CHAPTER 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry & Principles of Stoichiometry

1.1 MATTER

1.1.1 Matter

Classification:

1.Element 2.Compounds 3.Substance 4.Mixture

State:

1.Solid 2.Liquid 3.Gas

1.2 UNITS & MEASUREMENT

1.1.2 Dalton's Atomic Theory

1.1.3 Atoms/Element

1.2.1 Measuremennts in Chemistry

Subatomic: Proton,Neutron, Electron

1. Matter is made up of tiny atoms

2. Atom of the same element are identical 3. Atoms combine in definite ratios to form

compounds 4. Atoms is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reaction

Atomic Structure

Element

Isotopes

Atomic Element

Measurement: 1.Accuracy 2.Precision 3.Significant figures

1.2.2 Significant Figures in Calculations

Multiplication and Division: Final answer same number of S.F as the number with the least number of S.F.

Addition and Substraction: Final answer same number of D.P as the number with the least number of D.C.

1.3 STOICHIOMETRY

1.2.3 Dimension Analysis

1.3.1 The mole Concepts & Avogadro constant

Mole × MM= Mass Mole × S.T.P/R.T.P=Gas volume Mole × NA=No of particle

Avagadro constant,NA= 6.022×10²³particles

1.3.4 Stoichiometric Calculations

Molecular Element

1.3.2 Chemical formula

1.3.3 Balanced Chemical Equations

3 types: 1.Molecular formula 2.Empirical formula 3.Structural formula

1.3.5 Limiting reagent

1.Low accuracy & precise 2.High accuracy & precise

3.Low accuracy,High precise 4.High accuracy,Low precise

Stoichiometry equation Atomic Number/ Proton Number

1.1.4 Molecules

Molecular Element

Molecular compound

Nucleon Number/ Mass Number

Law of conservation of mass

1.1.5 Ions

Ion Charge: Cation, +ve

Anion , -ve

Ionic compound

1.4 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

1.4.1 Units of concentration

6 types: 1.Molarity 2.Molality

3.Mass percetage

4.Parts per thousand,ppt 5.Parts per million,ppm

6.Parts per billion,ppb

1.4.2 Volumetric Analysis & Dilution

Titration

Balancing equations by

balancing atom

LIMITING REACTANT will be completely used up in reaction.

The reactant that in EXCESS is not limiting