Chile Wokshop, November 2003 Larval food (Artemia), larviculture and ecotoxicology group (UE partner 4) Members: Dr. Francisco Amat Dr. Francisco Hontoria Dr. Juan Carlos Navarro Dr. Inmaculada Varó Óscar Monroig Germán Medina Olga Ruiz Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) SPAIN

¾ Brine shrimp Artemia franciscana as exotic invasive species in the Western Mediterranean and its dispersal by water birds ¾ Brine shrimp in Argentina ¾ Brine shrimp in Tunisia ¾ Brine shrimp in India

Brine shrimp Artemia franciscana as exotic invasive species in the Western Mediterranean and its dispersal by waterbirds Francisco Amat, Francisco Hontoria, Olga Ruiz Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC). 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón). Spain.

Marta Sánchez, Andy Green, Jordi Figuerola Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC). Avda. Mª Luisa, s/n. Pabellón del Perú. 40013 Sevilla. Spain.

Francisco Hortas Grupo de Conservación de Humedales Costeros. Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales. Apdo. 40. 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz). Spain.

Brine shrimp species autochthonous from the Western Mediterranean

9 Artemia salina (bisexual): Spain, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, Lybia, Tunisia (Eastern Mediterranean: Cyprus, Egypt). 9 Artemia parthenogenetica (diverse ploidies): Spain, Italy, France, Morocco (Eastern Mediterranean: Turkey, Greece, Egypt).

diploid Artemia parthenogenetica diploid Artemia parthenogenetica tetraploid A. parthenogenetica tetraploid A. parthenogenetica A. salina (bisexual) A. salina (bisexual)

Previous reports on Artemia franciscana presence in the Western Mediterranean 9 Hontoria et al. (1987) Ensayo de caracterización de cepas autóctonas de Artemia de Portugal. Seminario sobre Aquacultura. Publicaciones del Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Porto. Portugal. 10 pp. 9 Narciso (1989) The brine shrimp Artemia sp.: an example of the danger of introduced species in aquaculture. ESA Special Publication, 10: 183-184. 9 Thiery and Robert (1992) Bisexual populations of the brine shrimp Artemia in Sète-Villeroy and Villeneuve salterns (Languedoc, France). Int. J. Salt Lake Res., 1: 47-63. 9 Amat et al. (1995) Biogeography of the genus Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in Spain. Int. J. Salt Lake Res., 3: 175190.

Materials and Methods 9 Artemia sources: •

Artemia cyst bank available at the Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal: 130 cyst samples from Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, North Africa (1980-2003).

•

Artemia cyst bank at the Artemia Reference Center, University of Ghent (Belgium).

•

Artemia cyst samples recovered from waterbird faeces and pellets.

9 Specific adscription through hydrated cyst biometry. 9 Specific adscription through adult specimen morphometry (cultured under standard conditions). Multivariate discriminant analysis and morphological data base. 9 Specific adscription through PCR-RFLP analyses on part of the mitochondrial genome (INCO collaborative research CSIC-AUTH).

Locality

Sampling date

Cyst diameter (µm) Micro

C.C.

C.C.(*)

Observations

ALGARVE Province Faro. San Francisco Marina Bias salterns Olhao salterns Tavira salterns Olhao salterns Faro. Ludo salterns Castro Marim salterns

1980-81 1987 1985 1985 2002 2002 2002

243 246 247 240 253 245 250

236 248 ----------------

238 ---259 -------------

N.H. N.H. N.H. N.H. A. franciscana A. franciscana A. franciscana

SADO Estuary Batalha salterns P.Sado salterns Olhos salterns Cachopos salterns Rio Frio salterns Bonfim salterns

1986 1987 1986 1987 1993 1996

236 248 262 276 228 224

-------------------

-------------------

N.H. N.H. N.H. N.H. A. franciscana A. franciscana

TEJO Estuary Alcochete salterns Boavista salterns Marina Nova salterns Marina Velha salterns Providencia salterns

1988 1987 1987 1987 1987

259 258 264 -------

256 260 273 276 276

266 -------------

N.H. N.H. N.H. N.H. N.H.

AVEIRO District Esmolas salterns Esmolas salterns Esmolas salterns

1985 1991 1993

266 (**) 249 248

----------

263 -------

A. parthenog. (d) A. franciscana A. franciscana

Table 1. Artemia cysts samples available from Portugal, mean diameter of cysts and taxonomical adscription. Micro.: cysts diameter measured with micrometer eyepiece. C.C. cysts diameter measured with Coulter Counter. C.C.(*): idem (Hontoria, 1990). (**) Vieira (1990). N.H: No hatching cysts. (d) A. parthenogenetica diploid.

Locality

Sampling date

Specific composition

SPAIN Huelva Province Esteros Odiel saltern

06. 2002

A. parthenog. (d): 97 %

A. parthenog. (t): 3 %

SPAIN CADIZ Province N.S. del Rocío saltern El Estanquillo saltern El Pilar saltern San Pascual saltern La Dolores saltern

01. 2002 01. 2002 06. 2002 02. 2003 02. 2003

A. parthenog. (d): 98 % A. franciscana A. franciscana A. franciscana A. franciscana

A. salina (bisex.) 2 %

MOROCCO Laguna Mar Chica saltern

06. 2000

A. parthenog. (d): 80 %

A. franciscana: 20 %

FRANCE Sete-Listel saltern Aigues Mortes saltern

05. 2002 06. 2002

A. franciscana A. parthenog. (d): 2 %

A. franciscana: 98 %

Fos saltern Pesquiers saltern Hyère saltern Thau Castelan saltern

05. 2002 05. 2002 05. 2002 05. 2002

A. franciscana (p. s.) A. franciscana (p. s.) A. franciscana (p. s.) A. franciscana (p. s.)

Table 2. Artemia populations obtained in the laboratory from cysts samples collected in Southwestern Spain, North of Morocco and Southeastern France, and their relative specific composition where different species or strains did appear. A. parthenog. (d): Artemia parthenogenetica (diploid); (t): tetraploid; (p. s.): alcohol preserved original specimens.

Locality

Sampling date

Cyst diameter

VENETO Province Comacchio salterns

1985

278

APULIA Province Margherita di Savoia salterns

1988

258

A. parthenogenetica (d): 67 % A. parthenogenetica (t): 33 %

1988

267

A. parthenogenetica (d): 22 % A. parthenogenetica (t): 78 %

LACIO Province Tarquinia salterns

2002

243

A. salina

SICILIA Province Isola Longa salterns

1985

245

N.H.

SARDINIA Province Cagliari salterns Carloforte salterns “ “

1988 1987 1988

254 251 256

A. salina N.H. A. salina A. parthenogenetica (d) < 1 %

255

A. salina

253

A. salina

“

“

San Antioco salterns (ARC. 579) Santa Gilla salterns

? 1994

Observations

N.H.

Table 3. Artemia cysts samples available from Italy. Mean diameter of cysts (µm) measured with micrometer eyepiece. Relative specific composition where different species or strains did appear. (d): Artemia parthenogenetica diploid, (t): tetraploid. N. H. No hatching cysts. ARC 579: Artemia Reference Center cyst bank sample

Females 4

recovered from Cadiz Bay waterbird pellets

diploid A. parthenogenetica

22 44

tetraploid A. parthenogenetica

2

A. salina A

A. franciscana

A

Aigues Mortes

Great Salt Lake

2 Second discriminant function

Rio Frio

A

A A

Bon Fim

0

Olhão

AA Aveiro

Mar Chica

A

Delta del Ebro

4

2 Margherita di Savoia (P)

4 2

Margherita di Savoia (T)

El Pilar

A

4

Calpe

A A

La Dolores

Añana

2

El Estanquillo

A

A

Odiel (P)

2 2

San Pascual

Sète

2

2

Aigues Mortes (P)

A A

Rocío (P)

La Mata (P)

Carloforte (P)

4

San Francisco Bay

Odiel (T) Tarquinia

4

La Mata (B)

-2

Pétrola Bonmatí

Sant'Antioco

Trapani

Rocío (B)

-4 Cagliari Carloforte (B)

-6

-4

-2

0

Santa Gilla

2

First discriminant function

4

6

8

Males Olhão

A. salina

A A

A. franciscana

Second discriminant function

4

Great Salt Lake

2

Aveiro

A

Trapani

El Pilar

A

A

San Pascual

El Estanquillo

A

Bonmatí

A

Santa Gilla

A

Cagliari

La Dolores

0

Rocío (B)

San Francisco Bay

Tarquinia Sant'Antioco

A

Bon Fim

A Rio Frio

-2

A A

Sète

Carloforte (B)

AA Mar Chica

Aigues Mortes (B)

-4

-2

0

2

First discriminant function

4

6

Diploid Artemia parthenogenetica Diploid Artemia parthenogenetica Tetraploid A. parthenogenetica Tetraploid A. parthenogenetica A. salina (bisexual) A. salina (bisexual) A. franciscana (bisexual) A. franciscana (bisexual)

Total S

S with cysts

Total cysts

S producing nauplii

Total nauplii

Redshank Tringa totanus faeces

36

36

2340

36

647

Redshank pellets

31

30

815

26

224

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa faeces

30

27

830

18

42

Redshank faeces

9

0

0

0

0

Redshank pellets

55

25

92

24

63

Dunlin Calidris alpina faeces

103

8

11

1

1

Castro Marim

Cadiz Bay

Table 4. Number of samples (S) of faeces and pellets collected from different waterbirds and localities, and the quantities of Artemia cysts extracted and of viable nauplii hatched.

S with cysts

S with only A. franciscana

S with only A. parthenog.1

S with both taxa

Total A. franciscana2

Total A. parthenog.1

Redshank faeces

36

35

1

6

522 (267)

10

Redshank pellets

30

22

3

1

180 (96)

4

Godwit faeces

27

11

6

1

24 (14)

10

Redshank pellets

25

0

14

1

1 (0)

40

Dunlin faeces

8

0

1

0

0

1

Castro Marim

Cadiz Bay

Table 5. Number of samples (S) of faeces and pellets collected from different waterbirds and localities that contained cysts of different Artemia taxa, and the numbers of adult Artemia reared after hatching cysts. Note that not all nauplii hatched from cysts survived to the adult stage that permitted species identification, thus the numbers of samples containing each Artemia taxon may be underestimated. 1 2

the diploid form, all individuals are females. all individuals were sexed, the number of males is given in parentheses

Nº of samples

Nº cysts per sample

Nº nauplii per sample1

mean ± s.e.

range

mean ± s.e.

range

% cysts2 hatching

Castro Marim Redshank faeces

36

65.0 ± 13.1

6 - 379

18.0 ± 3.3

1 - 98

33.3 ± 2.5

Redshank pellets

31

26.3 ± 6.9

0 - 160

7.5 ± 2.7

0 - 62

25.8 ± 4.2

Godwit faeces

30

27.8 ± 14.9

0 - 447

1.6 ± 0.4

0-8

12.4 ± 2.7

Redshank pellets

55

1.7 ± 0.3

0 - 13

2.5 ± 0.4

0-8

68.8 ± 5.9

Dunlin faeces

103

0.1 ± 0.04

0-2

0.1 ± 0.1

0-1

12.5 ± 12.5

Cadiz Bay

Table 6. Number of Artemia cysts collected from different waterbirds and localities, the numbers of viable nauplii produced and the proportion of cysts producing nauplii. 1 2

For samples with at least one cyst (see Table 4 for N). Mean ± s.e of % of cysts that produced nauplli from those sample with at least one cyst.

y = 59.1 - 6.97 x 70

60

% cysts hatching

50

40

30

20

10

0 1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

loge (Nº cysts)

5,0

5,5

6,0

6,5

Attributes of the invasive species specially present in Artemia franciscana (Ehrlich, 1984; Lodge, 1993; McMahon, 2002)

9 Ability to function in a wide range of physical conditions. Much generic variability or phenotypic plasticity: euryhaline (tolerance to different ionic brine composition) and eurythermal. 9 High competitive abilities: short generation time, rapid population growth, high fecundities, small offspring size, balanced ovoviviparism/oviparism reproduction: A. franciscana > A. parthenogenetica > A. salina 9 Associated with human activities: aquaculture and pet market. 9 High dispersal rate of the cysts: anemochory and zoochory.

Artemia in Argentina Francisco Amat, Francisco Hontoria, Juan Carlos Navarro, Inmaculada Varó, Olga Ruiz, Germán Medina Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC). 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón). Spain.

R. Graciela Cohen, Julieta Goenaga Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Argentina. Collaborative research ICI-AECI Spain-Argentina, and INCO CSIC-UBA.

Distribution of A. persimilis and A. franciscana populations in Argentina 9 Artemia franciscana is present North of 36º S and A. persimilis is present South of 37º S, and at 49º 18’ S in Puerto San Julián (Santa Cruz Province). 9 Geographical proximity with Chilean A. persimilis populations in Laguna Amarga (Torres del Paine National Park – 50º 29’ S) and Laguna de los Cisnes (Isla Grande, Tierra del Fuego – 53º 15’ S). 9 Morphometrics of cultured and preserved adult males and females obtained from original cysts, or collected in situ, allow to venture the presence of A. franciscana in seven localities, and A. persimilis in 25 localities.

FEMALES Great Salt Lake

A. franciscana

3

A. persimilis San Luís Potosí

Second discriminant function

2

Atacama Laguna Amarga

Colorada Grande Salina Chica

Pedro Luro

Salitral Negro

Callaqueo Caleta Olivia

Colorada Chica

Hidalgo Piedras

Vidriera

-1

San Francisco Bay Cabo Rojo

Las Cumaraguas

Pampa de la Salina

Salinas Grandes

R3 km2035

Celestun

Manaure

San Antonio

Winchel

Hípico

Santiago del Estero

El Inglés

-2

San Quintín Coche

Cerro Pancho

Gualicho

Guantánamo

Tunas

La Pava

Algarrobo

Pichilemu

Mar Chiquita

San Julián

Rada Tilly

0

Grossos

Los Vilos Llamara

Cisnes

1

Yallahs

Palos Blancos

Villalonga

Yavaros

Yapes Oaxaca

Luzzetti

Piura

Ancash

Chimus

-3 -6

-4

-2

0

2

First discriminant function

4

6

8

MALES 3

A. franciscana A. persimilis

Pampa de la Salina

El Inglés

San Luís Potosí

2

Luzzetti

Ancash San Antonio

Second discriminant function

Guantánamo

Cisnes

Algarrobo

1

Santiago del Estero

Chimus

La Pava

Great Salt Lake

Laguna Amarga

Hidalgo

San Julián

San Quintín

Gualicho Salinas Grandes San Francisco

0

Hípico

Grossos

Piedras Mar Chiquita

Caleta Olivia

Rada Tilly Oaxaca

-1

Las Tunas

Yavaros

Colorada Grande Vidriera

Palos Blancos

Cerro Pancho

Ruta 3 Km 2035

Yallahs

Salitral Negro Pedro Luro

Villalonga

Salina Chica Colorada Chica Celestun

-2

Callaqueo

Coche Winchel Las Cumaraguas Cabo Rojo

-3 -8

-6

-4

-2

0

First discriminant function

2

4

6

Country/Province

Population

Coulter Counter Standard Microscope Standard Mean (in µm) Deviation Mean (in µm) Deviation

Argentina Cordoba (A. franciscana) Mar Chiquita Salinas Grandes Las Tunas La Pampa (A. persimilis) Hidalgo Callaqueo Colorada Chica Salinas Chicas Colorada Grande

219.7 249.9

14.1 17.8

219.8 229.4 241.6

14.6 12.6 16.0

246.1 234.3 234.5 234.3

21.0 17.4 12.5 18.4

244.9 242.9 238.9 242.5

12.9 12.2 10.7 14.2

Salitral Negro (2s)

-

-

243.6

11.7

Salitral Negro (3s)

-

-

244.8

12.3

227.9 240.5 230.1 246.8 234.6

14.8 18.0 21.0 16.8 20.2

232.5 238.1 242.5 244.5 228.7 228.8 251.8 231.0

14.8 11.4 17.0 16.4 12.6 12.1 14.7 10.8

Buenos Aires (A.persimilis) Piedras Vidriera Villalonga Luzetti Wilches Algarrobo El Inglés Palos Blancos

Country/Province Population Argentina Rio Negro (A. persimilis) San Antonio Gualicho Chubut (A. persimilis) Rada Tilly Santa Cruz (A. persimilis) Caleta Olivia La Pava Ruta 3 km2035 San Julián Cerro Pancho El Caburé Chile (A. persimilis) L. Amarga(PNTP)

Coulter Counter Standard Microscope Standard Mean (in µm) Deviation Mean (in µm) Deviation -

-

249.5 239.6

14.5 14.2

-

-

240.4

12.2

-

-

246.2 240.5 241.2 237.1

14.6 15.1 14.0 15.6

-

-

250.9 18.7 L. Cisnes (TF) 237.5 21.3 *A.persimilis cyst diameter mean (microscope): 240.6µm (6.4); range 228.7-249.5µm. *A.persimilis cyst diameter mean (C.Counter): 237.6µm (7.6); range 227.9-250.9 µm.

-

Bioecological characterization (life-span) of Argentinean A. persimilis (Hidalgo) vs. A. franciscana (Mar Chiquita) 9 Nauplii of both populations were reared to adulthood under different conditions of temperature and salinity. 9 All combinations of temperature (12, 21 and 28ºC) and salinity (30, 60, 90 and 120 gL-1) were assayed.

100

80

FECUNDITY A.persimilis vs A.franciscana 12ºC

160 140

60

A. persimilis A. franciscana

40

FECUNDITY

SURVIVAL %

180

A. persimilis vs A. franciscana 12ºC

120 100

A.persimilis

80

A.franciscana

60 40

20

20 0

0 30

60

90

30

120

60

21ºC

180

90

120

90

120

21ºC

160

80

140

FECUNDITY

SURVIVAL %

120

SALINITY

SALINITY ‰ 100

90

60

40

20

120 100 80 60 40 20

0 30

60

90

0

120

30

60

SALINITY ‰

SALINITY

28ºC

100

28ºC 180 160 140

FECUNDITY

SURVIVAL %

80

60

40

120 100 80 60 40

20

20

0

0

30

60

90

SALINITY ‰

120

30

60

SALINITY

GROWTH RATE

14

8 6 4 2

10 8 6 4 2

0

14

6 4 2

TIME

14

TIME

28ºC

12

10 8 6 4

10

30‰ 60‰ 90‰ 120‰

8 6 4 2

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

4

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

21ºC

2

0

6

0

12

LENGTH (mm)

LENGTH (mm)

12

8

8

TIME

A. persimilis 12ºC

10

10

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

TIME

30‰ 60‰ 90‰ 120‰

2

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

28ºC

12

LENGTH (mm)

10

14

14

12

LENGTH (mm)

LENGTH (mm)

12

21ºC

LENGTH (mm)

14

A. franciscana 12ºC

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

TIME

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

TIME

100

SEXUAL MATURITY A. persimilis 12ºC

100

100

60

40

20

80

60

40

20

0

0

60

40

20

80

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

TIME

20

28ºC

21ºC

60

40

20

0

0

40

100

% MATURE FEMALES

80

60

TIME

100

% MATURE FEMALES

% MATURE FEMALES

SEXUAL MATURITY A. franciscana 12ºC

30‰ 60‰ 90‰ 120‰

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

TIME

TIME

80

0

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

100

21ºC

% MATURE FEMALES

% MATURE FEMALES

% MATURE FEMALES

28ºC 80

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

TIME

80

60

40

20

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

TIME

9 A. persimilis always showed high mortality at low salinity (30 gL-1). 9 A. franciscana always showed low survival at the low temperature (12ºC), but survived better than A. persimilis at 21º and 28ºC. 9 A. franciscana always showed higher fecundity rates than A. persimilis. 9 A. persimilis showed higher growth rates than A. franciscana at all temperatures. 9 A. persimilis showed sexual maturity earlier than A. franciscana at 12ºC. For the other temperatures the sexual maturity occurred at the same time in both species. 9 In both species the increase of temperature is associated to an increase of survival and growth rates, and to a decrease of prereproductive period and maturity fulfilment.

OVOVIVIPARITY-OVIPARITY vs Chl a and ORGANIC MATTER 100

OVOVIVIPARITY Chl a ORGANIC MATTER

250 0.04

60 150 40

Chl a (µg/L)

200 0.03

0.02

100

20

0.01 50

0

0 nov

dic

ene

feb

mar

TIME

abr

may

jun

jul

0.00

ORGANIC MATTER (mg/ml)

80

% OVOVIVIPARITY-VIVIPARITY

0.05

300

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

T (ºC)

O 2 (mg/l) mean (sd)

S (‰)

max

min

mean (sd) max

min

mean (sd) max

min

Sep-02

6.03 (2.05) 9.81

4.50

20.7 (6.0) 24.6

15.6

60 (17.0)

68

54

Oct-02

4.01 (0.91) 5.30

1.98

17.9 (1.6) 20.2

15.0

77 (7.0)

87

65

Nov-02

3.67 (0.88) 5.60

2.19

13.0 (2.1) 16.5

9.7

88 (2.0)

90

85

Dec-02

4.40 (0.52) 5.14

3.62

10.7 (1.1) 12.5

8.9

91 (2.0)

93

88

Gen-03

6.48 (1.89) 8.73

3.73

7.4 (2.8) 11.9

2.8

89 (3.0)

90

85

Feb-03

5.01 (0.80) 6.74

3.52

8.3 (1.9) 10.5

3.5

97 (2.0) 100

95

Mar-03

5.28 (0.56) 6.03

4.51

13.0 (1.6) 15.3

9.6

101 (6.4) 110

90

Apr-03

3.87 (1.16) 5.28

1.93

15.9 (3.0) 19.9

9.4

94 (6.7) 105

83

May-03

5.17 (0.92) 6.16

3.31

21.3 (1.8) 23.2

17.8

79 (3.5)

85

75

Jun-03

3.51 (0.53) 3.86

2.35

26.1 (1.1) 27.7

24.6

99 (1.9) 100

95

Jul-03

4.72 (1.35) 7.15

2.68

27.6 (0.9) 29.2

26.3

111 (7.0) 120

95

Aug-03

3.63 (0.46) 4.18

3.05

26.0 (1.5) 28.8

23.5

142 (9.5) 150

125

FATTY ACID PROFILE OF ARGENTINEAN Artemia CYSTS A prospection on the fatty acid composition of the total lipids from the following cyst samples is in progress: MAR CHIQUITA (CO, A. f)

PALOS BLANCOS (BA, A. p)

LAS TUNAS (CO, A. f)

SALITRAL VIDRIERA (BA, A. p)

HIDALGO (LP, A. p)

EL ALGARROBO (BA, A. p)

SALINAS CHICAS (LP, A. p)

SALINA PIEDRAS (BA, A. p)

CALLAQUEO (LP, A. p)

SALINA EL INGLES (BA, A. p)

COLORADA CHICA (LP, A. p)

SAN ANTONIO (RN, A. p)

COLORADA GRANDE (LP, A. p)

EL GUALICHO (RN, A. p)

SALITRAL NEGRO 2 (LP, A. p)

CALETA OLIVIA (SC, A. p)

SALITRAL NEGRO 3 (LP, A. p)

SAN JULIAN (SC, A. p)

Their characterization aims to establish the freshwater or marine type of these cysts according to: • • •

Taxonomic species: A. franciscana vs A. persimilis Latitudinal distribution Endorheic or litoral ecosystems

This is the first attempt to a broad PUFA profile characterization of cysts from different A. persimilis populations. CO: Province of Córdoba; LP: Province of La Pampa; BA: Province of Buenos Aires; RN: Province of Rio Negro; SC: Province of Santa Cruz. A. f : Artemia franciscana

A. p : Artemia persimilis

Mutant depigmented eyes, not sex linked, found in A. persimilis

Brine shrimp in Tunisia. INCO collaborative research CSIC-INAT 9 Three autochthonous Artemia populations from Tunisia: El Adhibet, Sijoumi and Sahline were characterised morphometrically as Artemia salina (= A. tunisiana). 9 Cyst and nauplius biometrics, as well as several life-span traits were established comparatively to other Mediterranean Artemia salina populations.

Brine shrimp in India. INCO collaborative research CSIC-IART 9 Six samples of Artemia cysts were afforded from India. 9 Puthalam cysts showed the exclusive presence autochthonous parthenogenetic strain (diploid or triploid?).

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9 Thamarikulam cysts (suspected parthenogenetic) did not hatch. 9 Vembar, Veppelodai, Arasaradi and Theraspuran cysts, presumably a mixture of autochthonous parthenogenetic strain and introduced American brine shrimp, showed the exclusive presence of A. franciscana (outcompeting exotic invasive species).