The subjunctive. Car - hitch trailer

The subjunctive Car - hitch – trailer Car: The car can go independently. It does not depend on anything to make it go. (Main/Independent clause: It c
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The subjunctive

Car - hitch – trailer Car: The car can go independently. It does not depend on anything to make it go. (Main/Independent clause: It can stand alone and express a complete idea.) Hitch: The hitch connects the car and the trailer together. (que = connector) Trailer/caboose: The trailer can not go anywhere without the car pulling it. It is totally dependent on the car (independent clause). (Dependent/subordinate clause: It cannot stand alone and it depends on the main clause to complete the message.) Main clause ………… que ………… dependent clause. (subject + verb) (different subject + verb in the subjunctive) To use the subjunctive in the dependent clauses, there are three criteria which must be met. If any of the conditions are not met, the indicative mood is used. 1. There must be a dependent clause (a "que" clause) - Claúsula dependiente. 2. There must be a change of subject - cambio de sujeto. 3. There must be a causative verb (U-WEIRDO) in the independent clause - verbo causativo. When to use the subjunctive? The following expressions in the main clause will cause the verb in the dependent clause to be conjugated using the subjunctive as long as there is a change of subject. U-WEIRDO: Uncertainty: no creer, no pensar, ¿creer?, ¿pensar? Want, Wish, Will: querer, desear, preferir, insistir (en), necesitar, aconsejar, dejar, esperar Emotion: sentir, alegrarse de, sorprenderse de, temer, tener miedo de, lamentar Impersonal expressions: es necesario, es importante, es bueno, es mejor, es posible Requests: pedir, decir, mandar, prohibir, permitir, exigir, ordenar, rogar (ue), sugerir (ie), suplicar, hacer Doubt/denial: dudar, negar (ie), no creer, no pensar Ojalá: If only…! I wish (hope) that…! The subject in the dependent clause must be different from the subject in the main clause. If there is only one subject, an infinitive must be used. Formation: Formación del presente del subjuntivo

1. conjugate the verb - yo present indicative tense 2. drop the o (to get the new stem) 3. Add opposite endings: AR verbs: e, es, e, emos, éis, en ER/IR verbs: a, as, a, amos, áis, an Hablar: hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen Comer: coma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, coman Vivir: viva, vivas, viva, vivamos, viváis, vivan Irregular yo-Form in Present Indicative -ger/-gir > jo

coger: coja, cojas, coja, cojamos, cojáis, cojan Others: corregir (i), escoger, exigir, proteger, recoger, corregir (i), elegir (i) conocer: conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcan

-cer/-cir > -zco (vowel in front)

Others: traducir, conducir, producir, crecer, nacer, parecer, obedecer, ofrecer

-cer > zo

vencer: venza, venzas, venza, venzamos, venzáis, venzan

–uir > -uyo

huir: huya, huyas, huya, huyamos, huyáis, huyan Others: construir, destruir, concluir, contribuir, incluir

-guir > go

seguir (i): siga, sigas, siga, sigamos, sigáis, sigan Others: conseguir (i), distinguir, extinguir

-go

oír: oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oigáis, oigan Others: caer, decir, hacer, poner, oír, salir, tener, traer, valer, venir

-guar >-güe

averiguar: averigüe, averigües, averigüe, averigüemos, averigüéis, averigüen The u changes to ü before an e to keep the u sound, otherwise it will be silent.

-iar/-uar > íe, úe enviar: envíe, envíes, envíe, enviemos, enviéis, envíen continuar: continúe, continúes, continúe, continuemos, continuéis, continúen Accent mark on the í/ú in all forms except in the nosotros and vosotros form. Others: espiar, confiar, guiar, resfriarse, actuar, graduarse Spelling Changes yo form: -ar verbs: yo-form of preterite indicative tense. -gar > -gue -car > -que -zar > -ce

llegar: llegue, llegues, llegue, lleguemos, lleguéis, lleguen buscar: busque, busques, busque, busquemos, busquéis, busquen lanzar: lance, lances, lance, lancemos, lancéis, lancen

Others: pescar, explicar, indicar, marcar, masticar, sacar, tocar, llegar, jugar (ue), cruzar, almorzar (ue), cazar, abrazar, comenzar (ie), empezar (ie) Stem-changing verbs: Vowel changes e > ie, o > ue do not appear in the nosotros and vosotros forms except for –ir verbs, where only one letter will change: e > i, o > u. Pensar (ie) piense

Poder (ue) pensemos

pueda

Dormir (ue) podamos

duerma

durmamos

pienses

penséis

puedas

podáis

duermas

durmáis

piense

piensen

pueda

puedan

duerma

duerman

Ar/Er-Verbs (Shoe Verbs): cerrar, comenzar, despertarse, empezar, encender, perder, querer, sentar(se), tener, acostarse, almorzar, contar, costar, devolver, mostrar, oler, volar, volver, etc. Ir-Verbs (Box Verbs): competir, corregir, decir, despedir(se), medir, pedir, reír(se), sonreír(se), seguir, servir, repetir, vestir(se), preferir, sentir(se), venir, morir, etc. Totally irregular verbs: DISHES dar

doy

dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den (accent distinguishes from de= 'of, from')

ir

voy

vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan

ser

soy

sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean

haber he

haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan

estar estoy esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén (accent shows stressed vowel) saber sé

sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan

Formation: Formación del imperfecto del subjuntivo 1. conjugate the verb - ellos preterite indicative tense 2. drop the -ron (to get the new stem) 3. add endings: AR/ER/IR verbs: -ra, -ras, -ra, -´ramos, -rais, -ran OR: -se, -ses, -se, -´semos, -seis, -sen Hablar: hablara, hablaras, hablara, habláramos, hablarais, hablaran OR hablase, hablases, hablase, hablásemos, hablaseis, hablasen Comer: comiera, comieras, comiera, comiéramos, comierais, comieran OR comiese, comieses, comiese, comiésemos, comieseis, comiesen Vivir: viviera, vivieras, viviera, viviéramos, vivierais, vivieran OR Viviese, vivieses, viviese, viviésemos, vivieseis, viviesen Nota: You must be aware of irregular preterites in order to make sure you arrive at the correct stems; however there are no truly irregular imperfect subjunctive verbs. They are all formed from the third person plural preterite. i to y changes in the third person Note extra accent marks caerse:

me caí

te caíste

se cayó

nos caímos

os caís

se cayeron

leer:

leí

leíste

leyó

leímos

leísteis

leyeron

Others:

creer, oír, traer Totally Irregular verbs:

andar:

anduve

anduviste

anduvo

anduvimos

anduvisteis

anduvieron

decir:

dije

dijiste

dijo

dijimos

dijisteis

dijeron

estar:

estuve

estuviste

estuvo

estuvimos

estuvisteis

estuvieron

hacer:

hice

hiciste

hizo

hicimos

hicisteis

hicieron

poder:

pude

pudiste

pudo

pudimos

pudisteis

pudieron

poner:

puse

pusiste

puso

pusimos

pusisteis

pusieron

querer:

quise

quisiste

quiso

quisimos

quisisteis

quisieron

saber:

supe

supiste

supo

supimos

supisteis

supieron

tener:

tuve

tuviste

tuvo

tuvimos

tuvisteis

tuvieron

venir:

vine

viniste

vino

vinimos

vinisteis

vinieron

Notice the irregular endings: e, iste, o, imos, isteis, ieron Other Irregulars: dar:

di

diste

dio

dimos

disteis

dieron

ser:

fui

fuiste

fue

fuimos

fuisteis

fueron

ir:

fui

fuiste

fue

fuimos

fuisteis

fueron

Stem-Changing Verbs Ending in –ir (3 Only’s: only IR-Verbs, only 1 letter, only él/ellos form) servir:

serví

serviste

sirvió

servimos

servisteis

sirvieron

medir:

medí

mediste

midió

medimos

medisteis

midieron

dormir:

dormí

dormiste

durmió

dormimos

dormisteis

durmieron

reír:

reí

reíste

rió

reímos

reísteis

rieron

others:

convertir, divertirse, repetir, sentirse, servir, sonreír, etc. (All -ir stem changing verbs)

The subjunctive has four tenses: Generally, the subjunctive is used in dependent clauses. Which tense of the subjunctive is used depends on the tense of the verb in the main clause. Verb in main clause: Verb in dependent clause: 1. present subjunctive Present Indicative or Present Perfect 2. present perfect subjunctive Future Command 3. imperfect subjunctive Imperfect or Preterite 4. past perfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive Conditional Pluperfect

U-Weirdo Verbs: 1. ¡Ojalá (que)….! I wish (hope) that ....! ¡If only….! 2. aconsejar - to advise 3. alegrarse (de) - to be glad 4. decir (i) - to tell (to order) 5. dejar - to let, to allow

15. exigir - to require, to demand 16. hacer - to make, to cause 17. insistir (en) - to insist (on) 18. mandar – to command, to order 19. negar (ie) - to deny 20. no creer - not to believe

6. desear - to wish, to want 7. dudar - to doubt 8. es dudoso - it is doubtful 9. es importante - it is important 10. es lástima - it is a pity 11. es necesario/es menester/es preciso - it is necessary es imposible - it is impossible 12. es posible - it is possible es mejor/más vale - it is better 13. es probable - it is probable es importante - it is important 14. esperar - to hope

21. pedir (i) - to request, to ask for 22. permitir - to permit, to allow 23. preferir (ie) - to prefer 24. prohibir - to forbid, to prohibit 25. querer (ie) - to wish, to want 26. rogar (ue) - to beg, to request 27. sentir (ie) - to be sorry, to regret 28. sorprenderse (de) to be surprised 29. sugerir (ie) - to suggest 30. suplicar - to beg, to plead 31. temer - to fear 32. tener miedo (de) - to fear, to be afraid

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