AERATION is the key to control pollution Dr.-Ing. Ksemsan Suwarnarat March 21,2023

BIOGRAPHY

BIOGRAPHY

PP works on Sugar Mills in in China

Industrial waste treatment plant consultations Pp Consultation Board chairman Was asked By His college Who Was Managing A Large Sugar Mill In Guanxi China. This sugar mill uses wastes as fuel to run the evaporation and also use the sugar cane stems to make paper. Sugar mill waste waters combine and go to a 2 stage Activated Sludge plant with surface aeration and a double carousel oxidation ditch. A settling tank followed with a DAF clarifier. Paper mill waste water went into an anaerobic IC methane generator and discharged to combine with the sugar mill wastes. The whole system had been foaming all over and the effluent discharge exceeded the regulation. Dr-Ing. KsemsanSuwarnart led the operation consulting team from PP to assist the local consultant to solve the problem.

Temperature（0C）

The local Consultant was of an opinion that high and swinging Temperature was the Problems at this paper and sugar-mill 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

times Tempreture of influent water

350

400

Oxidation of Elements

b’ increases with temperature

b’T2

= b’T1 x 1.024^(T2-T1) b’T2 = b@ T2 b’T1 = b@ T1

Effective Microorganisms used by sanitary engineers in activated sludge and biological filters

Oxygen mg/l

Proteins, Carbohydrate and Fats will be hydrolyzed to liquids of Amino acids Pyruvate and Fatty acids to enter the Krebs cycle where the oxidation with dissolved oxygen will turn them to stable oxides.

dC/dt = Kla(Cs-Cc)-R steady-state DO= 0=Kla(7-1)-BODr BODr=Kla(6)

X biomass O oxygen S substrate must be well mixed S combines with O only when enzyme X present AL and Facultative Ponds So X mix near aerator and X settles down at low mixing locations and staple. AS So X mix all over and X settles down only in the settling tank

a’ b’ in AS when sludge age increases OCR =a/ BODr + b/ Xv

OC a' and b'

OC factors 0.8 0.6

y = -0.0004x2 + 0.0181x + 0.4671

0.4

R2 = 0.9981

2

y = 0.0001x - 0.0066x + 0.1319 R2 = 0.9975

0.2 0 0

10

20

Sludge age days

30

OC/BODr OC/X

OCR =oxygen requirement BODr=substra te removed a’ b’ = 0.5 และ 0.05 Xv = Biomass kg

OC quotations at Standard Conditions Clean Water MSL pressure No salts No detergents

α= 1 β=1

In practice we never find waste water with no salts and no detergents. The standard conditions will have to be measured again onsite.

RBC and Bio-contact Processes Bio-contact processes aerates by wet surface creates physical gas exchanges at the biomass area 40 Kg.O2 Hectare area per day Same as Oxidation Ponds

Other Designs 1. Conventional activated sludge 2. step aeratio 3. tapered aeration 4. Contact stabilization, 5. Extended aeration 6. Oxidation ditch 7. Deep shaft aeration 8. Tower activated sludge 9. Pure oxygen activated sludge 10. Sequence batch activated sludge(SBA) or Sequence batch reactor (SBR) 11. AGS Aerobic Granulation Activated Sludge 12. Multistage activated sludge 13. ABR Anti Bulking Reactor; BF (Bulking Free)

Activated Sludge Settling separat ed from aeration High MLSS on demand High capacity

Aerotol

Sats

Big Biotol

Aeration requirement can be reduced by upstream organic solids interception by a septic tank with settling and floatation compartment

Septic Tank Reactions The BOD(protein carbohydrate and fats) will dissolve into liquids Amino acids Fatty acids and Acetic acids (over Acetyl CoA)  Krebs cycle will occur in another step with oxygen supply

SCUM

Aerotol

Low treatment cost is due to lower aeration power intensity (w/cum)

0.02 kgBOD/cum.d is the optimum aerated lagoon loading

In the Krebs Oxidation: Substrate “So” can react with O2 only when the catalytic enzyme from Xv is available

Aeration Coefficient Kla Oxygenation capacity= Kla(Cs-Cc) Cs=Max DO possible Cc=Actual DO in the tank Kla(Physical Engineering Results)

(Cs-Cc) is the scarcity of DO as the impetus for OC.

Kla in the canal, the flow of water is K2 =V/H^1.5 Speed causes Kla to add directly to power 1 Depth causes Kla to reduce. Raised to power1.5 (Diagram from a hand-out at U. of Newcastle/Tyne, 1967)

Orbal System Turntable helps aerate and make water run.

Spiral Aerator Spinning, twisting the tide.

Spiral Aerator Rotate, twist the current as it flows, making the operation of the mixing complete.

Reaction speed vary as substrate concentration.

When treating high BOD concentration the formation of organic acid from glycol must go faster and more glycol concentration is needed. Deeper glycol foam must occur to drive this reaction. An aerator that tolerate the thick foam is required.

Higher Pressure Concentrate More Oxygen [P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2] The deeper the tank, the more oxygen.

The onesided rotor relies heavily on the viscosity of the air, but the pressure is low, about 2-3 meters of water.

Soak it in water for quietness, cooling, and construction savings.

Water in the top, middle, out bottom.

Bottom water out on

ระดับนํ้า 2 เมตร

Pumping water through the channel causes the pressure to drop. The air therefore pushes down to mix with the water.

Current and agitation

High-mounted water pump

The high pressure air compressor pump is noisy, the air is tight and heats up.

Air Bubble Stream at one side can create up and down circular flow and prevent sedimentation

Air 280mgO2/lWater8mgO2/lBacterial Floc 0 mgO2/l

Higher Pressure Concentrate More Oxygen [P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2] Deeper tanks provide 100 meters more oxygen than deep-shaft.

Fill the air naturally by relying on the wind to turn the surface of the water more.

Aeration By Dripping Down Through The Media Voids in the biological filters, made of plastic blocks or bamboo blocks

Air Bubble from the floor may need a separate Stream driving propeller 3-5 watts/cum to prevent sedimentation

Various applications of aeration

Shape of the aeration tanks are made appropriate to the aeration system. Deep tanks need high pressure air pumps Shallow tanks are more suited to mechanical

Ordinary Blower

Submerged Blower

Deep-shaft and Oxidation ditch are both activated sludge aeration

Deep-shaft aeration system aerates under pressure at higher oxygen concentration

High Tower “Biohoch” in Germany

Submerged Aerators

Orbal aerator at Bangkok Sewage Treatment Plant, Hnong-kaehm

Aeration with partial mixing Aerated Lagoon in Germany

OC curves of cage rotors showing influences of speed and water depth

Early experiment in the UK with many blade designs

Surface Aerators

Aerator ไม้ กวาด

Mammoth rotors are simple and powerful

Separation of H2O from Sewage

Mechanical Surface Aerators. Low-cost. Conserved Fruit Factory BOD 2000 treated to BOD 10 mg/l

Cage-Rotor very high O.C.

Mixing and aeration is provided separately for higher efficiency

AIR Water

Mixture

Oxygen transfer rate of different aerators Varies from 0.25 kgO2/kWh with mechanical aeration In over size tank with unsuitable shape. Maximum nearly 4 kgO2/kWh with fine bubble aeration

Aeration of

stabilization ponds

related to the strength of solar energy.

Oxidation Pond Wind blows on the surface is a mechanical aeration. Solar energy and CO2 produces O2 and algae. Algae must settle down, or else BOD will increase. All bio-solids must settle out to allow clear effluent.

An Oxidation pond has all the functions of a sewage work

Solids will settle and accumulate in oxidation ponds Good design must include how to remove settled solids from oxidation ponds. A set of five ponds will allow one to be revives by removing bottom mud for six months. Same as most Thai gardeners do to the ditches.

Slime growth on bio-contact surfaces are basically the same as activated sludge

Aeration by surface contact of air and sewage of surfaces of filter made of bamboo blocks

Langlier Factor Solar Energy to D.O.

Bacteria Removal by Exposure

Aspirator Aeration Simple Robust No aerosol Easy to repair Long life Good oxygen transfer-rate Approx. 1 kg/kWh

Mechanical Surface Aerators. Low-cost. Mixing not uniform. Spray corrosion danger

Oxidation Ditches with Cage rotors have become very popular in Thailand

Mixing and aeration is provided separately for higher efficiency

AIR Water

Mixture

Deep-shaft and Oxidation ditch are both activated sludge aeration

Aerator plus RBC Se controlling Cannot predefine treatment capacity in fractions Need to apply reaction kinetic

Trickling filter is also one type of aeration. Rapid flow and adhesion to surface creates turbulence and aeration

High specific area must also be effective area and shape

Bio-breath Static RBC+Imhoff tank

Contact Aeration 50-100 g Oxgen/sqm/d

CO2 O

O2

Grease Xv

Xv

Xf

New RBC design with Buoyancy Drive and Integral Sludge Treatment is in a compact Plant AEROWHEEL

Biological solids obtained from waste water purification is a good manure for plants Biosolids contain effective microorganisms and plant nutrients. The lower section of Bio-sept , Biotol , Aerowheel are anaerobic digestors. Biosolids can disintergrate from solids to liquids (digest) and liquid to gas(ferment). In the tropical conditions, no disposal is necessary in 5 years.

“Hydrowheel”

by premier Product (PP) Celebrated 30 year anniversary

in 2005.

RBC is a surface contact aeration system. The ponds on surface of the discs are vertical and they are only 2-3 mm deep. The current on the surface is very rapid and OC is high

เมือกตะไคร่

BIO-BOMB

Contact Aeration 50-100 g Oxgen/sqm/d

X v = Bio-mass cultivated on the contact media X / v = Bio-mass oxidized by microorganism a = Growth coefficient of BOD Xf = Humus bio-mass released as fertilizer b = Decay Coefficient of Bio-mass

Xv

O

Xf

Various applications of aeration

Trickling filter is also one type of aeration. Rapid flow and adhesion to surface creates turbulence and aeration

Slime growth on bio-contact surfaces are basically the same as activated sludge

An Oxidation pond has all the functions of a all waste waters work

Most simple Process stabilization

related to the strength of solar energy. They are good for hygiene but not in nutrient removal ponds

Bacteria Removal in the oxidation ponds by Exposure to sun light

Oxidation Ponds are not the eventual solution Wind blows on the surface is a mechanical aeration. Solar energy and CO2 produces O2 and algae. Algae must settle down, or else BOD will increase. All bio-solids must settle out to allow clear effluent.

PP Package Activated Sludge Settling separated from aeration High MLSS on demand High capacity

Aspirator Aeration Simple Robust No aerosol Easy to repair Long life Good oxygen transfer-rate Approx. 1 kg/kWh

Aspirators draw air into water

Ordinary Blower

Submerged Blower

Mixing and aeration is provided separately for higher efficiency

AIR Water

Mixture

Digestors recover energy as CH4

Deep-shaft aeration system aerates under pressure at higher oxygen concentration

High Tower “Biohoch” in Germany

Orbal aerator at Bangkok waste waters Treatment Plant, Hnong-kaehm

Mechanical Surface Aerators. Low-cost. Conserved Fruit Factory BOD 2000 treated to BOD 10 mg/l

Oxygen transfer rate of different aerators Varies from 0.25 kgO2/kWh with mechanical aeration In over size tank with unsuitable shape. Maximum nearly 4 kgO2/kWh with fine bubble aeration

Shape of the aeration tanks are made appropriate to the aeration system. Deep tanks need high pressure air pumps Shallow tanks are more suited to mechanical aerators

Aeration with partial mixing Aerated Lagoon in Germany

Separation of H2O from all waste waters

Effective Microorganisms used by sanitary engineers in activated sludge and biological filters

Clear Effluent can grow more algae

Rubber curing factory waste treatment plant; trickling filter made of bamboo chunks

Aerator plus RBC Se controlling Cannot predefine treatment capacity in fractions Need to apply reaction kinetic

“Hydrowheel”

by premier Product (PP) Celebrated

30 year anniversary

in 2005.

RBC is the same as oxidation pond The ponds on surface of the discs are vertical and they are only 2-3 mm deep. The current on the surface is very rapid and OC is high

Bio-breath Static RBC+Imhoff tank

Surface contact area of media provide the biological growth and aeration surfaces for the biological growth process that remove organic matters from the all waste waters.

Aeration by surface contact of air and waste waters of surfaces of filter made of bamboo blocks

Large surface contacts are the key to efficiency of aerobic biological filters

Attached Growth System

The true waste waters purifier-all is the plants that is capable of removing all pollutants and discharge pure water from the leaves

Many large sewerage systems such as Melbourne, Australia, now add more decentralized treatment plants to the old system

Odour Odours are the same as organic acid CH3COOH CH2O + H2O

CH3COOH + CO2

C5H7NO2 + H2O +CH3COOH + CO2 + NH2CO2 + H2S ALKALINITY such as NaHCO3 ,Ca(CHO3)2 combine with CH3COOH and H2S Odours are absorbed

Odours are similar to organic acid CH3COOH; the bacteria in a Biological filter can absorb them as food

Growth Xex Inorganic P X v = a BOD r

Xex

X v ADP - bX / v

X v = Bio-mass in the system (kg) X / v = Volatile Bio-mass in the system (kg) Xf =

+ XF

Volatile Bio-mass in the system that gets through the

system (kg)

a = Growth coefficient kgBio-mass/kgBODremoved b = Decay rate of Bio-mass (kg/kg.day)

Rich P in Xex

ADP

Xv

Inorganic P X v = a BOD r

Xex

- bX / v

ADP

+ XF

Rich P in Xex can be removed with the excess sludge

Activated sludge can be harvested for use as soil enrichment (dry bio-mass)

CENTRIFUGAL DEWATERING The bio-solids are 90 % Water [P] phosphorous is still within the cells

A heavy point of discharge such as a slaughter-house can be treated on-site without need of municipal sewers.

Waste water treatment system Hat Yai Slaughterhouse Anaerobic-Aerobic-Anoxic

Storm water and all waste waters should not not be mixed PP_eco concept will divert all the roof run-offs through integrated Roof_Gutter system which reduces the rainwater run-offs to minimum and re-use the rain water directly on-site. all waste waters flows more regularly all day. Storm water flows as big shocks in only a few hours Sewer for rain water storms will be too big for all waste waters Sewer for all waste waters over flows when storm water gets in. Combine sewers are not good in the long-run

Most suitable size of a sewerage system is 30,000 persons High population density short sewer. Large number of population big size of pipe and higher cost per meter length. PP_Ecotanks can purify most all waste waters on-site and recover the all waste waters as clean water that can be re-used in the vicinity [compiling with ISO26000 in most aspects] No sewerage is needed in the PP_Ecotanks concept. Only a short loading sewer.

30,000 คน

sub center system preparation of wastewater treatment Allocation projects, commercial buildings, other residential buildings before releasing water into the public canal to prevent waste water in the community area

PP Ecotanks can be built in various shapes Oxidation Ditch Bio-hoch (High Tank) Deep-Shaft

จุลินทรี ยเ์ กาะ ผิววัสดุ จุลินทรี ยล์ อย นํ้า

PP-Ecotanks utilize microorganisms which are natural “buffers” 2 main groups of microbes Swimming “Mobile” microbes (Sats, Aeromax) Attaching microbes (Aerowheels) Attaching “Sessile” microbes are better Both mobile and sessile microbes can work together

ถัง เกรอะ

German model 1970 treatme nt system

ถังกรองชีวะวิธี เหมือน PP_Biobomb

wastewater management Industrial plants use PP_ Aerowheel like a Rotating Biological Filter, but can accept BOD loads many times that of normal RBCs.

Techno Markt Design Award Silver Medal Product Design Award 2006: Aerowheel (gold incinerator)

PP prefabricated small municipal wastewater treatment It can be designed to treat high BOD in the range of 200-1000 mg/l or more, with the outgoing BOD less than 20 mg/l. very clear less pollutant CH2O+O2 (carbohydrate)+ ( water )

Bacteria enzyme CO2 + H2O +C118H170N17O51P [somiya&Fujii,1984] (oxygen ) +

Enzymes (Carbon Dioxide)

+New Bacteria Cells

Energy Balance of Biochemical Reaction Aerobic

Anaerobi c

Aerobic CH2O+O2 CO2 +H2O - 112kCal/g-atom Carbon exothermic reaction To heat up, the reaction speeds up to the maximum at about 70 degrees C. Anaerobic CH2O+O2 CO2 +H2O + 2.4kCal/g-atom Carbon endothermic reaction As the tank cools, the reaction slows down until it stops at around -4 degrees C. 1 kCal = 4,200 Watt-second

Two stage Aerowheels treating high BOD waste water from BOD 3,000 to 10 mg/l BOD (Inf,Eff)

10000

lg mg/l

1000 100 10 1 0.1 Date

Influent Effluent 1 Effluent 2 Linear (Influent) Linear (Effluent 1) Linear (Effluent 2)

Sea Food Industry Jinjuey (Bio-gestor)

wastewater management High BOD industrial plants use Highrate Bio-gestor Anaerobic-filter Special media Octaflora can treat 10 kgCOD/cum/d.

H2

Investment and operating expenses

according to the government's master plan Sub-center system, aeration, more economical, centralized

Extended Aeration Activated Sludge Investment cost 1,667 baht/person Operating fee 200 baht/person/year 2.2 baht/m3 If it's hard to save money, keep doing it for drinking water, 44 baht/m3.

Aerowheel sub-systems consume only 20% of the electricity of diffused.aeration Cluster System = On-site + Aerowheel preparation of wastewater

treatment Allocation projects, commercial buildings, other residential buildings before releasing water into the public canal to prevent waste water in the community area

OUR PROPOSITION The wastewater of riverside

communities should use a treatment system. or where the wastewater treatment system has not yet been established, the building will be required to have an on-site system. Dense communities should use the Split and Cluster system. Aqua-privy Basic PP_Ecotank

our offer Dense communities that have not yet organized wastewater treatment systems, septic ponds - prefabricated anaerobic septic ponds, let seep into the soil. stop draining into water

The smallest community size is 5 people.

Drain the sewage water into the septic tank - the seepage pond will drain the sewage into the soil.

PP prefabricated small municipal wastewater treatment It can be designed to treat high BOD in the range of 200-1000 mg/l or more, with the outgoing BOD less than 20 mg/l. very clear less pollutant CH2O+O2

Bacteria enzyme CO2 + H2O +C118H170N17O51P [somiya&Fujii,1984]

(Carbohydrates)+ (Oxygen) Enzymes (Carbon Dioxide ) + ( water ) +New Bacteria Cells

Energy Balance of Biochemical Reaction Aerobic

Anaerobi c

Aerobic CH2O+O2 CO2 +H2O - 112kCal/g-atom Carbon exothermic reaction To heat up, the reaction speeds up to the maximum at about 70 degrees C. Anaerobic CH2O+O2 CO2 +H2O + 2.4kCal/g-atom Carbon endothermic reaction As the tank cools, the reaction slows down until it stops at around -4 degrees C. 1 kCal = 4,200 Watt-sPP_Econd

Sludge raising system for clear water

Sessile biological system

AlgaeC106H181N16O45P increases pH

Energy Balance of Biochemical Reaction Aerobic-top

Anaerobicbottom

Photosynthesis CO2 +H2O  CH2O+O2 + 112kCal/g-atom Carbon endothermic reaction if the sun disappears As the pond cools down, the reaction slows down to a stop at about -4 degrees C.

1 k Calory = 4,200 Watt-s = 4,200 Joules Thailand has about 500 W/Sqm of sunlight, which is 6 kWh per square meter per day.

Non-sludge degreasing treatment system

Sun-dried fat hardens into lumps and is easy to remove.

Fat separation treatment system with a fat receiving tank and a sedimentation tank.

filtering straight through the membrane[Membrane Technology]

milli

micro

nano

filtering straight through the membrane [Membrane Technology] Micro

Ultr a

RO

Dissolved Solids (TDS)

SS Oil,wax,colloi d,pigment

Nano

Detergent, Dissolved dyes

The new line will be smaller. Because the current (CONVENTIONAL) system still has problems

There are two main components: Drainage (Transportation by Sewerage) 80% of the investment cost, about 20,000 baht per person Difficult to dig, difficult to hope for success hygienic therapy (Treatment) 20% about 5,000 baht per person, built, waste water does not come, BOD only 50-60 mg

Price per population unit is not always constant. If the population is larger, the pipeline distance per population will be shorter. when the population increases The size of the pipe will increase, causing the price of each meter of drainage pipe to increase. Therefore, when the size is large, there will be a system size that is suitable between the savings obtained from the Treatment System item 1) and the waste from the Sewerage System item 2). In fact, we want to heal, not to vent.

Prefabricated small municipal wastewater treatment at present, high technology Bio-system can be designed to treat BOD at a level of 200-1000 mg/l or more, with BOD outgoing effluent less than 10 mg/l, eliminating N , P. very clear Can be filtered into drinking water with Membrane, RO less pollutant

CH2O+O2  Bacteria enzyme CO2 + H2O +C5H7NO2P (Carbohydrates)+ (Oxygen)  (Carbon Dioxide) + (water) + (New Bacteria Cells)

lichen mucus Aerobic BACTERIAL GROWTH Sarcodina and Sphaerotylus Nathan

Basic biological growth เมือก ตะไคร่ ใน Aerowheel และ Aerotol เหมือนเมือกตะไคร่ ใน trickling filters และ Bio-disc [RBC]

Bacterial slime in the Aerowheel removes 90% SS and 90% BOD

BIOBREATH

เมือกตะไคร่

X ex = a BOD r - b X / v + XF

CO2 O

O2

Grease Xv

Xv

Xf

BIO- X ex = a BOD r - b X / v + XF BOMB

เมือกตะไคร่

X v = Bio-mass cultivated on the contact media

X / v = Bio-mass oxidized by microorganism a = Growth coefficient of BOD Xf = Humus bio-mass released as fertilizer b = Decay Coefficient of Bio-mass

Xv

O

Xf

new courtyard (Man-made Wetland) SSF system; detention time 3 days

Treated all waste waters [150 cum/d] is recycled to a seepage system under a soccer-field of an International School in Bangkok

Another Effective Microorganism, the all waste waters treatment bio-solids Bio-mass separated from all waste waters

Treated Effluent

New RBC design with Buoyancy Drive and Integral Sludge Treatment is in a compact Plant AEROWHEEL

Biological solids obtained from waste water purification is a good manure for plants Biosolids contain effective microorganisms and plant nutrients. The lower section of Bio-sept , Biotol , Aerowheel are anaerobic digestors. Biosolids can disintergrate from solids to liquids (digest) and liquid to gas(ferment). In the tropical conditions, no disposal is necessary in 5 years.

Aertol

Sats

Biotol Malysia

Big Biotol

Aerotol

Ecotank

Grease Trap

PP works on Sugar Mills in in China

0

Temperature （ C）

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

times Temperature of influent water

2006

80

90

100

Fluctuation Problems 4000 3600 3200

COD（mg/L）

2800 2400 2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 0

50

100

150

200

250

times Influent

Effluent

300

350

400

Temperature（0C）

Temperature Problems of influent water 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

times Tempreture of influent water

350

400

Funan 1,250 cum/hr

Tuolu 750 cum/hr

Ningming 750 cum/hr

Installation example Fuchs Aerator

Construction was very fast from August to November

Site engineers are advised by Thai experts from PP

Difficulties at start-up. Little growth in aeration tank and black smelling settling tank

When operated properly purification set-in within 3 days When sludge is young COD will be high and DO also high

Activated sludge starts to flocculate

In 4 more days COD lowered to 80. They were the first sugar-mill in Gwangxi that complies with the government effluent standards

Clear Effluent at last

In 2009 We have Actually Built 9 New Plants for Sugar Mills and Renovate 2 Papaermills.

图3：ตั้งไว้10นาที ,SV10=180 SV30观察记

录

4 Sugar Mills were awarded cash prices by the environment authority of Gwangxi for their performances in 2008

YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION 2008 Items coeff m-yang tngjiang linglee siiangsan

q-hr Waste concentration sbod = 0.7COD BOD-load/d aBODl=kgO2/d sed m-hr sqm depth-m w-m l-m Det-time hr MLSS kg/cum FM/d X required kg Vol aeration cum bX=kgO2/hr/cum bX=kgO2/h Total area sqm OC=aBOD+bX kgO2/hr Aerator@kW1kgO2/kWh operating number volume depth-m aer-sqm length width+design aer-hr Installed aerators Percent of steady load

0.70 0.55 0.67

1.50 0.48

0 1

625.00 400.00 400.00 600.00 600.00 750.00 420.00 420.00 525.00 6,300.00 4,032.00 5,040.00 3,465.00 2,217.60 2,772.00 0.67 0.67 0.67 416.67 266.67 266.67 4.40 4.40 4.40 12.00 10.00 10.00 36.00 30.00 30.00 3.04 3.30 3.30 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.48 0.48 0.48 13,125 8,400 10,500 8,750 5,600 7,000 2,188 1,400 1,750 3,281 2,100 2,625 2,167 1,387 1,667 6,746 4,318 5,397 22 22 22 15 10 12 8,750 5,600 7,000 5.00 5.00 5.00 1,750.00 1,120.00 1,400.00 48.00 60.00 80.00 40.00 22.00 20.00 15.36 16.50 20.00 20.00 14.00 16.00 133.33 140.00 133.33

400.00 550.00 385.00 3,696.00 2,032.80 0.67 266.67 4.40 10.00 30.00 3.30 1.50 0.48 7,700 5,133 1,283 1,925 1,293 3,958 22 9 5,133 5.00 1,026.67 60.00 20.00 15.00 12.00 133.33

2007 funan tualu ningming chngzuo haitang 1,250.00 542.00 750.00 700.00 700.00 500.00 700.00 500.00 500.00 700.00 350.00 490.00 350.00 350.00 490.00 10,500.00 6,373.92 6,300.00 5,880.00 8,232.00 5,775.00 3,505.66 3,465.00 3,234.00 4,527.60 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 833.33 361.33 500.00 466.67 466.67 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.40 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 79.00 34.00 42.00 37.00 35.00 3.06 3.31 3.20 3.26 3.30 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 21,875 13,279 13,125 12,250 17,150 14,583 8,853 8,750 8,167 11,433 3,646 2,213 2,188 2,042 2,858 5,469 3,320 3,281 3,063 4,288 3,750 2,132 2,250 2,100 2,753 11,244 6,825 6,746 6,297 8,815 23 24 25 26 27 23 14 13 12 16 14,583 8,853 8,750 8,167 11,433 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 2,916.67 1,770.53 1,750.00 1,633.33 2,286.67 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 51.00 32.00 32.00 30.00 41.00 12.24 17.71 12.80 12.86 17.57 30.00 19.00 17.00 16.00 21.00 130.43 135.71 130.77 133.33 131.25

PP designed plants and installed 124 Fuchs aerators. 213 kW altogether

2009 and Onwards Huatai Tongya in China will carry on what PP had started.

E-BOOK By DR-ING. KSEMSAN SUWARNARAT AND MR.THITIPORN KONKEAW