y- a m¿∂ hnf- I ƒ Irjn- s N- ø p- ∂ - X mbn ImWmw. s\√v , sXßv , hmg, tN\, tNºv F∂nh Iq- S msX Iap- I v , d∫¿, ac- ® o- \ n, Im∏n, Ipcp- a p- f Iv XpSßnb hnf- I fpw Cu taJ- e - b n- e p- ≠ v . ae-\m-´n¬ s]mXpth A\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp∂ XWp-∏p≈ Imem-hÿ tXbne, Gew, Ipcp-ap-fIv F∂o hnf-Iƒ°v Gsd A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ tZio-tbm-’-h-amb HmWw Nnß-am-k-Ønse hnf-sh-Sp∏-pambn _‘-s∏-´-XmsW∂v \n߃°-dn-bmtam? hnjp-hn\v Im¿jn-I^-e-߃ sIm≠v IWn-sbm-cp-°p-∂Xpw ]Øm-ap-Zb -- -Øn\v hnf--bn-d-°p-∂-Xp-sams° tIc-fob kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ Irjn-bpsS ÿm\w hy‡am-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS Im¿jnIkw-kvIm-chpw hnf-ssh-hn-[yhpw kPo-h-ambn \ne\n¿Øn-bm-et√ Cu BtLm-j-߃ A¿∞-]q¿W-am-Iq?

KT-607/4/ Social Sci. - 5 (M), Vol-2

Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°q.

129

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

hnS-]d- bp∂ hnf-ssh-hn[yw ae-bm-fn-Iƒ C∂v hymh-km-bn-I{- ]m-[m-\y-ap≈ d∫¿ XpSßnb hnfIƒ ]cºcmKX hnf-Iƒ°p ]I-c-ambn Irjn sNøp-I-bm-Wv. Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymkw e`n°p∂-tXmsS tbmKy-X-bv°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ sXmgn¬tXSn t]mIp∂-hc - psS FÆw IqSp∂p. CXv bphm-°f - n¬ Irjntbm-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Imcyamb am‰w hcp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. IqSmsX ]c-º-cm-KX hnf-Iƒ Irjn-sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xm¬]cy-°p-dhpw C∂v tIc-fØnse Hcp -{]-iv\ambn amdn-bn-´p-ap-≠v. CXn-s\mcp am‰w htc-≠X-t√. N¿®-sN-øq. \nßfpsS ho´n¬ Blmcw D≠m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Im¿jnI hn`h߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv? Chsb \nß-fpsS \m´n¬ Irjn sNøp∂h, adp-\m-´n¬ \n∂pw FØp-∂h F∂n-ßs\ ]´n-Is - ∏-Sp-Øq.

Fs‚ Irjn-tØm´w \nß-fpsS ho´p-]-cn-k-cØpw kvIqƒ ]cn-k-cØpw Irjn sNøq. ho´n-te-°m-h-iy-ap≈ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, s\√v F∂nh Irjn sNbvXv Dev]mZn-∏n-°p-∂Xv BÀm-Z-I-c-amb A\p-`-h-am-Wv. CXp-sIm-≠p≈ sa®-ßsf-s¥m-s°-bmWv? $

hnjw ]pc-fmØ ]®-°dnIƒ

$

KXm-KXw tIcfØn¬ Hmtcm `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb KXm-KX-am¿K-ßf - mWv cq]-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv. Imb-ep-Iƒ, XSm-Iß - ƒ, \Zo-ap-Jß - ƒ F∂nh \nd™ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv Pe-K-Xm-K-X-am¿KØn\v Gsd {]m[m\yap-≠v. Xncp-h-\-¥] -- pcw apX¬ tlmkvZp¿Kvhsc \ofp∂ Pe-]mX \ap-°p-≠v. a’y-_-‘-\w, KXm-K-Xw, cmPy-c£ XpSßnbhbv°v {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏Sp∂ Xpd-ap-J-ßfpw hnI-kn-®n-´p≠v. Imb-ep-Iƒ°p IpdptI ]me-߃ h∂tXmsS Xoc-{]-tZ-i-Øp-IqSn sdbn¬∏mX- I fpw tZiob]mX- I fpw tIcfØnep≠m-bn. CS-\m-´nepw ae-\m-´nepw tdmUv -K-Xm-K-X-amWv IqSpX-ep-≈Xv. ]›n-aL - ´- Ø - nse Npc-߃hgn Xangv\m-

130

tIcf°c-bn¬

´n-te°pw I¿Wm-S-I-Øn-te°pw Cu ]mX-Iƒ \ofp∂p. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, sIm®n, tImgn- t °mSv F∂o A¥m- c mjv { Shnam- \ - Ø m- h - f - ß fn¬\n∂pw C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-te°pw \nc-h[n hntZ-i-cm-Pyß-fn-te°pw hnam-\-k¿ho-kp-Iƒ D≠v. `q]Sw 10.3 \nco-£n°q.

IÆq¿

hb\mSv

]me°mSv

tIm´bw

]Ø\wXn´

Nn{Xw 10.3

131

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

$

tIc-fØ - n¬ sdbn¬]mX-Iƒ C√mØ Pn√-Iƒ GsXms°? F¥psIm≠v?

$

tZio-b-]m-X-Iƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ `q{]-IrXn hn`mKw GXv? F¥p-sIm≠v?

ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥w \mSv lcn-Xm-`-amb ]¿Δ-X-ßfpw ae-Ifpw \nd™ `q{]-Ir-Xn, [mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p∂ ag, At\Iw \Zn-Iƒ, kpJ-I-c-amb Imem-hÿ, Db¿∂ km£cXbpw kwkvIm-c-hpap≈ P\-X... C{X-tbsd kº∂amb \ΩpsS tIc-f-Øns‚ sshhn-[yhpw hn`-h-k-ºØpw hcpwXe-ap-dbv°mbn ImØp kq£n-t°-≠Xv \mtam-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw IS-a-bm-Wv. AXn\pth≠n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \ap°v ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Imw.

kw{Klw $ $ $ $

C¥y-bpsS sX°p`mKØv Ad-_n-°-Sens‚ Xoc-Øv ÿnXnsNøp∂ kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. ae- \ m- S v , CS--\ m- S v , Xoc- { ]- t Ziw F∂n- ß s\ hyXy- k v X - a mb `q{]IrXnbmWv- tIc-f-Ønep≈Xv. tIc-fØ - n¬ CShn´v A\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp∂ ag-°m-ehpw th\¬°m-ehpw hyXykvX Im¿jn-I-hn-f-Iƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cysam-cp-°p-∂p. Irjn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-Xa - mb Hcp kwkvIm-ca - mWv tIc-fØ - n-\p-≈Xv.

{][m\ ]T-\t- \-´ß - f- n¬ s]Sp-∂h $ $ $ $ $ $ $

132

tIcfØs‚ ÿm\w, AXn-cp-Iƒ, Pn√-Iƒ F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p. ]›na-L´-Ønse kky, P¥pPme-ß-fpsS B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p∂p, hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse EXp-°-sf-°p-dn®v \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tIc-fØ - neqsS Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-If - psS D¤-h{- ]-tZiw Hgp-°n-s‚ KXn F∂nh Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p. \Zn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-߃ hniIe\w sNøp-∂p.

tIcf°c-bn¬

$ $ $

\Zn-Ifpw Imb-ep-Ifpw kwc-£n-°s - ∏-tS-≠X - m-sW∂ aqeyw hnhn[ am¿§ßfneqsS {]I-S-am-°p-∂p. Irjnsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv tIc-fob kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-´Xv F∂ \nK-a\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. `q{]-IrXn {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°-\p-krX-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®n´p≈ hnhn[ KXm-K-X-am¿K-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

hne-bn-cp-Ømw 1.

2.

3. 4.

"`q{]-Ir-Xn°v A\p-kr-X-amb Im¿jnI-hn-f-I-fmWv tIcf-Øn-\p≈Xv'. Cu {]kvXm-h\ icn-h-bv°p∂ DZm-l-c-W-ß-ƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I. tIc-f-Ønse \Zn-Iƒ \nc-h[n {]iv\-߃ t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v. \nßfpsS {]tZ-isØ \Zn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn-∏p Xbmdm°q. tIc--f - Ø ns‚ Imem- h ÿmkhn- t i- j - X - I ƒ Fs¥--√ m- a mWv ? tIcf-Øns‚ Ing-°≥ta-J-e-bn¬ sdbn¬ KXm-KXw C√m-ØXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw?

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\w Im¿Uvt_m¿Upw Ifn-aÆpw D]-tbm-Kn®v tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-IrXn amXrI \n¿Ωn-°pI. Bh-iy-amb km[-\-߃ 30 sk.ao.  30 sk.ao. Af-hp-Iƒ D≈ Im¿Uvt_m¿Uv Ifn-aÆv s]≥kn¬ hm´¿ If¿ am¿°¿ t]\ 30 sk.ao. \ofhpw 30 sk.ao. hoXn-bp-ap≈ Im¿Uvt_m¿Uv IjWw FSpØv AXn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ cq]-tcJ hc-bv°p-I. Ifn-aÆv Ipg®v Cu cq]-tc-J-bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ amXrI \n¿Ωn-°p-I. `q{]-IrXn taJeIƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn \ndw \¬Ip-I. Xp≠p-I-S-em-kp-I-fn¬ ae\mSv, CS-\mSv, Xoc-{]-tZiw F∂o t]cp-Iƒ am¿°¿ t]\-sIm≠v Fgp-Xn AXmXv `q{]-Ir-Xn-I-fn-t∑¬ ]Xn-°p-I.

133

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

kvIqƒ Akw-ªn-bn¬ \n߃ FSp-°p∂ {]Xn⁄ H∂v Hm¿Øv t\m°q. B {]Xn⁄ XpS-ßp-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-at√?

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-W.v F√m C¥ym-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Zcoktlm-Zc - ≥am-cm-W.v Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln- ° p- ∂ p. kºq¿Whpw sshhn- [ y- ] q¿W- h p- a mb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p...

C¥y-bpsS sshhn-[y-]q¿W-amb ]mc-º-cyØn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂-h-cmWv \Ωƒ C¥ym- ° m¿. thjw, `mj, BNmcw XpSßnb-h-bn-se√mw ]pe¿Øp∂ sshhn[y- ß - f mWv C¥ysb Hcp hyXykv X

134

\ΩpsS C¥y

cmPyam°p-∂-Xv. `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-ÿ, kky-Pm-e-߃, P\-Po-hnXw XpSßnbnh-bn--sem-s°bpw Cu sshhn-[y-߃ \ap°p ImWmw. C{Xtbsd sshhn-[y-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw PmXn-˛-a-X-˛-`mjmt`Z-at\y GtIm-Z-ck-tlm-Z-c-ß-sf-t∏mse H‰-s°-´mbn Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv C¥ym-°m¿. C¥y- b nse sshhn- [ y- ß - s f- ° p- d n®v IqSp- X ¬ Adn- t bt≠? Cu A[ymbw AXn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p∂p.

C¥y-˛ÿ - m-\hpw Ab¬ cmPy-ßfpw ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ h≥I-c-I-sf-°p-dn®v \mw N¿® sNbvX-t√m. GXv h≥I-c-bn-emWv C¥y ÿnXn sNøp-∂-sX∂v ]d-bmtam? GjybpsS -`q-]-S-Øn¬ \n∂pw C¥ybpsS Ab¬cmPy-߃ GsX√m-sa∂v Is≠Øq.CXn-\mbn A‰vetkm Npa¿`q]-S-ßtfm D]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. `q]-SØ - n¬ (Nn{Xw˛11.1) C¥y-bpsS sX°p`mKØp≈ kap-{Zw I≠nt√? Cu kap-{Z-amWv C¥y≥ alm-k-ap-{Zw. Cu kap-{Z-Øns‚ Ing°v `mKw _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-se∂pw ]Sn-™mdv `mKw Ad-_n-°-S-se∂pw Adn-bs∏-Sp∂p.

C¥y-˛k - w-ÿm-\ß - ƒ `cW kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn C¥ysb 29 kwÿm-\-ßfmbn Xncn-®ncn-°p∂p. 2014 Pq¨ amkØn¬ B{‘m{]tZiv kwÿm\w koam{‘m, sXe¶m\ F∂nßs\ c≠v kwÿm\ßfmbn hn`Pn°s∏´p. Hmtcm kwÿm-\Ø - n-s‚bpw `cWtI{μ-߃ Xe-ÿm\w F∂ t]cn¬ Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y-bpsS `q]Sw (Nn{Xw˛11.1) \nco-£n®v kwÿm-\-ß-fpw Ah-bpsS Xe-ÿm\\K-c-ß-fpw Is≠Øq. cmPy-Øns‚ samØ-amb `cWw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂- tZiobXe-ÿm\-\KcamWv U¬ln-.

135

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

C¥y cmjv{Sob `q]Sw

{io\-K¿ PΩp-Im-ivao¿

N

lnam-N¬ {]tZiv knwe ]©m_v Ofin-KVv sUdm-Uq¨ DØ-cmJfiv lcn-bm\ U¬ln \yqU¬ln cmP-ÿm≥ eIv\u DØ¿{]-tZiv

Pbv]q¿

KpP-dmØv Km‘n-\-K¿

kn°nw KmMvtSmIv ]m‰v\ _olm¿ Pm¿Jfiv ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ dm©n sIm¬°Ø

t`m∏m¬ a[y-{]-tZiv OØo-kvKUv dmbv]q¿ alm-cmjv{S

Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZiv C‰m-\K - ¿ B mw Znkv]q¿ jnt√mMv taLm-eb

\mKm-em‚ v sImlna

Cw^m¬ aWn-∏q¿ AK¿Øe sFkvhmƒ {Xn]pc ant mdmw

HUnj `ph-t\-iz¿

apwss_ sslZ-cm-_mZv

_wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬

I¿Wm-SI

Ad-_n-°S¬ _wK-epcp

e£-Zzo]v

sNss∂

A¥mcmjv{S AXn¿Øn tIcfw

Xan-gv\mSv

kwÿm\ AXn¿Øn kwÿm\ Xe-ÿm\w

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tZiob Xe-ÿm\w

C¥y≥ almkap{Zw Nn{Xw˛11.1

136

B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]-k-aqlw

B{‘m-{]-tZiv ]\mPn tKmh

\ΩpsS C¥y

kwÿm-\ß - sf IqSmsX t]m≠n-t®-cn, Zma≥ Znbp, Zm{Zm \ - K - ¿ lthen, Nfin-K-Vv, e£-Zzo-]v, B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]-k-aqlw F∂o Bdv tI{μ-`-cW {]tZ-i-ßfpw C¥y-bn-ep-≠v. `q]Sw (Nn{Xw˛11.1) \nco-£n®v tI{μ`cW{]tZ-i-ß-fpsSbpw tZiob Xe-ÿm\ \K-c-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\w Is≠-Øq.

C¥y-˛`- q-{]-IrXn ]¿Δ-X-߃, ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, ka-X-e-߃, Zzo]p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn-[`qcq-]-ß-ƒ `qan-bnep≠v. Hcp `q{]-tZ-i-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ CØcw khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv Ahn-SsØ `q{]-Ir-Xn. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb ]¿h-X-\n-c-Ifpw ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw hnim-eamb ]oT-`qan {]tZ-i-ßfpw acp-`q-anbpw Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw Zzo]p-Ifpw Dƒs∏´ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bmWv C¥y-bv°p-≈-Xv. C¥y-bnse ]¿h-X-߃ hnhn[ h≥I-cI - f - nse {][m-\] - ¿h-X\ - n-cI - s - f-°p-dn®v ap≥ A[ym-bØ - n¬ \n∂pw \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠m-Ip-a-t√m.

lnam-e-b-]¿hXw

]›n-a-L-´-\n-c-Iƒ

temI-Ønse Xs∂ Db-c-ta-dnb ]¿hX\nc-I-fmb lnam-e-b-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw C¥y-bn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. lnam-e-b-tØ-°mƒ Dbcw Ipd™ \nc-I-fmb Bc-h-√n, ]›n-a-L-´w, ]q¿Δ-L-´w, hn‘ym-\ncIƒ, k-Xv]pcm\nc-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv C¥y-bnse a‰v {][m\ ]¿h-X\n- c - I ƒ. Cu ]¿h- X - \ n- c - I - f n¬ \ns∂√mw At\Iw \Zn- I ƒ D¤hn°p∂p≠v.

137

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

C¥y-bnse ka-X-e-߃ AXn-hn-im-e-am-bXpw \nc-∏m-b-Xp-amb `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fmWv ka-X-e-߃. lnam-eb ]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ°v sX°p `mKØv hnim-e-amb Hcp ka-X-eap≠v. lnam-e-b-Øn¬\n∂pw \Zn-Iƒ Hgp°n-s°m-≠p-hcp∂ F°¬ \nt£-]n-®mWv Cu ka-X-e-߃ cq]-s∏´Xv. kn‘p-˛-KwK˛{_-“-]p{X ka- X - e - ß ƒ F∂mWv Cu ka- X - e- { ]- t Ziw Adn- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . Cu ^e]pjv S - a mb kaXeß-fn¬ tKmXºv, s\√v, tNmfw, Icnºv apX- e mb At\Iw hnf- I ƒ Irjn sNøp-∂p. AXn\m¬ C¥- y - b psS `£y-Ie - h - d F∂v Cu {]tZ-isØ hnti-jnKwKm-k-a-Xew ∏n-°m-dp-≠v. C¥y-bnse acp-`qan hoin-b-Sn-°p∂ Im‰pw sImSpwNqSpw IsÆ-ØmZqctØmfw hym]n-®ncn-°p∂ aW¬°q-\-Ifpw acp-`q-an-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv. C¥ybpsS hS-°p-]-Sn-™mdv ÿnXn sNøp∂ cmP-ÿm≥ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ IqSp-X¬ `mKhpw acp`qan-bmWv. Ym¿ acp-`qan F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu {]tZiØv ag hfsc IpdhmbXn\m¬ P\hm-khpw Irjnbpw Ipdhm-Wv.

Ym¿ acp-`qan

138

\ΩpsS C¥y

C¥y-bnse ]oT`qanIƒ Np‰p-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ßsf At]-£n®v Db¿∂Xpw apIƒ`mKw Gsd°psd \nc-∏m-bX - p-amb `q{]-tZ-iß- f mWv ]oT- ` q- a n- I ƒ. C¥y- b nse G‰hpw henb ]oT- ` q- a n- b mWv U°m¨ ]oT- ` q- a n. amƒhm, tOm´m-\m-Kv]q¿ U°m¨ ]oT-`qan F∂n-h-bmWv a‰v {][m\ ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ. C¥y-bnse Xoc-{]-tZ-i-߃ kap-{Z-tØmSv tN¿∂v ÿnXn sNøp∂ \nc-∏mb `q{]-tZ-iß- f mWv Xoc- { ]- t Z- i - ß ƒ. \of-ta-dnb Xoc-{]-tZ-iamWv C¥y-°p-≈Xv.

Xoc-{]-tZiw

$

C¥y-bpsS G-‰hpw sX°p `mKØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Xoc{]tZiap≈ kwÿm\w GsX∂v `q]S-Øn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øq.

$ C¥y-bnse Zzo]p-Iƒ kap-{Z-Øm¬ Np‰-s∏´ Ic-`m-K-ßsfbmWv Zzo]p-Iƒ F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv. C¥y-bpsS `mK-amb At\Iw Zzo]p-Iƒ C¥y≥ alm-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p-≠v. C¥y-bnse Zzo]-ka - q-lß - f - mWv Ad-_n-°S- e - nse e£-Zzo]pw _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-ense B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]kaql-ßfpw. Ah-bpsS Nn{X-ß-fmWv NphsS \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

139

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

e£-Zzo]v

B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]p-Iƒ

`q]-SØ - n¬ (Nn{Xw ˛ 11.1) \n∂pw e£-Zzo-]ns‚bpw B≥U-am≥ \nt°m_m¿ Zzo]p-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm\w Is≠-Øq.

C¥y-˛\ - Z- n-Iƒ C¥y-bnse {][m\ ]¿h-X\ - n-cI - s - f-°p-dn®v \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXp-ht- √m. CXn¬ an° ]¿h- X - \ n- c - I fpw At\Iw \Zn-I-fpsS D¤h-ÿm-\ß-fmWv. lnam-eb ]¿h-X-\n-c-Ifn¬ \n∂p- ¤ - h n- ° p∂ kn‘p, KwK, {_“- ] p{X F∂n- h bpw D]Zzo]nse Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn-°p∂ alm-\-Zn, tKmZmh- c n, Irjv W , Imth- c n, \¿aZ, KwKm\Zn Xm]vXn F∂o \Zn-IfpamWv C¥ybnse {][m\ \Zn-Iƒ.

C¥y-˛-Imem-hÿ hf-sc-b[ - nIw sshhn-[y- a - p≈ Imem-hÿ - b - mWv C¥-yb - n¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂-Xv. C¥-y-bn¬ ag-°mew, ssiX-y-Imew, th\¬°mew F∂n-ß-s\bp≈ EXp-°-fmWv A\p-`-hs∏- S p- ∂ - X v. Pq¨ apX¬ sk]vXw- _ ¿ hscbpw HIvtSm_¿ apX¬ \hw-_¿ hscbpap≈ c≠v ag-°meßfmWv C¥-y-bn¬ D≈-Xv. Ad-_n-°-S-en-t\mSv tN¿∂ ]Sn- ™ m- d ≥ Xoc- { ]tZiag-°meØv ßfnepw hS°p Ing- ° ≥

140

\ΩpsS C¥y

kwÿm- \ - ß - f nepw Cu Ime- b fhpIfn¬ [mcmfw ag e`n-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ag- e-`n°p∂ {]tZ-i-amWv taLm-e-bnse Nndm-]p-©n. C¥y-bnse Im¿jn-I-taJe Cu ag-°m-eß - sf B{i-bn-®mWv \ne-\n¬°p∂-Xv.

ssiXyIme Zriyw

Unkw-_¿ apX¬ s^{_p-hcn hsc- b p≈ amk- ß - f n- e mWv C¥y-bn¬ ssiXy-Imew A\p`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssiXy-Im-esØ XpS¿∂v am¿®v, G{]n¬, sabv amk-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bn¬ DjvWImew A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. th\¬°me Zriyw

C¥y-˛s- s\k¿KnI kkyPmeßfpw, P¥p°fpw C¥ybpsS `q{]IrXnbnepw Imemhÿbnepw Gsd sshhn[yßfps≠∂v \n߃ a\ nem°nbt√m. Cu sshhn[y߃°\pkrXambn kkyPmeßfnepw P¥p°fnepw H´\h[n sshhn[y߃ \ap°p ImWmw. ag-°m-Sp-Iƒ, Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-Iƒ, apƒ°mSp-Ifpw Ip‰n-°m-Sp-Ifpw, ]p¬{]tZ-iß - ƒ apX-emb ss\k¿KnI kkyPmeßfpw C¥y-bn-ep-≠v.

ag°mSv

Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSv

B\, knwlw, ISp-h, ]pen, Im´p-t]m-Øv, am≥, abn¬, thgm-º¬ apXemb At\Iw ]£n-˛-ar-Km-Zn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fmb Cu {]tZ-i߃ C¥y- b psS hne- a - X n- ° m- \ mImØ kº- Ø mWv F∂- X n¬ kwiban-√.

141

]p¬{]tZiw

apƒ°mSv

\Ωƒ C¥y-°m¿ `q{]-IrXn, Imem-hÿ, kky-P¥ - p-Pm-eß - ƒ Ch-bn-sems° C¥y-bn¬ Hcp-]mSv sshhn-[yßfp-s≠∂v a\- n-em-bnt√? Cu sshhn-[y-߃°\p-kr-X-ambn P\-Po-hn-X-Ønepw sshhn-[y-ß-fp-≠v. Z£n-tW-¥y-°m¿°v Acn-bm-Wv {][m\ `£y-[m-\ysa-¶n¬ DØ-tc¥y-°m¿°v tKmX-ºmWv {][m\ `£y-[m-\yw. Blm-cc - o-Xn-bn¬ {]mtZin-Ia - mb Cu hyXym-kß - ƒ°v Imc-Wsa¥m-bn-cn°mw? ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøq. Z£n-tW-¥y-°m¿ s]mXpsh ]cp-Øn-hk - v{X-ßf - mWv {][m-\a - mbpw D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ ]¿h-X{- ]-tZ-iß - f - n¬ Iºnfn hkv{X߃°mWv {]map-Jyw. F¥m-bn-cn°mw ImcWw? BtLm-j-ß-fn-ep-ap≠v sshhn-[y-߃. tIc-fo-bc - psS tZio-tbm-’h - am-Wt√m HmWw. Xan-gv\m-´n¬ s]m¶-emWv {][m\ BtLm-jw. Bkmanse _ - nlp, DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ tlmfn... F∂n-ßs\ BtLm-jß - fnepw BNm-cß - f - nepw sshhn[yw {]I-Sa - m-W.v C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-[y-߃°v IqSp-X¬ DZm-lc - W - ß - ƒ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°q. $ $

142

`mj

\ΩpsS C¥y

\mw hkn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-sf-°mƒ XnI®pw hn`n-∂-amWv C¥y-bnse CX-c-`m-K-߃. `q{]-Ir-Xn-bnepw Imem-h-ÿ-bnepw kky-˛-P-¥p-Pm-eß-fnepw am\-hP - o-hn-XØ - nepw hf-sc-b[ - nIw sshhn-[y-ßf - p-s≠-¶nepw AXns\√mw AXo-X-ambn C¥y Hscm‰ cmPy-ambn \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. C¥y-bpsS kar≤hpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Xo¿®bmbpw \mw A`n-am\w sIm≈pI Xs∂ sNøpw.

kw{Klw $ $ $ $ $ $

$

Gjym h≥I-c-bpsS sX°p `mK-ØmWv C¥y ÿnXn- sN-øp-∂Xv. C¥ybn¬ 28 kwÿm-\-ß-fpw 6 tI{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpw D≠v. ]¿h-Xß - ƒ, ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, ka-Xe - ß - ƒ, Xoc-{]-tZ-iß - ƒ, Zzo]p-Iƒ, F∂nh Dƒs∏´ `q{]-IrXnbmWv C¥y-bv°p-≈-Xv. C¥y-bnse {][m\ \Zn-I-fmWv kn‘p, KwK, {_“-]p-{X, alm\Zn, tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW, Imth-cn, \¿Ω-Z, Xm]vXn F∂nh C¥y-bnse Ime-ßsf ag-°m-ew, ssiXyIm-ew, th\¬°mew F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ag-°m-Sv, Ces]mgnbpw ImSv, apƒs®-Sn-Ifpw Ip‰n-°m-Sp-Ifpw ]p¬{]tZ-iß - ƒ, apX-em-bh - b - mWv C¥y-bnse {][m\ kky-Pme߃. `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-ÿ, kky-Pm-e-߃, `mj, thjw, `£-WcoXn, BNm-cß - ƒ, BtLm-jß - ƒ F∂n-hb - n-se√mw hfscb[nIw sshhn-[y-߃ Ds≠-¶nepw CXn-s\√mw AXo-X-ambn C¥y Hscm‰-cm-Py-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

{][m\ ]T-\t- \-´ß - fn¬ s]Sp∂h $

Gjy h≥I-c-bpsS `mK-amb C¥ybpsS hen-∏w, ÿm\w, AXn-cpIƒ, kwÿm-\-߃, Xe-ÿm-\-߃ F∂nh hy‡am°p∂p.

$

C¥ybpsS `uXnI khntijXIfmb `q{]IrXn, \ZnIƒ, Imemhÿ, kky˛P¥pPme߃ F∂nhbnse sshhn[y߃ hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$

C¥ybpsS kmwkv I mcnI khntijXIfmb `mj, thjw, BNmcßfpw BtLmjßfpw, `£WcoXn, Irjn, F∂nhbnse sshhn[y߃ hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$

\m\mXzØn¬ GIXzw F∂ Bibw hy‡am°p∂p.

143

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw V

hne-bn-cpØmw 1.

NphsS \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂ kwÿm-\ß - f - psS Xe-ÿm-\ß - ƒ GsX√m-sa∂v Fgp-Xp-I. $ Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZiv

$ cmP-ÿm≥

$ lnam-N¬ {]tZiv

$ OØo-kvKVv

$ antkmdmw

$ tKmh

2.

C¥y-bpsS `q{]-IrXn khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ- hni-Z-am-°p-I.

3.

lnam-eb - Ø - n¬ \n∂p-¤h - n-°p∂ \Zn-Ifpw D]Zzo]ob C-¥y-bnse Db¿∂ {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ \n∂p-¤h - n-°p∂ \Zn-If - pw ]´n-Is - ∏-Sp-Øp-I.

4.

C¥y-bnse Imem-h-ÿm-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Z-am-°p-I.

XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ $

C¥y-bpsS cmjv{Sob `q]Sw \nco-£n®v 28 kwÿm-\-ß-fpw AhbpsS Xe-ÿm\\K-c-ß-fpw Is≠Øn ]´n-I-]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I. {Ia\º¿

kwÿm-\-߃

Xe-ÿm\w

1

Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZiv

C‰m-\-K¿

2 3 4

$ $ $ 28

$ $

144

C¥y-bnse hkv{X-[m-cW sshhn[yw F∂ Xes°´n¬ Hcp UnPn‰¬ B¬_w Xøm-dm-°q. A‰ve-kn-s‚tbm Npa¿`q-]-S-ß-fp-sStbm (C¥y˛`uXn-I-`q-]Sw) klm-bØ - m¬ C¥y-bnse ]¿h-Xß - f - p-sSbpw ka-Xe - ß - f - p-sSbpw ]oT-`q-an-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm\w Is≠-Øq.