BASI CSCI ENCE Cl assVI I I

Gov er nmentofKer al aDepar t mentofEducat i on St at eCounci lofEducat i onalResear chandTr ai ni ng( SCERT) , KERALA 2020

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TheNat i onalAnt hem Janaganamanaadhi nay aka, j ay ahe Bhar at habhagy av i dhat a. Punj abSi ndhGuj ar at Mar at ha Dr av i daUt kal aBanga Vi ndhy aHi machal aYamunaGanga Uchchal aJal adhi t ar anga Tav asubhanamej age, Tav asubhaasi samage, Gahet av aj ay agat ha Janaganamangal aday akaj ay ahe Bhar at habhagy av i dhat a. Jay ahe, j ay ahe, j ay ahe, Jay aj ay aj ay a, j ay ahe!

PLEDGE I ndi ai smycount r y .Al l I ndi ansar emybr ot her sandsi st er s. Il ov emycount r y , andIam pr oudofi t sr i chandv ar i edher i t age. Ishal l al way sst r i v et obewort hyofi t . Ishal l gi v er espectt omypar ent s, t eacher sand al l el der sandt r eatev er y onewi t hcour t esy . Ipl edgemydev ot i ont omycount r yandmypeopl e. I nt hei rwel l bei ngandpr osper i t yal onel i esmyhappi ness.

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Nameoft hest udentt r ai nee: AMI NAS Opt i onalSubj ect

: PHYSI CALSCI ENCE

Nameoft hecol l ege

: HKM COLLEGEOF EDUCATI ON, UMAYANALOOR

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CONTENTS

1.Ty pesofSol ut i ons 2.Sat ur at ed, unsat ur at edandsuper sat ur at edsol ut i ons 3.Tr uesol ut i on, suspensi onandcol l oi ds

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I NTRODUCTI ON Sol ut i on,i nchemi st r y ,ahomogenousmi x t ur eoft woormor esubst ancesi n r el at i v eamount st hatcanbev ar i edcont i nuousl yupt owhati scal l edt hel i mi t ofsol ubi l i t y .Thet er m sol ut i oni scommonl yappl i edt ot hel i qui dst at eof mat t er ,butsol ut i onsofgasesandsol i dsar epossi bl e.Ai r ,f orex ampl e,i sa sol ut i onconsi st i ngchi ef l yofox y genandni t r ogenwi t ht r aceamount sof sev er al ot hergases, andbr assi sasol ut i oncomposedofcopperandzi nc. Li f epr ocessesdependi nl ar gepar tonsol ut i ons.Oxy genf r om t hel ungsgoes i nt osol ut i oni nt hebl oodpl asma,uni t eschemi cal l ywi t ht hehemogl obi ni n t her edbl oodcel l s,andi sr el easedt ot hebodyt i ssues.Thepr oduct sof di gest i onal soar ecar r i edi nsol ut i ont ot hedi f f er entpar t soft hebody .The abi l i t y ofl i qui ds t o di ssol v e ot herf l ui ds orsol i ds has many pr act i cal appl i cat i ons. Chemi st st akeadv ant ageofdi f f er encesi nsol ubi l i t yt osepar at eandpur i f y mat er i al sandt ocar r youtchemi calanal y si s.Mostchemi calr eact i onsoccur i nsol ut i onandar ei nf l uencedbyt hesol ubi l i t i esoft her eagent s.Mat er i al sf or chemi calmanuf act ur i ngequi pmentar esel ect edt or esi stt hesol v entact i on oft hei rcont ent s.

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I nchemi st r y , asol ut i oni saspeci alt y peofhomogeneousmi x t ur ecomposed oft wo ormor esubst ances.I nsuchami x t ur e,asol ut ei sasubst ance di ssol v edi nanot hersubst ance, knownasasol v ent . Themi x i ngpr ocessofasol ut i onhappensatascal ewher e t heef f ect sofchemi calpol ar i t yar ei nv ol v ed,r esul t i ngi n i nt er act i onst hatar especi f i ct osol v at i on. Asol ut i oni sahomogeneousmi xt ur eofoneormor esol ut es di ssol v edi nasol v ent .

Thesol ut i onusual l yhast hest at eoft hesol v entwhent hesol v enti st he l ar gerf r act i onoft hemi x t ur e, asi scommonl yt hecase.

Onei mpor t antpar amet erofa sol ut i on i st heconcent r at i on,whi ch i sa measur eoft heamountofsol ut ei nagi v enamountofsol ut i onorsol v ent . Thet er m" aqueoussol ut i on"i susedwhenoneoft hesol v ent si swat er .

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Ther ear emanyi nst anceswher esol ut i onsar emadeuseof .Somesol ut i ons ar egi v eni nt het abl ebel ow.I dent i f yt hest at esoft hesol ut eandt hesol v ent i neachoft hem andcompl et et het abl e.

Thesol ut edoesnothav et obei nt hesamephy si calst at east hesol v ent , but t hephy si calst at eoft hesol v entusual l ydet er mi nest hest at eoft hesol ut i on. Asl ongast hesol ut eandsol v entcombi net ogi v eahomogeneoussol ut i on, t hesol ut ei ssai dt obesol ubl ei nt hesol v ent .

SOLVENTANDSOLUTE Nor mal l y ,t he const i t uent pr esent i n smal l er amount i s consi der edast hesol ut eandt heconst i t uentpr esenti nl ar ger amounti sconsi der edt hesol v ent .I naqueoussol ut i ons, wat eri s al way st hesol v enti r r espect i v eofi t samount . Thesol v enti st hemat er i alt hatusual l ydeci dest hesol ut i on' sphy si calst at e ( sol i d,l i qui dorgas) .Thesol ut ei st hepr oductt hatt hesol v entdi ssol v es.A sol ut i onofsal tandwat er ,f orex ampl e,haswat erast hesol v entandsal tas t hesol ut e.

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CONCENTRATI ONOFSOLUTI ON Theconcent r at i onofasol ut i oni sameasur e oft he amountofsol ut et hathas been di ssol v edi nagi v enamountofsol v entor sol ut i on.Aconcent r at edsol ut i oni sonet hat hasar el at i v el yl ar geamountofdi ssol v ed sol ut e.A di l ut esol ut i oni sonet hathasa r el at i v el ysmal l amountofdi ssol v edsol ut e. Concent r at i onofasol ut i onr ef er st ot heamountofsol ut e di ssol v edi naf i xedamountofsol v ent .Asol ut i on cont ai ni ngasmal l amountofsol ut ei sknownasadi l ut e sol ut i onandt hatwhi chcont ai nsl ar geamountofsol ut ei s knownasaconcent r at edsol ut i on.

The concent r at i on ofa sol ut i on i st he amount of sol ut e pr esent i n a gi v en quant i t y of t he sol ut i on. The sol ut i on hav i ngsmal lamountofsol ut ei scal l edDi l ut eSol ut i on.Thesol ut i onhav i ng l ar geamountofsol ut ei scal l edConcent r at edSol ut i on.

EXTENDEDACTI VI TY Sol ut i on Sal twat er Or nament al gol d Sodawat er Di l ut ehy dr ochl or i caci d

Sol v ent

Sol ut e

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SATURATEDSOLUTI ON When wat er ,orany sol v ent ,has di ssol v ed as much ofany subst anceasi tcan, i ti sasat ur at edsol ut i on.Asat ur at edsol ut i on i sasol ut i oni nwhi cht her ei ssomuchsol ut et hati ft her ewasany mor e, i twoul dnotdi ssol v e. Dodi f f er entmat er i al sdi ssol v et ot hesameex t enti nagi v ensol v ent ? Take50mLeachofwat eri nt wobeaker s.Take100g eachofpowder edcommonsal t( sodi um chl or i de)and ammoni um chl or i de.St i randdi ssol v et hecommon sal tgr adual l yi nt he wat eri n one oft he beaker s. Cont i nuedoi ngt hi st i l lnomor esal tdi ssol v es.Sucha sol ut i on,i n whi ch maxi mum amountofsol ut ehas beendi ssol v ed, i sknownasasat ur at edsol ut i on. Thesol ut i onobt ai nedbydi ssol v i ngmaxi mum amountofsol ut eatagi v en t emper at ur ei sknownasasat ur at edsol ut i on.

A sat ur at edsol ut i oni sasol ut i ont hatcont ai nst hemax i mum amountof sol ut et hatcanbedi ssol v edundert hecondi t i onatwhi cht hesol ut i onexi st s. I nchemi st r y , af t erst udy i ngsol ut i onsandpr oper t i esoft hesol ut i on, onecan under st andt hatasol ut i oncanr eachast at usofsat ur at i on.Thi sst at ei s whent hesol ut i onhasr eachedapoi nti nwhi chnomor esol ut ecanbeadded. 10

Addi t i onofsol ut eaf t ert hi spoi ntwoul dr esul ti nasol i dpr eci pi t at eorgas bei ngr el eased.Suchami xt ur ei scal l edasat ur at edsol ut i on.

UNSATURATEDSOLUTI ON Thesol ut i onbef or er eachi ngsat ur at i oni sknownasanunsat ur at edsol ut i on. Unsat ur at edsol ut i onscandi ssol v emor eamount sofsol ut e. Theamountofsal tt hati susedt opr epar et hesat ur at edsol ut i oncanbe f oundoutf r om t heamountofsal tt hati sl ef tbehi nd. Repeatt heabov eact i v i t ybyaddi ngammoni um chl or i de gr adual l yt ot hesecondbeaker .I si tpossi bl et opr epar e t hesat ur at edsol ut i onofammoni um chl or i det hi sway ? Compar et heamountofammoni um chl or i dewi t ht hatof commonsal t .Whi chi sgr eat er ?Fi ndout .I ti snowcl ear t hatt he amount s ofcommon sal tand ammoni um chl or i der equi r edt omakeasat ur at edsol ut i onusi ngt hesamesol v entunder t hesamecondi t i ondi f f er . Sol ubi l i t yi sdef i nedast hemax i mum amountofasubst ancet hatwi l l di ssol v ei nagi v enamountofsol v entataspeci f i edt emper at ur e.

SUPERSATURATEDSOLUTI ON Asuper sat ur at edsol ut i oncont ai nsmor edi ssol v edsol ut et hanr equi r edf or pr epar i ngasat ur at edsol ut i onandcanbepr epar edbyheat i ngasat ur at ed sol ut i on,addi ngmor esol ut e,andt hencool i ngi tgent l y .Ex cessdi ssol v ed sol ut ecr y st al l i zesbyseedi ngsuper sat ur at edsol ut i onwi t haf ewcr y st al sof t hesol ut e.

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Whi l epr epar i ngsat ur at edsol ut i onsofv ar i oussol ut esi na def i ni t eamountofagi v ensol v entundert hesamecondi t i ons, wi l l t heamount ofsol ut esget t i ngdi ssol v edbet hesame?Tr yt of i ndout . Thenat ur eofsol ut eandt het emper at ur ear et wof act or st hat i nf l uencesol ubi l i t y .

Obser v et hesol ubi l i t yoft hef ol l owi ngsubst ancesat30° C

Gi v eni sagr apht hatconnect st hesol ubi l i t yandt het emper at ur eofcer t ai n sal t s. Ex ami net hegr aphandf i ndoutt hef ol l owi ng: 1. Whi chsubst anceshowsmax i mum i ncr easei nsol ubi l i t yast emper at ur e i ncr eases? 2. Whi chsal t shav et hesamesol ubi l i t yatat emper at ur eof40° C? 3. Whi ch subst ance shows a decr ease i n sol ubi l i t y wi t hi ncr ease i n t emper at ur e?

GROWI NGCRYSTAL Let ' sdot hef ol l owi ngact i v i t y . Whati st heamountofcoppersul phat eneededt opr epar e100g ( 100mL)ofi t ssat ur at edsol ut i onat30° C?Fi ndoutf r om t he t abl e. 12

Pr epar e25 mLofasat ur at ed sol ut i onofcopper sul phat e. Heat t hi s sol ut i on and pr epar e a super sat ur at edsol ut i onbyaddi ngmor eamount sof sol ut e. Cool t hi s sol ut i on gr adual l yt o nor mal t emper at ur e.Hangasmal lcr y st al ofcoppersul phat e i nt hi ssol ut i on.Makesur et osel ectasmal lcr y st al ofCuSO4.Whatchangedoy ouobser v eaf t ersome t i me?Obser v eaf t eraday .Hasanychangeoccur r ed? Recor dy ourobser v at i on.Whenasol ut ecr y st ali s pl acedi nasuper sat ur at edsol ut i on,t heex cessof t hesol ut ecr y st al l i sesassmal lcr y st al s.Thecr y st al canbeseent ogr owaswel l .Whatcoul dbet her easonf ort hi s?Repeatt he ex per i mentusi ngasat ur at edsol ut i onofadi f f er entsal t .

EXTENDEDACTI VI TY Pr epar eanot eont hei nf l uenceoft emper at ur eont hesol ubi l i t yofsubst ances.Gi v eexampl es.

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Let ' sdoanex per i ment . Takeequal amount sofwat eri nt hr eesepar at ebeaker s.Add coppersul phat ecr y st al si nt hef i r st , mi l ki nt hesecondandchal k powderi nt het hi r dbeaker .St i rt hem wel l .Keept hebeaker s undi st ur bedf orsomet i me.

I nwhi choft hesebeaker sdi dt hesubst anceset t l edown? St i ri tagai nandpassani nt ensebeam ofl i ghtt hr ought hesi desoft het hr ee beaker s.Ti cky ourobser v at i onsi nt abl e12. 3.Fi l t ert het hr eemi x t ur esusi nga f i l t erpaper . Obser v at i on Pat hofl i ghtcan beobser v ed Par t i cl escanbe obser v ed

Beaker1 Cannotbe obser v ed Smal l si ze

Beaker2 Cannotbe obser v ed Medi um si z e

Beaker3 Canbeobser v ed Bi gsi z e

Beaker 1cont ai nsat r uesol ut i on. Beaker -2cont ai nsacol l oi dandBeaker-3cont ai nsasuspensi on. Tabul at et hechar act er i st i csofeachmi x t ur ey ouhav eobser v ed. 14

Act i v i t y Fi l t er i ngusi nga f i l t erpaper Passi ngan i nt ensebeam of l i ght Keepi t undi st ur bed

Sol ut i on Par t i cl escannot besepar at ed Pat hofbeam i s notv i si bl e

Col l oi d Cannotbe separ at ed Pat hofbeam i s v i si bl e

Suspensi on Canbesepar at ed

Par t i cl esdonot set t l edown

Par t i cl esdonot set t l edown

Par t i cl esset t l e down

Pat hofbeam i s v i si bl r

Thedi f f er enceobser v edi sduet o t hechangei nsi z eoft hepar t i cl es pr esenti nt hem. Whi chmi xt ur ei nt hesebeaker shas t hesmal l estpar t i cl esi ze? CuSO4 & wat er Howwast hi si dent i f i ed? Whi chmi xt ur ehast hebi ggestpar t i cl esi z e?Chal k&wat er . . Thesi zeofsol ut epar t i cl espr esenti nasol ut i oni ssosmal lt hati tcannotbe seenwi t ht henakedey e.Si ncet hesepar t i cl esar ev er ymi nut e,t heycannot scat t erabeam ofl i ght .Hence,t he pat hoft hel i ghtbeam i snotv i si bl e. I nt hecaseofcol l oi ds,t hesol ut e ( col l oi dal ) par t i cl e si z e i s compar at i v el ybi gger .Hence,t hey scat t erabeam ofl i ght , t husmaki ng t hepat hoft hebeam v i si bl e. Par t i cl esofsuspensi onsar ebi genought obeseenwi t ht henakedey e.The l i ghtf al l i ngont hem i sr ef l ect edal mostcompl et el y .Theygr adual l yset t l e downundert hei nf l uenceofgr av i t y . Ev al uat et hef ol l owi ngmi xt ur es: I nk, muddywat er , f og, at mospher i cai r , mi l k, sugarsol ut i on, di l ut er i cewat er . Cl assi f yt hem i nt ot r uesol ut i on, col l oi dandsuspensi on TRUESOLUTI ON COLLOI D SUSPENSI ON

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TYNDALLEFFECT Hav ey ounot i cedt hatt hepat hoft hel i ght beam canbecl ear l yseenduet ot hedust par t i cl esi naci nemat heat r eandi nsmar t cl assr ooms wher ev i sual s ar e shown usi ng a pr oj ect or ?Whati st he r eason behi ndt hi s? Let ' sdoanex per i ment . Pr epar easol ut i onbyaddi ng2gsodi um t hi osul phat e( hy po)i nabeaker cont ai ni ng50mLofwat er .Ar r anget hebeakeri nt hepat hofabeam ofl i ght andaddaf ewdr opsofdi l ut ehy dr ochl or i caci d.St i rt hesol ut i on.Obser v ef or awhi l e.Recor dy ourobser v at i ons. Sul phurget s pr eci pi t at ed when sodi um t hi osul phat er eact s wi t h di l ut e hy dr ochl or i caci d.Bef or et hechemi calr eact i on,t hemi x t ur eex i st edasa sol ut i on.Wi t hi naf ew seconds,asmor eandmor esul phurpar t i cl esf or m, t heyaggr egat et oget her .Thepar t i cl esi z et husget sbi ggerandf or msa col l oi dmaki ngt hepat hoft hel i ghtbeam v i si bl e.Fur t her ,mor eandmor e sul phurpar t i cl esgetsepar at edandt hesi z eofpar t i cl eskeeponi ncr easi ng. Thust hemi xt ur ebecomesasuspensi on. SOFTDRI NKS Mostoft hej ui cest hatwedr i nkar el i qui dsi nt hecol l oi dalf or m. Suchj ui cesandl i qui dsar eav ai l abl ei nt hemar ket .Theydonot set t l edownev enaf t erpr ol ongedst or age. Howar et heyr et ai nedassuchf orl ongper i odsoft i mewi t houtset t l i ngdown? Do y ou know t hatsome subst ances ar e added f ort hi s pur pose?Such subst ancesar ecal l edst abi l i ser s.

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Ar echemi cal saddedt osof tdr i nksonl yf ort hi spur pose? Whatar et heot herpur posesf orwhi chchemi cal subst ancesar eaddedi nsof t dr i nks?  Fori ncr easei nconsumpt i onoft hesehar mf ul dr i nks.  Chemi calsubst ancesal sogi v et hesedr i nksani cet ast et hatat t r act s t our i st st owar dst hem Fami l i ar i sey our sel fwi t hsomechemi cal swhi char eusedi nsof tdr i nkst o maket hem at t r act i v e. Chemi calsubst ance Jui ce/ f oodmat er i al st o Use whi chi ti sadded Er y t hr osi ne Foodmat er i al Col our i ngagent Tar t r azi ne Foodmat er i al Col our i ngagent Vani l l i n Foodmat er i al Tast eenhancer Phosphor i caci d Sof tdr i nks Togi v esourt ast e Al l y l hex anoat e Foodmat er i al Forf r agr ance At eam ofr esear cher sr ev i ewedt hest udi est hatwer econduct edi nt hepast t oi nv est i gat et hel i nkbet weensuchdr i nksandcar di omet abol i cheal t h.The r esul t scl ear l ydemonst r at edt hatconsumpt i onofsuchsof tdr i nksnotonl y pr omot edobesi t ybutal sospi kedupt her i skofdev el opi ngdi abet esand hear tr el at edai l ment s. EXTENDEDACTI VI TI ES 1.Tabul at et hemi x t ur est hatweusei nourdai l yl i f ei nt osol ut i ons, col l oi dsandsuspensi ons.Ar ecol l oi dsandsuspensi onshomogeneous mi x t ur es?Di scussandf i ndout . 2.Mostoft hesof tdr i nksar ei nj ur i oust oheal t h.I sn' ti tdanger oust o addsuchchemi cal st osof tdr i nks?Howdoest hecont i nuoususeof sof tdr i nksaf f ectt hehumanbody ?

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SUMMARY Sol ut i on,i nchemi st r y ,ahomogenousmi x t ur eoft woormor esubst ances i nr el at i v eamount st hatcanbev ar i edcont i nuousl yupt owhati scal l edt he l i mi tofsol ubi l i t y .Thi st ext book consi st s oft he t opi c" Sol ut i ons" ,i t s def i ni t i on, t y pes, pr oper t i esandchar act er i st i cs.

LEARNI NGOUTCOMES

Thel ear nercan:  I dent i f ysol ut i onsexi st i ngi nsol i d, l i qui dandgaseousst at es.  I dent i f yandt abul at et hesol v entandt hesol ut ei ndi f f er entsol ut i ons.  Pr epar e sat ur at ed and super sat ur at ed sol ut i ons based on t he concent r at i onofsol ut i ons.  Cl assi f ymi xt ur esi nt ohomogeneousandhet er ogeneousones.  Cl assi f ymi xt ur est hatar eusedi ndai l yl i f ei nt osol ut i ons, col l oi dsand suspensi ons.  I dent i f yt hechemi cal susedi nsof tdr i nksandf oodmat er i al st hatar e i nj ur i oust oheal t handengagei nawar enesspr ogr ammesonhowsuch chemi cal saf f ectt heheal t h. REFERENCES 1. ht t ps: / / www. br i t anni ca. com>sci ence 2. " Sol ut i ons" .Washi ngt on Uni v er si t y Chemi st r y Depar t ment .Washi ngt on Uni v er si t y .Ret r i ev ed13Apr i l 2018. 3. I UPAC,Compendi um ofChemi calTer mi nol ogy ,2nded.( t he" Gol dBook" ) ( 1997) . " sol ut i on" .

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