i w' fmd' i' ^Wiia fmQ¾Kh 2.3.6 úoHq;a-RK;dfõ m %fhd ack yd nkaOk iajNdjh 2.4 whk sl nk aOk ……………………………………………………………………....77 2.5 f,dayl nk aOk ……………………………………………………………………...80 2.6 o aú;Sh sl wk a;¾ l %shd ……………………………………...………………………....81 03 t allh - ridhk sl .Kkh …………………………….………….……..…….……89-124 3.1 Tl ai slrK wxlh….………………………………………………………………….90 3.1.1 wK qjl$ nyq mrudK ql whkhl fyda ixfhda.hl we;s mrudK qjl TlaislrK wxlh ks¾Kh lsÍfï § Ndú; jk uQ,sl kS;S 3.1.2 frfvdlai a m%;sl%shdj, § mrudK q w;r bf,lafg %dak yqjudrej ms< sn`o wjfndaOhla ,eîu i`oyd TlaislrK wjia:d Ndú;h 3.2 wldnk sl ixfhda.j, kdulrKh ….……………………………………………….95 3.2.1 tal mrudK ql whkj,ska jHq;amk ak whksl ixfhda.j, kdu 3.2.2 tla j¾.hlg jeä legdhk idok uQ,øjHj,ska jHq;amkak whk sl ixfhda.j, kdu 3.2.3 ir, iyixh qc ixfhda.j, kdu 3.2.4 nyq mrudK ql whk 3.2.5 wldnksl wï, 3.3 mrudKql ialk aOh" ujq, yd wej.dâfrda k sh;h….………………………………100 3.3.1 mrudKql ialkaO tallh" ujq,h yd wej.dâfrda ksh;h w;r iïnkaO;dj 3.3.2 uQ,øjHj, uOHkH mrudK ql ialkaOh .Kkh lsr Su 3.3.3 uj q,h 3.3.4 uj q,sl ialkaOh 3.4 ridhk sl iQ; % j¾. ….…………………………………………………..……….…102 3.4.1 ridhk sl iQ;% Ndú;fhka flfrk ridhksl .Kkh 3.4.2 ixfhda.hl wdkqNúl iQ;%h iy wK ql iQ;%h ks¾Kh lsÍu 3.4.3 wdkqNúl iQ;% ialk aOh yd wK ql i alkaOh Ndú; lr wK ql iQ;%h ks¾Kh lsÍu 3.5 ñY%Khl wvx. = øjHhl ixh q; sh….…………………………….…………………105 3.5.1 Nd. f,i m%ldYs; ixhq;s 3.5.2 ødjKhl (iucd;Sh ñY%Khl) m%;sY; ixhq;sh 3.5.3 uj q,Sh;dj 3.5.4 uj q,sl;dj ^idudkHfhka idk aøKh m%ldY lsÍug Ndú; fõ& 3.6 ridhk sl iólrK ;=,s; l srSu ………………………………………….…..……109 3.6.1 fidaÈi s l%ufhka ridhksl iólrKhla ;=,kh lsÍu 3.6.2 frfvdlai a l%ufhka ridhksl iólrKhla ;=,s; lsÍu 3.6.3 ir, kHIaál m%;sl%shd ;=,kh 3.7 ødjK m s< sfh, lsÍu…………………………………………………………...……117 3'8 ridhk sl m %;sl %shd mokï j Q .Kkh l sÍï ….…………………………………...…119

w¡ fmd¡ i ^Wii a fmk;ajh jHdma; ù we;s wdldrh ^ldlaIslj, yevh& wmg fmkajd fohs' 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 ixLHd;h (Hz)/ 1015 mdIk a fY%a‚h (wfOd arl a;) ndu¾ fY%a‚h (w¾O f,i oDYH) ,h suk a fY%a‚h (mdrcïn q) ni n ni = 3 ni = 6 ni = 5 = 4 i n = 4 i = 2 mdIk a fY %a‚h nf = 3 ndu¾ fY%a‚h nf = 2 ,h suka fY%a‚h nf = 1 91 nm 122 nm 365 nm 656 nm 820 nm 1875 nm ;rx. wdhduh ()

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